CH: 14 REFLECTION OF LIGHTS OPTICAL INST. -124- Class : X Qua Ans Qe Ans REFLECTION OF LIGHT AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Which Are the physical phenomena forced us to study refraction? PHENOMENA FORCED US TO STUDY REFRACTION OF HIGHT: 1. Stick partly impressed at an angle in water look bent 2. Stars appear to twinkle 3.- Appearing the sky light before sunrise and after sunset. Explain the term refraction? OR What do you understand by refraction? Define the following terms with respect to refraction with the help of a diagram. (2) Incident ray (2) Point of incident (3) Normal (4) Refracted ray (5) Angle of incidence (6) Angle of refraction (7) Angle of emergence (8) Emergent ray ‘REFRACTION: ae Refraction is the bending of a light ray as it crosses the boundary between one medium to another, thus causing 2 change in direction. i.e When a ray of light travels from a less denser medium to 2 denser medium, the ray will be refracted towards the normal.” And, “When a light fay passing from a denser medium to a less denser medium will be reftacted away from the normal.” INCIDENT RAY: The ray coming from source of ray, and striking the boundary of another medium is called incident ray. incident ray Glass siab Emergent ray he gent ray In figure AQ is an incident ray. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -125-___ CH: 14 -REFLECTION OF LIGHT& OPTICAL INST. ws, POINT OF INCIDENCE: The point “0” when the incident ray strikes the boundary of surface is called point of incidence. NORMAL: ‘The line NN, perpendicular to the plane of another medium is called normal. REFRACTED RAY: ‘ The ray refracted from pint incidence into second medium is called refracted ray as OB RACTION: The angle formed by normal and refracted ray is called angle of refraction as Zr ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: The Angle formed by incident ray and normal is called angle of incidence as in the figure Zi EMERGENT RAY: State the laws of refraction of light. Define refractive index or refractive constant. State Snell's law. LAWS OF REFRACTION: Laws of refraction are: "The incident ray, the normal, the refracted ray and the point of incidence all lie in the same plane “The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence (sin Zi) to the sine of the angle of refraction (sin Zr) is called refractive index. Its denoted by ‘1 sin Zi) => in This is known as Snell's law. cos Zr} REFRACTIVE INDEX OR REFRACTIVE CONSTANT: The ratio between the site of the. angle of incidence (sine Zi) and the sine of the angle of refraction (sin 21) is called refractive index. It is denoted by ‘7’. OR n= “The ratio between the speed of light from first medium to the second medium is called refractive index ofthe medium, speed of light in first medium 71> Speed of light in second medium ‘SNELL’S LAW: “The refractive index or refractive constant,'1)' between two particular medium is ration of speed of light in first medium to speed of light in second medium. Or the ratio between sin Zi and sin Zr. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 ~REFLECTION OF LIGHT& OPTICAL INST. -126- Class : X Ans sin.Zi __ speed of light in first medium cos Zr speed of light in second medium Refractive index = Define Prism, Angle of prism, Base of prism ‘Show the graphic illustration of the rays of prism and define the following? (Q)Incident ray (2) Incidence angle (3) Reflected ray (4) Normal (5) Angle of reflection (Emergent ray (7) Emergent ray (8) Angle of deviation (9) Angle of minimum deviation “D,.” How the refractive index of the material of the prism can be determined? PRISM: Prism is a transparent piece of glass it has three rectangular sides and two triangular sides. ANGLE OF PRISM: ‘As we know that prism has two triangular sides then the angles of triangle are known as angle of prism, It may be 60°, 60° and 60° At may be 45°, 45° and 45° PATH OF RAYS THROUGH PRISM: Incident ray =EF ‘The ray coming from are medium strikes the prism is called incident ray. Angle of incident ZEFO=Zi The angle formed by incident ray and normal is called angle of incidence F. Line produced to Q and perpendicular on the plane of incidence, passing the point of incidence is Nomnal called normal Refracted Ray =FG ‘The ray formed after refraction of incident ray is called refracted ray. Angle of refraction ZGFQ= Zr: The angle formed by refracted ray and normal is called angle of refraction, Emergent ray = GH ‘The ray after passing the prism is called emergent ray. Angle of Deviation KHG : ent ray measured in angle fs called angle of deviation. The a The total deviation in the path of inci ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : X -127-__CH: 14 ~REFLECTION OF LIGHTS OPTICAL INST. as Ans between the emergent ray and incident ray is called angle of deviation. Angle at Minimum Deviation = D, The minimum value of angle of deviation is called angle at minimum deviation and denoted by 0. INDEX OF REFRACTION OF THE MATERIAL OF PRISM ((7),..)2 A+D, walt?) Te A Where: Tq =Index of refraction of prism ‘A= Angle of prism = 60 Dr.= Angle of minimum deviation What do you understand by critical angle? Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection? What is the relation between refraction index and total internal refraction. ‘As we know when a beam of light {a ray) coming out from water into air then the refracted ray bends away from normal. ‘As angle of incidence being increased, angle of refraction also increases as shown in figure: 8 c Prem ath ofa rey a ren ‘As angle of incidence is more increased, then a certain value of angle of incidence reaches where angle of refraction becomes 90°, That value of incident angle is called critical angle. If the value of incident angle is greater than critical value, total internal reflection occurs as shown in above figure. ‘TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION: If the value of angle of incidence is increased so much that it becomes greater than that of the critical angle, then there is no more refraction occurs, but on the other hand, the refracted ray again goes back in denser medium actually at that time the surface of denser medium acts as a p lane mirror and the incident ray bends in the same medium following the laws of reflection of i ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBETWEEN. ‘As we know that if a ray of light enters from rare medium to a denser medium, then the refractive index according to Snell's aw. sin Zi z& But when a ray of light moves (refractive) from denser medium to @ rare medium, the refractive index of that system is according to definition of refractive index. But at the time of total intemal reflection. sin Zr =sin90° +” - sin Zi Q#6 What is Totally Reflecting Prism? Ans TOTALLY REFLECTING PRISM: It is a glass prism in which one angle is 90° and other two angles are of 45° each. This prism can be used for total internal reflection. Figure shows how such a prism can bend the incident ray through ‘90°, ABC is the prism in which angle ABC is 90° and other two angles BAC and BCA are 45° each. PQ is aan incident ray which is normal on the face AB of the prism. This ray will move inside the prism “undedicated and strikes the face AC of the prism at 0. Draw one normal on the face AC at 0. the ray (QO travelling in the denser medium of the glass prism is incident at O at an angle QON = 45°. This fay cannot move out of the prism in to the air since critical angle of glass with respect to air is 41° ‘Therefore the incident ray QO is totally reflected along OR falls perpendicularly to the face BC of the prism and comes out straight along RS. The angle NOR is the angle of reflection which is also equal to 90°. This prism bends the incident ray through 90° with no loss in its intensity. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X. -129-__CH: 14 -REFLECTION OF LIGHT& OPTICAL INST. Qe7 Ans ae Write the construction of a working periscope? The totally reflected prism are used in different instruments such as Periscope, Prism, and Binoculars. PERISCOPE Itis an optical instrument which is used to see the objects on the surface of the sea by an observer in a Submarine under water. It consists of two right angle prisms and three convex lenses. The first right angle prism Py is fixed at the top and second P; is fixed at the bottorn of the lower end as shown in Figure There is also a lens system in the tube. The.rays from a distant object.are reflected at. right angles by the upper prism into the vertical tube. The rays pass through the system of lenses and ‘fall ‘on the second right angle prism P.. This prism bends rays again as the image through right angle and the rays then fall on an eyepiece that forms a final ‘enlarged image which can be viewed ‘by the observer. B i | | a aH What is optical fiber? Write its working and construction? OPTICAL FIBERS: Another application of total intemal reflection is in the exciting field or fiber optics. Light can be trapped by the total internal reflection inside a very thin glass rod and travelled along a curved path Figure. A single very thin plastic or glass fiber of about the thickness of a human hair behaves the same way. The curvature of the light guide is very small. This allows total internal reflection to take place every where inside the fiber. Thus light can be made to bend. If several thousands of these fibers are taped together, a flexible light pipe is obtained that can be used by doctors and engineers to light ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 ~REFLECTION OF LIGHTS OPTICAL INST. -130- Class : X Ans Qri0 Ans up some inaccessible spots for inspection or to photographed the inside of a person. In an optical fiber the light can travel with little loss because the light is totally reflected whenever it strikes the core cladding interface. Internal reflections in an optical fore ses: In developed countries, optical fibers are used to carry telephone signals and other modern communication systems using laser beams. A single strand of light carrying fibers carry several thousand telephone calls at the same time without interfering with each other. Optical fibers are very light in weight more flexible and much cheaper than copper cables. A bundle of 30 fibers are often used to form a cable. The information capacity of light is thousand times greater than that of ‘electricity or radio waves. ‘What is a lens? Or Define tens? Do you know about the kinds of lenses? ‘LENS: ‘A transparent smooth glass refracting medium, sounded by-two spherical surfaces is known as lens. KINDS OF LENSES ‘There are two main kinds of lens. Convex lens Concave lens Convex lens (converging lens): If the lens is thicker at the centre, then it is known as Convex Lens. It converges the rays coming parallel to it at joint on the side of Convex lens. Sot is known as converging lens. Concave lens (diverging iens): ‘Alens which is thinner at centre and thicker at edges is known as Concave lens. It diverges the rays ‘coming parallel to it So it is known as diverging lens. How many kinds of convex lens are there? Write the name; define briefly by the help of diagram. How many kinds of concave lenses are there? Write the name; define briefly by the help of diagram. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : X -131-__CH: 14 ~REFLECTION OF LIGHT OPTICAL INST. Double convex lens i+ © Plano-convexiens —i-__ Caneave convex lens. @ ©) ) Double ~ Convex Plane ~ Convex Consave = Conver Both surlaces are convex. One surface plane, other convex DOUBLE CONVEX LENS: The Double convex lens is made up a two spherical surfaces as shown in figure PLANO CONVEX LENS: Piano convex lens has one spherical surface and others plane surface but they are thicker in centre and thinner at edges CONCAVE OF CONVEX LENS: The lens whose one surface is bulging and another is deeper they are all thicker in centr@BAB thinner at edges. KINDS OF CONCAVE MIRROR. There are three kinds of concave lens. Double concave lens. Plano concave fens. il: Convexo-cave lens, (a) (0) (©) Double concave Plano-Concave Convexo - Concave DOUBLE CONCAVE LENS: The lens that's both surface are spherical and deeper, They are call double concave lens as shéwn in figure overall thinner in centre. PLANO-CONCAVE LENS: ‘ The lens that’s one surface is spherical and another one is concave figure. They are overall thinner is. centre CONVEXO-CONCAVE LENS: The lens that’s one surface is convex and other is concave, they are thinner in centre shawn in figure ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 REFLECTION OF LIGHT& OPTICAL INST. ~132- Class : X_ Q#11 Define the terms in case of convex lens with the help of a neat diagram. Optical centre Centre of curvature Principal axis Aperture Principle focus Focal length Ans DIAGRAM: Optical centre Aperture of the lens ZO Principal axis ¥ F & C. and C, 8 is centres of curvature Optical centre: ‘The middle point of the tens is called optical centre, ray passing through this point does not bend as shown in figure point “0”. Centre of curvature: ‘The centre of the sphere by which the lens is formed is called centre of curvature as'shown in figure Point C1 and C2. Principle Axis: ‘The straight line passing through centre of curvature and optical centre is called shown in figure, APERTURE: ‘The maximum length of lens is called aperture as shown in figure Principle focus: ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -133-__CH: 14 -REFLECTION OF LIGHT& OPTICAL INST. The point at which the rays converge after refraction is known as principle focus. It is the mid point of radius of curvature as shown in figure point “ Focal Length: The length from lens to principle focus is called focal lengt. It is half of radius of curvature and it is from the opposite side of lens to principle Yocus. It is denoted by “?. Radius of curvature: The radius of sphere by which the lens is formed, is called radius of curvature, Quiz Ans Lens as a ple of many Prisms Q#13._ Describe briefly the change in position, nature and size of image formed by a convex lens when the object is brought fro: finity towards the lens At principal focus Real inverted Highly dimi ed Opposite side OBJECT BEYOND CENTRE OF CURVATURE (2F) Detail of image vawne Between F and 2F a fhANS Real + Inverted Sener F ante Diminished baier v Opposite side of lens ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 REFLECTION OF LIGHT OPTICAL INST. -134- Class : X Qe Ans BJECT AT 2F Detail of image 1 At2F 2. Real 3. Inverted 4, Same in size . 5. Opposite side of lens OBJECTIN BETWI Detail of image Beyond 2F © Real Inverted Magnified (greater) Opposite side of lens ‘OBJECT ATE Detail of image L. Atinfinity 2. Real 3. Inverted 4, Changes magnified. 5. Opposite side of lens OBJECT BETWEEN F AND LENS Detail of image 1. Behind object 2. Virtual 3. Erect 4, Magnified IMAGE FORMED BY CONCAVE LENS Detail of image 1. Between object and lens 2. Virtual 3. Erect 4, Diminished What do you understand by thin lens and what is it? ‘THIN LENS FORMULA ‘As we know that image is formed by a lens. Then its quantitative analysis made by a formula known as lens formula, Itis simply a relation between distance of object, distance of image and focal length of the object. By mean of a lens formula we can find nature and position of an image Ii the distance of object The distance of image = q = we ‘And the focal length = f Then ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -135-__CH: 14 -REFLECTION OF LIGHT OPTICAL INST. Focal Length, object and image distances Equation (1) is called lens formula i All distance are measured from optical center of lens. ii, Distance of image in case of concave lens is negative. iii, Focal length of concave lens is negative. QH15 What do you understand by optical instrument? > - What is a camera? Ans OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: The instruments in which lenes and mirrors both or any one of them is used as a main and essential part is known as optical instrument. Brample: Camera, Telescope, Microscope, eye glasses et. CAMERA: ‘An optical device for obtaining still photographs or for exposing cinematic film. It consists of a light proof box with a lens at one end and a plate or film at the other end, To make an expure the shutter is opened and an image of the object to be photographed is formed on the light sensitive film Q#16 Draw a labeled diagram of Human Eye. Explain the functions of different parts of the eye. ‘Ans LABELLED DIAGRAM OF EYE: The eye: i The eye figure, lke the camera, has a refracting system containing a converging lens which forms an image on a light sensitive layer at the back of the eye. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 ~REFLECTION OF LIGHTS OPTICAL INST. -136- Class : X Function of main parts are given below. z Sclerotic: It is @ layer enclosed in cavity filled with a fluid called the vitreous humour. It is while layer of eye consisting of a dense, fibrous and opaque white formatting the outer most coating of the eye ball Choriod:it is enclosed in the cavity filled with a fluid called vitreious humor. It is a dark membranous coating just within the sclera. This is coated with black pigments; it keeps the inner part of eye ball light proof. Retina:[t is enclosed in the'cavity filled with a fluid-called vitreous humor. It is semi- transparent membrane of nerve fiber formatting the inner most coating of the eye and is sensitive to light. it is the screen on which image is formed. Cornea: It allows light into the eyes. It is transparent and bulging in shape. Iris: Iti like diagram of a camera. It has a'tiny opening at its centre called pupil which regulate the quantity of light entering into the eye. Crystalline lens: This is a lens which automatically contract Ciliary Body: it holds crystalline lens in the proper position. ‘Aqueous Humor and vitreous humor: The space between the cornea and the lens is filled by the transparent watery liquid called the aqueous humor. The large chamber of the eye between the lens and the back of eye is filled with a jelly like substance called vitreous humor. These liquids serve mainly to keep the eye in spherical shape. QH17__ What do you understand by accommodation? Hat are the main defects of the eye? ‘What are the causes of defects? How are the defects of eye removed? Show by diagram Ans ACCOMODATION; This is the ability of the eye to change the focal length of its lens so as to form a clear image cof an object on its retina, is called its power of accommodition. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -137-__CH: 14 -REFLECTION OF LIGHT OPTICAL INST. Short shightedness or myopia: If a person can see objects paced near, but cannot see distant object, this defect is called as short sightedness, Long sightedness or hypermyopia: If 2 person can see the distant object and cannot see the near object. This defect is called long sightedness or hypermyopia. Astigmatism: Itis the defect in which the clear image of an object does not form on retina. Presbyopia: The accommodation power of an eye a person loses by which the stuffers long sightedness. Itis called presbyopia or lack of accommodation. CAUSES OF DEFECT: Causes of short sightedness or myopia: This defect appears due to increase in thickness of eyeball the focal length decreases so image forms before retina. This defect is corrected by using 2 concave lens. Causes of long sightedness or hypermyopia: This defect appears due to cedreases in thickness of eyeball. The focal length increase so the image forms beyond the retina. This defect is corrected by using the convex lens. Causes of astigmatism: The defect appears due to non spherical shape of the cornea. It is corrected by using lenses of different focal lengths. Causing of presbyopia: This defect appears due to loss of accomodavive power of the lens of eye. This defect is corrected by using the convex lens. Quis ‘What is the least distance of distant vision? How is the defect of eye removed? Show by a diagram. What do you understand by Persistence of vision? What is the reason that the picture on a cinema screen are seemed moving? Give the advantages of Stereoscopic vision? Ans LE The shortest distance by which an object can be seen is called least distance of distinct vision. Least distance of distant vision a child is form 5 to 8cm. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 “REFLECTION OF LIGHTS OPTICAL INST. -138- Class : X Least distance of distant vision an adult is from 25 to 30cm. REMOVAL OF DEFECT OF EYE: Short Sightedness: is removed by using @ concave lens of suitable focal length as shown in figure: i image formed ont rays averae se kent of reuna Dy eontave ens far pont of detective eve nearer than ety Long Sightedness: is removed by using a concave lens of a suitable focal length as shown in figure rays appear to-come from 8 near point of detective |, 25cm eye ASTIMGMATISM: ‘This defect can be removed by using lenses with cylindrical surfaces. PRESBYOPIA: This defect can be removed by using a convex lens. PERSISTANCE OF VISION: When an object is seen by an eye, its image form on retina. If the object is removed, the impression of the image persists in the eye for about 1/10 part of a secend. This interval is called persistence of vision. REASON FOR MOVEMENT OF PICTURE: The film of cinema is devised in such @ way that one after another picture of pose comes on the screen in a smaller times of persistence of vision. So due to persistence of vision, the picture seems to. be moving. i Steroscopic vision gives us accurate estimation of distant object. ii Due to stereoscopic vision we can get the three dimensional effect of the body. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : X -139-__CH: 14 -REFLECTION OF LIGHT& OPTICAL INST. Q19_ Whatis the unit of power of lens in S.1 units? OR What is a diopter? What is a magnifying glass or a simple microscope? Write the formula of magnification of simple microscope? Ans F PON LENS: Diopter: The power of lens is reciprocal of the focal length measured in meter, is called on Giopter. It is denoted by P. MAGNIFYING GLASS (SIMPLE MICROSCOPE): A magnifying glass or a simple microscope is simply @ double convex lens of short focal length and power. An object to be seen as magnified is placed within the focal length of the lens. This produces an enlarged virtual and erect image of the object itself The magnification “M” of the magnifying glass is determined by M=1+4] if #20 Draw ray diagram of (1) compound microscope (2) Astronomical telescope. Ans #21 What is the law for passing the rays through the lens to form an image in both lens? Ans ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 14 “REFLECTION OF LIGHTS OPTICAL INST. -140- Glass: X. 1. Aray parallel to the principle axis which after reflection passes or appear to pass through the principle axis in figure. 2. Aray that passes (or appears to pass) through the principle focus F at the side of the object and is reflected parallel to the principle axis in figure. 3. Aray that passes through optical centre O (the geometrical) goes straight without bending because the front and back surfaces of the lens is nearly parallel at the centre and thus the lens behaves as a transparent slab. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE