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ECG 503
LECTURE NOTE 03
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would
be able to:
Conduct slope risk assessment analysis.
OUTLINE
Rocks
soils
Residual soils
Slope materials
Types of slopes
Classification of landslides
Infinite slopes
Types of failures
Finite slopes
SLOPE
STABILITY
Cut Slope
Shear strength
Plastic Equilibrium
Stability analysis
Increased in stress
Slope instability
Decreased in strength
Factor of safety
Methods
Total stress vs.
effective stress
TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
TPYE OF MOVEMENT
Bedrock
Predominantly coarse
Predominantly fine
Falls
Rock fall
Debris fall
Earth fall
Topples
Rock topple
Debris topple
Earth topple
Rock slump
Debris slump
Earth slump
Few units
Rock block
slide
Debris block
slide
Many
units
Rock Slide
Debris slide
Earth slide
Lateral spreads
Rock spread
Debris spread
Earth spread
Flows
Rock flow
(deep creep)
Debris flow
(soil creep)
Earth flow
(soil creep)
Complex
Rotational
Slides
Translational
1. Natural slopes
TYPES OF SLOPE
2. Engineered slopes
Cut slopes
Retaining structures
Rock slopes
Bogot (Colombia)
Geogrid reinforced steep road
embankment
2.Slope geometry
3.Pore pressures or seepage forces
4.Loading and environmental conditions.
Rock fall
Bukit Lanjan
Kuala Lumpur
28th Nov 2003
Rock slopes
Sheet jointing in
granite (Hong Kong)
Mud flow
ROCK FALL
EXAMPLE OF
DEBRIS FLOW
EXAMPLE OF AN
EARTH SLUMP
(Rotational )
TREE PLANTING
STEP
TURFING
CUT SLOPE
TURFING
DRAIN
TERRACING
TURFING
V SHAPED DRAIN
EXISTING TREE
KL - KARAK HIGHWAY
60 kilometer
CASCADED DRAIN
EXISTING TREE
SLOPE CUTTING
KL - KARAK HIGHWAY
60 kilometer
GUNITING
SOIL NAILING
SURFACE DRAINAGE
COVERED BY CREEPERS
GUNITING
GEOSYNTHETIC SHEET
R.C WALL
GUNITING
SOIL NAILING
GUNITING
10. Can the conventional method of slope stability analysis modelled shallow type of
slope failure due to infiltration ?
11. Is the Highland Towers tragedy involved the subject of stability of slope in effect of
infiltration ?
12. Does the slope cover using shotcrete or plastic sheet help to stabilize the slope ?
TERMINOLOGY
SLOPE MATERIALS
Slope circle
Slope failure
Base failure
Typical of
slope failure
due to rainfall
infiltration
Translational slides
Theoretical model
for slope stability
Effective stress analysis ordinary slice method (Fellenius, 1927)
Resisting factor
The theory doesnt work for rainfall
induced failure, therefore the factors
involved in the theoretical model need
to be changed or improved.
Disturbing factor
Mechanism of rainfall
induced slope failure
Rain
At point A, effective
stress increase during
infiltration. Effective
stress increase should
be elevating the shear
stress, then why failure
????
Because, shear strength
decrease when the
wetting front arrived at A
due to suction loss !!!!!!
International Seminar on Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, UiTM 13 & 14 June 2006 (ISCIE 06)
0.10
0.20
0.30
5
10
0.40
Gravity has
negligible
effect on
infiltration
15
20
25
t = 581.7 s
30
35
t = 701.7 s
40
t = 821.7 s
45
t = 941.7 s
50
55
h
h
h
C h K h K h 1
t x
t z
z
Surface
tension
prevents the
coin from
sinking.
The coin is
indisputably
denser than
water, so
cannot be
floating due to
buoyancy
alone.
Suction = (ua-uw)
Suction Force
ua uw
Soil
particle
Surface
tension
force
Bigger
suction force
Soil
particle
Mohr-Coulomb
failure envelope
Pulling force, P
Law of
mechanics
F = N
In soil . = tan
N =
= tan
' u
Stress sustained by the soil skeleton is known as
effective stress.
The hydrostatic stress from the water in the voids is
known as pore water pressure.
Bishop 1959
' u a u a u w
Blight, 1961
Terzaghi 1936
Cohesionless silt
(-ua)
q M a p ua M w ua uw
The increase in the bulk unit weight and the presence of the seepage
force will increase the effective stress i.e. the disturbing factor.
As a result FOS will decrease and when the value goes lower than
unity failure will be triggered.
uw tan '
q M a p ua M w ua uw
(ua-uw)
c
(-uw)
Mohr-Coulomb envelope
(Terzaghi, 1936)
(-ua)
Extended Mohr-Coulomb Open type critical state yield surface Closed type critical
envelope
(Alonso et al., 1990 & Wheeler and
state yield surface
(Fredlund et al., 1978)
Sivakumar, 1993 and 1995)
(Tang and Graham
2002)
MOHR-COULOMB SPACE
ua uw
ua
2.
3.
csmax 30kPa
ua uw r 15kPa
uw t 200kPa
4. t
5.
'
'
ua tan min
t uw t tan min
SOIL
SHEAR STRENGTH
230kPa
max
s
'
min
400
300
u a u w u u a u a u w u
'0
Zone4
200
ua 1 uw t ua
t
uw t
N uw t
max
s
Zone 2
ua uw u ua uw ua uw r ua uw
ua uw u ua uw r ua uw u ua uw r
100
0500
400
1
'
tan 80
min
1 u w t
t
4 equations &
7 parameters
ua uw u ua uw u500
a u w r ua u w
ua uw u ua uw r ua uw u ua uw r
34
6. 0.05
' 0
7. ua uw
50kPa
u
1.
300
60
200
40
100
20
Suction (kPa)
ua 1 uw t ua
t
uw t
N uw t
u u u u u u
a w 1 a w r a w csmax
ua uw r
ua uw r
Net
stress (kPa)
'
'
ua tan min
t uw t tan min
f
ua uw 1 ua uw r ua uw c max
s
ua uw r
ua uw r
'
min f
300
34
Zone
3
Zone
4
Zone
1
2
t 230kPa
Zone
2
100
6
ua uw u '0
200
20
uw t 200kPa
40
csmax 30kPa
ua60 uw r 15kPa
80
400
ua uw u 0.05 ua 50
0
100
50200
kPa
300
5400
500
Suction (kPa)
= 0.05 i.e. rate of increase of ultimate suction, (ua-uw)u w.r.t. net stress