Class :X. -179- CH: 19 - NUCLEAR PHYSICS Ans Ans. ges Ans NUCLEAR PHYSICS Describe the particles of Nucleus of an atom? “ARTI Nucleus is the central part of an atom which consists of protons and neutrons. These two are collectively called nucleons. Proton is a positive charged particle while neutron has no charge. Proton and neutron have nearly equal masses which is equal to 1.67%10, Explain Atomic number and Atomic mass number ATOMIC NUMBER “The number of protons in nucleus of an atom is called Atomic number and is denoted by Z." ‘MASS NUMBER “The total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom is called Mass number and itis denoted by A.” Usually the atomic nucleus is denoted by 2X“, where X is the symbol of element, A is the mass number and Z is the atomic number. ‘What is Radioactivity? What are alpha, beta and gamma rays? Describe the properties of a.b&e rays. RADIOACTIVITY The phenomenon in which radiations are emitted from heavy element having atomic number greater than 82, is called Radioactivity. PROPERTIES OF ALPHA PARTICLES ‘Ana particle has mass equal to four times of the mass of a proton. Ithas positive charge which is equal to twice the charge of a proton The speed of a particle is about 0.15%10° m/sec. Their penetration power is very small ‘They can ionize more than 8 or “yrays. They can produce fluorescence in zinc sulphide They are deflected by electric and magnetic fields. They can produce artificial radioactivity in some nuclei. They are scattered when pass through gold foil. 10. They get absorbed after passing through a small distance in air. 11. They cause burns and sores on human body due to their heating effect. 1. A Boparticle has mass equal to mass of an electron. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREGH: 19 - NUCLEAR PHYSICS -180- Class :X Qs Ans Qe wae oN Bone ‘A B particle has negative charge equal to charge of an electron. The speed of & particle is about 1.5*10'm/sec. Their presentation of power is greater than crparticies, They can produce fluorescence in Barium Platinoceynide. They can affect photographic plate They are deflected by electric and magnetic fields. They are scattered when passes through gold foil PROPERTIES OF GAMMA RAYS ‘What are Radio Isotopes? They do not have any charge. Their velocity is nearly equal to the velocity of light. Their penetration power is very large. They can produce fluorescence is Barium Platinocyanide. They can affect on photographic plate. They are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields. ‘They get absorbed in various materials. ‘When they strike metals, electrons are ejected. BADIO ISOTOPES ‘The unstable isotopes of any element are called Radio isotopes. Isotopes of an element have same number but different number or numbers of neutrons. The radioisotopes may emit a,bétc rays. Write a note on usefulness of Radio Isotopes of element in medicine, agriculture and industry? USES OF RADIO ISOTOPES IN INDUSTRY 1 4, Radio isotopes are used’ in estimation of wear and tear of mechanical tools specially in ‘moving parts. They are used to check and control the thickness of metal sheets, paper or plastics etc. Radioactive cobalt is used to detect cracks in welded joints They are used to detect leakages in pipes. USES OF RADIO ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE 1 a 3 4 ‘They are used to produce different varieties of seeds. They are used to kill germs. They are used to determine the optimum amount of nutrients intake by the plants They are used to preserve food. USES OF ISOTOPES IN MEDICINES L 2 3 4 They help in diagnosis about internal organs of the human body. Radioactive phosphorus is used to locate the position of tumor in the body. Radioactive phosphorus is also used for treatment of leukemia, Radioactive coblatl is used in treatment of cancer. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -181- CH: 19 - NUCLEAR PHYSICS Qu6 What is meant by half life of a radioactive substance? Ans LF LIFE Itis the time during which half number of nuclei of the given sample of a radioactive substance decay to be new element. Q#7 What do you understand by nuclear reactors? Draw a neat and clean labeled diagram of nuclear reactors? ‘Ans NUCLEAR REACTORS The nuclear chain reaction releases large amount of energy. This energy is in the form of heat. If the chain reaction is controlled we get a steady outfiow of heat. This heat can be used to run a turbine for the generation of electricity. A system HEY used to obtain a controlled amount of heat from nuclear fission is called @ nuclear reactor see figure. ei “v8 How sun releases a large amount of energy? Z Ans ENERGY OF THE SUN The largest source of energy in-our Solar system. the sun. It is strongly believed that the eneray ‘output of the sun is due to the fusion process. The temperature inside the sun is about 1.5%10°C. This temperature is sufficient to cause fusion. The fusion protess in the sun has been taken place for the last 510° years. Hydrogen isotopes serve as the fuel for the fusion reaction. During each second millions of tons of this fuel areiconsumed. However, he-mass of the sun is so great than hydrogen is likely to remain there for billions of years. #9 What is the Hydrogen bomb? ‘Ans THEHYDROGEN BOMB ‘A hydrogen bomb is also a war weapon. The heat energy released in the explosion of a hydrogen bom far greater than that released from the explosion of an atomic bomb. The principle of the hydrogen bomb assembly is based on the fusion reaction. The hydrogen bomb needs a tremendous amount of heat for its detonation. That is why itis also called as thermonuclear bomb. The required heat is obtained by a fission bomb. The first hydrogen bomb is exploded on an experimental basis in 1952. This yielded an enormous amount of energy. This was found to be equivalent to 1 million tons of TNT (trinitrotoiuene) OR4 COPY ony R318/4, 50-3 North aaa 9333-2441879 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 19 - NUCLEAR PHYSICS. -182- Class : X QH9 Ans Qei0 Ans Qe Describe fission process in detail? OR What is fission? Define fission chain reaction. How electricity is produced from fission? PROCESS tt rte en When a slow neutron strikes @ heavy nucleus guch as. The nucleus I breaks up into two lighter nuclei and heat energy is released. This 3 Fa process is called fission process see figure. HISSION CHAIN REACTION When fission occurs, two or three neutrons are also produced. These neutrons cause further fission in other nuclei and so on. This continuous process of splitting of nuclei is called fission chain reaction see figure PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH FISSION Through the controlled fission process, huge amount of heat is obtained, This heat is carried away:.by circulating -CO2 gas -or pressurized water around the reactor core which causes thee water to boil. The produced steam rotates the turbine of the:generator and hence electricity is produced through Generator. ‘What is Nuclear Fusion process? The process in which two !ighter nuclei are fused to form a heavy nucleus is called Nuclear Fusion. In this process the released energy is:tmore than the energy feleased in fission. How can radiations for Radioactive substances harm us? How can we protect against these radiation Hazards? 1, The danger from cparticles is comparatively small unless they enter the body. 2. Bparticles and ‘yrays can cause bums and scores on s! 3, They delayed after effects of radiations may cause cancer, blood diseases, eye cataracts and damage of living cells. 4, Very large amount of radiation can kill a living being PRECAUTIONS AGAINST RADIATION HAZARDS 1. In laboratories, the radioactive substance always be lifted with forceps and is always be held so that the opened portion is directed away from the body and it should never be brought close to the eyes. 2. In industry, the radioactive substances are manipulated by long tongs and transported in thick lead containers. In energy producing reactors, radiations are shielded by thick concrete walls. 4. Doctors giving treatment, X-rays technicians and radio theapists etc must take possible minimum time and should wear a thick lead coat. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE