ADVANTAGES OF K-12 EDUCATION

The program aims to uplift the quality of education in the Philippines in order for graduates to beeasily employed. The
program also aims to meet the standards required for professionals whowould want to work abroad.Most importantly, the
system aims to fully enhance and develop the students in order for them tobe well-prepared especially in emotional and
cognitive aspects. Through this, graduates will beable to face the pressures of their future workplace.There may be a lot of
factors to consider for the K+12 Education to succeed. But as long as weopen our minds to change and we will take it on a
positive way, we will definitely attain our most-aspired educational standards which will play a great role in our countrys
development and willtherefore, uplift us from poverty.Batas Pambansa blg.232 or the education act of 1986 defines
elementary education as the firststage of compulsory, formal education and usually corresponding to six or seven
grades,including preschool. To achieve universal primary education, and objectives of education for all(EFA) the inclusion of
preschool, currently known as kindergarten in the basic education cycle,making it free and compulsory is presently being
considered at the policy level. Kindergarteneducation or the K+12 will prepare 5 year old children physically, socially,
emotionally, andmentally for formal schooling.K+12 will increase the children chance of surviving and completingformal
schooling, reducing dropouts incidence and insuring better school performance. Theuniversal Kindergarten education will the
readiness and foundationally skills of the children to beready for the primary grades. The other Advantages are presented
below:
1.Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical.
2.The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. One reason is that
students do not get adequate instructional time or timeon task.
3. International test results consistently show Filipino students lagging way behindpractically everybody else in the world. In
the 2008 mathematics exam, for example, wecame in dead last.
4.The congested curriculum partly explains the present state of education. Twelve yearsof content are crammed into ten
years.
5.This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high schoolgraduates for the world of work or
entrepreneurship or higher education. If ten years wereadequate, how come employers do not hire fresh high school
graduates? How come mosthigh school graduates flunk the UPCAT?
6.Most graduates are too young to enter the labor force. Since most children start Grade1 when they are 6 years old, they
do not reach the legal employable age of 18 when theygraduate from high school today.
7.The current system also reinforces the misperception that basic education is just apreparatory step for higher education.
Why prioritize the minority of high school graduatesthat go to college?
8.The short duration of the basic education program also puts the millions of overseasFilipino workers (OFWs), especially the
professionals, and those who intend to study abroad,at a disadvantage. Our graduates are not automatically recognized as
professionals abroad.The best examples are our engineering graduates, who are condemned to international jobsnot
befitting their professional status due to our not having a 12-year basic education cycle.
9.The short basic education program affects the human development of the Filipinochildren. If we believe that 17-year-old
high school graduates are emotionally,psychologically, and intellectually mature, why do we require them to get parental
consentbefore they get married?
DISADVANTAGE of K-12
If the K-12 Education Plan becomes successful, then the Philippine education system canbecome more competitive among
other countries around the world. Though there are still someproblems that the government needs to solve before they can
successfully implement the plan.The proposed program is good but it still won't work if the needed elements to make it work
isn'tpresent. Such elements includes the number of public school classrooms plus the adequatesupply of classroom chairs,
books, etc. If the government could allot a bigger budget toeducational needs, then we could be one-step ahead towards the
success of the K-12 program.Furthermore, parents (especially those who belongs in the poor sector) should be
properlyinformed and motivated of the advantages of the K-12 Education Plan. This is very importantsince parents plays a
major role in providing the child's school allowances, supplies, and feesfor other school projects and activities. Add to that the
support of parents towards their childrenin terms of guidance and teaching.The DepEd seems all set to add two more years to
the countrys 10 year basic educationcurriculum. this is a very tough issue to crack. we think it is a clash between reality and
theideal. a question unanswered is this for the common good?the truth is there are already many problems at the current
10-year curriculum and it hasnothing to do with number of years. to enumerate a few there are not enough
qualifiedteachers to teach all the students; that is made worst with just too many students; there are notenough classrooms
and schools to comfortably fit all the students (not to mention not enoughbathrooms and water supply); there are not enough
books; add the problem of poor qualitybooks, on top of that there are not enough facilities and finally very high drop out
rates. Thelatter, high drop out rates is being caused by something out of the education system but affectsa large part of the
population poverty. there are just so many poor families and they are sopoor that many of them cannot afford to pay for the
already meager amount needed for theeducation of their children. grade school and high school are free in public schools
with parents needing to just spend on uniforms, fare and some expenses. the tuition which normally accounts for a very large
share of the total expenses are free and yet most poor families can stillnot afford of what is left for them to spend. it is not
that the expenses are high, its just their income is very, very low.it is this inability to afford the other expenses that has
caused a very high drop out rate amongstudents.this plan of the DepEd to add two more years will of course not solve any of
the aboveproblems. in fact, it will only extend all those problems by two more years. a longer basiceducation will also mean
even higher drop out rates. Then there is the problem of additionalexpenses for the government. as of now, with the
10 year curriculum, there is alreadydesperate lack of classrooms and schools. the public schools cannot turn the students

awaywhen they show up to enroll. to cope many public schools have crammed as many students asthey can inside the
classroom with classrooms crammed with chairs from wall to wall. notenough, the schools conduct classes in at least shifts, in
some instances classes held veryearly in the morning till late in the evening.with two additional years, the schools will
definitely need to construct new buildings andclassrooms or God forbid conduct classes 24/7.the above is the reality part.The
other disadvantages are presented below:
1. Opponents of year-round school cite:Year-round schools show little to no academic improvement due to the calendar
change.
2. Multi-tracking, while cost effective in the short term, actually ends up costing more due tohigher utility costs, less or no
down time for building maintenance, and the loss of opportunity tobuild before the cost of labor and materials rise after
population increases force the building of new facilities. Multi-tracking does not alleviate the need for new school
construction, it merelyputs off the decision to build until it is even more cost prohibitive, thus locking comeunities
intoovercrowded schools and multi-tracking year-round calendars.Multi-tracking can cause familyand community
disintegration. This occurs when siblings/neighbors are on different tracks.Further disintegration is seen when extended
family and church members are on differenttracks, or in the case of single-tracking, different inter sessions.
3. Teachers' ability to attend college classes in the summer is compromised due to a year-round calendar.Teachers who have
children in a year-round school, but teach in a non year-round school, or in a year-round school on a different track or
calendar, are not able to vacationat the same time during the year or the summer as their family.Teachers have more
problems with children staying focused before a break, and upon returndue to the more frequent breaks throughout the year.
4. Students on year-round calendars tend to lose out on summer employment to their non year-round counterparts.Student
burnout can increase due to the reduction in down time during thesummer. Advanced placement classes are sometimes
removed in favor of year-roundcalendars.Students in year-round schools have more opportunities to forget what they
learneddue to the added and extended breaks throughout the year.
5. Summer school, where classes can be taken for credit are replaced with inter sessions.throughout the year, for no
credit.Inter sessions. tend to turn into play time as inter sessioncontent turns into fluff classes and sometimes taught by
community volunteers with nobackground check required.
6. Curriculum and materials for the normal school year are approved by the board, butcurriculum and materials for inter
sessions are not Community members who want to maintainfamily time and traditions are pitted against those in favor of the
change causing communitydivision.
7. School districts frequently employ deceptive methods to push the calendar through. Manysurveys are framed to yield a
predetermined result, yet only the numbers are reported.Difficultyin scheduling school-wide events such as student
assemblies, open-house, or PTA meetingsand other functions because at least 1 track is out of school at any point in
time.Child care is more difficult to obtain and some health problems are seen when conductingschool activities and classes in
the summer heat and people find it hard to pay attention.
Reference:
http://www.academia.edu/4206472/65752154_Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_k_12_1
Benefits of the K to 12 Program of the Department of Education
By: Gilbert M. Forbes
DepEd- Quezon
Region IV-A
*Though quite a number of the populace are already amenable with the K to 12 Program of the Department of Education, still
quite a larger chunk are not still convinced about its relevance even when it is already starting this school year 2012-2013.
They still contend that it will be problematic. It is not surprising however because of the popular media.
*Education practitioners particularly school leaders believe otherwise. Contrary to popular beliefs, the program intends to
benefits families and individuals and most importantly the economy for the following reasons:*Enhanced and Decongest the
Curriculum. This set up will give students more time to master competencies and time for extra-curricular activities, thus
allowing for a more holistic development. Teachers will also be able to ensure that every competencies are taught and
mastered and all the necessary skills are transferred and developed. Usually teachers are not able to teach all the content of
the curriculum due to time constraint particularly the competencies of the fourth quarter which are all essential and
prerequisites for the next level. It is further complicated by calamities both natural and man made plus a lot of holidays and
celebrations which are usually extended shortening the number that pupils and students should spent in school. What is
most surprising is the fact that, we are teaching a curriculum which requires at least 12 years to finish for 10 years only!
*Acquisition and possession of skills relevant to the job market. At present, most of our graduates are either too young or
lacking the necessary skills and competencies most of the companies requires. Most believe that only college education is
the best way to be gainfully employed. However, even having college education is not enough and actually is not the job
market needs thus many ends up factory workers, call center agents, service industry crews, repairman. For both the
struggling and middle income families, it is a great waste of time of money. The K to 12 basic education curriculum will be
sufficient to prepare students for work. So most parents are freed from the burden of having to spend for college just to make
their children employable. It will also slowly erase the common weak thinking that college is only the best route for success
and gainful employment.
*Higher opportunity for gainful employment or becoming an entrepreneur. Currently, high school graduates are not only too
young but are actually ill equipped for work so if their families can't afford to send them to at least two-year technical courses
end up idle. Hence they have nothing to do, they end up joining their peers or barkada and usually learn vices or worst endup into serious trouble. If they would have been in school, it would likely be no happening. On the other hand, those who are
able to finish at least two-year technical and vocational courses of commercially oriented institutions are hardly fit for work
particularly those in Marine Transportation and IT because the industry commonly demands at least four years of education.
With K to 12, students are given opportunity to acquire Certificates of Competency (COCs) and National Certifications (NCs)

in accordance with TESDA training regulations thus allowing graduates to have a middle level skills which will offer them
better opportunities to be gainfully employed. There will be school-industry partnership for technological and vocational
(techvoc) tracks to allow students gain work experience while studying and offer opportunity to be absorbed by the
companies.
*Better prepared for college. Due to enhanced curriculum that will provide relevant content and attuned with the changing
needs of the times, basic education will ensure sufficient mastery of the core subjects to its graduates such that graduates
may opt to pursue higher education if they choose to. Those who dont could immediately start earning for their livelihood
thus contributing already to the improvement of their families and of the economy.
*College Graduates recognized anywhere in the world. Our graduates, particularly engineers, doctors, architects, etc., could
now be recognized as professionals anywhere in the world. Those who intend to study abroad will meet the entrance
requirements of foreign schools. Currently, except for the middle east, our professionals are not regarded as equal in
countries in America and Europe. The Washington Accord prescribes 12-year basic education as an entry to recognition of
engineering professionals. On the other hand, the Bologna Accord requires 12 years of education for university admission
and practice of profession in European countries.
*Economic Growth. The economy is expected to experience accelerated growth in the long run. Several studies have shown
that the improvements in the quality of education increases GDP growth by as much as 2%. Studies in the UK, India and US
show that additional years of schooling also have positive overall impact on society..
*Sound foundation for long-term economic development. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for longterm development for the new system will contribute to the development of emotionally and intellectually mature individuals
capable of pursuing productive employment or entrepreneurship or higher education disciplines.
*Other worries such as higher drop out rate are unnecessary and are irrelevant for the Department of Education has already
set programs that will address this. The department in partnership with other government agencies is working together so
that the transition will be smooth for it could not afford to fail.
*Not only that, the Department is only making sure that it is delivering quality education which every Filipino is entitled to.
This is in consistent with Article XIV, Section 2(1) of the 1987 constitution which states that The state shall establish,
maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and
society.
*We Filipinos love changes. It is evident in the way we embrace almost anything that is new. Therefore, why not changes in
education which after all is intended to make it relevant to the need of the times.
*Of course, it would be difficult for some but it is only for the start. Once we got adapted and used to, it will be just as natural
and as easy as before.
*We got to remember this, The illiterate of the new millennium is not the one who will not be able to read or write, but one
who will not be able to learn, unlearn and relearn.- 1998 Delors Education Report
*(The writer has been working in the Department of Education as a public school teacher and school principal for sixteen and
a half years. Currently, he works as Elementary School Principal II of a central elementary school in the division of Quezon.
He holds Bachelor Degree and MA in Educational Management (CAR) from the Philippine Normal University, Manila)
References:
Cue Cards Prepared by Gilbert M. Forbes as part of the Practicum on Basic Training Management and Oral Presentation Skills
conducted by the National Educators Academy of the Philippines in partnership with DepEd Region IV-A (CALABARZON), April
21- 24, 2012.
Primer on the Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program
K to 12 Basic Education Program Frequently Asked Questions as of November 25, 2011
Discussion Paper on the Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program, October 25, 2010

Advantages of having grades K to 12 are:

1.

Children receive an education that starts with the simplest concepts and build on them each year as
they get older.

2.

All children can be educated.

Disadvantages of having grades K to 12 are:

1.

In a classroom setting, subjects are often separate and students do not see how one subject relates
to another.

2.

A classroom environment is an unnatural learning environment.

3.

Students most often do not get to explore their own talents and interests

Reference:
Deb Willoughby
Answered Last

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_k_plus_12

Email
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since ca. 1993,[2] is a method of exchanging digital messages
from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early
email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging.
Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages.
Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to
a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically
for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to
describe fax document transmission.[3][4] As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more
specific meaning it has today.
*An Internet email message[NB 1] consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the
message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one
or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message
submission date/time stamp.
*Originally a text-only (ASCII) communications medium, Internet email was extended to carry, e.g. text in other character
sets, multi-media content attachments, a process standardized inRFC 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come
to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). Subsequent RFCs have proposed standards for internationalized
email addresses using UTF-8.
*Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[5] but the history of modern,
global Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as
early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current
services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.
*Email is an information and communications technology. It uses technology to communicate a digital message over the
Internet. Users use email differently, based on how they think about it. There are many software platforms available to send
and receive. Popular email platforms include Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook, and many others. [6]
*Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is now
carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first published as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process
of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a
message envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.
Spelling
Electronic mail has several English spelling options that occasionally are the cause of vehement disagreement.
*e-mail is the most common form, according to Corpus of Contemporary American English data, this is the form that appears
most frequently in edited, published American English and British English writing. [7]
*email is the most common form used online, and is required by IETF Requests for Comment and working groups[8] and
increasingly by style guides.[9][10][11] This spelling also appears in most dictionaries. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
*mail was the form used in the original RFC. The service is referred to as mail and a single piece of electronic mail is called
a message.[19][20][21]
*EMail is a traditional form that has been used in RFCs for the "Author's Address", [20][21] and is expressly required "for historical
reasons".[22]
*E-mail is sometimes used, capitalizing the initial letter E as in similar abbreviations like E-piano, E-guitar, A-bomb, H-bomb,
and C-section.[23]
Origin
The AUTODIN network, first operational in 1962, provided a message service between 1,350 terminals, handling 30 million
messages per month, with an average message length of approximately 3,000 characters. Autodin was supported by 18 large
computerized switches, and was connected to the United States General Services Administration Advanced Record System,
which provided similar services to roughly 2,500 terminals. [24]

Host-based mail systems

With the introduction of MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961[25] multiple users were able to log into a central
system[26] from remote dial-up terminals, and to store and share files on the central disk. [27] Informal methods of using this to
pass messages were developed and expanded :
1965 MIT's CTSS MAIL.[28]
Other early systems soon had their own email applications:
1962 1440/1460 Administrative Terminal System[29]
1968 ATS/360[30][31]
1971 SNDMSG, a local inter-user mail program incorporating the experimental file transfer program, CPYNET, allowed the
first networked electronic mail[32]
1972 Unix mail program[33][34]
1972 APL Mailbox by Larry Breed[35][36]
1974 The PLATO IV Notes on-line message board system was generalized to offer 'personal notes' in August 1974. [24][37]

1978 Mail client written by Kurt Shoens for Unix and distributed with the Second Berkeley Software Distribution included
support for aliases and distribution lists, forwarding, formatting messages, and accessing different mailboxes. [38] It used the
Unix mail client to send emails which was extended to send remotely over the BerkNet. [39]
1979 EMAIL written by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai to emulate the interoffice mail system of the University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey[40][41]
1979 MH Message Handling System developed at RAND provided several tools for managing electronic mail on Unix. [42]
1981 PROFS by IBM[43][44]
1982 ALL-IN-1[45] by Digital Equipment Corporation
These original messaging systems had widely different features and ran on systems that were incompatible with each other.
Most of them only allowed communication between users logged into the same host or "mainframe", although there might be
hundreds or thousands of users within an organization.

LAN email systems

In the early 1980s, networked personal computers on LANs became increasingly important. Server-based systems similar to
the earlier mainframe systems were developed. Again, these systems initially allowed communication only between users
logged into the same server infrastructure. Examples include:
cc:Mail,Lantastic,WordPerfect Office,Microsoft Mail,Banyan VINES,Lotus Notes
Eventually these systems too could link different organizations as long as they ran the same email system and proprietary
protocol.[46]

Email networks
Soon systems were developed to link compatible mail programmes between different organisations over dialup modems or
leased lines, creating local and global networks.
In 1971 the first ARPANET email was sent,[47] and through RFC 561, RFC 680, RFC 724, and finally 1977's RFC 733, became a
standardized working system.
Other, separate networks were also being created including:
PLATO IV was networked to individual terminals over leased data lines prior to the implementation of personal notes in 1974.
[37]

Unix mail was networked by 1978's uucp,[48] which was also used for USENET newsgroup postings
BerkNet, the Berkeley Network, written by Eric Schmidt in 1978 and included in the Second Berkeley Software Distribution
(and later BSD operating systems) provided support for sending and receiving emails over the serial-based static-linked
network. The Unix mail tool was extended to send remote emails (identified with a colon as a delimiter between the
hostname and username) using BerkNet.[39]
The delivermail tool written by Eric Allman in 1979 and 1980 (and shipped in 4BSD) provided support for routing mail over
different networks including Arpanet, UUCP, and BerkNet. (It also provided support for mail user aliases.) [49]
The Mail client included in 4BSD (1980) was extended to recognize from the ARPA net, BTL net, COCANET, and BerkNet; it
could also send emails to networks (via the revised Unix mail(1) tool and delivermail). [50]
IBM mainframe email was linked by BITNET in 1981[51]
IBM PCs running DOS in 1984 could link with FidoNet for email and shared bulletin board posting
Operation overview

The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of events [58] that takes place when Alice composes a message using
her mail user agent (MUA). She enters the email address of her correspondent, and hits the "send" button.
Her MUA formats the message in email format and uses the Submission Protocol (a profile of the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), see RFC 6409) to send the message to the local mail submission agent (MSA), in this case smtp.a.org, run by
Alice's internet service provider (ISP).
The MSA looks at the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header), in this
case bob@b.org. An Internet email address is a string of the form localpart@exampledomain. The part before the @ sign is
the local part of the address, often the username of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a domain name or a fully
qualified domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified domain name of the mail server in
the Domain Name System (DNS).
The DNS server for the b.org domain, ns.b.org, responds with any MX records listing the mail exchange servers for that domain,
in this casemx.b.org, a message transfer agent (MTA) server run by Bob's ISP.
smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP.
This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final message delivery
agent (MDA).
The MDA delivers it to the mailbox of the user bob.
Bob presses the "get mail" button in his MUA, which picks up the message using either the Post Office Protocol (POP3) or
the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
That sequence of events applies to the majority of email users. However, there are many alternative possibilities and
complications to the email system:
Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as IBM Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange. These
systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a
vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail
gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may
happen completely within a single corporate email system.
Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a webmail service.

Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.
Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail
service.
Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail when the main mail exchange
server is not available.
Email messages are not secure if email encryption is not used correctly.
Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are
called open mail relays. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable.
If an MTA couldn't reach the destination, it could at least deliver it to a relay closer to the destination. The relay stood a better
chance of delivering the message at a later time. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by people
sending unsolicited bulk email and as a consequence very few modern MTAs are open mail relays, and many MTAs don't
accept messages from open mail relays because such messages are very likely to be spam.
Message format

The Internet email message format is now defined by RFC 5322, with multi-media content attachments being defined in RFC
2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions orMIME. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC
2822 in 2008, and in turn RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 which had been the standard for Internet email for nearly 20
years. Published in 1982, RFC 822was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.[59]
Internet email messages consist of two major sections:
Header Structured into fields such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email.
Body The basic content, as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at the end. This is exactly the same
as the body of a regular letter.
The header is separated from the body by a blank line.

Message header
Each message has exactly one header, which is structured into fields. Each field has a name and a value. RFC 5322 specifies
the precise syntax.
Informally, each line of text in the header that begins with a printable character begins a separate field. The field name starts
in the first character of the line and ends before the separator character ":". The separator is then followed by the field value
(the "body" of the field). The value is continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first
character. Field names and values are restricted to 7-bit ASCIIcharacters. Non-ASCII values may be represented using
MIME encoded words.
Header fields
Email header fields can be multi-line, and each line should be at most 78 characters long and in no event more than 998
characters long.[60] Header fields defined by RFC 5322 can only contain US-ASCII characters; for encoding characters in other
sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 can be used.[61] Recently the IETF EAI working group has defined some standards track
extensions,[62][63] replacing previous experimental extensions, to allow UTF-8 encoded Unicode characters to be used within the
header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such characters must only be used by servers
that support these extensions.
The message header must include at least the following fields: [64]
From: The email address, and optionally the name of the author(s). In many email clients not changeable except through
changing account settings.
Date: The local time and date when the message was written. Like the From: field, many email clients fill this in automatically
when sending. The recipient's client may then display the time in the format and time zone local to him/her.
The message header should include at least the following fields: [65]
Message-ID: Also an automatically generated field; used to prevent multiple delivery and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see
below).
In-Reply-To: Message-ID of the message that this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies
for reply messages.
RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the IANA; it provides
for permanent and provisional message header field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and http, and
referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include: [66]
To: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple
allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.
Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviations are commonly used in the subject,
including "RE:" and "FW:".
Bcc: Blind Carbon Copy; addresses added to the SMTP delivery list but not (usually) listed in the message data, remaining
invisible to other recipients.
Cc: Carbon Copy; Many email clients will mark email in one's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc:
list.
Content-Type: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a MIME type.
Precedence: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate that automated "vacation" or "out of office"
responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from being sent to all other subscribers of a
mailing list. Sendmail uses this header to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages
delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks delivery priority is less of an issue than it once was. Microsoft
Exchange respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the X-Auto-Response-Suppress header. [67]

References: Message-ID of the message that this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a
reply to, etc.
Reply-To: Address that should be used to reply to the message.
Sender: Address of the actual sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.).
Archived-At: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message.
Types

Web-based email (webmail)

Main article: Webmail

Many email providers have a web-based email client (e.g. AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com and Yahoo! Mail). This allows users to
log into the email account by using any compatible web browser to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not
downloaded to the client, so can't be read without a current Internet connection.

POP3 email services

Main article: POP3

POP3 is the acronym for Post Office Protocol 3. In a POP3 email account, email messages are downloaded to the client device
(i.e. a computer) and then they are deleted from the mail server unless specific instruction to save has been given . It is
difficult to save and view messages on multiple devices. Also, the messages sent from the computer/one device are not
copied to the Sent Items folder on the (other) devices. The messages are deleted from the server to make room for more
incoming messages. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed
maildrop in the POP RFC's).[81] Although most POP clients have an option to leave messages on the server after downloading a
copy of them, most email clients using POP3 simply connect, retrieve all messages, store them on the client device as new
messages, delete them from the server, and then disconnect.

IMAP email servers

Main article: IMAP

IMAP refers to Internet Message Access Protocol. With an IMAP account, a user's account has access to mail folders on the
mail server and can use any compatible device to read and reply to messages, as long as such a device can access the
server. Small portable devices like smartphones are increasingly used to check email while travelling, and to make brief
replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of
messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually mail is left in
folders in the mail server.

MAPI email servers

Main article: MAPI

Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is a messaging architecture and a Component Object Model based API
for Microsoft Windows.
Use

Flaming

Flaming occurs when a person sends a message with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the
word Incendiary to describe particularly heated email discussions. Flaming is assumed to be more common today because of
the ease and impersonality of email communications: confrontations in person or via telephone require direct interaction,
where social norms encourage civility, whereas typing a message to another person is an indirect interaction, so civility may
be forgotten.

Email bankruptcy

Main article: Email bankruptcy

Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind
in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there
is so much information that it is not possible to read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a boilerplate message
explaining that the email inbox is being cleared out. Harvard University law professor Lawrence Lessig is credited with coining
this term, but he may only have popularized it.[82]

In business

Email was widely accepted by the business community as the first broad electronic communication medium and was the first
'e-revolution' in business communication. Email is very simple to understand and like postal mail, email solves two basic
problems of communication: logistics and synchronization (see below).
LAN based email is also an emerging form of usage for business. It not only allows the business user to download mail
when offline, it also allows the small business user to have multiple users' email IDs with just one email connection.
Pros
The problem of logistics: Much of the business world relies upon communications between people who are not physically in
the same building, area or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting,telephone call, or conference call can
be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a way to exchange information between two or more people with
no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than physical meetings or phone calls.

The problem of synchronisation: With real time communication by meetings or phone calls, participants have to work
on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email
allows asynchrony: each participant may control their schedule independently.

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