BIOLOGY — Ix (Book ~ 1) 37 CHAPTER - 3 CHAPTER # 3 Classification of Living Organisms tiple Choice Questions 1) The term biodiversity means variety of. (a) Structures (b) Nonliving things (c) Utensils (d) Living organisms, 2) The study which deals with the classification of living organisms is’ called as (a) Homology (b) Taxonomy (©) Genetics (2) Biometry 3). The basic unit of biological classification is the 4 (a) Species (b) Genus (©) Celi. (@) Family 9 » 4) Closely related species are (a) Family (6) (a) Order 5) Closely related genera are grouped together in to (a) Family (Genus (@) Order 6) The plural of taxon in y z (a) Taca (b) Taxa (c) Texas (d) Tacata 7). The family of mustard is (2) Brassicaceae —_(b) Rosaceae (0) Poaceae (@) Palmiaceae 8) Closely related spécies are grouped together in to (@) Family (6) Class (c) Genus (@)Order: 9) Multicellular organisms having no cell wall and no chlorophyll are (2) Fungi (b) Animals (c) Bacteria (a) Plants 10) Father of Taxonomy is . : (@) Suarez (©) Linnaeus (©) Whittaker (a) Aristotle ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClassification of Living Organisms 38 (Book - 1) BIOLOGY - IX CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS This chapter comprises on the following questions: 1. What is meant by classification? i Q2, What is meant by homology? How is it helpfil in classifying organism? Q3. On what basis organisms are classified? 4. What are the aims and objectives of classification? QS, What is Binomial nomenclature? Q6. Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs. Q7. Give the biological classification of following organism. i Mustard i, Human ii, Frog Q8. Define Taxonomy. What are the units of classification? Bebe < a Q1, Explain Robert H. Whittakar’s five kingdom classification 2. Whatwere the defects of Robert Whittakar’s classification? 3, __ What were the modifications or changes proposed by Margulis and Schwartz in Robert Whittakar’s classification? Q4. Explain modified five kingdom classification Short Quéstions / Q14: What is meant by classification? Classification The arrangement of organismsinto groups and a pparours on’ the basis of similar ‘characters is called classification, Q2: What is homology? Hows it helpful in classifying organisms? ‘The presence of similar characters in different organisms indicates their common ancestty. ‘This similarity is because of some common ancestral origin is called Homology. Examples: Arm of a monkey, flipper of a whale and wing of a bat show homology. ‘They are dissimilar apparently but their internal structure (arrangement of bones and muscles) and their origin are same. These organs are called homologous organs. Due to this homology, we can say that monkey, whale and bat had common ancestor and are placed in same large group “vertebrates”. Thus, homology is proved to be very. helpful in classification. Q3: , On what basis organisms are classified? Organisms are classified . Habital * Similarities and " Difference in structural feature of plants animals. (0 various units of classification on the basis of: ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY - IX (Book - 1) 39 CHAPTER -3 Q4. What are the aims and objectives of classification? Aims and objectives of classification These are given below: 1. To determine similarities and differences between different organisms, 2. To arrange organisms on theibasis of similarities and differences. 3. To identify the organisms on the ‘basis of their structure and other ‘prominent characters and study them systematically and logically. 4, To find out inter relationships of organisms. Q5: What is Binomial nomenclature? C. Linnaeus proposed two word species name. First the name of the genus and second a designation for the particular species. This is called Binomial nomenclature. Scientific name for mustard is Brassica campestris, for Frog is Rana tigrina. Q6: Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs? Homologous organs ©, =, ‘Those organs which have similar origin but different structure and functions are called as homologous organs. A Examples: The fruits of all plants; whether'swest or sour, small and dry or large and fleshy, all are the homologous'‘strutures becausethéy. all develop from ovary of flower: Their origin is common. ue Analogous organs Those organs which are similar in function but different in basic structure and origins are called as analogous organs...” x Examples: Wings of an. insect.and_of @ bird; despite having same function, are .not homologous because thelr origin is different. Similarly, green leaf of moss plant and that of any vascular plant are not homologous. ar: Give the biological classification of following living organisms. ommon name: Mustard ingdom Plantae Division Tracheophyta Class Dicotyledonae Order Capparales Family Brassicaceae , Genus Brassica Species Campestris ‘The scientific name of mustard is Brassica campestris. 3 Common name: Human Kingdom Animal * Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia ve Order Primates: Family Hominidae Genus Homo. Species Soe wea E Sapiens ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClassification of Living Organisms 40 (Book - 1) BIOLOGY - IX The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens, Common Name: Frog Kingdom: Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order S Salientia (Anura) Family Ranidae Genus Rana Species Tigrina The scientific name of frog is Rana tigrina. Define the following terms. OR Define Taxonomy. What are the units of classification? Taxonomy: Taxis > Arrangement Nomus > Law ‘The scientific study which deals with the classification of living organisms is called as taxonomy. OR Taxonomy deals with the laws governing the arrangement or classification of living ‘organisms. at OR ESiiae Taxonomy can be defined asa branch of bidiogy, Which deals with the description, identification, classification and naming of living. organisms according to structural similarities and dissimilarities. Species ae ‘A species is group of living organisms which has numerous physical features in common « and capable of inter breeding and producing fertile offspring, Genera Closely related species are'group together and formed genera. Family Different genera group together to form families. Order Different families are group together to form an order. Classes Different orders form together a class. Phylum Different classes are joins to form phylum. Kingdom . Phyla group together to form.a Kingdom. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY ~ IX (Book - 1) 4 CHAPTER - 3 criptiv estion Q1: Explain Robert H. Whittaker’s five kingdom classification. ROBERT WHITTAKER'S FIVE KINGDOM. CLASSIFICATION According to modern system of classification given by Robert H. Whittaker in 1969, living organisms have been classified into following five kingdoms. 1, KINGDOM MONERA Itincludes almost all unicellular prokaryotes with auto or heterotrophic mode of living Examples: Viruses, Bacteria and Blue green algae. 2. KINGDOM PROTISTA ltincludes all unicellular eukaryotes with auto or heterotrophic mode of living, which are no longer classified as animals, piants or fungi. Examples: Euglena and Paramecium, 3. KINGDOM FUNGI {t includes all non-chiorophyllous, multicelldlat, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, thallophytes having Chitin cell wall and Coenocytic body called *Mycelium”. Examples: Agaricus and Yeast 4, KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includes all the chlorophylious, mute i having Cellulose cell wall Examples: Apple and Sun flower. utotrophic, eukaryotic living organisms, 5. KINGDOM ANIMALIA It includes all. the non-chlorophylious,: ulcer, heterotrophic, ‘eukaryotic living organisms having no cell wall. - Examples: Hydra, Earth worm and Man. Q.2: What were the defects of Robert Whittaker’s classification? OR What were the reasons for the modification of Robert Whittaker's classification? REASONS FOR MODIFICATION (DEFECTS OF ROBERT WHITTAKER'S CLASSIFICATION} In Whittaker five kingdom classification the "Kingdom Protista” contained:all those unicellular organisms that formerly had been regarded as animals (Protozoans) or plants (unicellular algae). So placing of "Unicellular Algae" in "Protista".and colonial “Multicellular Algae” in "Plantae" lead to confusion because the two algae. groups share many common features. Some of the multicellular algae are exactly looked like aggregates of the unicellular forms. This may be the fact that the algae as a whole have’ some properties in common as compared to rest of the plant kingdom. Viruses were placed in Kingdom Monera while they showed both’ living and nonliving properties, which no other organism shows. Some unicellular fungi were placed in Kingdom Fungi with multicellular fungi, while they exhibit different properties. Examples: Molds. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass Q3: a4: sification of Living Organisms a {Book - 1) BIOLOGY ~ IX What were the modifications or changes proposed by Margulis and Schwartz in Robert Whitaker's classification? MODIFICATIONS OR CHANGES PROPOSED BY MARGULIS & SCHWARTZ IN FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEMS OF R.H. WHITTAKER ‘Multicellular Algae" should be removed from the plant kingdom and placed along with all unicellular organisms in a new kingdom called "Kinadom Protoctista" which would replace ‘Whittaker's Kingdom Protista, ‘This modification makes the plant kingdom a more natural group and brings the multicellular algae close to their unicellular relatives. Unicellular and some multicellular fungi were removed from the K. Fungi which don't have similar properties to that of fungi, and placed in K. Protoctista. Now the "Kingdom Protoctista" includes "Multicellular Algae" and all "Unicellular eukaryotes", which are no longer classified as animals, plants or fungi. Viruses were removed from K. Monera and placed at the top of the classification table, Explain modified five kingdom classification. MODIFIED FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION ‘The main changes made.by Margulis and Schwartz in.1985 are.in'the kingdom Monera and Protista as proposed by Robert Whittaker in 4969. ‘According to them: 4, KINGDOM PROKARYOTAE It includes almost all the prokaryotes. eee Examples: Bacteria and Cyanobacteria cee 2, KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA = > {includes all the eukaryotic organisms; which are no longer classified as animals, plants or fungi. ; Examples: Euglena, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Yeast, Amoeba etc. 3. KINGDOM FUNGI It includes non-chiorophylious, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms having cell wall ‘and coeno¢ytic body called mycelium. Examples: Agaricus (mushroom), Penicillium etc. 4, KINGDOM PLANTAE It Includes all the chlorophylious, multicellular, éukaryoti having cell wall and zygote develops into an embryo. Examples: Pinus, Ferns, Apple, Sunflower etc. . autotrophic living organisris, 5. KINGDOM ANIMALIA, a 8) It includes the entire non-chlorophyllous, multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic living ‘organisms, having no cell-wall and zygote develops into an embryo. Examples: Hydra, Earthworm, Man etc. XXOOOODOOOOOOOOK XX OOOO IK,