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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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|< { {+, < eTT+<T u>+ +>seT >T& e+~. >T&
m<TsT> 15 n&T>T\T <s+ seTj k$T |w+q u&TssTT
<sq$TdT+~. dyT+T s&T qT=, +>seT >T& yqT d\T
HsTT. s&T de~ eT+~s+ e< N* s+y| CsT yT+~.
s&T L&* e< de~ eT+~seTT +~. eT+~s |&eTs ~X
dyT+T s&TqT qT= |s* $>V+ |< y|#T yTT<\T
|w+#& +~. n& s+&T n|< y|#T q y|#T |
|H HsTT. eT< y|#T yTT<{H |s * $>V+ =\Ty
|P\+<T=+T+~. d+H_w\T #T }jT\ { n]ksT .
eT< y| #T \T (|s* =\Tyq #T) | _q+> #<T >
+& +, #|> e>sT> +{sTT. nT T # \T n
#<T > +{sTT. eT< #TqT seTjk$T H{s |s* q
y+ yT X #T |+ #Xs b+ ydT\ |>&
$Xd+.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

35

u+&> dTuse

eT+~s =+#+ HsTr eT]=+#+ |&eTs ~X> }] #sTe

e+~. n< }] yTT eekj <s+. | =+#+ <s+
bb&T s dwH +~. # n<THq+>, kse++>
sbjT\T y+ s n~sT dwqT ]+#sT. b++
+ eT+ dwqT <T. $qT=+&, ]#&T s dwqT L&
dwH d]>e.
< e<eTT. n~ 1862 d+ \y sT CeTTq dTesT
50 d+\T ejTdT *q ~>+] |q eTq+ #|=q bb&T
M<T\ y+ ejT+ - C |sdT+<] n q~d |y&
sT>TTH&T. ##y n s+ # $+>=\TT+~. eTw
5.6 n&T>T\ b&ee+&, n+ e > eT n+ dq+>qT
yjTq+> H&T. \ MT< u u]+qT> # eq
+|]ET * H&T. eTTKeT+ >&+, MTd+ y+T\
+&bsTT+~. =eqT &sT+{ eTT b&T#T edT+~.
# |<$ >qT, CT y\T>TTHsTT. qTs|\T # eT>
HsTT. y qT+ b<\ es q s+& deq ksTT
uT ydqT> e+|\T ] HsTT. jTq m&eT #
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$|yTq sD e+~. nsTT jTq $T> \D\T
|y& \|+#+qT, e{ e{ ejT + n _>Zs>
nsTd +&+ bb&T ydT\T jTqT |y&>
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

36

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1) qes+<\ b>qT e<\+

~>+s+> M<T\ y+ |y& ]> seTjT >] #
|\\T >T+|> jTq y+& s =fysT. s jTq
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#dT H , s =&TTH |+#T $T>T\ q+~+#y&T. jTq
}sT+& d] |\\ #qTe @s& eT]+> s =fysT.
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|y&T nqTHsT. | eT<V uq deTjT+ nsTT+~.
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>&|k>&T. mesT nq+ |{H q be+ kqbH<T\T +&
eT m<TsT>H sT>T +&+, m& Vs+ uT+q <K\T
be&+ =+eT+~ jTqqT j> k<& \bXsT.
sE H\TZ s&T L&* Ls @y | \T ns# q*| q
<>ZsTq #=+> <], H{ |* <T|] b>qT qes+<\ <s
e~&T. eT+u<T. #=+> |<T, m&H b> s+&T
eTT, H{qT+ e<T\TsT. eT&T s+<, $T*q sT
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nHsT. =+eT+~ n~ @< + $<jT ={b sXsT. jTq
MT< |+>, dT+> <wk]+q y sT yses.

2) { $y<+
bb&T #sT e +< e] |+ mqT b\b MT< eq~. q+
sT n+< |sT =+ y&TeTTK+ |{+ ~. n|& dsT&T |&e T{y|

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

37

u+&> dTuse

]bTH&T. deTjT+ #sTe eTs>=eTT dMT|+ ueTT\T

*q sT\+<s T> #bs\T |{ #sTe y| ~sT. n~
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yqT> #sTe y| <] rXsT.
eTT+<TbsTTq Ts
T \T, #sT e sT ~>Te b\ bs +&
n&T\T {, #sTe eTs=eTT dMT|+ eT b\qT &|&
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#sT=HsT.
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b\ sT bs+& m>Teq MTs \_ b+<\H! n<$T <s<T.
#sTe sT n+<] b\ bs*+< n n&T sT. <
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b\T. e jT sT & ]bsTT+~. MT$+ &MT< HsTT.
{ MT +~ <T. m{ e|s m+&bT+~. b\b MT<
e+~ |sT. |&T sT b <dTbT+~ |sT. + >& eyT
e << $dTsT> de<q+ #bsT m>Te sT\T.
e{ e{ |]+~. yX+ |\T_+~. n+ sTy|\ s\T,
bs\T | q$. seTj k$T # es q deTj bb&T
#sTe e<>\ #& >&|ysT. jTq nT&T { me]+{
bsTTqT > <K\T e . >\ j T q # e | & + ~. <
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q #T\T n&+ |ujsT. n|{ \dyT+~. me]y s+&T
s\T k$T \qT +, y+H s+ s s s&+ s|bT
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<+ ejs qqT +& y+H MT]& qT+& y+&
n nsek>sT.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

38

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d] |y&T XeyT \&+ UjTeT u$+#sT. ueq <T
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\y s+>H #sT e e< [ #&\qT=HsT.
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eTV<q+< |&sT. + eTT+<T jTq +|] ET, u+{
\qT# dV+#T=q H |&T |y u dV
d<+> @s&q + +~.

3) { s |{ u\+> esT
sE qT+& eTq seTjT bb&T yd d\yT+~. \
q+ q eTT&T >*q seTjT H bb&T |\ u
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

39

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4) y|#T s\T
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b, |\\T seTjTqT s =&+ #, n+<T |\y&
|T= eT+<*+#k>&T. y&T _>Zs> @&T| \++#T=H&T.
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n y]+#&T. >+<sT C* kq+ |+ #T#dT+~.
seTjTqT<+ - s =&TTH e |\\qT y]+#e. HqT
|& e<+{y? #e e #e n $dTsT> nH&T. <T\T>
seTjT nj > HqT yqT X|d s*bsj!
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

40

u+&> dTuse

#&T n q <]q qT buj&T |< kVu. nsTT =

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+&jTs< \bXsT. $wjT + }s y\& + ~. q+ >T+|\T>
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seTjT. uq V<jT <T&T<! y+H n+^s+ *b&T.

5) d$&
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

41

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< eT|s+, >+>&\T, |sT<T\T y\eTT \jT<+> <\&+ ##
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=eTT\qT # mes < <|\ be& kVd+#sT. d$
=eTT\ b&# n\yT +&+ n~ +{ |+#>H |\
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z M~ y+ VQ+<> q& edT+~. \qT =+#+ +< ~+
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

42

u+&> dTuse

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Hk+~. k<TC+Te e]+~. seTjk$T, +uTqT
d #qysT e eTT+<T q+BXsT&T eqT> u$+#sT.
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< #d @sp ujT+ #+<<T.

6) |q<]
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43

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7) #jTeT d|+
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n|{ eT<dT yd \T>T ysq esk$T |s+ eT<dT
<>+ H\sT nsTT+~.
s \ T ~ \T #s&T esk$T. <j H +{ eTT+<T *jT+|
#\TT q~ jTq #\ T #jTeT. n bD+ <T|&+ ~. $es\T
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

45

u+&> dTuse

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bb&T #]+~. q d|<sq$T q bD+ q j
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46

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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

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~\ e\ esq$. nd\T seTj k$T kq+
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

50

u+&> dTuse

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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

51

u+&> dTuse

n<jT+ -8

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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

52

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n+ C =T ssTT y+ k$T y+, |sT>T\T rXsT. ssTT
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

53

u+&> dTuse

n<jT+ -9

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b+\qT n|{ sH&T> |*#ysT.
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ysT. |+> bZqbsTTH n|{ & |+<eTT\qT |s+>
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y] <>Zs eT+ <T b+~q C |+<| +&yT n+<T
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

54

u+&> dTuse

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q XsyT yTeTs H+ #ksT. eq qT rdT= =+eT+~
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

55

u+&> dTuse

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56

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##sT. @< \ ]qT> sd+ H\=]+~ y nd>.
~ys+ eT<V+ +{ >+ deTjT+ @e+ \eTT #|
|P\ b& (msb&), ~ #*> n k<sD & m+\yTq
sd+ H\L\&e! qeTbjsT. << >T& @T> >*+~
nqT=HsT. <T|] $T*q s+&T |+<eTT\T >\e >*q qT
e~sT ]#&TysT. nqT>V+qT, \qT yTT< >*q
n< |P\ b&qT e~sT by&T ysT. D ]#&T y] eT]
s+&T eT{ ]#sTT. sE |+<eTT eTTdq~. <T|]
~ysyT eT |+<eTT ]>~. me] <]q ysT #ssT.
bb&TysT seTj k$T uTC\ MT<T= C =&T

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

57

u+&> dTuse

bb&Ty| kbjsT. n|&T |> #q ]#&T y] nsy T + ~.

+ sD+ seTj>. e#yseTT m > \y\H \+|
nH|<X + > eTeT #ssT ]#&T ysT yTTU\T y&dT =.
seTj k$T uTC\| }sd rdTse&+ >eT+#sT
bb{ }] |<\ T. ssTq& $wjT + \THsT. | <T
b+~q yT\T C us qT, e\+ ~\ MT< e+& & =&e!
Xs#T\jsT. e#ys+ eTTL& |+<eTT\ y\
ss TT+#sT. s +&eys+ n< +\| |+<eTT\T ]>sTT.
eT+ usd C |~ es qwbjsT ]#&TysT. nsTT
|+<eTTq eTT+<T @ & e< & k$T #|+ jTq
os<+ e~ysT bb&TysT. jTq eTV+ |~qT
=>* >sT. kjT+yT + ~. |+<eTT\T eTTdq$. ]#&T y] u>
\+> nsyT+~. eT z$T sD+ #T +< Ls=q
|y&.
d+> }s #bsT. }] |<\ T B $sT>T&T |j +#\
u$+#sT. y+H y] eTH|\ \| eT+y~ dTVD+ yT~&T.
jTq #TeTT. jTqT y+uT b+& >\T| UjT+ n
Be> |*sT. ~ $ |+<| ssTT eTV<q+<+ #+<sT.
dTVD+ <bd &T. #&T\T #jT + n yq
|{q $<. +{ #|H eTw #+|>*q LsT&T. eosD+ #d
m+ eT+~ ds HXq+ #X& |r. nqT ]#&T MTqT eT+
>se ksTT H&T. # <$< +~. MTqT eT+ kq+
e+~. | sT s+&T $wj\ ujT|&+ n
nV+ue+, q $T+ eTsesH ueq, n_C+ n \d nD
| e> q q m|& }V+#T+ }V
*bT+{&T. s=eTT$sT#T= q&TdT+{&T.
n Vs+ L& nV+s m #|T+~. eTw eT+

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

58

u+&> dTuse

*w+ > +&\T yT* ], <Tqs n&T>T\ mT =~b{ sTu

e+{&T. E\b\ET uTC\ MT< |&TT+~. $] >&+, n
eTTU eT]+ >+;s+ LsTTq~. y&{ b\u>+, <|
n&+> $u~ s\T. eT< sbjT+ ms{ >T+&{ +eT
uT #|sT \ nH= #sTT ]q eT+y~jT #| H #| &T
T+~. s es+ e\Te\T <]+ nqT ]#&T p<sT\ \d +
| |y+#&T. #TT|\ }s qT+ eq |+<| ssTT
n jTT eTH|e *d >TeTHsT. nqT +|
< <>sZ =dT+ f uj
T + <s+> s>k >sT |+<eTT\T M+ #&
eq |\T.
dTVD+ ~ e# d] kjT++ 4 >+\T <{+~.
n|{ es ]#&T bb&T\ eT< |+<eTT sT><T. eT<V+
qT+ $T> >e\ qT+ eq y |+<eTT\T ]q$. ]#&T
ysT =|sC, ms b& ~>sT. bb{ y] <>Zs & &>,
& HeT* |+E\T eHsTT. $ s+&T L& kjT++ H\TZ >+\
s n+> |b #|e. =|sC, msb&\ kjT++
H\TZ s m<TsT +&<T . dTVD+ s, eT # eq |+E\
\Vq, ]#&T |+E\ deTjT+ #|+# bsTw+ \
bb&T ysT >T\T $T+> k>sT. < >ZT m|& ]#&T
eT+y~ ##s bb&T |<\ eDT |{+ ~. b\Tb
ssT Hs+_+#sT. <+ MTe\ e+< sTdsTd &sT.
\\+ n+ qT#| <s+ eq seTj >sT >eTdH
HsT.
<bd n+&##T= sbjsT ]#&TysT. bb{
y] qT<+ |&T s+&. > s+&T ys\T $s M>sT. MT
n+\yTT+~. ~+#+& |+<eTTq n+ {\T yXsT. #T

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

59

u+&> dTuse

+< | y& ##T=H> MTsT >+ s bsTT+~. |&T #|+&

MT |b\T n+ >T >T e{&k>sT. bb&T ysT +>T
H + <s+>H eHsT. y <s <s+ seTjk$T.
jTH>H >+&+ >f+#>\s k$T bT dMT|+#sT.
n|{ k$T yTT+ ne>yT+~. & &> e+ |]+ #
ejTqT e<\+& ejTs n <d - ejT+ - C |s
dT+<] n q~+#sT. bb&T ysT seTj k$T C n+
<=#sT.
]#&T eT+y~ q =|sC & n_eT++ #&T.
=|sC, & &>\qT y{+#sT. +< e~sT. jT }s
qT+ eq ysT L& B> |+<+ M+#k>sT. <ebd&q
seTjk$T & >\TdT+<! eT+y~, <$<bd&q
dTVD+ & >\TdT+<! n +> #&k>sT. ~ es
bb&T&! ]#&T &! n ##sT. m|& eT+y~ e#&
| T e]bsTT+~. s+&T ujT+s+> m],
m] qT+THsTT. bb{ y] & &> nkT>
=|sCqT \+> +~. n+ sC & bD+ >H bsTT+~.
<Tq +< |&+~. D\+ X+ #T#dT+~ n&. sT=
#T eq |\T seTj k$T C={sT.
jT jT <H\T #$ #s d], nd & m z&+<jT
~>eT eq eT+y~, |+ qc n+{+~. n+ |<>
T\T TL + us n+>\ seTjk$T e< = rD
+>
#d - Td\T |&T - @s |#&! & m< >T& @T>
>*d < C ={+#Ty ! yese? bdq <e mesT?
sE n+T #&+< $& |qT. @~ eTVyT< #|T? n+
$dTsT> seTj k$T #sTT|{ qy| >&T. seTj k$T
}| C |sdT+<] n q~d q #TT |\Tq @y

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

60

u+&> dTuse

| \T >>u <d e{ \TeTT |{sT . <+ $+ #dTq

dTVD+ zV |sdT +<] u & y @B #|+#T >=| n+
s=eTT $sT#Tk>&T. seTj k$T MT< m+ |eT eH bb{
ydT\T jTq sT |q dTVD m~]+ e{& , sE
M& eT&+~, nH XjT+ y]<] |]+# k>sT. q+
|&T < e< sT. |+<eTT\T q$. M]<] |+<eTTqT
T #&k>sT. y] eTHuy\T seTj k$T sTT+#\
sT+THsTT.
| seTj k$T \TeTT >{> |sT. eT+ |<T.
nsTTH b> jTq H{ <s y+ >eT+#sT n&Tq
q+. >{> |* |] >* +_+#sT. n+ k$T qes+<\
qT+& s\T dyT +qT b> e~* m+ edT+< n+ b> jTq
qes+<\ <s sk+~. k$T #TT |\+ b> +&
bsTT+~. <+ >eTdTq eT+y~ <s |y& $<.
b{ ++ HqT #jTH #&s! n+ # <TsTdT> k$T
# \TeTT }&>&T. n ndu |<C nH>]|
|esq ndV+ *+~ ## y. z u>e+T&! M& =e
Z+#T +&! ~ eT+ sTD+. |&T b M& MT<
u]+#&+ eT w+ n #T #] eq q+ <e+<] y&
#XsT. | dTVD+ \TeTT s+> #{ |\T
|&T. n+ ! @yT+< @y *jT<T, | \T yd, y]#w\
yT<qeT+ +<T\T yjTk>sT. |\ eTqdT q+<+ n<
$<+> +<T\T yjTk+~. ms e\Te\ +#T= <<|
~>+s+> ~ e~* | y&> >eT+ +& <dT bj&T.
s \+ n |X m& s<T. nqT @yT bj&
*jT<T. |s>D\ |{q <|& d>+ e~*+< |\T

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

61

u+&> dTuse

# d+w+#sT.
\ qT+& yTqT> bb&T |\T dV * k$T
uTC\T= seT j k$T C n+ q~d bb&T y|
kbjsT. y eTqdT \T m+ |+<eTH >+
<T. d+w d+<yT+~ bb&T.

& |+<eTT\ ndT - >+CsTT dT

<bd &T, eT+y~ nsTTq dTVD+ | |{ <X\T|{
bsTTH ]#&T |+<> T~ s<T. & |+<eTT\ z$T
bb&T ydT\ MT< <w+> e]+~. seTj +&> yqT @MT
#jTeTT eTT+<T seTj y] <s+ #d s y] MT<
|rs+ rsTe# u$+#sT. dTBs+> +q MT<
seTj k$T #T #=+> >TsT e+~. jTq >+CsTT
d$ks \TdT { T < n* <] bdT dwH seTj
MT< |&T dT HsTT+#sT.
bb&T >eT+ eT+y~ H&, n |sT >=\seTjT
n, n&T m\y >+CsTT >T yT + ||qT\T ndu +>
#ks , H djT+> bb&T dMT|+ T| >+CsTT |+&k& ,
qT #&
yT > ssT >+CsTT + #&> =&TTH&, <X
s+ #dTH&, <=+>q+> |+&+q >+CsTT >TT #|&T
+& n$T keTT #dT+TH&, <+ e| #dTe&
us eTT< ysTT+#T= |q<]> sT>TT+{& |s <T jTT
ks+XeTT.
<] qT+& bdT n~] <sT yqqT y+ uT= bb&T
e#&T. nqT b+ ~ MT< + eTT+< e#&T. n
seTj >T]+ @ e+ *jT<T. se&+ se&+ >eT #e&
e< e#&T. n& n|{ =+eT+~ sT\T }] $wj\T
#]+#T=+THsT. & |+<eTT\ seTj eTVeTqT |q'XsD+

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

62

u+&> dTuse

#dT+THsT. bdT n~] y qT<+ @eTj ! MT >=\

seTjT \Tk! nqT m& +{&T? n $#]+#* n yT
#X&T. n e k$T| n>se+ y] |sDyT+~. mes
yT #| n~] s|]#sT. <+ n |+ e
>=\seTjT m&TH& #Ts! <! eT+y~ nsdT #j *
m&? n ><esTT+#&T. <]q bTq d <+ >eT+
+~. yT k$T n+f mq >se+. @$Tj w+>
<usTTdTHe? >=\ seTjT+THe? jTqT >T]+ \TdT=H
e#y! n+ Tks+> e{&TTHe? |\T eTVeT\T #|q
eTVT& eT+y~ n+{y! < &T sT>uT+~ n~ ##T!
nd\T jTqT <]dH q <qeTT+~. eTT+<T | #sTT,
jTq eTs<> |e]+#T kq+ eTs k<sD bsT&T+f
b{ # nqs+ ]>~ *d+<! n >T |+& uCsTT+
+~. B+ bdT n~] =+ >Z&T. yT y+ y&T. yT
|&e T{ M~ |sdT +<] #T <>sZ Ls eq seTj #|+
q <]q qT bsTT+~.
bdT n~] |s dT+<] #T dMT|+ & >=\ seTjT
mesT? n |+#&T. jTb+ eq bdT\qT #&>H
seTj eq >eTdT\ T >Tq #sT. seTj k$T ys=#
deTjT+ #=+> |\TTHsT. bdT n~] \TeTTqT kBqeTT
#dT=, e >+CsTT >TTHe. n~ # $sT<+. n> >+CsTT
|+&dTqT> |s<T n+~+~. n~ yTH! n |+#&T. <
yT> seTjk$T ejT +- C |sdT +<] n q~+#sT
||> n+> #d. bdT n~] m<TsT> eq k$T
n ]bsHH #&&T. s n~] |+ e+~.
nsTTH esTT+#T= =~ d|{ eeT\T d e k+>
#=+> |\TTq+<T qT nsdT #dT H eTT nH&T. | seTj

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

63

u+&> dTuse

k$T \&sT. jTq & n|{ es eq >+CsTT

e+&> +< |&+~. bdT n~] +$T y*. TTEe\ dV
<=] bj& k$T nsdT #jT& <T&j&T. +
bb&T >eTdT\T >T+| {sT. m+<T nsdT #dTHe n~]
|+#sT? q ]#&T ysT |s<T #Xs B qT>H
e< #=+>, >+CsTT \_++< #b&T bdT n~].
>\+<sT k$T n+f e\ e*q n_eq+. nqT n~] qT< +
# <TsTdT> @eTj? y< <=+> |s<T d e seTj
k$T nsdT #ky? m+ <s+. q yqT H Tb *
#+|qT n|&T e e <] nsdT #<Te ! n #+C
#X&T. }sT }sT seTj k$T nsdT #d re |]De\T
m<Tse\d edT+< bdT n~] V#] #XsT. + q
eq yqT n | rdTbsTT @< #b&T. ] eq
n~] >eT |\ =+ sJ <sD e{&&T. qT =>
e#q, seTj k$T >T]+ *jT<, n sT|q <sT
e\T |PNT e+& s| HsT> <] sT k$T rdTsy\
d\V sTT#&T. >\+<sT, eTTqdT <ek dTus& |PT |
d+\T #XsT. n$ |T= bdT n~] eq<] |{&T.
s bdT n~] \ e+~. <+{ qT seTj
k$T C +#&+, + <q+ n< eP& +<|&, \T|
sT#T= k$T >* \T jT e q y| ~d+>
#d q T+ duT\qT B$+qT +#&T. n+ n
eTT#eT\T |{sTT. k$T >=| ne>yT+~. y+H q T+
dyT+> bb&T e k$T b<\ y* q | jTeT
b]+#&T. qqT q T+u d< s+ #eT y&T H&T. s +&T
sE\ ee~ |P] _q+> |e]+q bdT n~] # k$T
jTT eTV yH b&sT bb&T ydT\T. eTsTd{ sE

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

64

u+&> dTuse

|s<T |s+ k$T <] sT rdT ysT bb&T ydT\T.

sT dT ysTT< |&+~. <T|] ysTT< k$T sT VsT
<T. <+ & nsdT ys+{ C #XsT. <+ |PN T> eq
ysT k$T sT VsT|]#sT. bb&T }sT }s+ ~*
e+~ k$T bT sT.
|q+ uqT \& ||> #dTHsT k$T. jTq
y\+ # &>sT bsTT bsTT | y MT< @$T dT? n
\ bX&T. + >esyT+T e\T - eTT<sTT w~+#&q
>+CsTT d$+#&y T , < <=+>q +> |+&+ ybs+ #dT H &,
qT #&yT d+| #&>=&TTH&, TTEe\T> #=+>,
>+CsTT &>] #|+ >T $<+> +#\ s&T. & >]
m+<T seTj k$T H djT+> $#]<eT|+, MTsT
>+CsTT >+ yTH! |+&+#s! n $#]+#sT. |>
#&k>sT k$T. eT |+#sT &>sT. de<q+> k$T m{
#d q } |<+ ejT+ - C |sdT+<] n q~+#sT.
ejT+ nH eqT Hs+ n+^]+#&+> u$+#&T &. m
|+#T=H esZyT +& bsTT+~. k$T m bb&T #s
n u<| & k >sT bb&T q+. H eq bdT n~] eT]+
qT&j&T. eTTsTT+|> >esyT+T e\T qT +
seTj k$T| Hss|D #jT& <T&j&T. e
bj&T. nqT nTbj&T. H\ n+T bsTT+~.
qT+& e& HH +{\T |&k>&T. m>H |&
#j \H n eTH>+ k$T nsy T + ~. nkT> q > +
eTs+>+ jT rd # |T= # q sdT MT<T>
| b&T. q # bf eTs+>+ ssTe k sT d*+>T es
bsTT XSq+ \&+~. sT yTT+ ~>e T #+~ kDTy+ ~. ]#&T
y] s|q |s<T<sT\T y, |&sT n+T be&+

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

65

u+&> dTuse

# ;#+~ eT @eTT+<q uj
T |& & eTT+<T e eTT
dT =+eT+~ b<\+ |{eT, k$T eTVeT *jT #XeT,
dTqT |d+ V]+#T=+{eT $q$+#sT. m|&
dT |d+ VsD
e y] H{ y+ e+< D+ n+TbsTTq |&sT
| e>*>&T. n L& qT$| *+~. & eTT+<T e
|s <T <sT dT |d+ V]+#T +THsT. q B dV ]+#e\
d+~> s&T. n+ & u> \TdT. us< X + H sT
<X k<T , dHdT\T >+CsTT d$+#&+ # k<sDyTq $wjT +,
| |#T eTVT&T <=+> ybs+ #dy&T> m nqT>\eTT
n \bX&T. ]q d+|Tq\ &]+ #, dTqT m+<TL
|s~> s]+, k$T eTVeT n~ s|+#&+< <e
|sT= &>sT dTqT ={yXsT. eTsTDyT nkT> k$T
eTs+>+ jT< kH e #]+~. sT V\T H bb&T q+
C ={sT . bdT n~] eTqdTH C ={&T . ]#&T |s <T<sT\T,
>esyT+T e\T T Je& n+ }|] |\THsT.

n<jT+ -10

b<sd+ \
>+><e |*, bb&T dMT| >eT+. nsTT |dT
e TT n~ <=q=+&
eT+& #+<TT+~. }] eTTqdT eT]jTT sD+ >sq k]
|< y+dTus& seTj k$T eTV+ qT qTs <]
sT ##&T. >esyT+T e\T es+> y~+
nT= be&+. + q yT<&T e+~. nsTT ~
es >eT ydT\ <s $q \\T =+ eT, eT]=+ *eT
n eTHueq. \ qT sj=#&T. k$T #
eTVeT&, jTq | * +&\ u$+#&T. n|&|&T

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

66

u+&> dTuse

bb&T e k$T <]+ eT }] seT V+#y&T. yT |

T+eTT ys+ jTq MT< |eqTs>\T |+#THsT.
< \+ H{ us< X _{wyt sT |]b*dTH sT. |< y+
dTus& >+><e|* eTTqdu, >eT sD+ L& ne&+
<] =+ eT+~ _{wt n~sT\ |]#j\THsTT. y
s&>s<H VQeT q|&T, y L& s& >] u+B, $d
dk\T e+ <T. n$ |eT seTj k$T #y&T s&. s&
MT< >\ |eT y{ |#T=H ysT k$T. sE k$T <jT+
10.00 >+\ deTjT+ s& >]+{ e#sT. deTj s& >sT
dssT |MT< <]bsTT eHsT. +{ jTq us |< #+#eT
+~. k$T |< #+#eT @e s & m& q|&T <T . b\+>
bj& n n&>&T. <T\T> #+#eT <T k$T dssT |MT<
<] bjsT. kjT+ eks $qjT+> #| +~. n{H!
ds HqT eq|& s& dk\T k&T <! @~ dk |{
nHsT k$T.
y+H |< #+#eT |&eT{ +{ y[+~. ucD+ ] ##
d] <+{ s+&T dk\T q&sTT. n+<T { rdT= k$T
sTT+~. yT m<TsT>H dk eT rd >&>& >ksT k$T.
U dkqT |q nsT>T MT< |{&T. @e ~ # u>T+<.
m|& s& sTT# dk <T. + @yTH dk\THj?
<=fH ? n #+#eT qT< + |+#&T jk$T. de<q+>
#+#eT jT +{ dk +={ +~, n #| eT |&eT
+{[ n+{< s+& dk sTT+~ k$T. k$T < >&
>Tq >d +<{ U dk |H |{, #+#eTqT<+
yqe s& ed #| e yq, eT s| ekqT, n #|
}] = u$ eTT bb&T sT u$ &T.
b<T +> deTj #sTH&T s& q +{. &T=

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

67

u+&> dTuse

nsT>TMT< d< rs&T. seTj k$T q U dk\T n

+|&sTT. dk\T nsT>T MT< +<T=#jT #+#eTqT |*
n&>&T s&. yT k$T eq d+>, $d n&q d+>, qT
ucD+ <q s+&T dk\T sTTq d+>, eT k$T s|
ekqq d+> #|+~. yT #T+&>H s& eTTK+ b*bsTT+~.
\ |T Ls=H&T. <T'KeTT b+>T edT+~. <T'KeTT |+>
e]+~. usqT HH e\H&T. k$T bq |THe
<! <e&T +{ eTw #+|Xe <! n + es+ ]|+#&T.
s+ <|<T. { k$T sT < n u<, s+&~
q us MT< VHs+ y|& bdT dT neT+~ <! jT
+. m{H \y]+~. >> js bb&T be& <T
&T+&>, |V] \T| rdT= k$T +{ edTH&T. edH
@eTj s&, e H m|& dsT ke. q nesTT u
dsT +<j ! eT+ b>sT MT< e+~ dsT. n{ +&*.
MT< HqT m|& eH n+{ dsT ej! nHsT k$T.
k$T e{&TH H&T. s& jTq qT #TT= sT
|k>&T. s& ns+ e&+<T. n$ s! q+< uc!
jT, s+& @ \+ nqTu \T>TTHsTT s&. <>+,
q+<+ s+& e]+#sTT s&. sT T&T#T+ k$T q
MTsT +~ eeT\T> HqT MT# dsT <T. n~ b<sd+,
~ @~ @$T{ & *jT MT H# dk +{< nqT=
b<sd+ dk\T sTT+~. nd\T dsT +{<T. n+<T <]
yqT. + MTsT e T+> HsT d+w+ n ]_] nj&T
s&. nsTTH q eTqdT dH +~. s+&T dk\ b<sd+
k$T m +&>\sT. q eTT+<T k+> k$T <sq
$TdTH sT. qeT m +&>\ &T. k$T n+f |eT bT |&T
+ ujT+L& eTqdT #T #dT+~.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

68

u+&> dTuse

=*$T * e+| r - <X |sT>Tr

k] |< y+ dTus&~ eT& T++. n eTT |sT
k] q y+ dTus&. q y+ dTus& b\+|qT\T, |Xe\
d+sD, L*y eeVs\T ##T+{&T. |< y+dTus&
eTTqdu ], sD
+ #d jT |qT\T, +{ d++~+q ks\T
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yT #d >T d#q\T #y&T |< y+dTus&. sE
seTj k$T |< dTus& +{ jT eks Ls=
e{&T e+f, q y+ dTus& jT qT+ e#&T. eTw
=~> ndVq+> q|&&T. $es+ n&>&T |< y+ dTus&.
n<MT <T nqj! eTq e&+ VjT H>* sT
_+#eT #qT. +& +& | L& + |P] <T. m|&
bsTTH q LTsT s>+ u><, |+& e\dq |\ mes
#sT| #Xs (#& +{~) ybTH&T. | }s e&+
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rdT+, y |qT\T | eTq |qT\T #jT q+TH&T. eTq e&+
|]d # <jTjT+> +~. n \e+|eTT. n>
TTTe n$T+ |sT |eTT. H>, +&, =&e, y \>
# eekjT| |eTTT n e<H q$. n$ +&
eekjT+ m #j b\Tbe&+ <T. V+ LT] y
qjTyT T e+&<T. n|{ # eT+~ y<T\,
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y sT. n q c, V+ u< @sTe |{&T q y+
dTus&.
y d+uwD $+Tq j V+ LTsT| C* *+~.
seTj k$T q dTus& qT<+ k] eTq+ y[+{
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

69

u+&> dTuse

V+ +{ y| <]rXsT. & V+ +{ |]d #

n<q+> +~. V+ LTsT d]> 16 d+\T ejTdT +T+~.
nesTT |+& L& ~]+~. eT+ d++<+, +{ |]dT
q LTsT y] \T yjT&+, +{* b~ b\Tbe&+ <T.
V+ us nsTT eT ~>\T |&+~. eT |d] e |qT\T+f
14 d+\T ejTdTq =&T dVjT+ HTedTH&T V+.
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T q >&b s d]#d e< +{ MT~= >=&e #dT H &T.
yTs #T=H|&T e+& X< | #d #|&+<T +&<
<usTTdTH&T. u< eqTe& +& =&T*<s =*$T
eTT+<T Ls=HsT. d]>Z deTj j <sq<eTT\
y]+{=#sT. n&T>T |{ |&+H nesTT MT< <$<
|j+#s, H{qT+&, qH+>+ qT+& s+ d$dTq< nsyT+~
. y+H $sT>T&T |j+#&T. |*+#<T. D+bT
+#&T. >sjT MT< |+ V+ =&T u>
eTTH&T. =*$T eT+ u>u> eT+&T +~. >&bs
y|q =*$T + n&T>T b&T>Tq n+ \TTHsT. n<T>
j q s+&T qT eT+ <s&T. j qT
yq >& s & k<sT \T |jT + #XsT. k$T y]y| rD
+>
# <>Zs se< k+ #X&T. n+ rD+> V+ =&T y|
] u> e >* |+#eTH&T. V+ sTs T & #&k>&T.
u> sTT. >&bs qT| eTT deq+> j
b<\T ms> yTsTdTHsTT. s s+&T rd dyT
~yT MT< |{ VjT, H \T m& & e+s q< n&+
dyT ={ d]#jTeTHsT. VjT \T \Te ,
qT| eTT<> +~. eTq+ ~es uT
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

70

u+&> dTuse

dyT ={ qT m+{ d+<V+ +& =k>&T. e+| bsTT

d] nsTT+< n eTqdT #+>H dyT yjT + b&T. <+
yT+ $Tq eTqTw #&k>sT $T*q eTT>TZsT. q
y| ##T= ||& sTqe\T +~dTHsT. + V+ us
q+<+> +{ qT+& jT=+~. nesTT y]\T yjT+
|+< dd #L]+< s=| #|k+~. nesTT
k] +> # HMT s| nesTT |+& #jTe#T.
m+{ < $<q yT| |#jTe VMT #sT.
nesTT MT< |j+#&q < $<, =*$T q
|& y{ e+| jTeT #|&, e+| rjT>H
nesTT T >Z&, < eTs= < >\ d++<eTT
n&Tq y] e] ns+ <T. #| neds+ L& <T.
nsTT q usk eyT y] ne>yT+~. }s n+<s
d+> *d qT n]+#sT.
s& k<sT\ k$T MT }s u&TssTT |w+#T+&, MT
+{ deTd\T s+& +&>\ e <+#&T. |< y+dTus&
H eTTqdT, sD+ { o|T+> $T> |<\qT |*|+ n+<]
|<\ #T\ MT<H u&TssTT |w #sTT+#sT.
u&TssTT 21 sE\T q X ssTT |+ #d ssTT X
ssTT> essT. sE qT+& m+{ <X\T }] |&+q
<K\T e.
|< y + d T u s & j - nj ! MT es +
y\qT=q|&T, X ssTT X<+> |P+ 101 _+<\ {
n_w+ esTd> eT&T sE\T ]|d yq\T sTkjT #bsT.
n+{ eTVeT *+~ X ssTT.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

71

u+&> dTuse

n<jT+ -11

\+u& +& - |<|* +{

eT] LTsT |& =\q d+|Tq <T|] # sE\,
>+><e|* u$ k$T # yX&T. n& {
eTT HsT > >T=+& _\+ +&+ sT. n& |e #]d
# sE\T >&bsT. sE j _\+=+& MT<, ~ es
|d T #dT + +f n>V \T e jTq |d T u+ >+ #ks
#| =HeTT. n< d\ + j kjT+\+ deTjTeTT |d T
#dT+ +f |H q \+u& +& qT+& =+eT+~ &
eT> q+ e j qT |P+#sT.
=+& |< |*, m\T>T+{ d+#]dTH sTT. \+u&\T
m+ C>s H sE y <& y{ VseTTHsTT.
n|{ _{w nM n~s $q$+#T=HsT. eTVsT |T=HsT.
nsTTH y] eT+ sT>< T . sp { s +& Jy\T ns eT>\
bTHsTT. y{ =s eT yXsT. |< |< e\\ |{\
##sT. nsTTH |jq+ +#<T. m #j\H sq usq\T
]> deTj j _\+ e#s *d, \dT> e y]
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#s\ be< C>\T #bsT .
j XSq+ #d \qT z $<+> &+ @< k+\T
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

72

u+&> dTuse

V\+> #&k>sT. n+ usk y MT<. Ls

+Te\T s+& e b<\ e< Hs+ #dq eTqTw \\T
y* >=+T Ls=HsTT. y{ < + - MT d+#s #\<T
n&$. MTsT ys |< n&$ y +&. MT< & s +Te\
d+#s w~dTHqT n #|HsT. n$ b<\ e< eT
sdT\T H\| + $qjT+> qeTd]+ q\eT\y| |sT>T
n+<THsTT. ydq H{ TuT <sq+> |{ L&
>T=+& n&$ |<|*, m\T>+{ +{ s+Te\ d+#s+
<T.

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Ls +Te\ bs<*q |<| _\+ +&+ eTT
>+> <e|* |< u$ sT. k] |< y+ dTus& +{
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| \ >eq - eTV<e|, |< >T&b&T, q>T&b&T, <=+&b&T,
s\b&T, e~b&T, #+<\sT, *X+>sb +, |q b+ >eT |<\ T
>T+|\T { y\ ysT. eT }s L& X s |w
#jTeT b<jT|&sT. ]bj&T . nT qT+& nf
}s = sE\T+&, n\yT |s+ u&T ssTT |w 21 sE\T
ssTT q X |d]+|#d eeT\T ssTT X ssTT> es*.
{ }s H\bT +& n }s |w ]bsT.
bb&T e~* # sE+ ~. n& u \ | H }s
Hsq ys *d+~. >T+|> ~* e< e#sT bb&T
ydT\T. bb&T $#jTeT b<j
T |&sT . n|{ leTT+< eTV]

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

73

u+&> dTuse

j >e <+q | |P] e&+ y] y+ jT\T<]

bb&T #sTHsT seTj.
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\T, eT+y<T\T, n& ssdTq |\qT ujT|fysT.
y uj +> b <X\qT y]| |j+#ysT. n|{
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<T. y<T\ n+T <T. @< y+ u<T eTsD+#ysT. {
\s n ssTT+#ysT n|{ y<T\T. eT+>+f +& ujT+
y] + +&ysT |ydT\T. eT+y<T\ e*+~ L& n<.
eT |\T&, |q+, nesTTw nejT\ MT< sT~ eT
|+ >&T |=HysT. leTT+< eTV] <X+ n+{ }s
Xs |w+ yqT n]{sT. n+{ ys+<s f qT
m>H & s\ |H>+ |HsT. y] ]#&T eT+>
HjT + eV+#sT. n+<s \d q\T>TsT >+&\ &T sTT
qT n<TqT # #+|eTHsT. y T\T, >=& q],
n<TqT=s dT=HsT.
sE q\T>TsT n>+\T ose#q+ =s e#sT.
y <s+ qT+& e#eT eTVeT # # y|++<
eT u<\ T #| +<eT e#eTT nHsT. ysT se&yT Bb\ y
e#sT. <ek dTus& y uH\T q +{ @sT #X&T.
uH\ <q+s+ se\jT+ <sq+ #dT= y u<\T
$q$+#T=HsT. y deT+ # ~d+>qT, m+<T
# |+> |e]+#sT. bb&T u\T ~es|& n
|e]+#>#q <K\T e. @y jTq \\T jTq
nseTy\qT=HsT. s b<T bjTes bb&T ydT\T
>&|, me]+& ysT bjsT. n>+\T se\jT+H
eT\ |&THsT.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

74

u+&> dTuse

nss >&+~. bb&T }sT < C>TT+~. #* \+

e&+ \T|\T _+ n+<s eTTdT>T >& < eTT
bjsT. neyd N{. n|&| &T #T s X+ | eTs+{
n*& <T. n>+T\T Ls=HsT. yd\T <b<T.
<bTqT + d| q{+#sT. n&T>T n&T>T ydT + qT
dMT|+ <TTq jTq| eTTdT>T | >> se\jT+ yqT
eq H>CeTT&T >T\T <{ =+#+ jT\T +& #T bsTT
>sT. sE kjT+yT \|TTX+K k d eTT+< F
#d e#sT. n+<T# n+ N{ L& &T eTT+& jT\T eT<
bjsT. <TdT < +q T\T >=& rd qT eTT\T
eTT\T> q] u>\qT ##<TsT> $dsd ]#&T y| <&T
rXsT eTTdT>T\T |=.
bb{ dqsT sT >\jT m<T\ >& yjT&+ eT]#&T.
q m<T y\| m<T <=+> >& yTds+. >& yjT be&+ n~
|\T| +#T= #\ bsTT+~. ye CeTT 4 >+\ deTjT+
m<T\T $| & *<eT e#&T. y\| m<T q&<T. >T+&
>Tu\ T eT+~. <s u<s >& y*+ < y<
+ bs+_+#&T.
y<T se\jT+ yqT jT\T e#&T. >& y\TTsT
seTj \, yTT+&eTT, #T \T ##< T sT> |&e HsTT.
s+ >& {+< d\+. <X+ # ; >=\TT+~. n+ m<T
d+> eT]bj&T. >>u <ek dTus& +{ y&T. #
+>sT|&T , qT mes K #XsT. eTT\T eTT\T> q]sT.
se\jT+ yqT jT\T |& eHsTT Xs u>\T n #b&T
>\jT. T e\ e| e mT+~. eTw s=|TH&T.
~ $H n+ #*qT s& >=+T & ]+~. #TT |\ yqT,
sD
+ n#TjT qT | se\jT+ yqT jT\T |<X |]> sT .
# >&\T <B|eq+> y\T>TTHsTT. y\T>T jT\T

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

75

u+&> dTuse

eT< |<X+ Ls= <q eT>yT HsT. n>+\T +>sT

e~* |{q s+&T T\T HTsT n+{ <| |& HsTT. H\
MT< s+ >& { e+~. s & >>u se\jT+ <s&T. n>+ \T
|&T =q d\ + U> +~. & \>T& eT]bsTTqTH&T. n&
|& e+~. y C& eTT <T.
s & #q |T +~. >\jT # eT+y&T. nu \q\T
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HTsT eTs\+{q T\THsTT. s+ eT&T>T {+~. n+f >\jT
#|qT qT mes q]+~ +. q eTVT eT
sT n XsTT+#TH&T. mes q|&T qT n&>sT s&
- nd\T @$T ]+~? < de<q+> ejT\T
qH$T #jT >\ej! @< L* eTqTw\T, bej - H\TZ yTT\T
+{sT y y T+;\T n ~d+> qysT .
nsTTH |\T| e# es qqT mes @$T #jTsj n+ q } |<+ ejT+ - C |s* n nHsT. C*
V<j s& #+| y+ sT ]+~. eTs+{ |X\ e
e<T . $wjT+ }s+ *d sE qT+& =ysesH
ed |> q+ +&ysT ysT bjTes. d+|Tq
s <bd\T, eT+ y<T\T ; #+~ C* s<T.
L& qT *d y V #jTe#T. q nes
seT~<T. eTw esT rdTse&yT. <H \+> +#T=
q <T|] s#sD =qk+#sT . +{ d+|Tq eTq+
w]&ksTT \ #keTT.
s \+ # # n+f m& <$<bd\T, eT+
y<T\THs n+{ #+, >eTdT\ $| yTs s q
X |+ #d u&T sqT |w+|#XsT . y{ = }s
|sT - dsjTb+, #q+| m+&y]b+, y\sT, qC\,

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

76

u+&> dTuse

y+u| , <T]Z + y\T>T s nH |<X Xs |w+ #sT

.

n<jT+ -12

VeT>T+&+ \ - < $< \\

n|& dsT&T | edTH &T. bb&T M<T eTqTw\ d+#s+
yTT<+~. yT| # q+ >T$TL&sT se\jT+ eTT+<T. <q
eT>yT eq qT\T $##&T. bb&T d\T, z <Tw>V+
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|\ yT]db<T! n eTT#T H]bsT. qT #&+>H |\ s
d++B \T, MT<|& s~+#k>sT. sT D deTT<T&T <!
y+H y| C* *+~. y]~ qC\ >eT+.
nesTT deT #sT. +> ##&T . n<
e~]> \e++#&T. qT m|{ e~]>H nesTT M|MT<
#sTTe+ $sT>T&T |j+#&T. V! |jq+ |+#<T.
eT+y~ @< #jTusTT, eTs< \yTq XH |j+qT
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d> <s+> ]>sT. k] |\y| <w k]+ C
|s* n+ >Tq q \qT, yT& es eT+ <ssT.
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q|& < T . \ <]q D
+ qT+& nK\T eT m>d |&k >sTT.
>=\TeTHsT #T eq q+. s bb&T q+ s~+#sT.
qT yq> <s+ L& #jT<T. <ek dTus& +{

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

77

u+&> dTuse

y] eTVT u> \TdT { n+<] y]+#sT. me]

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|j+#&q nesTT eeT\T eTw e+ VeT>T+&+
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\, , eTTK+ # #<s < T . #qy H y u{sT . bb&T
y # $+\T ##sT. sE H]|q \ eT] ujT+
*+#~> +&+ #d|{ eeT\T d s<T . |
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|\ |{|& |+&L& ]|+#+& n q#sT. n+<s
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sT>e. eTqTw\, |Xe\, m+{ s>\T se. s|&+&
#bsT. n|{ qT+& qC\ >eTdT\ \y\T> essT.

n<jT+ -13

y\sT \\T
y\sT >eT+ +>\T - V<u< CrjTsV<] n<+
30 .MT <s+ +~.
c& ed+ neyXsE y\sT s+> eq dXq+ nss|P =+eT+~ n>+T\T <|P\T #dTHsT. y
s*+q eT+, < \ b> X eTT+T+~. }s+
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s++> kdTHsT. y y*q eT+ y eTTU\T #
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

78

u+&> dTuse

y #s \T, eTTU y] |T<\ ddTH sTT.

XeD ed+ |y ++~. y\sT >eTdT\ T XeD ed+ HeTT\T
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d+<&> +~. HeTT\T H uH\ LsH y, }s <s T y+
u< T \T nsTT nkT> #bjsT. e\+ 200 +&T eyT *q
y\sT ]=sT |sTd|{ |\T#T=+ m+ nHq+>
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< d+ue +. qy eT e{&q d+>T \T |q'XsD+ #dT =
# u<|&k>sT.
n|{ >sb{ |#jT y\sT yT] sT. jTq nd\T
|sT n+X{ |#jT. nsTT >sb{ y] +{ <T y&+
|sT >sb{ |#jT nsTT+~. jTq #sTe +< e>D
u$T 100 ms+ }] <s+> yTu$T, eTs 200 ms\T +~.
#sTe +< e]k>T #dysT. jTq +{ m+{ deTd\T
q+<Tq, sE n~u>+ }] m n_e~ #j*! }s eT+
#&\T @$T{? +{ $wj eTT +&ysT. n+<T }s+<]
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+ |&eT{ M~ mes <sT nkT> #bjs TsT
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rX&T.
kjT+ #bsTTq <] <Vq jT\T sV+#sT.
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>T=+& lseTj < eT+

79

u+&> dTuse

|dT+> q&TTHsTT. nsTTH n$ y ds k<sD+>

#sTT. y nHksT n # HsT. sE m+<T
n& yesD+ uj
T + =~> +~. |# jT m+<T q eT~
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\& l eTT+<T\y] <+#sT . eTsTD+ _\eTTK
<s eTdydTqT>qT, u$T X+ \T|TqT> dTesT
15 {#
T |eD+> l eTT+< eTV] <s q$T#sT. $TT*<]
\<]++~. m+ nD|TH eDT >+<T. n+{
V< u] yesD+ L& sT #eT\T |&TTHsTT $TT
*<]. eT m<TsT q~ |dqeT] q ujT+< eTqdT d]
#|HsT. nd+*+> eTT ydT=q H |+# #T
|{sT. y& <w *bsT. seTj k$T 32 eTs\ |+#qT
l eTT+<T\ y] deT]+#sT. eTV] n&H < q&TeTT
#TT=HsT. n+ >T&y ] |T q u>+ <{ +~ s<T . seTj
q >TsT<e\ $Xsb |d+V]+#eT b<jT |&sT.
l eTT+<T\ysT |dq e<qT q sb Z+#sT. |&T
y q |+# y es e+~. <T|] y] m&\ D+
|dq <\T *| sVTHsT.
eTqdT eTsk] l eTT+<T\y] b]+ _\ |yX+
# X s T . $T T *< s nd + * + > y + q& # s T . y]
s+~j\T |#dTHjT, ysT # n+> HsT.
VHjTT&T _\+ +&+ eTT>TsZ T +*&, l eTT+< eTV]
eTqdTH n]+#sT. n|{ es q # qTq @<+ &
m+<T nkT> _\+&+ { $d]yXsT. $TT\T <s
#dT+ &>H n~ { eTTbsTT+~. m+<T @<+ & {
bsyXs y] ns+ <T. q> _\+ y&* jT{ e#sT.
se&+ se&+ HsT> d+e>T\sT s\T dwH =#sT.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

91

u+&> dTuse

dwH s\T d<+> +~. {T K<T #d s\T msT.

H\T>T sE\ nq+s+ eTT>TZsT o #sTHsT. <X+
>+> y[ kq e#]dT+&>, >+> |yV+ q& eT< qT+&
@<+ &+| q> seTj qT dMT|+ +~. $TT*<s
HsTyu{ Xsb+&>, < eT # rdT=HsT.
n|&T >TsT=+~ $TT*<], n~ _\+&+ e~*q @
<+&+. <+&eTT eT # =+~.
>+>eT < k$T #+< nsy T + ~ y]. kH+s+
>+><$, qeTd]+#sT $TT*<s T . $XH<T , nq|Ps X ],
$X n]+ sT>T |jDeTjsT.
l eTT+< eTV] <sHq+s+ |#jT, |s|\ # \+
es *, <|> \T><T. sE qT+& y]sTe\T
nq+<uT m|& n+]+ $V]dTqT +&ys
y\sT |\T nqTX+> #|&+ e\q eTq H&T \TdT+~.

n<jT+ -15

ne<\ d+>eTeTT
>T+sT q\eTkH >sT s+&T e+<\ |~ d+es\T J$+#s
#TsT (1685-1895). 210 d+es\ \+ jTq mH
eTVeT\T H]bs #]. >T+sT qT+& qT rsjsyT o
y[ n& e<j n # MT~ >T+sT <! n& q\
eTkH> sT X\e! m|& 200 d+\ |Ps+ yT$T<s + \TdTHeTT.
eT \TdTe&+ d|&<T. e eTVqT ueD *d qT
\XeT&qT #|eTH& e<T&T. B{ y] ejTdT
200 d+\T | ef n \TdT+~. jTq K+&j>+ ]| Xs
eTT\T eTT\T $+ ] eeT\T d =#ysT. jTq ds

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

92

u+&> dTuse

nbs+. m<T{ eTw #q, m&& ]q d+|Tq\T

@sTe |fysT. eT >eTq+ e\+ 2 >+\ ee~ eT
jbsTT n& ]> y bZHysT. U<sY nH eTTdyT
eT>T sTe q\eTkH >] |s >Y u$+ |+ # $T+ , eTkH> sT
<q de~ +&> d\d > qH jTq \| >TeT]+H
@MT eTV j> d+|qT&T, jTq.
uy nH d eTkH>] XeT+ & <=+>*+, eTT\T
eTT\T>d, eTT\ eTk |{+ +~. & y| &T d<+ >
+~. n< deTjT+ q XeT+ & <=+>*+#&, Ls>
es& d<+ > +< q Cq H+ \TdT+{sT eTkH> sT.
HsT > yT e+{+{ y[ eTT\y| #d < uu n |*#sT.
& eTT\ mes nqT> nT= & bD+ b+~
m>TsT+ eTkH>] #T #]+~. n+ d ujT d+u
eXs\T eTT|]>= y] b<\|& s~++~. yT |Xb
d+| #+~ eTkH >sT yTqT <]+#sT. s \+ yT
eTkH>] eTTKus\sTT+~.
#]+ ] + > $eHsT seTj . & +q
j #&\ n|+q~ jTq. n< deTjT+ bb&T
seTj s\T m&eT# { |H&, eT &# #] <T\T
ej n+f ~*+<. jTHk] #d u>TDT n >T+sT
q\ eTkH>sT u$+#sT. seTj k$T bb&T qT+& q\
eTkH>sT >T+sT qT+& jT\T<] <sT ]=sT qsdse|
}] jT sd|&sT. y]<s *d e{&T +&>
#>+{y]b+ qT+& \ jT>sT n< deTj n&
#sTHsT. eTTT>TZ] ## y eTsT\ d+>eT+ +~.
eTT>TZs ne< eT].
eTT>TZ] >eTq+ |qTq qsdse| ydT\ *d,

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

93

u+&> dTuse

y >T+| {sT. d|{ sq |<X+ qdeTsyT+~. eT<V

uq deTjT+ dqyT+~. q\ eTkH>sT ne< ds|\T.
seTj y * <| \T+&e. m+<T uq+
e+&Ty\|++~ y]<] . seTj >sT XSq+ qT+& _jT+
dw+#sT. q\ eTkH>sT #sTT X+y| #|+>H #T
#| #sTT. n+<s #d+ &>H bsTT y*+#&+~. mdsT eT]
_jT+ <+{ yjT&, &k+~. eTT\T eTT\T>
eq #|\ |\TdT eTs bsTT MT< & k+~. rs >+ ys
deTjT+ seTj>sT q|\y &T es+ #dT q T> H _jT+
He+& n n&>k>sT q\ eTkH>] qT<+. n|{ nq+
yssT. y] +< |{q nq+ bqT q# d+#sT q\
eTkH>sT. n+ &q nq+ n+ eT _jT+> e] bsTT+~.
_jT+ rdTeT seTj #T >TeT]+#sT q\eTkH>sT.
_jT+ seTj <d* bd q\ eTkH>sT eT] H #|\
e @$T{? n |+#sT. <d* _jT+ m&eT # essT
seTj>sT. y] m&eT# <d* _jT+ d]>Z neTssTT. #dTq
q+ d+ueXs\T b+<sT. |&T &#sTT U> +~.
ns#s TT #d -ejT + - C |s * n q~+#sT seTj
k$T. n+ eTT\T eTT\T> s> &, &, |\TdT> e]q #|\
Lsd{
qT+& #|\ nT=, bD+ b+~, seTj >] #
y*bjsTT. y{ q\ eTkH>] n|#bsT k$T. y <s
]=sT eTs$T e{&T <T . n+s\T d+uw+#T =qT \
|++#sT. \qT #dTq qsdse| yde\T <sT
eTVqTue\ C ={sT. |<XeT+ q+ #dq H<\
$Tq+{+~. seTj q\ eTkH>sT ] y| eTs=sT ##T=,
q\ eTkH> sT >T+sT y| seTj k$T bb&Ty| kbjsT.
\ jT>sT #>+{y]b+ y| <] rXsT. jT>sT

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

94

u+&> dTuse

d+|Tq kuT\T> e#s? n|dT+~ ## qsds|y

ydT\. #|\ \qT qsdse| yde\T # \+es n~
+ eT eTT+< sT>TTqT> u$+#sT.
q\ eTkH >sT >T+sT H]|q & \qT d]>Z b*e+~
& qsdse| ]q #|\ \ n bs\T b{
>V+jT +{sT. |dT+ d+ qsdse| Xs eTV
s+>, s\T e\ +~. n& lseTj k$T XeTeTT
+~. n& | d+es+ s<q sT|sT.
seTj k$T y\sT eq|& | qTq =e\b&T qT+&
U<sjT d<TZsTe\T e *dys eTq+ >+ nqTHeTT.
seTjk$T>], >T=+& _\+ - dq|* |sE TTw+<T\
ysT (1829-89), T+>T ] T#jT>sT (#Cs ) (1760-1854), <s es+
sTe$T dT<dT >sT (1802-82), >T+sT q\ eTkH >sT
(1685-1895) n|&|&T $& $&>qT, k] n+<s k]
\TdT=Hys |\ y#. >T=+& _\+ Ms+<s *d V
s\T >T]+ #]+#ys n|{ u\ n_bjT+. n~ nqTX
+> H{s+ ysT #|e&+ e\q eTq \TdT+~. eTVqTue\
nes |ses+ <sD <! eT].

n<jT+ -16

neT ne< k$T

X+seT | <=q=+& s \ sXK #+~q &sT.
>+b+ s\T >+, seTj &# s\T u
ej + <T\T ej - C |s dT+< n C =+>H
n+<] $djT|sTd s\T <\&+ &sT s # eH&T.
<=q=+& qT+& d+|Tq ]q sE s eq n~s jTq
L& sT . < eTq +< |<X eT<dT b$qT n$u + >

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

95

u+&> dTuse

e+&~. n+<T# \T>TysT $TH&T $T\T \T>TH

<> +&+ dV +. n jTq s <=q=+& ydeTT+
<>+ #dT H &T. X\e sEq s <=q=+& qT+& q dVT&T
qT >+> <=q=+& +f y]+{ e#&T. >+> <=q=+& |
eTTjT>H n seTj k$T #&\|++~. s\T \
]q|{ qT+& k$T jTT ds|+ q eTH|\+ | eTT&T
=H&T. j jTT s&+seTT, V se\T
u> qq$. j #dq n<T\T ={ $ jTq MT<
u $Xk\T u> |+#TH&T. j eTqdT s>H, q
dVT e< d\T rdT= <|qTq bb&T jT\T<s&T.
kc+>|& jTq os<+ b+~ dTesT eT<V+ 3 >+
deTjT+ d\T ] e& >+><=q=+& e#&T. m T>
e#eTT < >+>eTqT <sq+ #dT=+<eT >+>eT >T& e#&T.
>+><=q=+& >+>eT >T&e< d\T k+&yd <s, u<s
>T& buj&T. >T& \T|\T eTdeHsTT. >T& nsT>TMT<
Ls=q >+> >T& sVD~] + rjTeT, <s q+ #dT =+{
q HsT |>\bj&T. sVD~] seTwjT @$T e&e<
k+ #X&T. nqT =+#+ | ] X+seT |qT L&
nsT>TMT< LseT k+ #X&T. @< \yTq sD+ < qT
#|& u$+#&T |. + + ydq >T& qT+& e\T
$|+#k>sTT. m+ |jT+H e\s+ *jT+ <T.
d+<V+> seT wjT y| <w k]+#&T |. z| |T, n+
ns+ neT+<H ue+ e# #T\T b&T seTwjT. $q
e# e\T @ uw #+~qe #q eTTbj&T |.
+ n #q\T T+#T |< X+ >s > T & \T|+
<q+ n< }& +<|&+~. \T| s\T mes sq{
sT#THsTT. #Tq nsT>T MT< LsTq <s nd+*+>

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

96

u+&> dTuse

\&sT . \T| sT #Tq 5 $Tc\ seTj >s > T &

qT+& jT ed | # eT+<Vd+ #d q n\yT |<+ ejT + - C |s * n+ kbjsT. n+f qT $q
eT>>=+T seTj ~. eT] &eTw m+L s<$T{ >T&
qT+& n #&k>&T. d+<V+ e #dTe& seTwjTqT
n&>&T. jTq sTqe qe eTT+<T >+>eTqT <]+#TeT
n >T& rdTy&T. >s >T& eTs eTw C&<T.
d+<V +> seTwj
T y| ##&T. jTq nj *< +<
e{&q &>=+T n $X<| ] #&T, >+>eT jTT $>V
#| seTwj
T . Xs+ >>T s=&TdT+ &> eDT neTb<\T
n+{ qeTd]+#&T |.
$dTb j&T | . < k< + seTwj
T >sT. HqT kjT+eTT
3 >+\ deTjT+ bb&T seTjqT <]+#qT. d|
edTH, H HeTT+< & se&+ >+>eT e{&+
m d+ue+ n |+#&T |.
@$T{ n e{&T THe | >sT. seTj |\T eTVeT\T
#bsT. e #dT+&>H q s\T ~*+~. }] u$ eTT
eTs }sT u$ \>\ deTsT\T . n+{ eTVjTT X
>eTq+ *jT+& +&>\<! n y| #dH |ky$T?
m<TsT>T+&H + <q+ n< }& |&+~. \T|\T mes
rdqT sT#THsTT. #dH |ky$T? <+
| MT< u Ve\j\+ mT |]+~. +|&
d+<V+#L&< eTqdTH +|dTH&T X+seT |.
s =~ | <> $seTD#d bb&T #] seTj
Je de~ |s +eTT n& e+& jTq de |T&q <q J$.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

97

u+&> dTuse

>+> Cs
bb&T >e 2 .MT. <s+ <D
~X >+><=q=+& e+~.
>+><=q=+& >eT+. | # ed+, VQ ~jT sEq
>+>eT Cs sT>TT+~. sTH >+> <=q=+& 50 MT
|]~>\ >e\ u\T bfTsT.
<\+H{ >+> <=q=+& # VQ ~jT sEq |+&>
yesD+ q|&TT+~. | +{ y\yXsT. >&|\ |dT|,
+eT\<sT . e$T& sD\T, y|
sD\T n\+]+#&sTT. |
+{eTT+<T s+> e\T\T r]~<sT.
>+>eT <y\j y\y d , =# dTq+ s+>T\T *| s+>T
dTH\T >T& ={sT. mseT{ |{\T eT<+> >&\ rssT.
>T& n+ y|e \\T, eTjT\e\\ n\+]+#sT. neTy]
|TNs <]+|CXsT. \ +, yT q>\T, q&TeTT e&D+
n\+]+#&sTT. neT eTT q |& |+> >#]dT+~.
neT <]+# jTT<\qT eT|+&T $T $T\ $T\ yT]dT>
#XsT. neT eTT+<T |dT|, +eT, |P\T sdT\T>bd HsT.
u\T y&T #dTHsT. m|& |< |< ujT+ *+#
+& neT sE m+ |dq+> q|&k+~ u\ H\.
=eTT\ysT, s\ <y, |T, yT\T, \T, &| \ X+
$Tq+{+~. Cs s+uyT+~. ysTT<\ nqT+<+> q+
#jTk>sT q+. nkT>, X+ qT+& k]+qT>,
q> eT< seTj ne]+ qT L& \jT<+>
H+ #d q|&sT. =y d+eXs\ qjsT. b
y n~ eeT. D bT y L& H+ #jT
k>sT.
seTj q eTs+> q #qTq dTe+{ +
>T < XSq+ bsT. seTj eTs+>eTT ssTe 11

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

98

u+&> dTuse

n& T > T \T | e D+ \Te> k X S q+ \& n >

+&k+~. }s+| H+, H+bT q+, q+ eT<
|<sq. sTH #d |<sqjT | sD.
d\T, |sTw\T, |\\T n+<s # q+~+#ys. s+f
sT L& E>T|> \#<T. <y\jT+ MT< X+>s ueT>
y] ~ +~. d\ eTq _&> >#]+#sT. |\\T,
jTTe\ ]+\ n+<T. n Xuj k neT<sq+
#dTHsT . >T& qT+& yqT eTs\+>H m XSq+ qT+&
e#s nH | q eqy L& ns+ sVTH sT
.
|<sq m+<T #Xs me] ns+ |X. y] #s\T
n><\T, n+Te. y\sT eTs+>+ + >T ~^ e]
#+bsT. >+><e|* =*$T * dyT y~+#T=,
e&+ LTsT |{q <X bs<sT. VeT >T+&+ q
\qT * qC\ nesTT #sT. |\ u>T =s q Xs
u<|{s ! nd\T jTq u< e+<! nd\T jTq Xs
<sTH! e qT ne< nsTTq+<T #Xs! jTqT seTj
n d+u~+#sT. jTq |X# uq+> - eeV]+#sT.
nTe+{|&T jTqqT ne< n L& |\y* +T+~. *
<| \T e. |T V#], ~>+]. <T |] |q<]. q n+>
|\\T ssTT =&eT+f s#>={ eT #jTeTHsT, +&
nq+ , 101 _+<\T sT >sT. u$ eTT eTs= u$
e&+, eTT\T eTT\T> q]H eT n+#T= & + , #q
#|\qT +#&+, e m+{ y]H k<eTjTH! \\
V + ]#dq y>! n> >+> Cs y] |<s q V
s+ eTs={ < eTq+ u$+#*.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

99

u+&> dTuse

n<jT+ -17

|s* y ` | <sq+
n~ XeDed+ eT&e Xys+. bb&T }sT }s+ |s
dT+<] #T <>sZ |P\T #d, b+> b++#& dejTe TT+~.
me] ys eT dMT| u+<Te\qT |\T#THsT. bb&T ydT\
n~ # eTTKyTq y&TsE. seTj <s+ |s*
|P\T sVksT. }s+ = |+& LTsT eTTkT nsTT+~.
}]|<\T nsTTq <ek dTus&, sD+ n#TjT, >\+<sT,
|< |< eT+<T\T n+<s H >eT #e& se\dq~>
<+#sT. d, |sTw\+<s nu+>q kH\T #d |T \T
<] +#sT. y #\Te #dq <TdT\ T <] +, e\dq |PC ke
#e& e< #sT HsT. n& yT\T d<+ > HsTT. }s+|>
|s dT+<] #Te< #ssT. =+#+ <s+ b+> b++#sT.
<T|] |s* =\Tyq #T |dT|, +eT\T n~, <|B|
Hy<\ u X<\ n]+#sT. y& #XsT. <q+s+ neT
deT+H }sT }s+ dV|+ uH\T #XsT.
n< sE kjT++ seTjqT n]+ seTj
C n+ q~+#sT. jTq eTT+ u X<\ Ls=HsT.
seTj y m& # |dqe<q+ M+#k>sT. y
eTqdT +&> eT+{ |<\T se. jTq d< sdT+
{sT. y]+{ u<\T e. nsTT n+<] eTqdT
] +~. n~ |s* @>H #&\. n+<] eTqdT n<
|jT+. +eT+~ b<jT|& | * #|ks y
qeT+. L& y qeT\qT @H&T eeTT#jT<T. u
>Td>Td\T yTT<\sTTq$. y eTqdT @eTT+< \TdT,
y <sH jT|&eeT ~d+> y #dTHsT. y

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

100

u+&> dTuse

bT> eq X+seT |, u+<T\ #jTeT, y\sT >eT|<\T,

>+><e|* |< dTus& T++ L& |s* #&\
T|&k>sT.
<ek dTus& n+<] sT|q e |#T= $qjT+>
seTj b<\q+{ qeTd]+, =+ + yT$+, k$T
MTsT bb&T u&Ts sTT |c|q ]> sEq |s* bb&T
H\TZ ~ +& b&TT+< d\$#sT n ns> b&T.
neqT, yT - * }] H\TZ ~ +& sdT+~. H
e sT>T<T n |dq+> |*sT seTj.
k$T MTsT #dq \\T n e, n+{ M+ #eTT. nd\T
}sT +&> MTsT e }s =\Ters&yT e u>+ nsTT+~.
]\ n++ @eTT+~. e n+<] y&T\T @eT+f k] *
|\T$+<eT n+ H\T sT#T=H&T dTus&. y k$T
neT |\T eyT $|ks n d+<V+#&T <ek dTus&.
nqT qT b]+#>H $T> }] q+ n+<s C |s* CC seTjk$T n C=k>sT. n+<] y&T\T $q
y MT< nqTs>+ b&d |+~. *y $|<eT \bXsT .
ds MTs+<s H y+ s+& neTy $|kqT nHsT. <ek
dTus& >TeTH&T. nqTq+ ]+~. nsTT neTy
$+{eTT ds eT]? <sq u>+ <! n >TT\T #+<k>&T.
seTj n+<] &= bb&T <D b*yTs ysT.
X+ y| <w *| C |s* sTD+#T. ejT\ e
bb&T H\TZ V<T +& yqT sdTqT> V$TsTT#qT. <
TTEe #d k] <T\T |\T* n+ - yTqT e <D
~q Hy e n m\T> n]#sT . DyT <D~q
yTsT|\T |{sTT. yTsT|qT+& <D ~q HqT nH
nXsyD <T\T |*+~. $q bb&T q+ q+< bseX+

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

101

u+&> dTuse

C |s* C C seTj k$T n q~+#sT. | qTq |<\ T

y] n H<\T #jT+& y]+#sT.
nH |&eTs ~X, s+, sT~ n<$<+> neTyD
bb&T ydT\ $|++~. neT qT>, sD HsT|TqT>
<e|&+~. bb&T ydT neT |+> M+#<H u+>
nH +&bsTT+~. <b }] |<\ T, X+se T +{ jTysT
seTj k$T eTT+ k\|&, q |\y es+ #dqT>
neTqT |+> #&\H XqT jT|{sT. sTT\ =s
|\\T eTqT, eT s u<eTT\T M& u\+<s qT b]+#
k>sT. L& y srs eTqd+~.
seTj k$T eT sT ~ \m e |sdT +<]
ejT\T <sq+ sTTHsT. k] ]+ k]+#T
* n b]+#sT. @ * q _&]qT <+T+~. nd es\*
y+H ejT | <s d+\T |+|+~.
||sy\ sT ~ | {*+ ~. ysTT dsT\T dMTb
e \TqT> X+ u$T @+#d <><jTeq+> y*b
neT k]++~. n+ #dTq q+ y\T>TqT eT
eTT&T bjsT. eTsTD+ n+<] <wbsTT+~.
n+ n+<s &TeTT=+ j y\y* bsTTq #|
n]+#sT, C* *+~ . * qT<+ e ~e eT+>
C s|+ |d+ V]+, _&\ H<q+ #sTT n b]+#sT.
|s* DyT n+sqyT+~. yT sVTs\T >H n+<]
#| e+~. n+<s qT eT uTC\ C |s* C C
seTj k$T n+ H<\T #d }] #e& e#sT.
+{ nqTs> |<]+q qT bb&T ydT\T, $T>
}sqT+& eq jTq u>D+ TTD+ m rsTy*?
y]$T eTq+ TTD $eTT\eTT >\eTT. kT |s dT+<]

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

102

u+&> dTuse

## u> |k~+q eTV eTVT&T. sD X~> jTq

#|q~ b{+, eTqks jTqT n]+ jTq s| eTH|\+|
ds+> \T|+<eTT n \bXsT. < L& jTq {+
neds+ . jTqqT n+{ y+ +& de >sT |<eT Xj=#sT.
| }sqT+& eqysT V bb&T ydT\T m+ u>X\T\T
- seTjk$TH eT }s \T|=HsT. nqT+ =\T#T
>\T>TTHs + s #+<sT.

n<jT+ -18

Je de~ |q
n~ XX $s~ T HeT 1833 d+es+ u<|< ed+ X<
#$. bb&T ydT\+<s $HjT #$ |+&T> m+ u X<\
sT|HsT. sE kjT+\eTT bb&T ydT\+<s qT
n]+ y] os<+ b+<+ |]b{. sE kjT+eTT H\TZ
>+\ n+<s #T #ssT. y] n]+ os<\T b+<sT.
seTj k$T d+\d~ bb&T ydT #TT |\
>e jTq uq+ L& sE jTqT |]yw+ HsT.
jT qT+& eq y] k] |< y+ dTus& T+;\T
>+><e|* qT+& e#sT. X+seT |>sT s <=q=+& qT+&
$#XsT. y\sT qT+& >sb { |# jT ~sT \T, y&
deT]+#& e#sT. eT<dT qT+& eq u+<T\ #jTeT bb&T
H k$T de eT>yT+< #|=HeTT. n+<s jTT
~e eTHVs s~dTHsT.
seTjk$T H&T m+<T # | +> q|&k >sT. m+
d+>qT |dq+>qT HsT. m|& m& #d n+>
e+& k$T sE u\+<]y| <w d{> k]dTHsT.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

103

u+&> dTuse

CeTjTT |{ #& uq+ \\T y\TTHsT.

eTs<d #dT+ f n|&T jTqy| s<H ue+ #&k>sT.
k$T qT+& ejT + C |s dT+< n m*> n]#sT.
m|{eH u +<+ + + n |Tw++~. ~\
X+ esT y>sTT.
nkT> seTj u qT\ qT<+ >+;s+> e{&
k>sT. sE jTq >+ m+ b+~> ese+> +~. m&
e L& b\Tb+& #| k>sT. ejTs! X<> \+#+&.
ejTqTe HqT d+#]+# \+ |P] edT+~. H{ d]>Z
H\TZqs ek\ nq+s+ nq> $s~ T HeT d+es+, |wed+,
VQ ~jT Xys+ (nq> +> d+ qe] ed+) H&T HqT
dJe+> de~ #+<\ n_\wdTHqT. Xys+ s +{>+
b++ j>B qTq qqT dJe+> de~ $+#+&. H
de~|q eT+~s+ ]+#+& n eTT+ k] n+<] y|
##sT . n+<s kDTe\jsT. qT\y+ nXe\T <s\T
{sTT. $#s+ e]+q y] eTqdT\ eT de<q+ =s
dTHsq $wjT+ m<T. >T&|+ <+> #&k>sT.
ejTs <T'+#+&. H de~ nq+s+ L& HqT
n|eTT&qT. MT y+ e+& d< $TeTT* b&>\qT. de~
d\+ |Dd*> es>\<T. y\eT+~ u\T & eksT. y]
u<\T $q$+#T>H rsTsTT. d+T\ d+qj>+
b|dT+~. T\T qjTeTesTT. u\T y |\\qT j>jT,
j>eT nH HeT<j\ |\T#T=+{sT. MTsT s\u <s+
| d+#]+#+&. m|& | e\T e{& seTj k$T
H&T |+&T d#+ > m+{ y# <w+ +& e{&{
+
n&Tq H Xs+ *++~. + u qT\ qT+& >+<sT
|<kVu $qjT+> k$T |s* #T <>Zs H |Xe\

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

104

u+&> dTuse

=w+ u$T +~. d eT+~s sD #+<T nqTeT

H=d+>eT b]+#&T. y+H X+seT | (s &sY) d+
de~ sD+, <| eT+~s+ ]+# KsT q |k~+#eT
y&\T ]b&T. n+^s+> \|++#&T. n+ D
]bsTT+~. eTq+ m+<T HsT yT<|bjeTT. V! M[<s
m+ u>X\T\T, seTj k$T sT d\ + sTTd eTs=sT eT+~s
sD+ u< rdT=HsT. eTq <q + d~j>|& b sTT+~ <!
n $\|+#sT $T*qysT.
H{qT+& sE sE jTT <s q+ e<T s+ #$##sT
u q+. eT&T ek H\ e[>, eT+~s sD+ |P] nsTT+~.
>\+<sT sTTq d\+ #T |V ]+#&+~. |V] b&e
120 n&T>T\T y&\ T 100 n&T>T\T +T+~. 5 1/2 n&T>T\T mT
|V sD+ ]+~. H\ e[> de~, <|q dTesT 13
n&T>T\T mT 20 n&T>T\ $ds + eT+~s+ # # > ]+#sT
X+seT |>sT.

s|bT bsbT
|< >\+<sT eTTeTqe&T MTskVu eT |<\ <s $q
$wj m+ u<>qT, + >s+>qT $q$+#sT.
q <sT eTT\, n|{ y]~ eT& T+eT, nq
|sT |< >\+<sT. nqT Tb \&+ # |MDT&, n+<TH
n >\+<sT nH _sT<T |*#ys, jTq nd\T |sT |<kVu
n, n eTT&T |sT q kVu> #| =#&T. |<kVu m|&
qT n+{ |T= e+& ysT. seTjk$T Je de~ #+<
= >+\T eTT+<T |<kVuqT <+ HqT de~ bjT
eTT+<T = edTekqT. s e H n+ y&T> m<>>\e.
eq qqT |T= +&T, m{ |]dT e\ be<T n

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

105

u+&> dTuse

q#s. j>+ y deTj, |<kVu ssT>

X+K rsTy*q |]d @s&, |H eq eTT& <+
|H +&T. q<H d n~ q n+<#jTeT bb{
#sT e y| |sT >TrX&T. nqT nTbsTTq s +&T $Tc\ <q+
M& |<kVu =s <w k]+#&T. q kVu ]+~ $q$+#&T
seTj . ec> \|++ qT #|qT>H q
|q+ #sTT <], @< edTe jT{ rd, >T|* eTd q
kVu #sTT #|eT , DyT eT <Hed ysT.
eT se<T. jTq y , yK] eTse] <
eTe<T. #sTT# rdT=q qkVu, m+ >|+> q
edTe qT L& >|+> e+ nq n|+ e+f u>T+&~.
qT >b b{+#, q # #]q y+H, |&* ]#&T. n+
n |&* qT+& s+&T |sb\T >>H m]bjsTT. n~
>\+<sT #]e+f <+> qT L& >>q eT+ mT m~
e+&y&T. s|bT | e+o\qT |{ L& ++#
#d+~. |&T MTskVu $jTy& ydeTT+THsT.
sE sH e+~. bb& m&& d+#]+#s
|<X\ qT+& uq+ >T+|\T {sT. n+<] yTTU\T eqyTHsTT.
@& @& y #+|\T { #s\ sT &T {sTT. XseT+ b>\T
eqT> e{ e{ >=+T &T |+THsT. dTe e]++~.
=+<sT # \\ eT+~s eTT+<T y~> jsT #XsT.
eT] =+<sT de~ d* s+>T s+>T\ |P\ n\+]dTHsT. de~
|P\ d> >#]dT+~. H&T <jT+ |~>+\ deTjT+
y~ MT~ e#sT. n+ eTT+< =+eT+~ eTTK w>D+
&\+ eT+ >+<+ |PXsT. dTydq\T y< |P\ e\ \*
yT& n\+]+|#XsT. CeTjTT&T n\+sD eT]+>
yT]d bTH&T. q #d nXe\T s\TdTq uqT\ qT<+

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

106

u+&> dTuse

eTsk] V$TsTT#sT. ejTs <T'+#+ &. | +&.

<s n+{ |T+&. m\y u>eHeTdsD #jT+&. HqT
u+> <syT H , qqT *# u \ eTH H+ H s| ||* d
+T+~ n n+<] os~+#sT. n< y~ MT< <qdT u
qT\ <sq u>+ |k~+#sT. kjT+\eTT 6 >+\ b++
<] qT+& Vd<sT e#&T. dJe+> de~ e&+ # $sT<+.
eq |+&, bb&T eTTqdT <ek dTus&, sD+
n#TjTqT <+#&T. T #&T ejT! H |uT+ ys +~.
|uT+ H |< Vd<sT de<q$T#sT .
}s+ e MT< +&+qT, q e< q sT\T
be&+# yqT]>&T Vd<sT.
VsY y[q |<| uqT\ qT<+, H{ d]>Z sT
ek\ |<e T&T sE\ |<| XeDed+, VQ $~jT #+<<jT +
<T |] H\ eTs+ \T|\T ] qqT |*d HqT |\TqT. =+<s| &
eTT+<T> |*d m|& |\qT. s q&ssTT >&q >+
qqT de~ +#+& <+ eTq+ eV+#sT seTj k$T.
q&ssTT >&+~, \+ m+<T d+_+# <! n ybTHsT
u qT\T. |<dq+ <q eTT< +&> |+{ _>Teq
<T'U ~>$T+>T eTTK w\T nsTTq <ek dTus&. n#Tq,
>\+<sT |<kVu, X+seT |, u+<T\ #jTeT ~sT\T
qT <q eTT<H ydT[ de~ + n]+#sT. <T|]
de~ |\qT eTd yXsT. sjT+ <T'K+H uq\T #XsT.
eTsTH&T s T qT+& q s T \ V sY e#&T. nqT
eT+~s b+>D+ n&T>T |>H q Xs+ n VQ nsTTqT
eT+\T |k+~. k$T eTV+ \TdTq V sT >eTdT\ qT
@s+> $#]+#+& de~ yTT eq <]H yqT]>&T.
#|qT> q y $q& H{ qT+& d]>Z sT ek\

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

107

u+&> dTuse

13 sE\T e+~. nsTT MT< +& |eTqT | u+<T\

#jTeT bsbT #d+~. m> eT&T H\\T qT #&+&,
jTq y $q+& +&>* +~. <T |] yT e\ <T . sE
H\ e[> \T|\T s y[+~. de~ MT< qT+& H| |\qT
=\+ #+~. seTj k$T s\ de~ HsT. #jTeT
qT >{> ~|+~. yT\> C> e#sT. =~> Xs+
<* \T b&d bsTT. yT\> $b] #XsT. @$T{ #Xe
|+#sT. jT $TeT* #& eT&T ek+ ~. H X + e&+
<T. n+ jTq b<\ |D$T* usTq @&+~ #jTeT.
HeT~> H\ e[> de~ qT+& y\T|* e#sT. n|{ =+
eT+~ u q+ jT yjTTHsT. n+<] y| k] <w k]+
eT <Hed Ls=, |P]> XdqT +~+#sT. u q+ Xs
| >eT+, Xd u> &+ < e \+ #+<s ss TT+#T
=, sq us q \ nq+s+ eT de~ rdTy[ m |<dq+
Hs, n> LsT+& #XsT. <T|] H| |\qT eTd d+<T\
dTq+, + eT{ $TXe\ |&+ #XsT. d+|Tq nq+s+
<T|] 3 ek\ H\ e[> de~| *+>s |w+#sT.

n<jT+ -19

lseTj k$T s<Hy\T - bb&T

| d+es+ |wed+ VQ ~jT >&jT\T |y+#>H
lseTj> XsT de~ e< s<H y\T sT>TsTT. seTj
k$T nss <{q >+ de~ |yX+ #Xs #|HeTT.
~jT >&j
T \T eq |<| nss qT+& }s+| bs+ue TT+~.
nsTT n+<T H\ sE\ eTT+<T qT+& s<Hy\
dejTe TsT \jT $T{ ysT. <s s < s+ |qT\T ##

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

108

u+&> dTuse

k>TsTT. d++ |+&T> dqT s<q edT+~. { }]

q+ L& eTeT +&qT Xu|s#T= dTq+ ysTTksT.
bb&T | \T &TT+~. s<q eT&T sE\T
nq<q+ +T+~. n+<T# <=s e+ #sT ={+#&eT,
e+ ke, ~qTdT\T, qH, HsTT, _jT+ +{ eTTKyTq dsT \T
#] |T+{sT. s<q ]q sE\T C Ls>jT\T
deTLsT=+{sT. \jT $T{ ys , bb&T ydT\T, $$<
|<X\ qT+& e# u q+ = \T <]+ m+ w>
se bZ+{sT.
yTT<{sE - de~ eT+~seTT < #TT |\ b+\T
Xu+ #jT & y\ yksT . <e + yT]dbT+~. de~ eT+~seTT
#TT |\T+& d\T, |s* #T, yT $>V+, esD+
yTT+ |+&> XuqT d+]+#T=+T+~. ~jT >&jT\T |y+#
| de~ eT+~s ss\ |P\ n\+]ksT. m& eT+
>+<+, k+uD, n>sr\ dTydq\T y|+ +{sTT. seTj
k$T |{
X<> |P+, ss \ |P\ n+<+> n\+]ksT .
| >\+<sT |< kVu >] +{ qT+& ysTT< >w\
s+&T n\+]+#&q = C+&\T rdT= eksT uq+. y]+{
qT+, de~ eT+~s+ e# es jTjT <H\T #dH +{sT.
C+&\T s+& }s+| s+u+ <T. n+<T deTj
>\+<sT ysdT \T, ysT m&eH s +&T sE\ eTT+<T>H bb&T
#sT+{sT. ~ y # eTs<> u$+ m+ |eT,
s<Hue+ #ksT. C+&\T eq |<| eT+~s+ jT |\
d<+> +#TsT. |\ < y y\qT, V+d b<T\qT u>
Xu+ #ksT. H\TZy| ] eq eT+~s+ +T+~ |\.
eT+~s qf < sdT MT< eT&T\X\T +{sTT. @&T
n&T>T\T b&e, dTesT 3 n&T>T\ ys+ (H\TZ y|) *

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

109

u+&> dTuse

+< |\. < y =jT\| e+ u> \+> _+

&sT. 15 n&T>T\ b&e y =jT\T e+{sTT. u\T
yjT& M\T> sTy| 6 n&T>T\T b&e * +{sTT. s
+{ >+ }s+# |{ m+ u X<\, w ydT e
}s+# # eT+~s+ C>> +#TsT. |+> neT]+q
s+&T s|s |{ + &sT. |eTT, eT+~seTT |P\
n\+]+#& |P\ d uddT+~. yTT\T r]q u\T m+&T
=] |\qT XS\ >T ~${ y*ksT. XS\qT d
ysT | +> j sT #ksT . XS\T dTesT @&T n&T>T\ b&e
+&, 3 eTT\T, 6 eTT\T, 9 eTT\T * +{sTT. eTT\T
esT u> |<TqT * +{sTT. y] y] yTT\qqTd]+
e TT\qT ksT . yTT r]q ysT e TTqT <] d y] d++B \T
* +<|&q =] |\ kq+ eTs =] |qT eT+\
eT<H eT #T\qT <] >T#TsT. y m+
# #+> #k|. $+> qH *q =] |\T \+>
eT+&TTH, y #T\T \be&+ >eTHs+. |\ m eTT+<T
=] jT ={, <| Bb\ |P+, seTj k$T HeT
dsDqT, |sdT +<] HeT |eTTqT C =T u \ T |\
yksT. eTT+<T u* e\ ueT\T H MT< |{ H+ #dy
y bT> =eTT\ y, s\ y +{sT. &eTT\T, eT+>
ysTT<\T, |\ y+ +{sTT. M] eT< H+ #dy e+{sT.
Xuj, }s+| q> n&T>T n&T>Td bs+u eTT+~.
y~> uq+ |]ywT +{sT. jT jT <H\ X+
e]dT+~. m+&T =] |\ qT+& e# b> XSH | ydT+~.
u\+<s seTjk$T }s+|qT eT , eTH |\
|+ #dT+{sT. | +{ eTT+<T }s+| eT+~s+ >e\d
edT+~. +{ ysT n]+, =]jT ={ y&T\T deT]+#>H

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

110

u+&> dTuse

eT <T\TT+~. +{ ysT eT +{ e yTH&H

ueq s<q > }s+| eT+~seTT| <w \T|sT. n yT
\T, s\T, =eTT\T q\T #d , =] |\ eT+\ y\T>T
<B|eq+> y*b M<T\y+ k>TT+{sT. | sT
|P\ eT+~seTT oqTqf u$ksT. y ueqqT \+
#d, <e |sTd L& <+{ djT+> e Ls=+{sT. n~
yd y] nqTueeTT+~. eTT |{ + sTe> m
ydTH eTT? eTw e oqTq dV y] \T>T +T+~.
m+ u n&T>T n&T>TyksT. os<+ d+q+ *q
y, ]\T k|\+ #+~qysT |\ eT+~s+ +~ qT+& <]
eTs= | bsTT m&\ eT >\ s<H ue+ y*T#TsT.
n Xu j bb{ M<T\ ], n+<] y&\T n+~ s+&e
sE <jT+ 7 >+\ b++ de~ eT+~s ] #sTT+~.
eT =] jT ={, qT n]+, jT jT H<\
|{ eT+~s+ +#TsT. |{ rdTTqT> u$+#sT.
eT += d+es+ < Xs ds eT >\<T <! nq
u<
y eTTU\T eqeTsTT.
s+&e sE - s+&e sE jT }s qT+ eq u\T |>{
|P+ |s* e< yTT\T r]q ysT yT y \T\T, qT
*, yT |P\T d\T|sT. |s* esDH ~
sT>TT+~. +T * bsbTq L& seTj de~ eT+~s
b+>DeTT sV+#sT.
sE s |u\T &sT. |< |uqT }] q&u&T
ds+> +, <| dJ ]ksT. y~ MT< b#]
e+T+~. uq jTjT <H\ sE \ysTT+~.
eT&e sE - eT&e sE seTj> XsT b+> |&sT.
~ eTT de~ eT+~s b+>DeTTH sT>TT+~. b+> qT \|

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

111

u+&> dTuse

<]+ de~ eT+~s |<D\T ]| deT]ksT. ~ m+ u

X<\ C>s * #jT&+ eTq+ >eT+#>\eTT. b<Ty |
seT+ eTTksT.
eT&e sE eT<V+ |q $$< |<X\ qT+& eq <
>TsTe\T, eT w +<+ #], H\ e[> seTj>XsT
de~ n]ksT . eT eT+ <Hedq T |k~+#eT, eT w\
<q+ q qeeT y&T +{sT. eT&esE bb&T >eT+
k<Te\ d<TZsTe\ +&bsTT, cjTs+>T y* bT+~.
nq<q+ - \jT <ss eT&T sE\T eq u\+<]
nq |k< $j>+ #ksT. M eT]=+ eT+~ WV\T
L& nq<q+ sT|T+{sT.
bb&T q+ d++, s<q s+& *| m+ d+s+>
sVksT . y] eTqdT eT | H d+#]dTq nqTu
+&+# m+ C>s +{sT. n s<H y\ 3 sE\T
bb&T *jTT> y+s+ y*bT+~.

n<jT+ -20

Je de~ nq+s \\T

lseTj> Xs k$T Je de~ #+~q nq+s+ L& u qT\qT
|dTH sT. d+T\T e de~ n]+ s de~ eT+~s
b+>DeTT ~d y] k$T eTs s|+ d|<sq$T
y] & ns{ |+&T , eT|+&T $d]ydqT edT+~.
sE qT+ d]>Z d+es+ | >s+ <\TksT. *q d+q+
e {q eTT&T|\T #*+ bsT. eTTK+> >*, <jT + |{q y
deT+ s>H y] |{q <jT| |& M&bT+~. ss\
T\T, Bsy<T \T |P]> qjTeTTHsTT. n< $<+ > $T> ]\T
s&+ L& <T. n+<T k$T es<T& |sT.

>T=+& lseTj < eT+

112

u+&> dTuse

bb&T
|{ dTesT 40 d+\T + ]q d+|Tq eTqq+ #dT
+<eTT.
n|{ de~ eT+~s |PC] n+X{ MsjT. jTq |PC]>
eq deTjT+ # eT+~ VH >D#sT\T, l seTj> Xsk$T
eTqT eV+qT |P }>ysT. yT< >=| u\eT
#|e& < n& e# nejT u\qT @esT n
|e]+# y. n+X{ MsjT n+{ VH >D#sT\qT
Vs+>|s\ \+| *+~. *q y+H n+{ y]
deyX|s MT +> seTj>Xsk$T |P +f, HqT jTq
H\ e[> >T + ykqT. MT +> |Pq ysT+f
>T +>H + | }& +<|&*. y + |<q+
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q |# eT nH 50 d+\ u s \T }s q # > T MT< e++~.
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114

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u$ <sT. $+> nesTT =&T yTT <>sZ =+~.
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115

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|<| seTj |w+ q u&Ts sTT n> |P& X+ |P\T ]bsT.

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n q~d d+#]dTqT> u$+#ysT uqT\T. y
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n~.

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116

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80 y\sT >eT+ 1, 2, 8, 9,
(|X+ ) 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 19, 20
85 \sT +&>
70 \sT +&> 3, 4, 5
80 y\sT >eT+

2. l s] j>jT
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6, 17, 18
7, 10, 11
16
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de#s <\+<] _e+<qeTT\T

s#s TT