ADHD Research Paper

1
A Research Paper
Submitted to Ms. Margaret B. Vivero
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English 10
By: Adrian Clark F. Castillo from Grade 10- Montesilvano
March 10, 2016
Acknowledgement
The researcher would like to acknowledge Miss Margaret B. Vivero for giving
the researcher to give the opportunity to make a research paper about the effects of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder due to the researchers curiosity to find the
information about this disorder and how it will effect to the youth. The researcher would like
to thank my parents and to the researchers friends for reminding the researcher to begin
and finish the researchers research paper on time, and, the researcher would like to
acknowledge to the beloved Lord Jesus Christ for giving the researcher patience and hope
to finish the research paper successfully.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement............................................................................................2
Table of Contents..............3
Chapter I : Introduction......4
Chapter II : History.......5
Chapter III : Society and Culture....10
Chapter IV : Causes of ADHD......16
Chapter V : Signs and Symptoms...21
Chapter VI : Treatment...........26
Chapter VII: Conclusion.39
Chapter VIII: Recommendation40
Chapter IX: Summary.41
Bibliography......42
Chapter I: Introduction
The Effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to the Youth
The researcher has discovered to himself the disorder just a

few weeks ago as a result of thorough research including some stories told by his
mother and a family friend who is a SPED teacher. It is a disorder that affects the youth
so much that during their childhood ages they have suffered from it. The disorder is
called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or so called ADHD. It is a kind of disorder
where few parents often do not notice unless they have carefully observed the behavior
of the patient or the child that has it.
Chapter II: History

The History of ADHD: A Timeline
Overview:
-
ADHD is a common neurobehavioral disorder most commonly diagnosed in children.

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the average age for
diagnosis is seven (7). Boys are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with
ADHD as girls. Adults can develop symptoms and diagnosed as well. 1
It was originally called hyperkinetic impulse disorder. It wasnt until the late 1960s
that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) formally recognized ADHD as a
mental disorder. Read more for a timeline of ADHD. 1
1902: Early 1900s

-
ADHD was first mentioned in 1902. British pediatrician Sir George Still described an
abnormal defect of moral control in children. He found that some affected children
could not control their behavior the way a typical child would, but they were still
intelligent.2
1 Holland, K. and, Higuera, V. (n.d.). The History of ADHD: A Timeline. Retrieved February 26,
2015 from George T. Krucik, MD, MDA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/history
1936: The Introduction of Benzedrine

-
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Benzedrine as a medicine
in 1936. Dr. Charles Bradley stumbled across some unexpected side effects of this
medicine the next year. Young patients behavior and performance in school
improved when he gave it to them.2
However, Bradleys contemporaries largely ignored his findings. Doctors and

researchers began to recognize the benefit of what Bradley had discovered many
years later.2
1952: No Recognition
-
The APA issued the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) in 1952. This manual listed all of the recognized mental disorders. It also
included known causes, risk factors, and treatments for each condition. Doctors still
use an updated version today.
The APA did not recognize ADHD in the first edition. A second DSM was published in
1968. This edition included hyperkinetic impulse disorder for the first time. 3
1955: The Introduction of Ritalin

-
The FDA approved the psychostimulant Ritalin (methylphenidate) in 1955. It became

more popular as an ADHD treatment as the disease became better understood and
diagnoses increased. The medicine is still used to treat ADHD today. 3
1980: A Changing Direction

-
The APA released a third edition of the DSM (DSM-III) in 1980. They changed the
name of the disorder from hyperkinetic impulse disorder to attention deficit disorder
(ADD). Scientists believed hyperactivity was not a common symptom of the disorder.
This listing created two subtypes of ADD: ADD with hyperactivity, and ADD without
hyperactivity.3
1987: Finally a Name That Fits

-
The APA released a revised version of the DSM-III in 1987. They removed the
hyperactivity distinction and changed the name to attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD). The APA combined the three symptoms (inattentiveness,
impulsivity, and hyperactivity) into a single type and did not identify subtypes of the
-
disorder.
The APA released the fourth edition of the DSM in 2000. The fourth edition
established the three subtypes used by healthcare professionals today: 4
combined type ADHD
predominantly inattentive type ADHD
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD
1990s: A Climb in Diagnoses

-
ADHD cases began to climb significantly in the 1990s. There may be a few factors
behind the rise in diagnoses:
doctors are able to diagnose ADHD more efficiently 4
more parents are aware of ADHD and are reporting their childrens symptoms
more children are actually developing ADHD
More and more medications to treat the disorder became available as the
number of ADHD cases rose. The medications also became more effective at
treating ADHD. Many have long-acting benefits for patients who need relief
from symptoms for longer periods.5
21st century/today: Where we are today

-
Scientists are trying to identify the causes of ADHD as well as possible treatments.
Research points to a very strong genetic link. Children who have parents or siblings
with the disorder are more likely to have it.
Its not currently clear what role environmental factors play in determining who
develops ADHD. Researchers are dedicated to finding the underlying cause of the
disorder. Theyre aiming to make treatments more effective and to help find cures. 5
10
Chapter III: Society and Culture

People:
-
ADHD and Girls

ADHD is more common in boys than in girls (three boys to every girl);
even so, thousands of girls have the disorder (Hinshaw & Blachman,
2005). Girls with ADHD are different from boys in that they are less often
disruptive and physically aggressive and more likely to have the inattentive
type of ADHD. Girls may be more likely than boys to exhibit relational
aggression (e.g., exclude peers, spread rumors, gossip, tell lies) and they
may be at increased risk of eating disorders. They may also be more at risk
for negative peer experiences (peer rejection, fewer dyadic friendships) due
to the greater salience of their high activity and impulsivity and their often
co-occurring language and cognitive problems which may interfere with
the emphasis on verbal interchanges in girl friendships. In most other ways, show
the same impairments across domains as their male counterparts
and have the same response to treatment. 6 Most girls do not grow out of
their problems, and they have a similar negative trajectory across domains
of impairment. The risk for girls is that the condition is often undetected,
and so untreated, because they often lack the disruptive components and
because ADHD is often thought of as a boys disorder. 6
Controversies:
Problems that Occur along with ADHD
-
Many children with ADHD have other problems, such as oppositional

behavior, anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities. If these
problems are severe enough, additional diagnoses may be made. These
problems often require more intensive interventions. 7
6 Pfiffner, L. (2011). All About ADHD (p.15-16). New York City: Scholastic Inc.
7 Pfiffner, L. (2011). All About ADHD (p.16-17). New York City: Scholastic Inc.
11
ADHD and Oppositional/Conduct Problems

-
More than half of the children who have ADHD are also very stubborn,
defiant, and aggressive (Barkley, 2006). When sufficiently chronic and
severe, these problems make up a separate disorder called oppositional
defiant disorder (ODD). As suggested by the name, these are children
who are overtly disobedient toward authority figures such as teachers and
parents. They refuse to follow rules, and they use temper tantrums and
arguments to try to get their way. They may seem to have a chip on their
shoulder and appear chronically angry and resentful. Little things may set
them off and they may constantly blame other people for their mishaps. The
combination of ADHD and ODD is very challenging. Even more disabling
is conduct disorder, which affects as many as 30 percent of children with
ADHD (Barkley, 2006). Children with conduct disorder have a pattern of
breaking societys rules. They may lie, steal, run away, set fires, destroy
property, or start physical fights. Often these symptoms dont emerge until
the middle or high school years.7
ADHD and Learning or Language Problems

-
As many as one out of three children identified with ADHD also have a
learning disorder (DuPaul & Stoner, 2003). A learning disorder may
be related to deficits in areas such as language processing, auditory
processing, visual-spatial processing, or visual-perceptual processing.
A learning disorder is typically defined by impaired performance on
specific standardized tests of language abilities, nonverbal abilities, and/or
achievement.8 If significant discrepancies are found between performance
on such tests and overall intellectual ability, a learning disorder may be
identified in one or more skill areas such as reading, mathematics, spelling,
or language. These deficits are not simply the result of inattention; they
constitute a separate processing problem. Symptoms of ADHD can exacerbate
learning problems, and vice versa. For those students who have ADHD but
8 Pfiffner, L. (2011). All About ADHD (p.19). New York City: Scholastic Inc.
12
not a learning disorder, inattention to task, distractibility, and impulsivity

can still interfere with their ability to complete work satisfactorily, although
they score well on standardized tests, especially if they are administered in a
one-on-one setting, relatively free from distraction. Because of the frequent
co-occurrence of learning disorders, it is important to specifically assess for
learning and language problems when academic performance is low. 9
Motor Control Problems
-
Problems of motor control are also often found among children with ADHD,
although they are not part of the diagnosis. Motor problems can include
clumsiness, which might be due to primary motor problems (muscle coordination,
balance) or are secondary to impulsivity and overactivity. Commonly, students
with ADHD have handwriting difficulties caused by fine motor control deficits.
These difficulties may be helped by strength training or by the use of adaptive
writing tools. However, training the student in keyboarding skills is usually
more beneficial since less fine motor control is required. 9
Diagnostic Labels
-
Diagnostic labels like ADHD have many advantages. First of all, knowing
a child is ADHD suggests the need for certain treatments and also may
qualify the child for services that he or she may not otherwise receive. The
ADHD label can also relieve children and parents alike. Knowing that they
have ADHD helps kids realize that they are not stupid, even though they
may have trouble paying attention or completing all of their work at school.
Nevertheless, labels have many problems and limitations. Some kids who
find out they have ADHD begin to think that they cant do well in school,
or they start using it as an excuse. Self-esteem can suffer because they think
something is wrong with them. Some teachers and parents give up on a
child who has ADHD. Some parents feel guilty because they think it is their
fault. They may not realize that the problems students with ADHD have can
be addressed by making small changes in the classroom or at home. Finally,
the label ADHD does not describe the whole child. Kids with ADHD are
very different from one another. Knowing a child has the disorder does not
13
tell you about his or her unique strengths and talents, it does not tell you
about his or her interests or dreams. 10 Likewise, it does not tell you about
the specific kinds of things that a child needs help in to be successful. It is
usually best to focus less on labels and more on specific goals and behaviors.
We may not be able to get rid of ADHD, but we can help students change
certain behaviors and meet specific goals.11
14
Chapter IV: Causes of ADHD

Overview
-
What Factors Contribute to ADHD?

ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder. According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), about 5 percent of children in the United States have ADHD.
It affects the way in which a persons brain processes information and, in turn,
influences behavior. The exact cause of ADHD is unknown. According to the Mayo
Clinic, researchers believe that genetics, nutrition, brain development, and other
factors play a significant role.12
Genes
-
Genes and ADHD

There is strong evidence that a persons genes influence ADHD. In the few studies
conducted with twins, researchers have consistently found that ADHD runs in
families. It has been found to especially affect close relatives of people with ADHD. If
12 Healthline Editorial Team (n.d.). Causes of & Risk Factors of ADHD. Retrieved November
26, 2014 from Brenda B. Spriggs, MD, MPH, FACP,
fromhttp://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/causes.
15
your mother or father has ADHD, you and your siblings are more likely to have the
disorder.13
-
No one has yet been able to determine exactly which genes influence ADHD. Some
studies have discovered a connection between ADHD and the DRD4 gene.
Preliminary research indicates that this gene affects dopamine receptors in the brain.
Some people with ADHD have a variation of this gene. This fact leads experts to
believe it plays a role in the development of the condition. Still, researchers believe
there is more than one gene responsible for ADHD. 14
Its important to note that ADHD has been diagnosed in individuals who have no
family history of the condition. A persons environment and a combination of other
factors can also influence whether or not you develop this disorder. 15
Neurotoxins
16
Neurotoxins Linked to ADHD

According to Beyond Pesticides, researchers have also found a connection between
ADHD and certain common neurotoxic chemicals, namely lead and certain
pesticides. Lead exposure in children under age six can hamper brain development,
leading to learning disorders including ADHD.
Exposure to organophosphate pesticides has also been linked to ADHD. These

pesticides are chemicals sprayed on lawns and agricultural products. They include
corn, apples, pears, grapes, berries, and peaches. Organophosphates are believed
to disrupt the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in a childs developing brain. This key
neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling memory, attention, awareness,
perception, reasoning, and judgment.16
Nutrition
-
Nutrition and ADHD Symptoms
According to the Mayo Clinic, some studies suggest that certain food dyes and
preservatives may cause hyperactivity in some children. Foods with artificial coloring
17
include most processed and packaged snack foods. Sodium benzoate preservative
is found in fruit pies, jams, soft drinks, and relishes. Researchers have not
determined exactly how these ingredients influence ADHD, only that they appear to
worsen its symptoms.17
During Pregnancy
-
Smoking and Alcohol Use During Pregnancy

Perhaps the strongest link between the environment and ADHD occurs before a child
is born. According to the CDC, prenatal exposure to smoking is associated with the
behaviors of children with ADHD. Nicotine can affect the same dopamine receptors
influenced by the DRD4 gene. A study published by the University of Nebraska
suggests that children who were exposed to alcohol and drugs while in the womb
were more likely to have ADHD.18
ADHD Myths
18
Common Myths: What Doesnt Cause ADHD. There are many myths about what
causes ADHD. Research has found no evidence that ADHD is caused by:
consuming excessive amounts of sugar

TV watching
video game playing
poverty
poor parenting
These factors can worsen ADHD symptoms. However, none of these factors have
been proven to directly cause ADHD.19
19
Chapter V: Signs and symptoms
Overview
Does My Child Have ADHD?
-
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex mental health disorder

that can affect a child's success in school and with interpersonal relationships. The
symptoms of ADHD vary and are sometimes difficult to recognize. Here are seven
common signs that may indicate ADHD.20
Please note: Many of the symptoms are within the normal range for children to
experience. A diagnosis of ADHD is made by evaluating the child under several
criteria. ADHD is generally diagnosed in children by the time theyre teens. The
average age of diagnosis is 7. Older children exhibiting these symptoms may have
ADHD, but often have exhibited rather elaborate symptoms early in life. 21
20 Healthline Editorial Team (n.d.). 7 signs of ADHD. Retrieved March 4, 2013 from
George T. Krucik, MD, MDA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/signs
21 Healthline Editorial Team (n.d.). 7 signs of ADHD. Retrieved March 4, 2013 from George T.
Krucik, MD, MDA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/signs
20
Me-Focused
-
Me, Me, Me
A common sign of ADHD is an inability to recognize other people's needs and
desires. A child with ADHD may interrupt other people when theyre talking. They
may have trouble waiting their turn for classroom activities or when playing games
with other children.22
Emotional
-
Emotional Turmoil
A child with ADHD may have difficulty keeping emotions both good and bad in
check. They may have outbursts of anger at inappropriate times or temper tantrums
(in younger children). 23
Fidgety
-
Fidget and Squirm
21
Children with ADHD often can't sit still. They may try to get up and run around or
fidget or squirm in their chair when forced to sit. 24
Unfinished Tasks
-
A child with ADHD may show interest in lots of different things, but may have
problems seeing them through to the end. For example, they may start projects,
chores, or homework but leave, but move on to the next thing that catches their
interest before finishing. 25
Unfocused
22
Lack of Focus
A child with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, even when being spoken to
directly. They'll say they heard you, but wont be able to repeat back to you what you
just said. 26
Carelessness
-
Careless Mistakes
It's important to remember that children with ADHD aren't lazy or less intelligent than
other children. They just have difficulty following instructions that require planning or
executing a plan. This can then lead to careless mistakes. 27
Dreamer
23
Day Dreamer
Children with ADHD are typically portrayed as rambunctious and loud, but that's not
always the case. Another possible sign of ADHD is being quieter and less involved
than the other kids. A child with ADHD may stare into space, daydreaming, and
ignore what's going on around them.28
Chapter VI: Treatment

Overview:
-
Treating Attention Deficit

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder. It causes a range
of difficulties including:
problems concentrating
forgetfulness
hyperactivity
inability to finish tasks
24
Doctors often prescribe medications to decrease ADHD symptoms. Just as every

case differs, not every person will take the same medications. Treatment approaches
can also vary between children and adults. Its important to discuss all ADHD
treatment options with your doctor to gain the best results. 29
Stimulants
-
Stimulants
Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. You might hear
this class of drug referred to as central nervous stimulant (CNS) medications.
Stimulants increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain to improve
concentration while also decreasing fatigue. Stimulants are often the first course of
medications used for ADHD treatment.30
Amphetamines
Amphetamines are used as stimulants for ADHD. Brand names include:
Adderall
Dexedrine
Dextrostat
29 Cherney, K. (n.d.). ADHD Medications List. Retrieved October 29, 2014 from Susan J. Bliss,
RPh, MBA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/medication-list
30 Cherney, K. (n.d.). ADHD Medications List. Retrieved October 29, 2014 from
Susan J. Bliss, RPh, MBA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/medicationlist
25
Vyvanse
These medications include amphetamine, dextroamphetamine or lisdexamfetamine.
Several are available in extended release form. 31

Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)
Methamphetamine is related to ephedrine and amphetamine, with CNS stimulant
activity, which reduces appetite and can raise blood pressure. In ADHD, its
mechanism of action is unknown. These tablets are taken one to two times daily. 32
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into neurons
and is a mild stimulant. Brand names include:33
Metadate
Concerta
Daytrana
Ritalin
Methylin (liquid and chewable methylphenidate)
Quillivant (extended release liquid methylphenidate)
Focalin (dexmethylphenidate)
26
Non-Stimulants
-
Non-Stimulants
Non-stimulants affect the brain differently than stimulants. Though these drugs affect
neurotransmitters, they dont increase dopamine levels. It also generally takes longer
to see results. Non-stimulants come in a variety of classes. They might be used
when stimulants prove unsafe, ineffective, or for a person who wants to avoid side
effects of stimulants.34
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Atomoxetine is not a stimulant. It prolongs the action of norepinephrine in the brain. It
does not need to be tapered when it is discontinued. It is long acting, taken just once
a day.35
Clonidine (Kapvay)
Clonidine is used as a treatment for high blood pressure, and also to treat ADHD.
The extended release form is Kapvay. Clonidine is used to reduce hyperactivity,
impulsiveness, and distractibility. Since it is used to treat high blood pressure,
27
patients taking it for ADHD may experience lightheadedness from reduced blood
pressure.36
-
Guanfacine (Intuniv)
Guanfacine is traditionally prescribed for high blood pressure in adults. Only the
brand-name Intuniv may be used for ADHD in children. It may be help with memory
and behavioral inhibition. It is helpful for improving aggression and hyperactivity, and
is used as a single drug treatment for ADHD.37
Antidepressants
-
Antidepressants
Antidepressants are not FDA-approved to treat ADHD, although some patients may
have complex diagnoses and they may be prescribed these drugs along with ADHD
medications.38
28
Overprescribed? There Are Other Options

-
Production of the medications used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD) has skyrocketed since 1990. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention says that ADHD diagnoses in children increased by about 42 percent
between 2003 and 2011.
29
If youre not comfortable with treating this disorder with drugs, there are other, more
natural options.39
Side Effects
-
Medications May Cause Side Effects

ADHD drugs can help improve symptoms by enhancing and balancing
neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry signals between
neurons in your brain and body.40
However, they can also cause some serious potential side effects. Side effects
include:
sleep problems
mood swings
loss of appetite
heart problems
suicidal thoughts or actions
Not many studies have looked at the long-term effects of these medications. But
some research has been done, and it raises red flags. A study published in 2010
found no significant improvement in behavior and attention problems in children who
39 Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved

February 24, 2015 from George T. Krucik, MD, MDA, from
http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/natural-remedies
40 Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved February 24,
2015 from George T. Krucik, MD, MDA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/naturalremedies
30
took medications for their ADHD between the ages of 5 and 14. Their self-perception
and social functioning didnt improve either. 41
-
Instead, the medicated group tended to have higher levels of diastolic blood
pressure. They also had slightly lower self-esteem than the non-medicated group
and performed below age level. The authors of the study emphasized that the
sample size and statistical differences were too small to draw causative
conclusions.42
Tip 1
-
1. Forgo Food Colorings and Preservatives

Alternative treatments may help manage some symptoms associated with ADHD,
including:
difficulty paying attention

organizational problems
forgetfulness
frequently interrupting

31
The Mayo Clinic notes that certain food colorings and preservatives may increase
hyperactive behavior in some children. Avoid foods with these colorings and
preservatives:
sodium benzoate
FD&C Yellow No. 6 (sunset yellow)
D&C Yellow No. 10 (quinoline yellow)
FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine)
FD&C Red No. 40 (allura red)43
Tip 2
-
2. Avoid Potential Allergens

Diets that restrict possible allergens may help improve behavior in some children
with ADHD.
Its best to check with an allergy doctor if you suspect your child has allergies. But
you can experiment by avoiding these foods:
chemical additives/preservatives like BHT and BHA

milk and eggs
chocolate
foods containing salicylates like berries, chili powder, apples and cider,
grapes, oranges, peaches, plums, prunes, and tomatoes. 44
32
Tip 3
-
3. Try EEG Biofeedback

Electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback is a type of neurotherapy that
measures brain waves. A 2011 study suggested that EEG training was a promising
treatment for ADHD.
A child may play a special video game during a typical session. Theyll be given a
task to concentrate on, such as keep the plane flying. The plane will start to dive or
the screen will go dark if theyre distracted. The game teaches the child new focusing
techniques over time. Eventually, the child will begin to identify and correct their
symptoms.45
Tip 4
33
4. Get (or Give) a Massage

Massage is relaxing. But it may be more than that for those with ADHD. A 2003 study
published in the journal Adolescence examined the effects of massage on mood and
behavior. Students with ADHD who received massage therapy for 20 minutes twice a
week over the course of a month experienced improved mood in the short term and
improved classroom behavior in the longer term. 46
Tip 5
-
5. Consider a Yoga or Tai Chi Class

Some small studies indicate that yoga may be helpful for people with ADHD.
Research published in 2013 reported significant improvements in hyperactivity,
anxiety, and social problems in boys with ADHD who practiced yoga regularly. 47
Some early studies suggest that tai chi also may help improve ADHD symptoms.
Researchers found that teenagers with ADHD who practiced tai chi werent as
anxious or hyperactive. They also daydreamed less and displayed fewer

34
inappropriate emotions when they participated in tai chi classes twice a week for five
weeks.
-
However, results have been mixed. Herbs like ginkgo, ginseng, and passionflower
also may help calm hyperactivity.48
Supplementing without a doctors oversight can be dangerous particularly in

children. Talk to your doctor if youre interested in trying these alternative therapies.
They can order a blood test to measure current levels of a nutrient in your body
before you start taking supplements. 49

35
Chapter VII: Conclusion
The researcher concludes that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a very

complicated or complex neurobehavioral disorder that is most commonly diagnosed in
children. The researcher now also reveals that the disorder has also notable history
changes: from the originally called hyperkinetic impulse disorder, to attention deficit
disorder, until now it is called the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Since it is a
complex disorder it has many symptoms like being easily distracted in many things,
forgetting things easily, having difficulty in finishing tasks, frequent daydreaming, and many
more. The treatment for the disorder is also effective based on the researchers perspective
although the many side effects that should also be considered before treatment is made.
36
Chapter VIII: Recommendation
The researcher recommends to all readers of this research paper to be aware about ADHD
and somehow make a research of their own in order to understand fully the symptoms of
this disorder because they may probably be seeing it in the people around them or even in
the members of their family. Early detection is very important in order to address this kind of
disorder and treat people having this to further help them overcome the problem and be
able to live normally like other normal people do. Being aware of this kind of disorder not
only helps everyone treat patients but also assists to understand how to demonstrate the
correct behavior in dealing with the persons having the ADHD.
37
Chapter IX: Summary
The researcher has discovered to himself the disorder just a few weeks ago as a result of
thorough research. It is a kind of disorder that is mostly suffered from the children and to the
youth. The disorder was initially called the hyperkinetic impulse disorder, and its name has
its history from its roots, from attention deficit disorder, to the current name attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder. In the society, ADHD is more common to boys than to girls. Here are
some of the causes of ADHD: genetics which is a strong evidence concerning people
having ADHD, neurotoxins, nutrition, and before the birth of a child. There are some signs of
ADHD if someone does not recognize other needs and desires of people, having difficulties
keeping good and bad emotions, often they do not stand still, having trouble paying
attention, and often daydreaming and ignoring around them. Despite those signs and
symptoms, the disorder can be treated by stimulants, non-stimulants, anti-depressants, and
can be treated with natural remedies.
38
Bibliography:
Cherney, K. (n.d.). ADHD Medications List. Retrieved October 29, 2014 from Susan J. Bliss,
Healthline Editorial Team (n.d.). 7 signs of ADHD. Retrieved March 4, 2013 from George T.
Krucik, MD, MDA, from http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/signs
Healthline Editorial Team (n.d.). Causes of & Risk Factors of ADHD. Retrieved November
26,
2014
from
Brenda
B.
Spriggs,
MD,
MPH,
FACP,
fromhttp://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/causes
Holland, K. and, Higuera, V. (n.d.). The History of ADHD: A Timeline. Retrieved February 26,
Pfiffner, L. (2011). All About ADHD (p.15-16, p.16-19, p. 26). New York City: Scholastic Inc.
Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved February 24,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

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1

Submitted to Ms. Margaret B. Vivero

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English 10

By: Adrian Clark F. Castillo from Grade 10- Montesilvano

March 10, 2016

The researcher has discovered to himself the disorder just a

Chapter II: History

ADHD is a common neurobehavioral disorder most commonly diagnosed in children.

1902: Early 1900s

1936: The Introduction of Benzedrine

However, Bradleys contemporaries largely ignored his findings. Doctors and

1955: The Introduction of Ritalin

The FDA approved the psychostimulant Ritalin (methylphenidate) in 1955. It became

1980: A Changing Direction

1987: Finally a Name That Fits

1990s: A Climb in Diagnoses

21st century/today: Where we are today

Chapter III: Society and Culture

ADHD and Girls

Many children with ADHD have other problems, such as oppositional

ADHD and Oppositional/Conduct Problems

ADHD and Learning or Language Problems

not a learning disorder, inattention to task, distractibility, and impulsivity

Chapter IV: Causes of ADHD

What Factors Contribute to ADHD?

Genes and ADHD

Neurotoxins Linked to ADHD

Exposure to organophosphate pesticides has also been linked to ADHD. These

Nutrition and ADHD Symptoms

Smoking and Alcohol Use During Pregnancy

consuming excessive amounts of sugar

Chapter V: Signs and symptoms

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex mental health disorder

Fidget and Squirm

Chapter VI: Treatment

Treating Attention Deficit

Doctors often prescribe medications to decrease ADHD symptoms. Just as every

Several are available in extended release form. 31

Overprescribed? There Are Other Options

Production of the medications used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Medications May Cause Side Effects

39 Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved

1. Forgo Food Colorings and Preservatives

difficulty paying attention

41 Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved

2. Avoid Potential Allergens

chemical additives/preservatives like BHT and BHA

3. Try EEG Biofeedback

4. Get (or Give) a Massage

5. Consider a Yoga or Tai Chi Class

46 Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved

Supplementing without a doctors oversight can be dangerous particularly in

48 Story, C. and Goldman, R. (n.d.). 5 Natural Remedies for ADHD. Retrieved

Chapter VII: Conclusion

The researcher concludes that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a very

Chapter VIII: Recommendation

Chapter IX: Summary

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