BIOLOGY ~ IX (Book - 1) 57 CHAPTER # 6 Bryophytes and Tracheophytes CHAPTER -6 Multiple Choi i 1) Bryophytes are one of the groups of plants which consist of classes. (a) Three (b) Four (©) Five (@) Six 2) The dominant generation in bryophytes is generation. (a) Gametophytic —_(b) Sporophytic (e) Both (d) None 3) Sporophytic generation is partly or completely dependent on gametophyte in plants, (@) Bryophytes (b) Seed plants (0) Tracheophytes _() Gymnosperms 4) Gymnosperm has ovules. (@) Few (b) Many (©) Soft (a) Naked 5) Which part of Funaria has true modified plant structure? (a) Stem (a) None of them 6) Water is necessary for fertilization in (@) Marchantia (b) Funaria (4) All of them 7) Which of them is a fungus?: (a) Pteris (b) (©) Dryopteris, (9) All of them 8), Dryopteris is a plant, it belongs to7 5 (a) Musci (b) Club mosses —_(c) Bryophyta (@) Fens 9) ‘Tracheophyta are the plants have. (a) Xylem (b) Phicem (© Both (@). None 10) Marchentia belongs to Z (a) Hepaticae (b)Anthocsrotae —_(c) Musci (@) Club mosses 11) The group of Funaria is (@) Hepaticae (b) Anthocerotae (c) Musci (@) Ciub mosses, 12)"The group of Anthoceros is (8) Hepaticae (b) Anthocerotae_(¢) Musci \ (@) Club mosses 13) Typically flowers are presented in which group of spermatophytes? (2) Gymnosperms(b) Pteropsida (©) Angiosperms (4) Alkof them 14) Horse tails are the common name of. i cant (@) Psilopsida (b)Sphenopsida .(c) Lycopsida (d),Pteropsida 18) Spores producing body in Adiantum is (@) Ascus i) Sonus () Sek (6) Cysts ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBryophytes and Tracheophytes 58 (Book ~ 1) BIOLOGY ~ IX at Q2 Q3 Qs. 6 a7. 98 Qs, ato ait ai. ars. at. 16 are. ai7 at at Qz wv BRYOPHYTES AND TRACHEOPHYTES ‘This chapter comprises on the following questions: uesti nswi What are Bryophytes and Tracheophytes?” Describe any four characteristics of Bryophytes? Describe any three characteristics of Tracheophytes. Write any four characteristics of pterioophytes, Draw the classification of Tracheophytes. Write a short note on Ferm. What are Spermatophytes? Write their important features. What are the tivo main groups of Spermatophytes? Write a short note on angiosperms, Describe the characteristics of Pteris. With the help of labelled diagram explain the structure of Adiantum. Give difference between: i. Bryophytes and Tracheophytes. ii, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. ii,“ Dicot plants and Monocot plants. Explain briefly any two examples of typical gymnosperms, Describe briefly female cone and leaves of Thuja plant. Write names of three main groups of Bryophytes. Fo ¢ ‘Write three points on the imporlange of vascular plants.” Describe fertilization in Funaria. ot tiv stions / Explain the structure and reproduction of Pinus and Thula. Short Questions Answers ‘What are bryophytes and tracheophytes? Brvophytes Bryophytes are defined as multicellular, eukaryotic, chlorophyllous, non-vascular plants having cell wall made up of cellulose and their zygotes develop into an embryo. ‘Tracheophytes Tracheophytes are defined as multicellular, eukaryotic, chlorophylious, vascular plants having cell wall made up of cellulose and their zygotes develop into an embryo. ‘Describe any four characteristics of Bryophytes. Characteristics of Bryophytes The Important characteristics of bryophytes are as follows: Bryophytes are the plants without vascular tissue (xylem & phloem), Cambium is absent, The body'is thalloid in structure. ‘True roots, stem and leaves are absent. Biyophytes are the simplest land plants, Bryophytes divided into three groups: Liverworts, hornworts and mosses. : i ‘ ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY — IX (Book - 1) 59 CHAPTER - 6 Q3: Describe any four characteristics of Tracheophytes. Characteristics of Tracheophytes ‘The important characteristics of tracheophytes are as follows ‘Tracheophytes are vascular plants Cambium is present. They are distributed in all parts of the world. True roots, stem and leaves are present. They are divided into two major groups: Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes. vvvvy Q4: Write any four characteristics of pteridophytes? gi icteristics of idophytes > The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. ® Due to presence of vascular tissues, they are similar to gymnosperms and angiosperms. > The gametophyte in much reduced and smaller in size. > Itis further divided into Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida, Q6: Draw the classification chart of Tracheophytes. ~" (From Book. Pagé No; 85) Q6: Write a short note on Ferns. se Fem plants aré found dothinantly from 360.til 200 million ears ago. Now-a-das'they are found in moist, cool and shady places. These are seediess vascular plants which show great species diversity. The common examples are Dryopteris, Pteris and Adiantum etc. Q7: What are spermatophytes? Write their important features? Seed plants or Spermato} oS s Spermatophytes are that group of vascular plants which produ ‘Seed is a ripened ovule. It contains a young plant with embryonic’ root, stem'and one or. more Jeaves, which has stored food material and is protected by a resistant seed coat or: Spermatophytes like pteridophytes possess vascular tissues. They ‘also have life cycles ‘with alternation of generations. Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, spetmatophytes do not have free living gametophyte; instead the gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent upon the sporophyte generation. Q8: What are the two main groups of spermatophytes? Main groups of spermatophytes Seed plants are divided into two groups: Gymnosperms grin’ : y These are called as non-flowering plants. They produce seeds which-aré totally exposed (naked) or borne on the scales of cones. : Angiosperms 2 ‘ s ‘These are called as flowering’ plants which produce their seeds within'a fruit) Thelrseeds aree totally protected inside the fruits. “ya EWERE Write a short note on angiosperms. ‘Angiosperms : CB nigiospermns are (he flowering plats vidch aie tiest succeusful Plante. They. ad fous ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBryophytes and Tracheophytes 60 (Book - 1) BIOLOGY ~ important than the gymnosperms. They have adapted to almost every type of environment. There ate about at least 235,000 species. They are dominant plants on the Earth. Angiosperms are vascular plants which bear flowers. Theit seeds are produced within fuits, The fruit protects the developing seeds and also helps in their dispersal. Seed and ‘uit producing habit have helped flowering plants in their evolutionary success. Angiosperms are found in wide variety of sizes and forms. In size they range from over 300 {tin height (some species of Eucalyptus) to.hardly 1 mm in length (duckweed). (On the basis of size and woody texture, angiosperms are classified as herbs, shrubs (bushes) and trees. Herbs are the plants which are small in size. Their stems of Herbs wilt when cut or pulled from the soil. In contrast shrubs and trees have hard woody stems, which retain their shape even after being cut. Shrubs are shorter than trees but have more branches. In addition to tracheids, angiosperms have efficient water conducting structures known as vessels in their xylem. @Q40: Describe the characteristics of Pteris. Preris Ttis found in wild state in some regions of Punjab but in Sindh it is a common ornamental plant. The main plant is a sporophyte having adventitious roots, underground stem called thizome, pinnate compound leaves called fronds and sporangia in sori found under the ‘Surface of sporophylis. Sporophylls are sporangia beating leaves. x 14: With the help of labelled diagram explain the structure of Adiantum. Adiantum pe it grows in the wild. It resembles n-many respects except for the shape of leaflets, which are comparatively bioad and arranged alternately ‘The main plant is sporophyte, a small herb which’ consists of a stem, roots, and leaves. Stem: Roots: Roots are fibrous and adventiious, They arises from the lower side of the'rhizome. ‘Leaves: Leaves are large-and pinnately compound, having rachis bears leaflets or pinnae arrange in an alternate manner. Lower pinnae are further divided into number of pinnules. Sorit On the under surface of the margin of fertile pinnules, sori are present. Each sorus. consists of a number of small spore producing bodies called sporangia. Spores after ‘liberation from sporangium’ develop in’ to small _gametophyte called prothallus. (Figure from book Pg # 96) Q.12: Give any three differences between the following: Bryophytes ‘Tracheophytes ‘These are less developed lower plants. “These are well developed higher plants, “They, do not have true roots and shoot | They posses true root and shoot systems: |'system body is thalloic : * ‘They are amphibious and need water for | Water is not essential for sexual reproductign sexual reproduction, ‘They lack vascular tissues. ‘They Rave vascular tissues. for condition of water and food. ‘Their body mainly composed of parenchyma. | Their body is composed of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cota, Marchanitia, Funaria etc. _| Examples: Apple, Mango, Neem tree etc. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY -~ IX (Book ~ 14) 61 CHAPTER -6 i ‘Gymnosperms, Angiosperms ] They are non-flowering plants. They are flowering plants. | They produced naked seeds. ‘Their seeds are enclosed in fruits, sl Fruit are absent due to absence of ovaries._| Fruits are produced with in the ovaries. | Fertilization is single i.e. only one sperm | Double fertilization is occurred. ie. two fuses with one ovule to form zygote. | Sperms are fused with ovule and definitive nucleus separately to form zygote and | endosperm. | Leaves are long and needle like. Leaves are broad and fiat. Examples: Pinus, Thuja etc. Examples: Mango, Neem, Apple atc. Dicot piants Monocot plants The dicots have two cotyledons in the seed. | The monocots have ‘one cotyledon’ in the seed. They have two seed leaves. They have only one seed leaf. Leaves with reticulate leaf venation. Leaves with parallel leaf venation. Tap root system is present. Fibrous root system is present which is mostly adventitious. ‘Stem with a vascular cambium: Stem without a vascular cambium. > Vascular bundles are arranged in aring. | Scattered vascular bundles are presant Floral parts are in multiples of four of five: Floral parts are in multiple of three. Examples: Pea,.Apple, Peanut, Plum etc.2<[-Examples: -Sugar cane, Wheat, Rice, Le _{| Bamboo etc Q13: Explain briefly any two examples of typical gymnosperms, Pinus and Thuja — the typical aymnospetms Pinus ist “Ray, y x Pinus is normally growing at’an altitude of 5000'feet to 8000 feet. It has many: types. Examples: chir, kall, chilghoza etc. However, some species are found in the plains. It Is also grown as an ornamental plant. ] ! Pinus tree is a sporophyte, which is everareen and quite tall. It consists of an extensive root system and a strong, stout-and woody stem and its branches. The: upper branches progressively become shorter in length. in this way, the tree assumes @ symmetrical conical shape. (commonly known as Mor Pankh) is a short tree. It has profuse branches, which‘are covered with small, dark green scale leaves. It is conical in appearance. It is grown’ as. ‘ornamental plant in parks and homes. Q14; Describe briefly female cone and leaves of Thuja plant. i ae Female cone of Thuja ; qu : In Thuja the female cones are spherical or oval in shape. These are about the size:of a bait (berry). They-consist of hard, brown colour scales with triangular apices’ | ass Leaves of Thuja ‘Thuja has small scale like green leaves that cover the stem. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBryophytes and Tracheophytes a (Book - 1) BIOLOGY ~ IX 18: Write names of three main groups of Bryophytes. ‘Ans: Bryophytes are classified into three groups. i, Hepaticae (Liverworts) ji, Musci (Mosses) ji, _Anthocerotae (Hornworts) Q16. Write three points on the importance of Vascular plants. Importance of Vascular Plants: ‘The main importance of Vascular plants are: i. Source of Food: Many vascular plants such as angiosperms are used as a source of food, Examples: Wheat, rice, maize, pulses etc. ‘Wood (Timber): ‘Timber is obtained from vascular plants. , les: oe Pinus, Deodar, Red wood (Sheesham) etc. ii, Medicinal Plants: E “ “ ‘Many useful things are obtained from these plans. which serve as medicines, Examples: S Beene ‘Amaltas, Cinchona , Ajwain etc. : Q17. Describe fertilization in Funari Eertiization: ‘The fusion of male and female gar Fertifization in Fun: i Fertilization takes place when plant is submerged in water. «.~ ©-Zygote is formed inside the archeogonium which develops in an embryo. «©. Embryo develops into a sporophyte which remains attached with gametophyte. Figure from book Page no 94 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBIOLOGY — IX (Book ~ 1) 63 CHAPTER - 6 scriptive es! ers Q14: Explain the structure and reproduction of Pinus and Thuja. The Pinus plant is very tall and thick. It has a height of 40 to 50 meters or even more sometimes. The thickness may reach upto 2 meters. It has a very well developed system of roots, stem and leaves. The reproductive bodies are called as cones, It has no flowers and no fruits. The seeds are naked and present in cones. ROOTS Ithas 2 well developed tap root system. The lateral roots are longer than primary roots. STEM ‘The main stem of Pinus has two types of branches (shoots) 4) Long shoots or shoots of unlimited growth, They are formed on the main stem and continue growth indefinitely by buds borne at their apices. They are covered by scale leaves. 2) Dwarf shoots or shoots of limited These shoots originate in the axils of the scale leaves on long shools..They are very short. (only a few millimeters in lehgth). Each dwarf shoot bears 1 to § foliage leaves in addition to scale leaves LEAVES OF PINUS avi = ee ‘There are also two types of jeaves on pinus trees. 1) Scale leaves es These are small, thin, sessile, membranous. and. brown in colour. They. cover the stem. They are present on both types of branches. 2) Foliage leaves or Neeilles , Le These are commonly longand narrow, tough andleathery. In contrast to scale leaves, they are green and photosynthetic. They are also:called as needles. Depending upon the type of species, a’eluster of 2 to 5 needles is produced-on each dwarf shoot. Each. dwarf shoot with its cluster of needles is called a spur. REPRODUCTION IN PINUS - CONES Every year Pinus tree produces reproduetive structures known as cones: Cones are of two types; male and female cones. Both male and female cones are produced on the'same tree but on different branches. 1) Male cone & development of Male Gametophyte Male cones are usually 2 cm or less in length. These are much smaller than’the female cones. They are produced in clusters on long shoots. These aré generally borne on the lower branches of the tree: Each male cone has a central axis called thalamus. Ii is composed of spirally arranged leaf like structures called microsporophylls, Each microsporophyll has two long sacs called pollen sacs or microsporanaium on it’s under surface. Reproductive cells microspores or pollen grains are produced by meiosis in the microsporangia. Pollen grains are haploid. After being transferred to the’ ovule; the, pollen grain forms pollen tube. After pollination, microspores germinate’ to’ form. male gametophyte during the next season, in which male gametes or sperms are produced! (LS. of Male Cone > From Class Lecture) 2) Female cone & development of Female Gametophyte The fornal2 cones aro much lewger than the mele cones, They davalsh'sinaly shoots, having a length of 20 om. These are usually found on the upper branches: Each ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREBryophytes and Tracheophytes 64 (Book ~ 1) BIOLOGY - IX female cone has also an elongated axis called thalamus on which a large number of spirally arranged paired scales are present which are called megasporophyils. These ‘scales become woody on maturity. Two ovules are present side by side at the base of each scale, 4 haploid megaspores are formed in the ovule by meiosis. 3 of them died, only 1 survives called as Functional Megaspore. It gives rise to the female qametophyte which produces female gametes. Each female gametophyte has two archegonia each having single ovum. . (LS. of Female Cone > From Class Lecture) Fertilization and formation of seed Fertilization results in the formation of an embryo after which the ovule is ripened to form seed. Pinus seed has seed coat, endosperm and an embryo with an axis to which 6 to10 cotyledons are attached. The two ends of the axis have plumule and radicle. Female cones normally remain attached for three years on the plant. On maturity the cones open up and the seeds are set free and dispersed. Pinus seed has epigeal germination and gives rise to sporophytic pinus plant. KOK KX AX KKK AKAN KIKKKK KAKA KK AKAN, Diagrams: i. Adiantum plant (Pg #96) i, Funaria plant (pa# 94) il. Life cycle of Funaria = tpg #94) 2 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE