DREPTURILE OMULUI

ANUL XXIV
NR. 1
2014

INSTITUTUL ROMN PENTRU DREPTURILE OMULUI

DREPTURILE OMULUI
Revist clasificat de Consiliul Naional al Cercetrii tiinifice
din nvmntul Superior
nregistrat la OSIM sub numrul de marc 109255/2010

Consiliul tiinific
Prof. univ. dr. Grard Conac, membru de onoare al Academiei Romne; Prof. univ. dr. Nicolas
Mateesco Matte, membru de onoare al Academiei Romne; Prof. univ. dr. Vasile Stnescu,
membru al Academiei Romne; Prof. dr. Karel Vasak; Prof. univ. dr. Gheorghe Vlduescu,
membru al Academiei Romne.

Colegiul de redacie
Conf. univ. dr. Gheorghe Brlea; Prof. univ. dr. Monna-Lisa Belu Magdo; Prof. univ. dr. Jean
Marie Bernard, director de cercetare CNRS; Prof. univ. dr. Raluca Beteliu; Prof. univ. dr.
Dominique Rousseau, Universitatea Paris I; Prof. univ. dr. Nicole Guimezanes, Universitatea
Paris XII, Membru al Academiei Internaionale de Drept Comparat; Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Le; Emil
Marinache; Prof. univ. dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu, membru al Academiei Internaionale de
Drept Comparat, editor; Prof. univ. dr. Nicolae Popa; Prof. Ioan Oancea; Prof. univ. dr. Dumitra
Popescu; Valeriu Rendec, Sergiu Andon, Dr. Ianfred Silberstein; Dr. Rodica erbnescu, Prof.
univ. dr. Laureniu oitu; Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Vida.

Realizarea acestui numr a fost coordonat de:

Marius Mocanu,
Mihaela Scarlat
Gheorghe Prvan
Traduceri: Valeriu Rendec, Daniela Albu

Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului

Bucureti, B-dul Nicolae Blcescu, nr. 21
Tel. +40 21 3114921
e-mail: office@irdo.ro
www.irdo.ro

Tiprit la R.A. Monitorul Oficial

SUMAR
I. STUDII, CERCETRI, ARTICOLE ...................................................................................
Dizabilitatea, o problem de drepturile omului Anna Maria Cun Neagoe .......................
Drepturile omului n documente ale Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite asist. univ. Isabela
Stancea ..................................................................................................................................
Aspecte privind reglementarea statutului funcionarului public parlamentar n statele
membre ale UE - Istvan Gaspar ...........................................................................................
Migration and Law issues related to legislation on migration in Romania prof. dr. Irina
Moroianu Zltescu ................................................................................................................
Orientri ale reformei de sntate public n Romnia Mircea Ciocan .............................

7
7
20
26
37
50

II. ROMANIAN INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ANNUAL REPORT 2013 .........

55

III. DOCUMENTAR JURIDIC ................................................................................................

Dreptul la participarea politic al persoanelor cu dizabiliti FRA ......................................

92
92

IV. JURISPRUDEN .............................................................................................................

99
Hotrrea Curii Europene a Drepturilor omului n cauza B. mpotriva Romniei ...............
99
Hotrrea Curii Europene a Drepturilor omului n cauza icu mpotriva Romniei ............. 107
V. SEMNAL ...............................................................................................................................

113

VI. REMEMBER .......................................................................................................................

124

CONTENTS
I. STUDIES, RESEARCH, ARTICLES ...................................................................................
Disability a human rights issue Anna Maria Cun Neagoe ..............................................
Human rights in United Nations documents assistant lecturer Isabela Stancea ..................
Regulatory aspects of the status of parliamentary civil servant in the EU member states
Istvan Gaspar .........................................................................................................................
Migration and Law issues related to legislation on migration in Romania Irina Moroianu
Zltescu, PhD ..........................................................................................................................
Health reform trends in Romania Mircea Ciocan ...............................................................

DREPTURILE OMULUI

7
7
20
26
37
50

II. ROMANIAN INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ANNUAL REPORT 2013 .........

55

III. JURIDICAL DOCUMENTATION ...................................................................................

The right to political participation of persons with disabilities FRA ...................................

92
92

IV. JURISPRUDENCE ..............................................................................................................

99
Decision by the European Court of Human Rights in the case B. vs. Romania ...................... 99
Decision by the European Court of Human Rights in the case icu vs. Romania .................. 107
V. SIGNAL ..................................................................................................................................

113

VI. REMEMBER .......................................................................................................................

124

SOMMAIRE
I. TUDES, RECHERCHES, ARTICLES .............................................................................
Handicap une question des droits de lhomme Anna Maria Cun Neagoe .....................
Les droits de lhomme dans les documents des Nations Unies prof. assistent Isabela
Stancea ...................................................................................................................................
Aspects rglementaires du statut de fonctionnaire public parlementaire dans les tats
membres du lUE Istvan Gaspar ........................................................................................
Migration et droit questions relatives a la lgislation de migration en Roumanie prof. dr.
Irina Moroianu Zltescu .......................................................................................................
Des tendances en rforme de la sant en Roumanie Mircea Ciocan .................................

7
7
20
26
37
50

II. LINSTITUT ROUMAIN DES DROITS DE LHOMME, RAPPORT ANNUEL

2013 ..............................................................................................................................................

55

III. DOCUMENTAIRE JURIDIQUE ......................................................................................

Le droit la participation politique des personnes handicapes FRA ...............................

92
92

IV. JURISPRUDENCE .............................................................................................................

99
La dcision du la Cour Europenne des droits de lhomme dans laffaire B. contre la
Roumanie ...............................................................................................................................
99
La dcision du la Cour Europenne des droits de lhomme dans laffaire icu contre la
Roumanie ................................................................................................................................ 107
IV. SIGNAL ................................................................................................................................ 113
V. REMEMBER ......................................................................................................................... 124

DREPTURILE OMULUI

ABREVIERI

ADF
AIDC
alin.
ANUROM
asist. univ. dr.
art.
CDO
CDPD
CE
cercet. st.
cit. supra.
CNCD
CNCFPA
coord.
CtEDO
DGASPC
dr.
DSI
Ed.
etc.
EU
EU-MIDIS
FRA
GII
ICC
ICCJ
ICF
ICIDH
ICNUR
IDEF
infra.
IRDO
J. Of.
IOM
LGBT
lit.
loc. cit.
MAE

Agenia pentru Drepturi Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene

Acadmie Internationale de Droit Compar Academia Internaional de Drept
Comparat
alineat
Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia
asistent universitar doctor
articolul
Consiliul ONU pentru Drepturile Omului
Convenia privind drepturile persoanelor cu dizabiliti
Consiliul European
cercettor tiinific
citatul de deasupra
Consiliul Naional pentru Combaterea Discriminrii
Consiliul Naional al Calificrilor i Formrii Profesionale a Adulilor
coordonator
Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului
Direcia General de Asisten Social i Protecia Copilului
doctor
Down Syndrome International Organizaia Internaional a Persoanelor cu Sindromul
Down
editura
(et caetera) i celelalte
European Union Uniunea European
Sondaj privind minoritile i discriminarea n Uniunea
European
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Agenia pentru Drepturi
Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene
General Inspectorate for Immigration Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrri
International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and
Protection of Human Rights Comitetul Internaional de Coordonare al Instituiilor
Naionale pentru Promovarea i Protecia Drepturilor Omului
nalta Curte de Casaie i Justiie
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Clasificarea
Internaional a Funcionrii, Dizabilitii i Sntii
International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps Clasificarea
Internaional a Deficienelor, Dizabilitilor i Handicapurilor
naltul Comisariat al Naiunilor Unite pentru Refugiai
Institutul internaional de drept de expresie i inspiraie franceze
dedesubt, mai jos
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului
Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene
International Organization for Migration Organizaia Internaional pentru Migraie
lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali
litera
locul citat
Ministerul Afacerilor Externe

DREPTURILE OMULUI

M. Of.
NATO
NCPC
nr.
OAS
OECD
OG
OIM
OMS
ONG
ONU
op. cit.
OUG
OSCE
p.
parag.
pct.
PNUD
pp.
REIDO
RAAPPS
RIHR
SIMS
SNSPA
SUA
supra.
. a.
UE
UK
UMF
UN
UNESCO
UNHCR
UNICEF
urm.
URSS
vol.
vs.

Monitorul Oficial al Romniei

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organizaia Tratatului Atlanticului de Nord
Noul Cod de Procedur Civil
Numrul
Organization of American States Organizaia Statelor Americane
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organizaia pentru
Cooperare Economic i Dezvoltare
Ordonan de Guvern
Organizaia Internaional a Muncii
Organizaia Mondial a Sntii
organizaie neguvernamental
Organizaia Naiunilor Unite
opera citat
Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului
Organizaia Pentru Securitate i Cooperare n Europa
pagina
paragraful
punctul
Programul Naiunilor Unite pentru Dezvoltare
paginile
Reeaua European a Instituiilor pentru Drepturile Omului
Autonomous Department for the Administration of the State Protocol Patrimony Regia
Autonom Administraia Patrimoniului de Stat
Romanian Institute for Human Rights Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului
Societatea Internaional a Mduvei Spinrii
coala Naional de Studii Politice i Administrative
Statele Unite ale Americii
deasupra, mai sus
i alii (altele)
Uniunea European
United Kingdom Regatul Unit
Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie
Organizaia Naiunilor Unite
Organizaia Naiunilor Unite pentru Educaie i Cultur
naltul Comisariat pentru Refugiai al Naiunilor Unite
United Nations Childrens Fund Fondul Naiunilor Unite pentru Copii
urmtoarele
Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste
volumul
(versus) contra, mpotriva

DREPTURILE OMULUI

I. STUDII. CERCETRI. ARTICOLE

DIZABILITATEA, O PROBLEM DE DREPTURI ALE OMULUI
ANNA MARIA CUN NEAGOE*

Abstract:
With the paradigm shift from the medical to the social approach, disability was reclassified as a human rights issue.
This is supported by several international documents. The latest and most important one is the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a document whose purpose is to promote, to protect and to
provide full exercise of all the fundamental human rights by all persons with disabilities, without discrimination based
on disability.
A disability legislation based on human rights acts as a "civilizing factor" is needed in any society that respects
diversity and aims to create a truly open society for all.
Keywords: disability, persons with disabilities, human rights, international conventions and instruments, The
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Rsum:
Avec le changement de paradigme de la mdecine l'approche sociale, le handicap a t reclass comme une
question de droits de l'homme. Ceci est soutenu par plusieurs documents internationaux. Parmi ceux-ci le plus important
est la nouvelle Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits des personnes handicapes, un document qui vise
promouvoir, protger et assurer la pleine jouissance de tous les droits fondamentaux de toutes les personnes
handicapes sans discrimination fonde sur le handicap.
Une lgislation sur le handicap fonde sur les droits de l'homme agit comme un facteur de civilisation" dans une
socit qui respecte la diversit et vise crer une socit vritablement ouverte tous.
Mots-cls: handicap, les personnes handicapes, droits de l'homme, des conventions et instruments internationaux,
Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits des personnes handicapes.

Dizabilitatea este unul dintre criteriile de

discriminare ce a nsoit evoluia umanitii din
cele mai vechi timpuri, pn n prezent.*
Astfel, n Epoca de Piatr persoanele cu
dizabiliti erau izgonite din triburi, n
Antichitate, erau aruncate de pe stnci, iar n
Evul Mediu i Renatere acestea erau foarte ru
tratate, comportament stimulat n principal de
atitudinea Bisericii Catolice, care determina
respingerea acestora, fiind considerate latura
satanic i consecina greelilor prinilor lor.
Nici Epoca Modern nu a adus schimbri de
esen n ceea ce privete atitudinea societii:
de teama de a nu fi etichetai inferiori n
comunitile din care fceau parte, chiar i
familia proceda la excluderea celor infirmi1.
*

Cercet. t.
A se vedea Alexandra Mrgineanu, Viorel Mrginean,
Despre discriminarea persoanelor cu handicap de-a
lungul istoriei, Revista Caiete Silvane, 2009.
1

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Spre sfritul Epocii Moderne persoanelor cu

dizabiliti ncep s li se recunoasc drepturi
sociale i chiar anumite privilegii, ns, acestea
au continuat s fac fa discriminrilor.
Cu timpul, societile moderne i-au
schimbat atitudinea fa de persoanele cu
dizabiliti, astfel c, acestea au astzi drept de
vot, acces mai larg la viaa social, dreptul la
educaie, drepturi egale la bunuri i servicii.
Muli oameni ar crede c religiile sunt cele
care privesc dizabilitatea ca pedepse pentru un
comportament greit, dar, cel puin n patru
dintre marile religii ale lumii dizabilitatea are un
cu totul alt rol: n religia cretin, islamic,
evreiasc i budist persoanele cu dizabiliti
joac un rol important n cadrul comunitii.
Dizabilitatea nu este o pedeaps pentru greeli,
ci are rolul de a arta celorlali oameni
sntoi i prosperi - respect , umilin, caritate.
De la nceput, cretinismul a ncercat s
7

integreze persoanele cu dizabiliti n societate

ca i creaii ale lui Dumnezeu Evangheliile
vorbesc de faptul c Isus obinuia s triasc
printre orbi, paralizai, surzi sau epileptici i
oameni bolnavi mintal, pentru a-i servi, a le fi
umil fapte care l-au mrit n faa lui
Dumnezeu.
n cultura Greco-roman, persoanele cu
dizabiliti erau n grija sclavilor, dar mai trziu,
cretinismul le-a adus n custodia comunitilor
cretine i apoi n instituii fondate de biseric.
Una dintre icoanele afiate de Biserica
Ortodox l prezint pe Sf. Mucenic Hristofor
nfiat cu un cap de cine ceea ce semnific,
deci, c i printr-o persoan cu dizabiliti
triete Dumnezeu.
Pentru a-i ajuta pe alii, n cultura evreiasc
este nrdcinat obligaia de a sprijini
persoanele mai slabe, de a le accepta ca fiine
umane, de a le sprijini s devin independente.
n religia budist, conceptul de Karm
explic o cauz de dizabilitate - persoanele cu
dizabiliti primesc Karma din viaa trecut,
fiind vzut ca rezultat al unor greeli comise
anterior. i totui, n viziunea acestei religii,
pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti, dar i pentru
celelalte persoane din jurul acestora,
dizabilitatea ofer posibilitatea de a dezvolta o
Karm bun pentru o via viitoare.
n credina islamic, persoanele cu
dizabiliti ocup un loc special n faa lui Allah,
au dreptul la un mare suport.
Aceast scurt incursiune printre cele patru
religii ale lumii arat c persoanele cu
dizabiliti au rolul de a-i nva pe ceilali
umilina i caritatea, importante pentru o via
linitit bazat pe respect i dragoste pentru
semeni.
Concepte abordate. Termenul dizabilitate/handicap a ptruns n limbajul legislativ i
administrativ dup anii 1950. Pn atunci,
termenul utilizat pe scar larg pentru
desemnarea unei persoane cu deficien era cel
de infirm, iar starea respectiv era considerat
infirmitate.
n accepiunea tradiional, sfera noiunii de
persoan cu dizabiliti era sinonim celei de

persoan cu infirmitate.2 Aceast categorie

cuprindea persoane care, din cauza unor
deficiene senzoriale, motorii sau intelectuale,
pe perioade determinate sau permanent,
dispuneau de posibiliti inferioare de a aciona,
comparativ
cu
persoanele
considerate
normale, astfel c, acele persoane care nu se
conformeaz trsturilor medii ca frecven n
colectivitate nu mai sunt considerate normale.
Aceast abordare comparativ presupune att o
relaie de cauzalitate ntre un deficit de ordin
fizic, senzorial sau psihic, i posibilitile de a
aciona, ct i o comparaie a caracteristicilor
individuale cu cele ale unui sistem de referin
constituit din ansamblul trsturilor cele mai
frecvente n cadrul colectivitii. n spiritul
abordrii tradiionale, imaginea persoanelor cu
dizabiliti este dominat de aspectele ce in de
neputin (absen a puterii fizice, psihice,
economice, profesionale, relaionale, civice
etc.), unul dintre efecte fiind cel al discreditrii
sau al prejudiciului cu care se confrunt
persoanele cu handicap.
n anul 1975, Declaraia Drepturilor
Persoanelor cu Handicap (disabled persons)3 a
definit termenul persoan handicapat
(disabled person) ca fiind orice persoan n
imposibilitatea de a asigura pentru ea, n
ntregime sau parial, necesitile unei viei
normale, individuale i/sau sociale, ca urmare a
unei deficiene, fie congenitale sau nu, a
capacitilor sale fizice sau mentale.
n anul 1980, cercettorului P. Wood definea
handicapul ca pierdere sau limitare a anselor de
a lua parte la viaa comunitii la un nivel egal
cu al celorlali, ceea ce presupune identificarea
dificultilor cu care persoana se confrunt, n
condiii specifice ale mediului fizic, social,
cultural, familial etc.4 Noiunea a fost astfel
analizat sub trei aspecte:
Infirmitatea sau Deficiena (impairment)
operaional
la
nivelul
organismului,
desemneaz orice pierdere, anomalie sau
dereglare a unei structuri sau a unei funcii
anatomice, fiziologice ori psihice.
2

A se vedea Livius Manea., Asistena social a

persoanelor cu dizabiliti,Bucureti, 2008, p. 6.
3
Adoptat de Organizaia Naiunilor Unite prin Rezoluia
3447 din 9 decembrie 1975.
4
Ibidem, p. 9.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Incapacitatea sau Dizabilitatea (disability)

ilustreaz limitarea funcional sau restricia n
activitate (de durat) cauzate de o deficien,
desemnnd orice reducere, lips ori pierdere
(rezultnd dintr-o deficien) a aptitudinii de a
desfura o activitate n condiiile considerate
normale pentru o fiin uman.
Handicapul (handicap) definit ca orice
dezavantaj de care sufer o anumit persoan ca
urmare a unei deficiene sau a unei dizabiliti
care o mpiedic s satisfac total ori parial
sarcinile considerate normale pentru ea (n
raport cu vrsta, genul i cu diferii factori
sociali i culturali). Noiunea de handicap
descrie rolul social atribuit persoanei cu
deficien sau dizabilitate, rol care o plaseaz ca
dezavantajat comparativ cu alte persoane.
Dezavantajele apar i se manifest n cadrul
interaciunii persoanei cu mediul ei social i
cultural specific.
Aceste trei concepte distincte au stat la baza
elaborrii
Clasificrii
Internaionale
a
Deficienelor, Dizabilitilor i Handicapurilor
(ICIDH-1) adoptat ca document de lucru de
ctre Organizaia Mondial a Sntii n anul
1980.
Definiia adoptat de Organizaia Mondial a
Sntii n anul 1980 a fost preluat n
Programul mondial de aciune privind
persoanele cu handicap adoptat de Adunarea
General Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite la 3
decembrie 1982 i n toate documentele
ulterioare: Handicapul este o funcie a relaiei
dintre persoanele cu deficiene i mediul
nconjurtor. Apare atunci cnd acestea
ntlnesc bariere culturale, fizice sau sociale,
care le mpiedic accesul la diferitele sisteme
ale societii i care sunt disponibile altor
ceteni. Astfel nct handicapul este pierderea
sau limitarea ocaziilor de a lua parte la viaa
comunitii la un nivel egal cu al celorlali5.
n iunie 1983, Organizaia Internaional a
Muncii (OIM), organism specializat al
Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite a adoptat
Convenia nr. 159 pentru instruirea i
angajarea persoanelor handicapate (disabled
persons) care a definit persoana handicapat
5

A se vedea Verginia Creu, Incluziunea social i

colar a persoanelor cu handicap. Strategii i metode de
cercetare, Bucureti, 2006, p. 20.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

(disabled person) ca fiind un individ ale crui

perspective de a obine sau menine un loc de
munc adecvat i de avansa n munc sunt
reduse substanial ca rezultat al unei deficiene
fizice sau mentale, identificate corect. Definiia
din Convenia OIM nu are pretenia de a fi o
definiie cuprinztoare, universal aplicabil,
intenia sa este de a oferi o clarificare a ceea ar
putea nsemna persoanele cu handicap, n
contextul ocuprii forei de munc i a msurilor
de munc6.
n decembrie 1993 Adunarea General a
ONU prin Rezoluia 48/96, a adoptat Regulile
Standard privind Egalizarea de anse pentru
Persoanele cu Handicap, document elaborat ca
urmare a experienei acumulate pe parcursul
Decadei Naiunilor Unite pentru Persoanele cu
Handicap (1983-1992). Conceptele preluate de
Reguli sunt cele din Programul mondial de
aciune privind persoanele cu handicap i
reflect dezvoltarea acestora pe perioada
Decadei Naiunilor Unite pentru Persoanele cu
Handicap.
Termenul dizabilitate rezum un numr
mare de diferite limitri funcionale care apar la
orice populaie, n orice ar din lume, datorate
unor deficiene fizice, intelectuale sau
senzoriale, condiii medicale sau boli psihice
care pot fi permanente sau temporare.
Termenul handicap nseamn pierderea sau
limitarea posibilitilor de a lua parte la viaa
comunitii la un nivel egal cu ceilali. Acesta
descrie relaia dintre persoana cu handicap i
mediul, scopul fiind acela de a sublinia accentul
pe deficienele din mediu i din multe activiti
organizate n societate, de exemplu, informare,
comunicare i educaie, care mpiedic
persoanele cu handicap s participe n condiii
egale.
Cutarea unei definiii unitare, riguroase,
care s nu stigmatizeze, a constituit obiectul
preocuprilor ulterioare. n anul 2001,
Organizaia Mondial a Sntii, revenind
asupra
lucrrii
anterioare,
a
elaborat
Clasificarea Internaional a Funcionrii,
6

A se vedea Otto Geiecker, Willi Momm,

Disability: Concepts and Definitions, in
Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety,
Edited by Jeanne Mager Stellman, Ed.
International Labor Organization, Geneva, 2011.

Dizabilitii i Sntii (CIF), recunoscnd c,

n ciuda eforturilor depuse de toat lumea, chiar
termenii utilizai n noul document pot fi
stigmatizai i s pun etichete. Ca reacie la
aceast problem, nc de la nceputul
procesului de revizuire s-a luat decizia de a se
renuna n totalitate la termenul handicap i de
a se utiliza termenul dizabilitate ca termen
general, global, utilizat pentru a desemna un
fenomen multidimensional care rezult din
interaciunea dintre oameni i mediul lor fizic i
social, dintre caracteristicile de sntate i
factorii contextuali. Din diverse motive, atunci
cnd se refer la persoane, unii prefer s
utilizeze termenul persoan cu dizabiliti, n
timp ce alii prefer persoane dizabilitate, dar
categoriile CIF sunt exprimate ntr-un mod
neutru, care s evite utilizarea unor termeni
depreciativi, stigmatizani sau a unor conotaii
nepotrivite (pre ex. n loc de persoan cu
handicap mintal CIF folosete termenul de
persoan cu o problem de nvare)7.
Adoptarea i intrarea n vigoare a Conveniei
ONU privind
Drepturile Persoanelor cu
Dizabiliti (CDPD) marcheaz o schimbare
profund n abordrile existente cu privire la
dizabilitate: accentul nu mai este pus pe
imperfeciunea perceput a persoanei, ci,
dimpotriv, vede dizabilitatea ca o patologie a
societii, care este rezultatul eecului
societilor de a fi incluzive i a se adapta
diferenelor individuale. Societile trebuie s se
schimbe, nu individul, iar CDPD furnizeaz un
traseu pentru o asemenea schimbare.
Persoanele cu dizabiliti includ acele
persoane care au deficiene fizice, mentale,
intelectuale sau senzoriale de durat, deficiene
care, n interaciune cu diverse bariere, pot
ngrdi participarea deplin i efectiv a
persoanelor n societate, n condiii de egalitate
cu ceilali.
Abordarea medical a dizabilitii. Aa
cum este descris n Clasificarea internaional
a funcionrii, dizabilitii i sntii, modelul
7

CIF Clasificarea Internaional a Funcionrii,

Dizabilitii i Snti, OMS, 2001, p.247, revizuit prin
Clasificarea Internaional a Funcionrii, Dizabilitii i
Sntii versiunea pentru copii & tineri CIF-CT,
OMS, 2007, p. 255.

10

medical consider dizabilitatea ca pe o

problem a persoanei, cauzat direct de boal,
traum sau alt stare de sntate care necesit o
ngrijire medical, oferit ca tratament
individual de ctre profesioniti. Managementul
dizabilitii are ca scop vindecarea sau adaptarea
i schimbarea comportamentului individului.
ngrijirea medical devine, n acest sens
subiectul principal, la nivel politic, principalul
rspuns este unul de modificare sau reformare a
politicilor de ngrijire medical8.
Modelul medical a creat o ierarhizare n
cadrul construciei sociale a dizabilitii i n
determinarea egalitii, prin9:
etichetarea ntr-un mod care consider c
persoana cu dizabiliti este inferioar;
dezvoltarea tratamentului, ngrijirii,
inclusiv a practicii i standardelor profesionale,
a legislaiei i beneficiilor, pe baza acestei
etichete de inferioritate social;
negarea paternalist a libertilor i
autodeterminrii.
Modelul medical privete dizabilitatea ca pe
o problem individual, promovnd modul de
privire a persoanelor cu dizabiliti ca
dependeni i avnd nevoie de tratament i
ngrijire, justificnd astfel calea prin care
persoanele cu dizabiliti au fost excluse
sistematic din societate. n acest model persoana
cu dizabiliti este problema, nu societatea.
Persoanele cu dizabiliti resping acest model
ei spun c acesta a dus la scderea respectului
propriu, nedezvoltarea abilitilor vieii,
educaie slab i un grad mare de neangajri.
Toi recunosc c modelul medical duce la
ruperea legturilor naturale cu familiile,
comunitatea i societatea n general10.
Abordarea social. Potrivit Clasificrii
internaionale a funcionrii, dizabilitii i
sntii, modelul social al dizabilitii
consider dizabilitatea ca fiind n principal, o
problem creat social i o chestiune care ine n
primul rnd de integrarea complet a individului
8

CIF Clasificarea Internaional a Funcionrii,

Dizabilitii i Sntii, Organizaia Mondial a Sntii,
Geneva, 2001, p. 20.
9
A se vedea Livius Manea, Dizabilitatea ca factor de risc
privind accesul la serviciile de educaie, Rev. Calitatea
vieii, XVII, nr.1-2, 2006.
10
nelegerea dizabilitii - ghid de bune practici ,
ETTAD - 134653-UK-GRUNDTVIG-GMP.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

n societate. Dizabilitatea nu este un atribut al

unui individ, ci un complex de condiii create de
mediul social. Din aceast cauz, managementul
acestei probleme necesit aciune social i este
responsabilitatea comun a ntregii societi, n
sensul producerii acelor schimbri de mediu
necesare participrii persoanelor cu dizabiliti
n toate domeniile vieii sociale. Managementul
dizabilitii este aadar o problem de atitudine
i ideologie, care implic o schimbare social,
ceea ce, n termeni politici, devine o problem
de drepturi ale omului.11
Aadar, modelul social pune accentul pe
modul n care caracteristicile necorespunztoare
ale mediului fizic i social determin
constrngeri la nivelul unei categorii de
persoane. Toate persoanele cu dizabiliti se
confrunt cu experiena dizabilitii ca restricie
social, dac asemenea restricii apar drept
consecine ale inaccesibilitii mediului
construit,
noiunilor
discutabile
privind
inteligena i competena lor social,
incapacitii
publicului
general
privind
utilizarea limbajului semnelor, utilizarea
alfabetului Braille sau atitudinilor ostile ale
celor fr dizabiliti vizibile12.
Din
perspectiva
modelului
social,
interveniile se concentreaz asupra mediului,
urmrindu-se
eliminarea
restriciilor,
a
barierelor
care
mpiedic
participarea
persoanelor cu deficiene la diferitele aspecte ale
vieii sociale, dizabilitatea nemaifiind vzut ca
o problem individual ci ca un fapt social
cauzat de politic, practic, atitudini i/sau
mediul nconjurtor.
Micarea
persoanelor
cu
dizabiliti
consider c soluia problemei referitoare la
dizabilitate se afl n restructurarea societii,
scop realizabil de care poate beneficia toat
lumea.
Abordarea bazat pe drepturile omului. n
modelul bazat pe drepturile omului, dizabilitatea
apare ca un concept n evoluie ce rezult din
interaciunea dintre persoanele cu deficiene i
barierele de atitudine i de mediu care mpiedic
11

CIF Clasificarea Internaional a Funcionrii,

Dizabilitii ..op. cit..
12
A se vedea Livius Manea, Dizabilitatea ca factor de
risc ...op. cit..

DREPTURILE OMULUI

participarea lor deplin i efectiv n societate n

condiii de egalitate cu ceilali. n acest caz,
problematica dizabilitii trebuie s devin parte
integrant a strategiilor relevante ale dezvoltrii
durabile iar discriminarea oricrei persoane pe
criterii de dizabilitate devine o nclcare a
demnitii i valorii inerente a omului.
Pornind de la ideea de diversitate a
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, modelul drepturilor
omului recunoate contribuiile valoroase
existente i de perspectiv aduse de persoanele
cu dizabiliti la bunstarea general i la
diversitatea comunitilor din care fac parte,
precum i faptul c promovarea exercitrii
depline a drepturilor omului i a libertilor
fundamentale de ctre persoanele cu dizabiliti
i deplina participare a acestora vor avea ca
rezultat ntrirea sentimentului de apartenen i
dezvoltarea semnificativ a societii n plan
uman, social i economic.
Pentru a da posibilitatea persoanelor cu
dizabiliti s se bucure pe deplin de toate
drepturile i libertile fundamentale ale omului,
dar mai ales pentru a se implica activ n
procesele de luare a deciziilor, n elaborarea de
politici i programe, inclusiv a celor care le
privesc n mod direct, o importan deosebit
are accesibilitatea la mediul fizic, social,
economic i cultural, la sntate i educaie i la
informare i comunicare. De asemenea, n
modelul bazat pe drepturile omului, individual,
avnd ndatoriri fa de ali indivizi i fa de
comunitatea
creia
i
aparine,
are
responsabilitatea de a lupta pentru promovarea
i respectarea drepturilor recunoscute n
Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului.
Dizabilitatea, o problem a drepturilor
omului. Odat cu schimbarea de paradigm de
la abordarea medical la abordarea social a
dizabilitii, aceasta a fost reclasificat ca o
problem a drepturilor omului, instituie a
dreptului internaional. Reformele n acest
domeniu au fost destinate s ofere anse egale
pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti i pentru a
expune segregarea, instituionalizarea i
excluziunea lor ca forme tipice de discriminare
pe criteriul dizabilitate. Evoluia legislaiei din
domeniul drepturilor civile pentru persoanele cu
dizabiliti a determinat evoluia paradigmelor
11

juridice naionale, de la legislaia bazat pe

acordarea de beneficii la cea a drepturilor civile.
Aceast nou dimensiune a legii dizabilitii a
reprezentat un punct de reper important pe calea
spre recunoatere a drepturilor omului pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti, un drum pe care tot
mai multe guverne par a fi dispuse s-l
parcurg13.
Cu toate acestea, rmne neclar domeniul de
aplicare al schimbrii. n cazul n care abordarea
dizabilitii este una medical, reflectat n
legile mai vechi ale dizabilitii care urmresc
doar acordarea de beneficii, ar trebui ca
guvernele s nlocuiasc aceste legi cu ceea ce
se numete legislaia drepturilor civile? Mai este
nevoie de beneficii care n mod tradiional au
fost acordate drept compensaie pentru
excluziunea social? Care sunt efectele juridice
ale nlocuirii modelului medical al dizabilitii
cu cel social? Aceste ntrebri ridic, n primul
rnd problema delicat a modului de distribuire
a resurselor n societate.
Apoi, de asemenea, aceste probleme sunt
strns legate de o alt problem care afecteaz
rezultatul reformei legislaiei din domeniul
dizabilitii: principiul egalitii, care ridic
ntrebri suplimentare, cum ar fi: egal fa de
cine, n ce msur i n ce condiii? Este
suficient s crem un sistem incluziv n toate
domeniile: educaie, ocupare, participare
politic, sau este nevoie s ne asigurm c toate
aceste drepturi pot fi exercitate de persoanele cu
dizabiliti ? Este asigurat exercitarea acestor
drepturi n situaia n care, spre exemplu,
colile, locurile de munc i cldirile publice
sunt accesibile, dar transportul public nu este?
Vorbim de egalitate dac lucrtorii cu
dizabiliti primesc acelai salariu ca i cei fr
dizabiliti, dar trebuie s aloce aizeci la sut
din salariul lor pentru serviciile de asisten
personal de care angajaii fr dizabiliti nu au
nevoie?
Procesul de reform a legislaiei din
domeniul dizabilitii a nceput n toate prile
lumii. Statele Unite i Canada au fost primele
ri care au adoptat legi anti-discriminare i cele
13

A se vedea Theresia Degener, Gerard Quinn, A Survey

of International, Comparative and Regional Disability
Law Reform, www.dredf.org.

12

referitoare la drepturile omului pentru

persoanele cu dizabiliti.
Noile legi privind egalitatea pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti au aprut att la nivel
naional ct i la nivel internaional. Exist
astzi instrumente internaionale obligatorii sau
nu n domeniul drepturilor omului, adoptate de
Adunarea General a Organizaiei Naiunilor
Unite, care protejeaz n mod explicit drepturile
persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
La nivel regional, Organizaia Statelor
Americane (OAS) i Uniunea European (UE)
au adoptat o legislaie puternic n privina
egalitii pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti.
Micrile naionale pentru drepturile
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, care par s fi nvat
repede una de la alta, precum i s coopereze
ntre ele la nivel internaional, au reprezentat o
for major care a sprijinit modificrile
legislative n sensul celor precizate mai sus.
Peste 40 de naiuni au adoptat legislaia
mpotriva discriminrii dizabilitii n anii
199014.
Aadar, dizabilitatea este o chestiune legat
de drepturile omului, deoarece15:
- persoanele cu dizabiliti se confrunt cu
nedrepti de exemplu, atunci cnd li se neag
dreptul la angajare, educaie sau participare
politic din cauza dizabilitii lor;
- persoanele cu dizabiliti sunt supuse
violrii demnitii de exemplu, atunci cnd
sunt supuse violenelor, abuzului, prejudecilor
sau lipsei de respect din cauza dizabilitii lor;
- unora dintre persoanele cu dizabiliti li se
neag autonomia de exemplu, atunci cnd sunt
supuse sterilizrii involuntare, sau cnd sunt
internate n instituii mpotriva voinei lor, sau
cnd sunt considerate incompetente din punct de
vedere legal din cauza dizabilitii lor.
O serie de documente internaionale au
subliniat faptul c dizabilitatea este o chestiune
ce privete drepturile omului: Carta Naiunilor
Unite (1945) care recunoate demnitatea
14

A se vedea Gerard Quinn et al, The current use and

future potential of United Nations human rights
instruments in the context of disability. New York and
Geneva,
United
Nations,
2002
(http://www.icrpd.net/ratification/documents/en).
15
Raportul Mondial privind dizabilitatea, Organizaia
Mondial a Sntii i Banca Mondial, 2010.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

intrinsec, valoarea i drepturile egale i

inalienabile ale omului ca fundament al
libertii, dreptii i pcii n lume; Declaraia
Universal a Drepturilor Omului (1948), primul
instrument internaional care a prevzut
drepturile civile i politice, precum i drepturile
economice, sociale i culturale, de care trebuie
s se bucure orice persoan, subliniindu-se
importana protejrii acestora ntr-un sistem de
drept; dei nu este un act juridic, neavnd
puterea juridic a unui tratat, totui, de-a lungul
timpului, ea a fost folosit ca un document de
referin ce cuprinde standardele minime n
domeniul drepturilor omului. Textul Declaraiei
s-a impus ca incluznd concepia comunitii
internaionale n acest sens, fiind invocat ori de
cte ori existau nclcri flagrante ale acestor
drepturi. Ca atare, poate cu temei, ea a fost
considerat ca fcnd parte din dreptul
internaional cutumiar16.
Cele 30 de articole ale Declaraiei Universale
a Drepturilor Omului enun drepturile eseniale
ale omului i libertile fundamentale pe care le
pot pretinde fr discriminare de orice fel, ce
pot fi grupate astfel17:
prima categorie de drepturi privete
drepturile i libertile de ordin personal: via,
libertate, sigurana i demnitatea persoanei,
protecia egal n faa legii, garania mpotriva
sclaviei, torturii, arestrilor i pedepselor
arbitrare, recurs judiciar mpotriva abuzurilor;
a doua categorie privete drepturile
individului n raporturile sale cu gruprile din
care face parte i cu elementele lumii exterioare
brbatul i femeia au, pe picior de egalitate,
dreptul de a se cstori, de a ntemeia o familie,
de a avea un cmin, un domiciliu, un azil n caz
de persecuie;
a treia categorie este cea a facultilor
spirituale, a libertii de exprimare, de reuniune
de asociere, dreptul de a lua parte la treburile
publice i de a participa la alegeri periodice
corecte, voina poporului fiind proclamat ca
fundament al autoritii puterilor publice.

a patra categorie este cea a drepturilor

economice, sociale i culturale dreptul la
munc, la libera alegere a muncii, la securitate
social, la liberti sindicale, precum i dreptul
la educaie, la recreere, la via cultural, la
protecia creaiei intelectuale sau artistice.
Pactele internaionale privind drepturile
omului18 (Pactul internaional cu privire la
drepturile economice, sociale i culturale i
Pactul internaional cu privire la drepturile
civile i politice19) (adoptate n 1966 prin
Rezoluia Adunrii Generale a Naiunilor Unite
2200A (XXI)) care, pornind de la afirmaiile
Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor Omului
idealul fiinei umane libere, bucurndu-se de
libertile civile i politice i eliberat de team
i de mizerie, nu poate fi realizat dect dac se
creeaz condiii care permit fiecruia s se
bucure de drepturile sale civile i politice, ca i
de drepturile sale economice, sociale sau
culturale- declar universal dreptul la
autodeterminare i reafirm dreptul egal pe
care-l are att brbatul ct i femeia de a se
bucura de toate drepturile. De asemenea,
prevede garanii contra suprimrii sau limitrii
nelegale a drepturilor omului sau a libertilor
fundamentale i mpotriva interpretrii eronate a
dispoziiilor acestora pentru a justifica violarea
unui drept sau a unei liberti.
Convenia internaional privind eliminarea
tuturor formelor de discriminare rasial,
adoptat i deschis spre semnare de Adunarea
General a Naiunilor Unite prin Rezoluia 2106
(XX) din 21 decembrie 1965 a intrat n vigoare
la 4 ianuarie 196920, reafirm convingerea c
discriminarea ntre fiinele umane pentru motive
de ras, culoare sau origine etnic este un
obstacol n calea relaiilor panice de prietenie
ntre naiuni, fiind susceptibil s tulbure pacea
i securitatea popoarelor, precum i coexistena
armonioas a persoanelor n cadrul aceluiai
stat, astfel c, statele-pri condamn
discriminarea rasial i se angajeaz s urmeze,
prin toate mijloacele potrivite i fr ntrziere,

16

18

A se vedea Voir A. Kiss, Le rle de la Dclaration

universelle des droits de l'homme dans le dveloppement
du droit international, ONU, Bulletin des droits de
l'homme, 1988, p. 51.
17
A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Drepturile Omului
un sistem n evoluie, Ed. IRDO, p.79-80

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Ratificate de Romnia prin Decretul-lege nr. 212/1974

Ambele Pacte au fost ratificate de Romnia prin
Decretul 212 din 31 octombrie 1974.
20
Romnia a aderat la Convenie la 14 iulie 1970, fiind
ratificat prin Decretul nr. 345, publicat n Buletinul
Oficial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 92 din 28 iulie 1970.
19

13

o politic menit s elimine orice form de

discriminare rasial, s favorizeze nelegerea
ntre toate rasele.
Declaraia drepturilor persoanelor cu
handicap (disabled persons), proclamat prin
Rezoluia Adunrii Generale a Organizaiei
Naiunilor Unite nr. 3447 din decembrie 1975, a
avut n vedere necesitatea de a ajuta persoanele
cu handicap (disabled persons) s-i dezvolte
aptitudini n cele mai diverse domenii de
activitate n vederea promovrii, n msura
posibil, a integrrii lor n viaa social
normal. Astfel, stabilind c persoana cu
handicap (disabled person) reprezint orice
persoan n incapacitate de a-i asigura, prin ea
nsi, total sau parial, necesitile unei viei
individuale sau sociale normale, din cauza unei
deficiene congenitale sau nu, a capacitilor
sale fizice sau mentale, aceasta21:
trebuie s se bucure de toate drepturile
enunate. Aceste drepturi trebuie recunoscute
tuturor, fr nicio excepie i fr distincie sau
discriminare bazate pe ras, culoare, sex, limb,
religie, opinie politic, origine naional sau
social, de avere, natere sau de orice alt
situaie;
are dreptul la respectarea demnitii
umane. Ea are, indiferent de originea, natura i
gravitatea deficienelor sau tulburrilor sale,
aceleai drepturi fundamentale ca i concetenii
de vrst;
are aceleai drepturi civile i politice ca
i celelalte fiine umane, n msura n care are
discernmnt;
are dreptul la tratamente medicale,
psihologice i funcionale, acestea cuprinznd
proteze i orteze, la programe de reabilitare, la
educaie, la pregtire i readaptare;
are drept la securitate economic i
social, la un nivel de via decent; are dreptul
ca nevoile sale particulare s fie luate n
considerare de ctre societate;
are dreptul s triasc n mijlocul
familiei sale sau ntr-un cmin specializat, dup
caz;
are dreptul s fie protejat mpotriva

oricrei exploatri, oricrei reglementri sau

tratamente
discriminatorii,
abuzive
sau
degradante;
are dreptul s beneficieze de o asisten
legal calificat.
Convenia internaional privind eliminarea
tuturor formelor de discriminare mpotriva
femeilor, adoptat i deschis spre semnare de
Adunarea General a Naiunilor Unite prin
Rezoluia 34/180 din 18 decembrie 1979, intrat
n vigoare la 3 septembrie 198122, s-a construit
pornind de la premisele conform creia
discriminarea fa de femei violeaz principiile
egalitii n drepturi i respectului demnitii
umane, mpiedic participarea femeilor, n
aceleai condiii ca brbaii, la viaa politic,
social, economic i cultural din ara lor,
creeaz obstacole creterii bunstrii societii i
a familiei i mpiedic femeile s-i serveasc
ara i omenirea n deplintatea posibilitilor
lor. Convenia solicit statelor pri s adopte
msurile
necesare
pentru
eliminarea
discriminrii fa de femei n viaa politic i
public, n ceea ce privete educaia, n
domeniul angajrii n munc i n domeniul
sntii (art.7-11).
Programul Mondial de Aciune privind
Persoanele cu Handicap, document adoptat n
decembrie 1982 de Adunarea General a ONU,
prin Rezoluia 37/52, are drept tem central
egalizarea
anselor,
potrivit
creia
persoanele cu handicap permanent care au
nevoie de servicii de sprijin din partea
comunitii, de ajutor i echipamente pentru a
duce o via ct mai apropiat de cea normal,
att acas, ct i n societate, trebuie s aib
acces la astfel de servicii. Cei care triesc
mpreun cu persoane cu dizabiliti i le ajut
n activitatea zilnic trebuie s fie, de asemenea,
sprijinii pentru a beneficia de odihn i relaxare
i a avea posibilitatea de a se ngriji de propriile
nevoi.
Mai mult, n document se precizeaz c aa
cum persoanele cu handicap au drepturi egale cu
celelalte, ele au i obligaii egale. Este datoria
lor s participe la construcia societii. Astfel,
tinerilor cu handicap trebuie s li se asigure

21

22

A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Florian Sljeanu,

Egalitate de anse pentru persoanele cu handicap, IRDO
i ANPH, 2004.

14

Ratificat de Romnia prin Decretul nr. 342, publicat

n Buletinul Oficial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 94 din 28
noiembrie 1981.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

anse de a avea o carier profesional, nu s fie

instituionalizai i s triasc din ajutorul
statului.
Implementarea Programului a necesitat
integrarea n politicile naionale a unor strategii
pe termen lung pentru dezvoltarea economic, a
unor activiti de prevenie, care s se refere i
la dezvoltarea i utilizarea tehnologiei pentru
prevenirea dizabilitii, i a legislaiei care s
elimine discriminarea n ceea ce privete accesul
la servicii, securitate social, educaie i
angajare n munc.
De
asemenea,
Programul
subliniaz
necesitatea crerii n fiecare stat a unui
organism distinct, cu rol de coordonare, la nivel
naional, a strategiilor i politicilor de protecie
a persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Convenia mpotriva torturii i a altor
pedepse sau tratamente crude, inumane sau
degradante, adoptat i deschis spre semnare
de Adunarea General a Naiunilor Unite prin
Rezoluia 39/46 din 10 decembrie 1984 i
intrat n vigoare la 26 iunie 198723, solicit
fiecrui stat parte s ia msurile legislative,
administrative, judiciare i alte msuri eficiente
pentru a mpiedica comiterea unor acte de
tortur pe teritoriul de sub jurisdicia sa,
definind tortura ca fiind orice act prin care se
provoac unei persoane, cu intenie, o durere
sau suferin puternic, de natur fizic sau
psihic, n special cu scopul de a obine, de la
aceast persoan sau de la o persoan ter,
informaii sau mrturisiri, de a o pedepsi pentru
un act pe care aceasta sau o ter persoan l-a
comis sau este bnuit c l-a comis, de a o
intimida sau de a face presiune asupra unei tere
persoane, sau pentru orice alt motiv bazat pe o
form de discriminare, oricare ar fi ea, atunci o
asemenea durere sau suferin sunt provocate de
ctre un agent al autoritii publice sau orice alt
persoan care acioneaz cu titlu oficial, sau la
instigarea sa cu consimmntul expres sau tacit
al unor asemenea persoane.
Convenia privind Drepturile Copilului,
adoptat de Adunarea General a Naiunilor
Unite la 20 noiembrie 1989, intrat n vigoare la

2 septembrie 1990,24 definete copilul ca fiind

orice fiin uman sub vrsta de 18 ani,
garantnd drepturi tututor copiilor care in de
jurisdicia statelor pri, fr nicio distincie,
indiferent de ras, culoare, sex, limb, religie,
opinie politic sau alt opinie a copilului sau a
prinilor sau a reprezentanilor si legali, de
originea lor naional, etnic sau social, de
situaia lor material, de incapacitatea lor, de
naterea lor sau de alt situaie.
Regulile Standard privind Egalizarea de
anse pentru Persoanele cu Handicap, document
adoptat n decembrie 1993 de Adunarea
General a ONU prin Rezoluia 48/96, elaborat
ca urmare a experienei acumulate pe parcursul
Decadei Naiunilor Unite pentru Persoanele cu
Dizabiliti (1983-1992). Documentul se
bazeaz pe Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor
Omului, Pactele internaionale cu privire la
drepturile omului, Convenia cu privire la
drepturile
copilului,
Convenia
privind
eliminarea tuturor formelor de discriminare
mpotriva femeilor i Programul Mondial de
Aciune privind Persoanele cu Handicap.
Regulile au pregtit terenul pentru o abordare
a dizabilitii prin prisma drepturilor i au
permis o schimbare important de poziie, de la
protecie social la drepturi acordate persoanelor
cu dizabiliti n context global. Dei Regulile
nu au for obligatorie pentru statele membre
ONU, ele presupun voin moral i politic
pentru aciune.
Scopul Regulilor este de a asigura c fetele
i bieii, femeile i brbaii cu handicap, ca
membri ai societii din care fac parte, s poat
exercita aceleai drepturi i obligaii ca restul
persoanelor. Cele 22 de reguli sunt grupate n
trei categorii:
Prima categorie o reprezint cea a
precondiiilor pentru participarea egal:
creterea contientizrii, asistena medical,
reabilitare, servicii de sprijin;
Cea de-a doua categorie de Reguli cuprinde
domeniile vizate pentru participarea egal:
accesibilitate, educaie, angajare n munc,
susinerea veniturilor i securitatea social,
viaa de familie i integritatea personal,

23

24

Ratificat de Romnia prin Legea nr. 19/1990. publicat

in Buletinul Oficial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 112 din 10
octombrie 1990.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Ratificat de Romnia prin Legea nr. 18/1990, publicat

n Monitorul Oficial al Romaniei, partea I, nr. 109 din 28
septembrie 1990.

15

cultura, recreere i sport, religie;

A treia categorie de reguli cuprinde msuri
pentru implementare: informare i cercetare,
elaborare politici i planificare, legislaie,
politici economice, coordonarea muncii,
organizaii ale persoanelor cu dizabiliti,
pregtirea
persoanelor,
programe
de
monitorizare la nivel naional i de evaluare a
dizabilitii, cooperarea tehnic i economic,
cooperare internaional.
Principiile i orientrile politice afirmate n
Programul Mondial de Aciune privind
Persoanele cu Dizabiliti i Regulile Standard
privind Egalizarea anselor pentru Persoanele
cu Dizabiliti au influenat promovarea,
formularea i evaluarea politicilor, planurilor,
programelor i aciunilor la nivel naional,
regional i internaional, n vederea continurii
egalizrii anselor pentru persoanele cu
dizabiliti.
Convenia privind drepturile persoanelor cu
dizabiliti (CDPD), adoptat, mpreun cu
Protocolul Opional al acesteia, n decembrie
2006, i intrat n vigoare la 3 mai 2008 este
principalul instrument juridic internaional de
lupt mpotriva discriminrii persoanelor cu
dizabiliti, mai ales datorit numrului record
de semnturi de aderare: 153 state au semnat
CDPD, 90 state au semnat Protocolul Opional;
dintre acestea, Convenia a fost ratificat de 108
ri, printre care i Romnia, iar Protocolul
Opional de 63 de ri.
Intrarea n vigoare a CDPD i a Protocolului
Opional a marcat nceputul unei noi etape n
eforturile de a promova, proteja i asigura
exercitarea deplin i egal a tuturor drepturilor
i libertilor fundamentale ale omului de ctre
toate persoanele cu dizabiliti, i de a promova
respectul pentru demnitatea lor intrinsec25.
CDPD, cea mai recent i cea mai detaliat
recunoatere a drepturilor omului pentru
persoanelor cu dizabiliti subliniaz
drepturile civile, culturale, politice, sociale i
economice ale persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Dei persoanele cu dizabiliti au fost
ntotdeauna ndreptite s aib aceleai drepturi
ca oricine altcineva, este pentru prima dat cnd
25

Convenia privind drepturile persoanelor cu dizabiliti,

art. 1.

16

drepturile lor sunt stabilite n mod cuprinztor

ntr-un instrument internaional obligatoriu .
CDPD aplic drepturile omului dizabilitii,
fcnd astfel ca drepturile generale ale omului
s fie specifice persoanelor cu dizabiliti 26 i
clarificnd legile internaionale existente
referitoare la dizabilitate. Documentul a generat,
pe bun dreptate, ateptri extraordinare n ceea
ce privete sprijinul acordat persoanelor cu
dizabiliti din ntreaga lume, ale cror drepturi
au fost de multe ori nclcate, fiind un amestec
foarte subtil de vechi i nou, care confirm
drepturile existente i ntrete ideea c sunt
necesare tratatele specifice unui grup, cel puin
n parte, pentru a lua n considerare experiena
ireductibil a acestuia n ceea ce privete
exercitarea drepturilor. ntr-o oarecare msur
CDPD, pur i simplu reafirm aplicabilitatea
drepturilor omului existente la persoanele cu
dizabiliti dintr-o perspectiv anti-discriminare.
n parte, CDPD este un mod de a afirma ntrun instrument juridic o serie de drepturi care
sunt abordate n alte tratate privind drepturile
omului, protejate pe plan internaional, att
civile politice, economice, sociale i culturale,
statele pri avnd obligaia general de a
promova, proteja i asigura exercitarea deplin
i n condiii de egalitate a tuturor drepturilor i
libertilor fundamentale ale omului de ctre
toate persoanele cu dizabiliti i de a promova
respectul pentru demnitatea lor intrinsec.
n acest caz apare ntrebarea, legitim de
altfel: de ce a fost necesar aceast afirmare a
drepturilor anterioare, n cazul persoanelor cu
dizabiliti? Rspunsul are legtur cu faptul c,
n multe cazuri, aceste drepturi nu au fost i,
desigur, nc nu sunt, n multe cazuri, evidente,
deoarece, pentru o lung perioad de timp,
persoanele cu dizabiliti, au fost cu greu
considerate fiine umane i, ca urmare, le-au
fost negate drepturile fundamentale, ele fiind
victime ale genocidului i ale discriminrii
masive. Astfel, CDPD afirm dreptul de a avea
drepturi, recunoaterea solemn lipsit de
ambiguitate i ateptat de mult timp a egalitii
absolute a persoanelor cu dizabiliti cu toate
26

A se vedea Frederic Megret, The disabilities

convention: human rights of persons with disabilities or
disability rights?, Human Rights Quarterly, 2008.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

celelalte persoane.
Primul principiu general al Conveniei, care
cere respect pentru demnitatea inerent a
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, este revelator n
acest sens, aceasta reprezentnd, de fapt,
premisa fundamental de la care drepturile curg
n mod tradiional. n afar de recunoaterea
drepturilor pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti,
CDPD se construiete pe ceilali piloni gemeni:
de egalitate i non-discriminare.
Ideea de egalitate confirm aplicarea
drepturilor omului pentru persoanele cu
dizabiliti, mai degrab dect crearea de noi
drepturi.
Dei CDPD nu este descris n mod specific
ca o convenie anti-discriminare n aceeai
matri ca i celelalte, nu exist nici o ndoial
c motivul central al ngrijorrii privete
discriminarea, pentru c, n preambul se
menioneaz necesitatea ca persoanelor cu
dizabiliti s li se garanteze dreptul de a
beneficia pe deplin de acestea, fr
discriminare ( pct. c ) i subliniaz c ( ... )
discriminarea oricrei persoane pe criterii de
dizabilitate este o nclcare a demnitii i
valorii inerente a omului, ( pct. h).
CDPD,
de
asemenea,
mbogete
fundamental i modific coninutul drepturilor
existente, atunci cnd este vorba de persoane cu
dizabiliti, de multe ori prin reformularea
acestora. Astfel, anti-discriminarea afirmat de
CDPD, reprezint mai mult dect o reafirmare
solemn a ceea ce este evident (sau ceea ce ar
trebui s fie evident), prin sublinierea unei serii
de caracteristici cheie ale drepturilor prevzute
n acest document, nespecifice n principalele
instrumente internaionale privind drepturile
omului.
n primul rnd, textul clarific modul n care
drepturile se aplic persoanelor cu dizabiliti:
spre exemplu, dreptul la recunoaterea egal n
faa legii presupune c persoanele cu dizabiliti
trebuie s aib acces la msurile adecvate
pentru a asigura accesul persoanelor cu
dizabiliti la sprijinul de care ar putea avea
nevoie n exercitarea capacitii lor juridice, i
c aceast capacitate juridic trebuie s fie
protejat prin msurice prevd protecia
adecvat i eficient pentru prevenirea
abuzurilor, conform legislaiei internaionale
DREPTURILE OMULUI

privind drepturile omului.

i alte drepturi sunt, de asemenea,
reformulate n mod semnificativ: dreptul la
libertate i siguran al persoanelor, care implic
faptul c existena unei dizabiliti nu justific
n niciun fel privarea de libertate; dreptul la
libertatea de circulaie i cetenie implic faptul
c persoanele cu dizabiliti nu vor, ca urmare a
dizabilitii lor, s fie lipsite de cetenia lor, sau
capacitatea de a obine, poseda i utiliza
documente privind cetenia lor, sau a
dreptului de a intra n propria lor ar;
libertatea de exprimare i opinie este specificat
ca, inclusiv libertatea de a cuta, de a primi i
de a rspndi informaii i idei ( ... ) prin toate
formele de comunicare la alegerea lor.
Respectul pentru viaa privat presupune a fi
protejat, indiferent de locul de reedin i
include n mod special confidenialitatea
informaiilor personale, de sntate i de
reabilitare a persoanelor cu handicap; dreptul
la respectarea domiciliului i a familiei,
subliniaz faptul c persoanele cu dizabiliti au
dreptul de a decide liber i responsabil asupra
numrului i planificrii copiilor i a pstra
fertilitatea lor n condiii de egalitate cu
ceilali; coninutul drepturilor la educaie,
sntate, munc, nivel de trai adecvat, sunt toate
precizate n detaliu ntr-un mod care s satisfac
nevoile persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
CDPD evideniaz, uneori n detaliu,
msurile ce trebuie ntreprinse pentru a
promova, proteja i asigura exercitarea deplin
i n condiii de egalitate a drepturilor. Exist
multe referiri la luarea de msuri adecvate sau
adoptarea de msuri imediate, eficiente i
adecvate. Toate acestea apar n mod evident, ca
obligaii ale statului, mai degrab dect ca
drepturi ale omului n sine.
n unele cazuri, CDPD promoveaz noi
categorii de drepturi care prelungesc n mod
semnificativ o serie de drepturi existente. O
serie de prevederi ale CDPD merg mai departe
dect pur i simplu o reformulare a prevederilor
documentelor anterioare, surprinznd drepturi
care nu au fost evideniate ca atare n
principalele instrumente internaionale privind
drepturile omului.
Aceste drepturi nu sunt complet noi i ntradevr sunt drepturi ale tuturor fiinelor umane,
17

dar, circumstanele speciale ale dizabilitii au

dus la necesitatea de a le include n document.
Spre exemplu, articolul 16 nimeni nu poate fi
supus exploatrii, violenei i abuzului, sau
dreptul la participare deplin i efectiv i
includerea n societate, care include i dreptul
de a participa la viaa politic i public (care
nu este menionat ca atare n instrumentele
privind drepturile omului existente, dar este un
alt mod de a descrie drepturile politice) i
dreptul de a participa la viaa cultural,
activiti de recreere, timp liber i sport, sunt
drepturi amplificate n contextul dizabilitii,
astfel nct, de exemplu, participarea la viaa
politic i public include obligaia pentru state
de a promova n mod activ un mediu n care
persoanele cu dizabiliti pot participa efectiv i
pe deplin la administrarea afacerilor publice.
ntreaga CDPD este infuzat de noiunea de
"participare ce apare astfel ca ceva asemntor
cu un drept n general. Acest drept merge
dincolo de participare, se prezint ca abilitatea
de a sta i de a vota pentru o funcie public, de
exemplu, sau de a participa n mod special la
viaa cultural, recreere, timp liber i sport
fiind mai degrab o cerere mai larg ce cade n
sarcina nu numai a statului, dar i a societii,
pentru a permite persoanelor cu dizabiliti s
fie pe deplin membri ai societii.
Foarte strns legat de noiunea de participare
(i, n sine, un drept incontestabil nou) este
dreptul de a tri n comunitate. Din nou, este
vorba de un drept care nu este protejat n nici
unul din instrumentele internaionale existente
n domeniul drepturilor omului.
Astfel, CDPD merge mai adnc n abordare,
prin extinderea drepturilor cunoscute i
existente, cu un strat superior de drepturi ale
cror obiectiv poate fi vzut ca protejarea
persoanelor cu dizabiliti de la unele dintre cele
mai profunde cauze de nclcri ale drepturilor
lor. Este mai puin clar dac acestea sunt
drepturi care sunt specifice pentru persoanele cu
dizabiliti, sau pur i simplu drepturi care
exist ntr-o form sau alta pentru toate fiinele
umane, dar a cror existen trebuie s fie
evideniat n acest context, din cauza
vulnerabilitilor specifice ale persoanelor cu
dizabiliti.
n cele din urm, CDPD, se apropie foarte
18

mult de crearea de noi drepturi, drepturi

specifice pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti,
mergnd dincolo de extinderea pur i simplu a
drepturilor existente, prin formularea de noi
drepturi, specifice acestora, nencadrate ca atare.
Exemplul cel mai semnificativ este autonomia
care, dei nu este definit n Convenie, se refer
la capacitatea persoanelor cu dizabiliti de a
face lucrurile pe cont propriu, fr ajutorul
altora avnd legtur cu dreptul de a fi liber de
a face propriile alegeri. Ideea de autonomie
este legat de mobilitate personal i
accesibilitate, de dreptul de a tri
independent, de msurile de abilitare i
reabilitare care au scopul de a permite s
obin i s menin maximum de autonomie,
s-i dezvolte pe deplin potenialul fizic, mintal,
social i profesional, dar, mai ales de
recunoatere a capacitii juridice a persoanelor
cu dizabiliti, care reprezint de fapt punctul
culminant.
ntr-adevr, autonomia face individul capabil
de a se bucura de drepturi. Exist un sens n care
autonomia nseamn ceva foarte diferit pentru
persoanele cu handicap, un sens n care ea are o
consonan foarte diferit n termeni de drepturi.
Autonomia este de fapt o form de drept al
omului care are sensul su n legtur cu
vulnerabilitile specifice persoanelor cu
dizabiliti.
CDPD pune accent pe responsabilizarea
societii fa de persoanele cu dizabiliti.
Societatea este datoare s fac eforturi pentru a
asigura viaa n demnitate i anse egale tuturor
membrilor si i trebuie s ia n considerare
mediul. Mediul este cel care hotrte ce efect
are o deficien asupra vieii cotidiene a
persoanei.
Adoptarea i intrarea n vigoare a
documentului marcheaz o schimbare profund
n abordrile existente cu privire la dizabilitate.
n CDPD, accentul nu mai este pus pe
imperfeciunea perceput a persoanei, ci,
dimpotriv, dizabilitatea apare ca o patologie a
societii, care este rezultatul eecului
societilor de a fi incluzive i a se adapta
diferenelor individuale. Societile trebuie s se
schimbe, nu individul, iar CDPD furnizeaz un
traseu pentru o asemenea schimbare, n
preambul
fiind
recunoscut
faptul
c
DREPTURILE OMULUI

dizabilitatea este un concept n evoluie i

rezult din interaciunea dintre persoanele cu
deficiene i barierele de atitudine i de mediu
care mpiedic participarea lor deplin i
efectiv n societate n condiii de egalitate cu
ceilali (lit. e).
De asemenea, Statele trebuie s consulte
persoanele cu dizabiliti i organizaiile lor
reprezentative atunci cnd elaboreaz legi,
politici i programe pentru a implementa
documentul.
Convenia
le
mai
cere
organizaiilor publice i private s se adapteze
n mod rezonabil la situaia persoanelor cu
dizabiliti. Aceasta este nsoit de un Protocol
Opional care, dac este ratificat, ofer o
procedur de plngere i o procedur de
investigare, ce pot fi depuse la comitetul care
monitorizeaz tratatul.
CDPD avanseaz reforma legal a
dizabilitii implicndu-i direct pe cei cu
dizabiliti i folosind cadrul drepturilor omului.
Mesajul de baz este acela c persoanele cu
dizabiliti nu ar trebui privite ca obiecte de
administrat, ci subieci ce merit respect egal
i respectarea drepturilor omului27.
Concluzii
Mai nti de toate, trebuie evideniat faptul
c, referitor la abordarea dizabilitii,
confruntarea de idei s-a ncheiat. Schimbarea de
paradigm la perspectiva drepturilor omului este
acum aproape universal. Cele mai multe ri au
nceput s abordeze dizabilitatea ca pe o
problem de drepturile omului. Autoritatea
moral, Regulile Standard, a permis legitima
schimbare de paradigm care demonstreaz c
aceasta este posibil i benefic, att pentru
persoane fizice ct i pentru comunitile lor.
Dac exist un mesaj mai larg n micarea

pentru drepturile persoanelor cu dizabiliti,

acela este c cetenia presupune accesul efectiv
egal pentru toate dimensiunile vieii.
n al doilea rnd, recunoscnd c
schimbarea de paradigm la nivel de idei este
una, realitatea este cu totul alta. Exist o mare
diversitate de abordri juridice, avnd n vedere
diversitatea culturilor din lume i a sistemelor
juridice. Semnificaia global a conceptului de
adaptare rezonabil este elementul esenial
care intervine n toate legislaiile n vigoare i,
n mod clar, lucrul important ce trebuie realizat
este educarea oamenilor din diferite culturi
juridice cu privire la natura i funcionarea
acestui concept, fr de care legislaia, fie va
eua sau nu va realiza la fel de mult ct ar
putea.
n al treilea rnd, organizaiile regionale cum ar fi Consiliul Europei i Uniunea
European - pot aciona ca facilitatori pentru
transferul de idei din domeniul egalitii de
anse i drepturilor omului ctre politicile
naionale, valorificnd astfel autoritatea moral,
legal i politic a acestora.
Nu n ultimul rnd, includerea pe agenda
public a discriminrii, dei este important, nu
epuizeaz spectrul complet de probleme care
afecteaz respectarea deplin a drepturilor
omului n cazul persoanelor cu dizabiliti. Legea
anti-discriminare este un instrument indispensabil, dar trebuie recunoscut c, dei legislaia
n vigoare, poate prevede drepturi pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti, sunt necesare msuri
care s asigure exercitarea deplin a acestora.
O legislaie n domeniul dizabilitii, bazat
pe drepturile omului acioneaz ca un factor de
civilizare, n orice societate care respect
diversitatea i are scopul de a crea o societate cu
adevrat deschis tuturor.

27

Raportul Mondial privind Dizabilitatea, Organizaia

Mondial a Sntii i Banca Mondial, 2001.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

19

DREPTURILE OMULUI N DOCUMENTE ALE

ORGANIZAIEI NAIUNILOR UNITE
ISABELA STANCEA*

Abstract:
The United Nations Organization was created to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly
relations among states with the principle of respect the equality of rights for all nations.
In over 60 years of existence, the UN has conducted a rich and complex activity, following events that have
succeeded in the international community in the second half of the twentieth century and the first decade of the XXI
century.
Even if there were situations where the UN has proven incapable of making decisions in times of crisis, the
international community of states, increasingly facing more and more numerous and complex challenges, would still
need this organization.
Keywords: international, security policies, universality.
Rsum:
L'Organisation des Nations Unies a t cre pour maintenir la paix et la scurit internationales, pour dvelopper
des relations amicales entre les tats avec le principe du respect de l'galit de nations.
En plus de 60 ans d'existence, l'ONU a men une riche et complexe activit, en raison des vnements qui se sont
succd dans la communaut internationale dans la seconde moiti du XXe sicle et la premire dcennie du XXI e
sicle.
Mme s'il y avait des situations o l'ONU s'est avre incapable de prendre des dcisions en temps de crise, la
communaut internationale des tats, confronte avec de plus en plus nombreux et complexes provocations en temps
de crise, sera encore besoin de cette organisation.
Mots-cls: international, les politiques de scurit, l'universalit.

Pn n secolul XX drepturile omului erau

abordate la nivel naional, pornind din acest
secol a nceput abordarea lor la nivel
internaional. ns ideea constituirii unei
organizaii cu caracter universal, care s
ncurajeze colaborarea ntre state n vederea
meninerii pcii s-a conturat n cadrul unor
conferine diplomatice internaionale, ce au avut
loc la sfritul secolului XIX i, mai cu seam,
nceputul secolului XX, cnd s-a resimit tot mai
acut dorina statelor de a coopera n vederea
prevenirii unui nou rzboi. Au aprut astfel o
serie de documente care erau de fapt, acte
pregtitoare ale constituirii ONU, dar care tratau
deja problematica drepturilor omului.*
Astfel, dup Conferina de pace de la Paris
din 18 ianuarie 1919, s-a constituit o comisie
sub conducerea preedintelui W. Wilson care
avea ca obiectiv elaborarea unui act constitutiv
al Ligii, ca parte a acestui Tratat. S-a concretizat
*

Asist. univ., Universitatea Constantin Brncoveanu,

Piteti.

20

astfel, Pactul Societii Naiunilor ce avea ca

obiectiv principal promovarea pcii i
prevenirea rzboiului i care a intrat n vigoare
la 10 ianuarie 1920.
Au mai existat i alte declaraii care au avut
menirea de a impulsiona crearea ONU i aici se
cuvin a fi menionate: Declaraia preedintelui
Roosvelt din 1941 privind libertatea de opinie i
de exprimare, libertatea credinei, dreptul la
protecie social, Carta Atlanticului din 1941
semnat de Churchill i Roosvelt care promova,
n principiu, aceleai liberti la care se mai
adugau necesitatea progresului economic i a
securitii sociale. Acestea au fost preluate mai
trziu, n 1942, n Declaraia Naiunilor Unite,
unde au fost considerate drepturi internaionale.
Ideea crerii Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite
este lansat de minitrii de externe ai SUA
(Cordell Hull), URSS (V. M. Molotov) i Marii
Britanii (Anthony Eden) i ambasadorului
Chinei n Uniunea Sovietic (Fao Ping-Sheung).
Conferina de la San Francisco, a crei
denumire oficial a fost Conferina Naiunilor
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Unite privind Organizaia Internaional, i-a

nceput lucrrile la 25 aprilie 1945, cu
participarea reprezentanilor a 50 de state.
Lucrrile Conferinei, care au durat dou luni,
au fost consacrate elaborrii Cartei ONU1.
Contractul ncheiat ntre rile membre, aa
numita Cart a Naiunilor Unite, a fost adoptat
la data de 26 iunie 1945 i a intrat n vigoare la
24 octombrie 19452.
Astzi
Organizaia
Naiunilor
Unite
reprezint o organizaie cu vocaie universal
att cu privire la statele care o compun, ct i cu
privire la domeniile n care se implic, ns
scopul su fundamental este meninerea pcii i
securitii internaionale3.
Avnd n componen 193 de state, ONU are
ca obiective, conform Cartei: meninerea pcii i
securitii internaionale; dezvoltarea relaiilor
de prietenie ntre naiuni, avnd la baz
principiul egalitii n drepturi a popoarelor i
principiul autodeterminrii; realizarea unei
cooperri internaionale n scopul soluionrii
problemelor cu caracter economic, cultural,
social sau umanitar i n vederea promovrii
drepturilor omului i a libertilor sale
fundamentale.
Carta ONU. n art.1, paragraful 3 din Cart
se subliniaz cu privire la: necesitatea
respectrii drepturilor omului i cooperarea
internaional. Acest paragraf reprezint prima
consacrare a proteciei drepturilor omului ntrun document cu vocaie de universalitate i
ncurajeaz respectarea drepturilor i libertilor
fundamentale ale omului fr nicio deosebire
legat de ras, sex, religie sau limb.
Carta ONU are ca deziderat s menin
pacea i securitatea internaional i, n acest
scop: s ia msuri colective eficace pentru
prevenirea i nlturarea ameninrilor mpotriva
pcii i pentru reprimarea oricror acte de
agresiune sau altor nclcri ale pcii i s
nfptuiasc, prin mijloace panice i n
conformitate cu principiile justiiei i dreptului
internaional,
aplanarea
ori
rezolvarea

diferendelor sau situaiilor cu caracter

internaional care ar putea duce la o nclcare a
pcii4.
n vederea realizrii scopurilor sale, Carta i
propune respectarea unor reguli cu valoare de
principii fundamentale:
- principiul egalitii suverane ntre toi
membri organizaiei;
- principiul ndeplinirii cu bun credin a
obligaiilor asumate de ctre toi membri
organizaiei, n scopul asigurrii drepturilor i
avantajelor ce decurg din calitatea de membru;
- principiul soluionrii pe cale panic a
diferendelor internaionale astfel nct pacea,
securitatea internaional i justiia s nu fie
puse n primejdie;
- principiul nerecurgerii la for i la
ameninarea cu fora mpotriva integritii
teritoriale sau politice a vreunui stat;
- principiul potrivit cruia toi membrii
Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite vor da acesteia
ntreg ajutorul n orice aciune ntreprins de ea
n conformitate cu prevederile Cartei i se vor
abine de a da ajutor vreunui stat mpotriva
cruia Organizaia ntreprinde o aciune
preventiv sau de constrngere.
ntregul coninut al Cartei graviteaz n
jurul proteciei internaionale a drepturilor
omului, insernd acest deziderat ca obligaie
fundamental a organelor ONU. Totui, aa cum
se sublinia n literatura de specialitate, lacunele
Cartei rmn considerabile: ea recunoate
organelor Naiunilor Unite misiunea de a
favoriza, dezvolta respectul drepturilor
omului, le acord puterea de a face studii i de a
emite recomandri, fr a institui vreo garanie
special n aceast materie i nu definete n
niciun fel coninutul drepturilor5.
Cu toate acestea, Carta ONU are meritul
de a fi introdus drepturile omului n ordinea
juridic internaional. Prin aderarea la Cart,
care este un tratat internaional multilateral,
statele pri recunosc c drepturile omului sunt
de interes internaional, i nu mai fac obiectul
exclusiv al jurisdiciei lor interne. Obligaia
asumat de ctre state de a coopera cu O.N.U.

Centrul de Promovare a Culturii de Securitate

http://www.cpcs.ro/articol-oi-onu.php accesat la data de
11 aprilie 2014.
2
A se vedea Cristina Otovescu-Frsie, Drepturile omului
n societatea contemporan, Ed. Scrisul Romnesc,
Craiova, 2009, p. 17.
3
A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Drepturile Omului
Un sistem n evoluie, IRDO, Bucureti, 2008, p. 36.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Capitolul I articolul 1 din Carta ONU http://www.anr.gov.ro/docs/legislatie/internationala/Carta

_Organizatiei_Natiunilor_Unite_ONU_.pdf accesat la
data de 11 aprilie 2014.
5
A se vedea Frderic Sudre, Droit internationale
europen des droits de lhomme, Paris, PUFF, 1994, p.
44.

21

pentru promovarea drepturilor omului i a

libertilor fundamentale a oferit Naiunilor
Unite autoritatea legal necesar pentru a
depune eforturi n scopul definirii i codificrii
acestor drepturi6.
Drepturile omului prevzute n Declaraia
Universal a Drepturilor Omului. nfiinarea
Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite a permis crearea
i dezvoltarea unei ere noi n materia cooperrii
dintre state cu privire la promovarea i protecia
drepturile omului; au fost elaborate o serie de
tratate, acorduri, i un numr important de
declaraii i rezoluii ale organelor i
organismelor internaionale care au avut un rol
important n domeniul promovrii i respectrii
drepturilor omului.
Astfel, s-a conturat ideea de protecie
internaional a drepturilor omului, moment ce a
fost marcat de adoptarea, la 10 decembrie 1948,
la Paris, de ctre Adunarea General a
Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite, printr-o rezoluie,
a Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor Omului,
primul document internaional cu caracter
general i vocaie universal n materia
drepturilor omului.
Iniiatorii
Declaraiei
Universale
a
Drepturilor Omului considerau c aceasta va da
natere unei lumi n care fiinele umane se vor
bucura de libertatea cuvntului i credinei i
nu vor cunoate teama i lipsurile, aceste
drepturi fiind considerate cea mai nalt
aspiraie a oamenilor de rnd.
Aadar,
consacrarea
propriu-zis
a
drepturilor omului ca valori-cadru ale raportului
individ-societate, n toate statele lumii, respectiv
ca imperativ al comunitii mondiale, s-a produs
dup cel de-al Doilea Rzboi Mondial, i a fost
determinat de adoptarea Declaraiei Universale
a Drepturilor Omului7.
Dup acest act istoric, Adunarea General a
recomandat statelor membre ale Naiunilor
Unite s foloseasc toate mijloacele pentru a
publica n mod solemn textul Declaraiei i
pentru a face astfel ca el sa fie distribuit,
afiat, citit i comentat, n principal n coli i
n alte instituii de nvmnt, indiferent de
6

A se vedea Th. Buergenthal, R. Weber, Dreptul

internaional al drepturilor omului, Ed. All, Bucureti,
1996, p. 21, citat n Bianca Selejan Guan, Protecia
european a drepturilor omului, Bucureti, 2011, p. 7.
7
A se vedea Nicolae Purd, Nicoleta Diaconu, Protecia
juridic a drepturilor omului, Ed. Universul Juridic,
Bucureti, 2011, p. 18.

22

statutul politic al rilor sau teritoriilor.

n cadrul acestui document internaional
fundamental capt valoare de principii
urmtoarele drepturi i liberti: dreptul la via,
la libertate i la securitate, egalitatea n drepturi,
dreptul de a nu fi discriminat, dreptul de a nu fi
supus la torturi, nici la pedepse sau tratamente
crude, inumane sau degradante, dreptul la
egalitate n faa legii fr privilegii sau
discriminri, dreptul la un proces echitabil,
dreptul de a beneficia de prezumia de
nevinovie, dreptul la cetenie, la liber
circulaie, dreptul la cstorie, egalitatea n
drepturi dintre brbai i femei, dreptul la
proprietate privat, etc., precum i o serie de
liberti cum ar fi: libertatea contiinei, a
opiniilor, a religiei, libertatea ntrunirilor, etc. n
societatea modern, cnd omenirea a cunoscut
un stadiu superior de dezvoltare, toate aceste
principii sunt n prezent sintetizate i
operaionalizate normativ n ordinea juridic a
fiecrui stat, beneficiind de protecia juridic
necesar n cadrul suveranitii de stat.
De altfel, Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor
Omului este documentul juridic internaional n
cadrul cruia se regsesc principiile de baz ale
drepturilor
omului:
universalitatea,
indivizibilitatea,
imprescriptibilitatea
i
interdependena.
n acelai timp, drepturile omului au fost
recunoscute de ctre dreptul internaional ca
fiind unul dintre principiile care stau la baza
relaiilor internaionale. Astfel, a fost consacrat
principiul respectrii universale i efective a
drepturilor omului8, respectiv principiul
universalitii
drepturilor
omului.
Universalitatea presupune c tuturor fiinelor
umane le sunt recunoscute aceleai drepturi, fr
nicio discriminare i fr niciun privilegiu,
indiferent de naionalitate sau de locul de
reziden.
i Constituia Romniei stipuleaz n art. 15
c cetenii beneficiaz de drepturile i
libertile consacrate prin Constituie i prin
alte legi i au obligaiile prevzute de acestea.
Universalitatea drepturilor omului include att
sfera drepturilor, ct i titularii acestora. n
cadrul primului aspect ea exprim vocaia
omului pentru toate drepturile i libertile, iar
cu privire la cel de-al doilea aspect,
8

A se vedea Gheorghe Moca, Drept internaional, vol. I,

Bucureti, 1983, p. 30.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

universalitatea exprim ideea potrivit creia toi

cetenii unui stat se pot bucura ntr-o msur
absolut egal, de toate aceste drepturi i
liberti.
Articolul 13 din Declaraia Universal a
Drepturilor Omului prevede c: orice persoan
are dreptul s circule liber i s-i aleag
reedina n interiorul unui stat i orice
persoan are dreptul s prseasc orice ar,
inclusiv pe a sa, i de a reveni n ara sa.
Aceste prevederi nu pot fi disociate i trebuie
interpretate ca expresie a uneia i aceleiai
liberti; de pild, fr dreptul de a prsi o ar,
libertatea de circulaie ar prea inutil. Aceasta
este o reflectare a principiului interdependenei
drepturilor omului, potrivit cruia existena i
exercitarea unor drepturi este n strns
dependen de existena i exercitarea altor
drepturi sau liberti.
Conform art. 22 din Declaraie, dreptul la
securitate social presupune c orice persoan
este ndreptit s obin satisfacerea
drepturilor economice, sociale i culturale
indispensabile pentru demnitatea sa i libera
dezvoltare a personalitii sale, prin efort
naional i cooperare internaional, inndu-se
seama de organizarea i resursele fiecrei ri9.
n esena sa, acest articol presupune existena i
respectarea dreptului la munc i a drepturilor
conexe acestuia, fr de care dreptul la
securitate social nu-i gsete justificarea,
conturnd astfel, principiul indivizibilitii
drepturilor omului.
Aadar, pe temelia Declaraiei Universale a
Drepturilor Omului s-a construit un ntreg
sistem de tratate, la nivel mondial i regional,
precum i infrastructura acestui sistem, format
din instituii i mecanisme, cu o influen
puternic asupra sistemelor naionale, att la
nivel legislativ ct i instituional. De aceea, ne
raportm mereu la Declaraia Universal a
Drepturilor Omului cu contiina faptului c
promovarea i protecia drepturilor i libertilor
fundamentale reprezint un proces n evoluie,
ce trebuie s in pasul cu mersul societii, cu
noile provocri ale istoriei, tiinei i
tehnologiei10.
Totui, astzi, cnd drepturile omului
9

A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Emil Marinache,

Rodica erbnescu (coord.), Principalele instrumente
internaionale privind drepturile omului la care Romnia
este parte, Volumul I Instrumente universale, IRDO,
Bucureti, 2006, p. 15 i urm.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

constituie o preocupare major pentru milioane

de oameni din zeci de state ale lumii,
prevederile Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor
Omului sunt nc, pentru o parte a omenirii,
inaccesibile; dreptul la educaie, dreptul la
sntate, la o existen decent i alte drepturi
reglementate i n alte documente juridice
naionale i internaionale, rmn doar o
aspiraie pentru milioane de oameni. Dei
reprezentanii unor state i organizaii fac caz de
ele, subiecii acestor drepturi nu se pot bucura
cu adevrat i pe deplin, de toate prevederile
Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor Omului.
.Au trecut peste 65 de ani de la adoptarea de
ctre Adunarea General a ONU a Declaraiei
Universale a Drepturilor Omului11 i, aa cum
sublinia Secretarul General al ONU Ban
Ki-moon disponibil acum n mai bine de 360
de limbi, Declaraia este cel mai tradus
document din lume i se constituie ntr-o
dovad a ntinderii i naturii sale universale.
Ea a folosit ca surs de inspiraie pentru
Constituiile multor state care tocmai i
dobndesc independena i pentru multe
democraii noi. Ea a devenit un instrument cu
ajutorul cruia se msoar respectul pentru
lucrurile pe care le tim sau pe care ar trebui s
le tim ca fiind bune sau rele. Declaraia
rmne la fel de relevant astzi precum era i
n ziua n care a fost adoptat12.
Adoptarea
Declaraiei
Universale
a
Drepturilor Omului a reprezentat aadar,
momentul
decisiv
n
procesul
de
internaionalizare a drepturilor omului, iar dup
Declaraie au urmat, dup cum am artat i alte
documente care aveau drept fundament Carta
Naiunilor Unite13.
Aadar, izvort din necesitatea existenei
unui document cu vocaie universal care s
consacre
principiile
drepturilor
omului,
Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului a
avut nevoie de peste dou decenii pentru a
10

A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Drepturile omuluiun sistem... op. cit., p. 99.
11
ara noastr a semnat Declaraia la 14 decembrie 1955,
cnd prin Rezoluia 955 a Adunrii Generale a ONU a
fost admis n rndul statelor membre.
12
A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, De la Declaraia
Universal a Drepturilor Omului la obiectivele
mileniului, Revista Drepturile Omului, nr. 3/2008,
IRDO, p. 3.
13
A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Drepturile
omului-un sistem... op. cit., p. 67.

23

formula cele dou pacte i de aproape 30 de ani

pentru ratificarea lor. Abia n anii '70 ONU a
avut posibilitatea de a cerceta nclcrile
flagrante, grave i constante ale drepturilor
omului, iar cu privire la sancionarea acestor
nclcri, se apreciaz c nu au fost pedepsite
zeci de ani crimele mpotriva umanitii,
genocidurile.
Prevederile Declaraiei au fost preluate i
consacrate juridic prin documente juridice cu
vocaie universal, precum: Pactul internaional
referitor la drepturile economice, sociale i
culturale i Pactul internaional referitor la
drepturile civile i politice adoptate n anul 1966
i cele dou protocoale facultative la Pactul
internaional referitor la drepturile civile i
politice. Primul protocol facultativ a fost semnat
n anul 1966 i a intrat n vigoare n anul 1976 i
mputernicete Comitetul Drepturilor Omului s
primeasc i s examineze cereri venite de la
persoane fizice. Al doilea protocol facultativ se
refer al abolirea pedepsei cu moartea.
Totui apreciem c, dei se depun n
continuare eforturi pentru o ct mai eficient i
egal protecie a drepturilor omului, diferenele
dintre oameni rmn evidente. Un exemplu n
acest sens este dreptul la via care, dei
consacrat n toate documentele juridice de orice
nivel, acest drept nu este nici n prezent protejat
uniform n ntreaga lume, n secolul XXI
existnd numeroase state care nu au abolit
pedeapsa cu moartea.
Tocmai pentru c dreptul la via este un
drept fundamental absolut al omului, o condiie
sine qua non pentru existena celorlalte drepturi,
considerm c acesta ar trebui s fie reglementat
uniform n documentele juridice din toate statele
lumii, iar pedeapsa cu moartea s fie abolit n
toate rile n care mai exist i s fie nlocuit,
pentru faptele pentru care era prevzut, cu
deteniunea pe via. Totodat, apreciem c
Legea talionului era specific unei societi
primitive, n societatea contemporan aceasta nu
trebuie s-i mai gseasc aplicabilitatea. n
acest fel se evit i nedreptile ireparabile care
s-ar putea produce ca urmare a erorilor
judiciare.
Drepturile omului prevzute n alte
documente ale unor instituii ale ONU.
Pornind de la aceste documente, Organizaia
Naiunilor Unite s-a dezvoltat considerabil, iar
24

preocuprile sale continue de dezvoltare a

mecanismelor de garantare, protecie i
promovare a drepturilor omului au determinat
adoptarea a numeroase convenii, protocoale i
alte documente ale Adunrii Generale i ale
instituiilor specializate ale ONU, pe domenii
particulare ale proteciei drepturilor omului14.
Cu caracter exemplificativ, pot fi enumerate:
- Convenia internaional asupra eliminrii
tuturor formelor de discriminare rasial,
adoptat de Organizaia Internaional a Muncii,
la 21 decembrie 196515. Convenia condamn
orice propagand i organizaiile care se inspir
n activitatea lor din idei sau teorii bazate pe
superioritatea unei rase, care justific sau
ncurajeaz n acest fel discriminarea rasial,
cernd statelor pri s adopte msuri pentru
eliminarea i sancionarea actelor de
discriminare. Statele pri se angajeaz s
garanteze dreptul fiecrui om la egalitate n faa
legii, fr deosebire de ras, origine etnic ori
culoare16.
- Convenia asupra eliminrii tuturor
formelor de discriminare fa de femei, adoptat
de Adunarea General a ONU n 1979 i intrat
n vigoare n 1981. Convenia definete
discriminarea fa de femei n articolul 1 din
Partea I, ca fiind orice difereniere, excludere
sau restricie bazat pe sex, care are drept efect
sau scop s compromit ori s anihileze
recunoaterea, beneficiul i exercitarea de ctre
femei, indiferent de starea lor matrimonial, pe
baza egalitii dintre brbat i femeie, a
drepturilor omului i libertilor fundamentale,
n domeniile politic, economic, social, cultural
i civil sau n orice alt domeniu.
- Convenia cu privire la drepturile copilului
adoptat de Adunarea General a ONU n
198917 care cuprinde n coninutul su tot
ansamblul de drepturi civile, culturale, politice,
economice, sociale aparinnd acestuia i
reglementeaz o dezvoltare integral a
potenialului copilului ntr-un climat de
demnitate, libertate i justiie.
14

A se vedea Stelian Scuna, Dreptul internaional al

drepturilor omului, Ed. All Beck, Bucureti, 2003, p. 22.
15
Ratificat de Romnia prin Decretul nr. 345, publicat n
Buletinul Oficial nr. 92 din 28 iulie 1970.
16
A se vedea Nicolae Purd, Nicoleta Diaconu, Protecia
juridic a drepturilor omului, Ed. Universul Juridic,
Bucureti, 2011, p. 79.
17
Romnia a ratificat convenia prin Legea nr. 18/1990,
publicat n M. Of., I, nr. 109/1990.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

- Convenia mpotriva torturii i a altor

pedepse sau tratamente crude, inumane sau
degradante, a fost adoptat de Adunarea
General a ONU la 10 decembrie 1984 i a
intrat n vigoare n 1987. Are ca scop creterea
eficacitii luptei mpotriva torturii i a altor
pedepse sau tratamente crude, inumane sau
degradante n ntreaga lume.
- Convenia OIM privind abolirea muncii
forate, adoptat de OIM, semnat n iunie 1957
de statele membre. Convenia prevede c,
fiecare stat care ratific convenia se oblig s
ia msuri eficiente n vederea abolirii imediate
i complete a muncii forate sau obligatorii.
- Declaraia asupra persoanelor aparinnd
minoritilor naionale sau etnice, religioase
sau lingvistice, adoptat de Adunarea General
a ONU la data de 19 decembrie 1992;
- Convenia asupra imprescriptibilitii
crimelor de rzboi i a crimelor mpotriva
umanitii, din 1968;
- Declaraia cu privire la dreptul i
responsabilitatea indivizilor, grupurilor i
organelor societii de a promova i a apra

DREPTURILE OMULUI

drepturile omului i libertile fundamentale

universal recunoscute, adoptat la 9 decembrie
1998.
Alte instrumente juridice folosite la nivel
internaional pentru promovarea i protecia
drepturilor omului sunt declaraiile, rezoluiile,
pactele, protocoalele. Declaraiile i rezoluiile
sunt considerate puncte de vedere comune ale
statelor cu privire la o anumit problem, ele
determinnd
adoptarea
unor
convenii
internaionale privind promovarea i protecia
drepturilor omului.
Aa cum s-a artat n cadrul Conferinei
pentru Securitate i Cooperare n Europa, toate
aceste instrumente juridice (pacte, convenii,
protocoale) reprezint efectul recunoaterii de
ctre state a importanei pe care promovarea i
protecia drepturilor omului o au la nivel
mondial, iar respectarea acestor drepturi
reprezint un element esenial al instaurrii i
meninerii pcii, justiiei i bunstrii fiecrui
stat n parte, fr de care nu se poate vorbi de o
existen i o cooperare armonioas ntre toi
membrii comunitii internaionale.

25

ASPECTE PRIVIND REGLEMENTAREA STATULUI

FUNCIONARULUI PUBLIC PARLAMENTAR N
STATELE MEMBRE ALE UE
ISTVAN GASPAR*

Abstract:
Parliamentary civil servants hold a special place in the system of public positions. They are subject to a particular
statutory regime, which nevertheless does not place them beyond the law, as they are applied the same principles of
law that govern the public position in general, while enjoying the rights and obeying the obligations applicable to all
public servants.
The author makes a comparative analysis of the status of parliamentary civil servants in EU Member States,
while pointing out the peculiarities as well as the common principles: impartiality, neutrality, and independence of the
administration in relation to political groups, transparency and uniformity of the services.
Keywords: parliamentary civil servant, impartiality, independence, administration, constitution.
Rsum:
Les fonctionnaires parlementaires occupent une place particulire dans le systme de positions publiques. Ils sont
soumis un rgime lgal prcis, qui ne les place pas nanmoins "hors la loi", telles qu'elles sont appliques les mmes
principes de droit qui rgissent la position publique en gnral, tout en apprciant les droits et obissant aux obligations
applicables tous les fonctionnaires publics.
L'auteur fait une analyse comparative de la situation des fonctionnaires parlementaires dans les tats membres de
l'UE, tout en soulignant les particularits ainsi que les principes communs: impartialit, neutralit, indpendance et de
l'administration en ce qui concerne les groupes politiques, la transparence et l'uniformit des services.
Mots-cls: serviteur parlementaire civile, l'impartialit, l'indpendance, l'administration, la constitution.

Necesitatea modernizrii funciei publice,

criteriu important n evaluarea performanelor
rilor membre ale Uniunii Europene, a condus
la ncercarea de a crea i consolida instituii
democratice ntemeiate pe principii ca
eficacitate, onestitate, integritate, dinamism i
aplecare ctre nevoile ceteanului. Elaborarea
unor statute ale funcionarilor publici
parlamentari reprezint o caracteristic a
parlamentelor din statele membre ale Uniunii
Europene. Pe lng resursele materiale i
bneti ale administraiilor publice, n general,
dar i ale administraiei parlamentare, n special,
de o importan major sunt i resursele umane
reprezentate de funcionarii publici1, respectiv
de funcionarii publici parlamentari. n general,
dispoziiile referitoare la statutul funcionarului
public
parlamentar
sunt
cuprinse
n
*

Cercettor IRDO
A se vedea Diana Marilena Popescu Petrovszki, Statutul
Funcionarilor Publici din Romnia i din Uniunea
European: Principii, Drepturi i Obligaii, IRDO,
Bucureti, 2011, p. 8.
1

26

regulamentele camerelor parlamentare, astfel,

regula
n
funcionarea
administraiilor
parlamentare fiind ca birourile acestora s
adopte reglementri specifice aplicabile
personalului su. Cu toate acestea, o tehnic
relativ frecvent este stabilirea la nivel de lege a
statutului funcionarului public parlamentar,
prin care sunt reglementate principiile i
garaniile fundamentale aplicabile acestora.
Statutul particular al funcionarilor publici
parlamentari trebuie urmat de crearea cadrului
necesar garantrii aplicrii acestuia, innd cont
de autonomia administraiei parlamentare i de
natura juridic a normelor care l reglementeaz.
Regulile fundamentale aplicabile funciei
publice sunt stabilite fie n constituii, fie n
reglementri specifice consacrate anumitor
categorii de personal.2
n multe ri, prin constituie sunt stabilite
principii generale de organizare a administraiei
publice aplicabile funcionarilor statului. Astfel,
2

A se vedea Cristian Ionescu , Administraia Parlamentar,

Aparatul administrativ al Parlamentului, p. 29.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Constituia Portugaliei prevede n art.269 c n

exercitarea funciilor lor, personalul autoritilor
publice, precum i alte categorii de personal ale
statului sau ale altor instituii publice servesc
exclusiv interesul public. n art.103, Constituia
Spaniei prevede, ca un principiu general, c
administraia public servete interesul general
cu obiectivitate, i c statutul funcionarilor
publici va fi reglementat prin lege. Art.103 din
Constituia Greciei prevede c funcionarii
publici realizeaz voina statului, servesc
poporul i datoreaz supunere Constituiei i
loialitate patriei. Constituia Germaniei prevede
n art.33 alin.5 c dispoziiile serviciului public
trebuie s fie reglementate potrivit principiilor
tradiionale ale statutului de funcionar public.3
De regul dispoziiile referitoare la statutul
personalului sunt cuprinse n Regulamentele
adoptate de Camere. Dispoziiile de acest fel
constituie regula n funcionarea administraiilor
parlamentare din numeroase ri. Birourile
Adunrilor
Parlamentare
sunt
organele
nsrcinate s adopte normele specifice
aplicabile
personalului.
Funcionarilor
parlamentari li se aplic regimuri juridice
distincte fa de cele aplicabile experilor sau
funcionarilor guvernamentali sau autoritilor
administrative. Diferena dintre cele dou
categorii de reglementri juridice se limiteaz,
ns, la aspecte de detaliu. Se cuvine subliniat c
reglementri importante, cum ar fi ncadrarea pe
baz de concurs, rspunderea, condiii de
pensionare, promovare n funcii, grade, sunt n
bun msur asemntoare. Relaia dintre
colectivitatea care angajeaz i funcionar se
concretizeaz ntr-un raport de drept public,
traducndu-se printr-un angajament sub forma
unei numiri unilaterale i nu prin semnarea unui
contract sinalagmatic. O alt caracteristic a
unui drept special al funciei publice const n
faptul c, de regul, un funcionar este o
persoan numit ntr-o administraie, cu titlu
permanent, adic pana la pensie, cu condiia
unor precizri valabile pentru trei state. Astfel,
n Olanda statutul funcionarilor publici permite
nominalizarea acestora, fie cu titlu permanent,
fie cu titlu temporar, iar n Irlanda i n Marea
Britanie statutul funcionarilor cu titlu temporar,

nu este acelai cu statutul funcionarilor numii

cu titlu permanent. Dreptul german adaug un
element important la definiia funcionarului.
Astfel, prin Statutul funcionarilor publici se
precizeaz c, aceast calitate nu poate fi
acordat
dect
pentru
exercitarea
prerogativelor de putere public sau a
prerogativelor, care pentru raiuni ce in de
necesitatea asigurrii bunei funcionri a
Statului sau a vieii publice, nu pot fi
ncredinate exclusiv unor persoane de drept
privat.4 Din perspectiva integrrii europene,
exist trei modele principale caracterizate printro extrem diversitate n structurile lor ierarhice
i n maniera de organizare i operare, care stau
la baza organizrii administraiei comunitare.
Modelul englez, caracterizat printr-un model
superior (secretarii permaneni) cu un nalt grad
de pregtire, foarte bine retribuii, dar cu o arie
de aciune restrns. Modelul francez,
caracterizat tot printr-un nivel superior i un
grad nalt de pregtire n domeniul
administraiei publice, dar i cu o prezen
politic
remarcabil.
Modelul
german,
caracterizat prin doua nivele, funcionari politici
cu un nalt statut, dar cu stabilitate mic, i
funcionari civili de carier, activnd ntr-o
poziie relativ minor, dar stabil. Modelul
german este dominat de lege, rigiditate i
planificare, modelul francez se remarc prin
rigiditatea
structurilor
i
flexibilitatea
birocraiei, iar modelul englez se caracterizeaz
prin flexibilitatea amndurora.
Garantarea independenei i a carierei
funcionarilor
parlamentari.
Autonomia
funcionarilor parlamentari reprezint un
element esenial care asigur respectarea
principiului autonomiei administrative a fiecrei
adunri parlamentare fa de puterea executiv
i care garanteaz separaia puterilor n stat.5 n
virtutea autonomiei lor organizatorice i
financiare, adunrile legiuitoare i stabilesc ele
nsele necesarul de personal, specializrile pe
care trebuie s le dein acesta, drepturile
salariale i celelalte drepturi ce i se cuvin
acestuia. Independena personalului parlamentar
4

Ibidem, p. 10.
A se vedea Constantin Sava, Administraia
Parlamentar, Editura Axioma Print, Bucureti, 2007 p
87.
5

A se vedea Diana Marilena Popescu Petrovszki, Statutul

Funcionarilor Publici din Romnia ..op. cit., p. 8.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

27

nu nseamn, ns, c acesta va fi scutit de a

dovedi formal, precum i n activitile pe care
le desfoar, c deine un anumit nivel de
competen profesional, c respect un anumit
nivel de integritate moral i c este pe deplin
fidel instituiei n care lucreaz6. De asemenea,
statutul de independen i specificul activitii
parlamentare, nu trebuie s-l reduc pe
funcionarul parlamentar la un robot birocratic.
Ct
privete
recrutarea
personalului
parlamentar, regula de baz este concursul.
Exist puine parlamente n care angajarea
funcionarilor publici parlamentari se face fr
concurs. Lipsa concursului nu nseamn, ns,
c nu exist nici o form de evaluare
profesional a candidailor pentru aceste funcii.
n Bundestagul german, de pild, evaluarea se
face de ctre o comisie constituit din
conductorii unor compartimente de specialitate
(directorul Serviciului de resurse umane, un
reprezentant al salariailor parlamentari .a.), i
const ntr-un interviu cu persoana n cauz. n
cele dou Camere ale Parlamentului Romniei
angajarea directorilor generali se face dup
evaluarea dosarului personal al candidailor de
ctre
membrii
Birourilor
Permanente,
propunerea fiind fcut de Secretarii Generali ai
Camerelor respective. Cu acordul membrilor
Biroului Permanent, Secretarul General numete
n funcie candidaii admii. n privina
procedurii de recrutare, se utilizeaz dou
modaliti, i anume: recrutarea prin concurs i
procedura de numire. Concursul se organizeaz
de servicii specializate ale adunrilor. Un caz
special l constituie Parlamentul britanic, n care
angajarea funcionarilor, adic a specialitilor
care urmeaz s lucreze n departamente cu
profil legislativ, se face prin concurs organizat
de un organism unic, cruia i revine
competena de a recruta personalul necesar
tuturor autoritilor administraiei publice
centrale. Procedura de numire se folosete,
ndeosebi n privina secretarilor generali. n
procedura de angajare prin concurs rolul
principal revine factorilor administrativi din
cadrul Camerelor, cu rare excepii n situaia n
6

n unele parlamente, funcionarii parlamentari

beneficiaz de sporuri salariale pentru pstrarea secretului
profesional, precum i pentru fidelitatea dovedit fa de
parlament - Constantin Sava, Administraia Parlamentar
..op. cit., pp. 87 90.

28

care comisia de concurs are n componena sa i

unul sau doi parlamentari. n privina procedurii
de numire, competena revine factorului politic.
n general, autoritatea nvestit cu puterea de
numire revine Preedintelui Camerei. n Frana,
puterea de numire revine Preedintelui Adunrii
Naionale, respectiv al Senatului, pentru posturi
cu profil legislativ i chestorilor pentru posturi
administrative. n Frana i Marea Britanie a
aprut necesitatea de a asigura funcionarul
mpotriva abuzurilor politice, de a-i garanta o
anumit siguran a muncii. Dezvoltarea ideilor
democratice i a principiului liberului acces la
funcia public au dus la recrutarea
funcionarilor mai degrab dup criteriul
capacitii i n mult mai mic msur dup
criterii politice. Accesul la funcia public
respect peste tot dou principii complementare,
a cror importan variaz pentru fiecare ar, n
funcie de evoluia istoric i de cultura juridic
proprie fiecrei ri: principiul egalitii i
principiul meritului7. Principiul accesului egal la
funcia public i are originea n Europa, n
respingerea privilegiilor, ca urmare a Revoluiei
franceze. Acest principiu se regsete n toate
constituiile scrise ale statelor membre ale
Uniunii Europene, cu excepia Danemarcei i a
Irlandei, ri n care acest principiu este
consacrat n lege.
Toate legislaiile naionale consacr i
principiul recrutrii prin concurs, precum i o
serie de condiii prealabile nscrierii. Aplicarea
principiilor egalitii i meritului conduce la
stabilirea de reguli mai mult sau mai puin
stricte, destinate s garanteze candidaii i
administraia contra arbitrarului sau erorilor de
apreciere ale efului de serviciu.8 n timp ce n
Marea Britanie accesul funcionarilor la puterea
politic este limitat pentru anumite categorii de
ageni, n Germania sau Frana, lucrurile stau cu
totul altfel: spre exemplu, n Germania, la
nivelul Statului i al Landurilor, numirea i
promovarea funcionarilor rmne o prerogativ
a fiecrui ministru, potrivit principiului
autonomiei ministeriale. La nivel local, eful
administraiei, n calitate de funcionar ales,
numete i decide avansrile funcionarilor de
carier. n Danemarca nu exist forme de
7
8

Ibidem.
Ibidem.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

specializare
universitar
n
domeniul
administraiei publice, fiind vorba, de regul, de
absolveni ai unor faculti de drept, dar i de
economiti sau specialiti n tiine sociale,
pregtirea profesional a celor din administraia
public fiind coordonat de organisme
interministeriale. Analiza comparativ a
sistemelor de recrutare pentru diverse funcii
publice dezvluie o serie succesiv de
operaiuni care nu sunt nici efectuate i nici nu
se regrupeaz de aceeai manier, precum:
publicarea posturilor vacante, examinarea
candidaturilor, alegerea dintre candidai a
acelora care par cei mai apropiai de posturile
care urmeaz a fi ocupate, recrutarea i n
sfrit, numirea.
Condiiile de acces la funcia public. n
toate rile Uniunii se ntlnesc condiii de acces
la funcia public, destinate s garanteze
calificarea profesional a viitorilor funcionari i
s limiteze arbitrarul seleciei. n cadrul funciei
publice europene se ntlnesc dou categorii de
condiii: Din perspectiva dreptului comparat, se
face distincie ntre condiiile obiective i
condiiile subiective de acces la funcia public.
Condiiile obiective sunt acele condiii a
cror natur nu trebuie lsat la libera apreciere
a autoritii nsrcinate s verifice dac
candidatul le respect. n ceea ce privete
condiiile subiective, este vorba de condiiile a
cror interpretare las o larg libertate de
apreciere autoritilor care sunt nsrcinate cu
verificarea lor, n funcie de natura funciilor ce
urmeaz s fie ndeplinite i de calitile
particulare ale fiecrui candidat.9 n toate
cazurile ns, exist ncepnd cu condiiile
general valabile pentru ansamblul funciei
publice, condiii speciale pentru anumite
categorii de funcionari. Modalitile de
verificare a ndeplinirii acestor condiii variaz
mult de la o ar la alta, att n ceea ce privete
autoritile cu atribuii n acest domeniu, ct i
n ceea ce privete forma i momentul la care se
realizeaz. n Danemarca, n Germania i n
Olanda, unde recrutarea este realizata n
ntregime de ctre administraie, aceasta este cea
care procedeaz la verificare. n Danemarca,
9

A se vedea Alexandru iclea, Laura Georgescu, Ana

Cioriciu tefnescu, Vlad Barbu, Dreptul public al
muncii, Editura Wolters Kluwer, Bucureti, 2010, p. 482.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

sistemul este mai centrat pe angajaii

contractuali dect pe funcionarii de carier. n
Frana, n Spania, n Italia i n Portugalia,
autoritatea care realizeaz selecia este diferit
de autoritatea care pronun numirea i, cu toate
acestea, cea din urm este cea care verific
ndeplinirea condiiilor. n Irlanda i n Regatul
Unit, acest rol revine Comisiei funciei publice.
Operaiunile de recrutare n Belgia sunt
asigurate de Secretariatul permanent de
recrutare al personalului de Stat. Formele de
verificare a condiiilor obiective sunt mai puin
diversificate, fiind vorba n principiu despre
prezentarea certificatelor de natere, de
finalizare a studiilor sau de diplome etc., iar
aptitudinile psihice sunt verificate prin
prezentarea unui certificat medical. n toate
statele Uniunii Europene, loialitatea fa de
instituii este considerat ca una din principalele
ndatoriri ale funcionarilor, n ciuda
diferenelor semnificative de formulare;
semnificaia sa variaz de la o ar la alta. Sub
aspectul modalitilor de selectare i de
recrutare, toate tarile cunosc un minim de
formaliti care permit delimitarea funciei
publice de sectorul privat, dar acest grad de
formalism este diferit de la un stat la altul,
putnd fi identificate patru modele distincte.
Un prim model conform cruia este necesar
un minim comun de formaliti, ce presupune
obligaia de publicare a posturilor vacante, se
regsete n state precum Olanda i Danemarca.
n Olanda, recrutarea se bazeaz pe principiul
nediscriminrii cu doua particulariti: obligaia
de a recruta 2% persoane cu handicap i
obligaia de a alege o femeie atunci cnd eful
de serviciu trebuie sa aleag ntre doi candidai
de sex opus, dar dispunnd de aceeai
competenta. Recrutarea nu este posibila dect pe
baza unei descrieri a funciei care precizeaz
condiiile de pregtire, de experien i
personalitatea ceruta candidailor. Selecia va fi
precedat de o preselecie pe baza unui dosar;
interviurile cu candidaii, referinele i
informaiile sunt adeseori completate cu teste
psihologice. Un al doilea model este cel german
caracterizat prin selecia n etape i recrutarea
liber. n pofida numeroaselor tentative de
reforma, sistemul de selectare german a
meninut n practica monopolul juritilor la
29

funciile publice de conducere. Pentru a

rspunde nevoilor de specialiti n domenii,
Statul a prevzut posibilitatea de a recruta i ali
candidai pentru anumite funcii determinate,
dar nu pentru a face carier. Modelul britanic se
caracterizeaz prin recrutarea printr-o comisie
independent. Potrivit acestuia, recrutarea
funcionarilor trebuie ncredinat unui mic grup
de personaliti independente, care nu sunt
supuse presiunilor electorilor prin intermediul
deputailor pe care i reprezint. Este vorba de o
comisie (Civil service commission) format din
trei comisari numii de guvern, care au drept
sarcin selecionarea i recrutarea funcionarilor
de care ministerele au nevoie, punnd n
concuren toi candidaii: sistemul concursului
deschis (open competition). Concursul de nivel
superior n sistemul britanic ncearc sa nlture
orice exerciiu academic sau bazat pe memorie
i presupune trei etape: prima const n teste de
calificare, a doua const n lucrri n vederea
admiterii, iar a treia i implic pe toi cei
declarai admii ce vor trece prin faa unui juriu,
care n urma unui interviu de 35 de minute i va
formula o opinie definitiv. Modelul francez se
caracterizeaz prin organizarea de concursuri i
prin existena unor coli de formare profesional
ce rspund preocuprii de profesionalism. Este
vorba de recrutarea cursanilor unei coli
specializate, n care se pregtesc viitorii
funcionari, numii ntr-un anumit corp la
finalizarea pregtirii i dispunnd de
posibilitatea de a-i alege locurile de activitate
n funcie de ordinea rezultatelor obinute la
sfritul colaritii. Concursul presupune: un
numr de locuri precis determinat; un juriu
independent fa de candidai, de puterea
politica i de efii serviciilor care dispun de
posturi vacante; un clasament al candidailor
declarai admii, n ordinea rezultatelor
obinute; obligaia pentru autoritate de a
respecta clasamentul.10
Sistemul de recrutare a funcionarilor prin
concurs se ntlnete n majoritatea statelor
Uniunii Europene, precum: Belgia, Spania,
Frana, Irlanda, Italia, Luxemburg, Portugalia,
Marea Britanie, Romnia etc. Procedeul
concursului este prezentat ca o exigen a
10

A se vedea Alexandru iclea, Competena soluionrii

litigiilor de munc n cazul funcionarilor publici, Revista
Romn de Dreptul Muncii nr.1/2006, p. 20.

30

democraiei i ca o garanie a neutralitii

administraiei publice fa de ceteni. n
Germania exist coli tradiionale de formare
continua pentru administraie, la nivel statal:
Academia federal de administraie public,
Academia federal de finane, Academia de
gestiune a serviciului federal al potelor i
telecomunicaiilor i Academia federal de
administraie i tehnologie militar. Mai recent,
n majoritatea statelor europene au fost puse n
aplicare programe de formare speciale n sfera
de probleme ale Uniunii Europene, la nivel inter
ministerial sau n cadrul fiecrui minister.
Drepturile i obligaiile funcionarilor
publici. Regulamentele interioare ale Camerelor
prevd obligaiile i drepturile funcionarilor
parlamentari. Un prim drept ce reiese din
reglementarea legal a statutului funcionarilor
publici este respectarea dispoziiilor statutare
care le sunt aplicabile acestora. Printre
drepturile cu caracter personal recunoscute
funcionarilor publici parlamentari se numr i
dreptul la ocrotirea sntii i integritii fizice,
precum i dreptul la un tratament corect la locul
de munc, cu respectarea demnitii sale.
Instituia public are obligaia s asigure
funcionarului condiii de munc i igien prin
care s i fie ocrotit sntatea, integritatea
fizic i psihic a acestuia. De asemenea
funcionarilor le este recunoscut dreptul la
salariu, la asociere sindical, la grev, dar i
dreptul de a se organiza n asociaii profesionale
sau n alte asociaii care au ca scop
reprezentarea intereselor proprii, perfecionarea
pregtirii profesionale, precum i protejarea
statutului lor. Aceste drepturi sunt drepturi
fundamentale, considerate ca fcnd parte din
categoria libertilor de opinie, fiind vzute ca
reprezentnd i o garanie profesional.
Conform statutului su, funcionarul public
parlamentar se bucur de stabilitate, de egalitate
de anse i de tratament la numirea i
promovarea n funcie, precum i la accesul la
formele de pregtire profesional. Strns legat
de profesia funcionarului public parlamentar
este i dreptul la cariera, drept reglementat prin
normele juridice care se refer la continuitatea
n funciile pe care acetia le ndeplinesc,
constituind un punct de plecare pentru
DREPTURILE OMULUI

stabilitatea n funcie a acestora.11

Dreptul la carier este cel mai motivant
dintre drepturile sale, fiind i un instrument de
fidelizare fa de administraie i un mijloc de
asigurare a independenei fa de factorul
politic. Cu ajutorul acestuia se realizeaz i
scopul legii, acela de a asigura un serviciu
public stabil, profesionist, eficient i imparial,
fiind i un instrument de realizare a principiilor
statutare i un mijloc managerial de
profesionalizare a corpului funcionarilor prin
specializare i dezvoltare, ceea ce poate conduce
i la costuri mai mici pentru recrutare i
instruire. Este un drept complex care
completeaz noiunea de stabilitate i evoluie
pe scar ierarhic a funcionarului.12
n ceea ce privete obligaiile funcionarului
public parlamentar printre acestea se numr
cele legate de ndeplinirea cu profesionalism,
imparialitate i n conformitate cu prevederile
legale a sarcinilor de serviciu, precum i aceea
de a respecta normele de conduit profesional
prevzute de lege. Ceea ce atrage atenia este
faptul c prin statut funcionarul public
parlamentar are att dreptul ct i obligaia de ai perfeciona pregtirea profesional i de a
urma cursurile de perfecionare organizate n
acest scop. O alt obligaie specific este cea
legat de disponibilitate, obligaie ce deriv din
regimul edinelor i al sesiunilor parlamentare,
care se desfoar pe perioade i durate care nu
sunt ntotdeauna compatibile cu cele ale duratei
zilei, sptmnii de munc sau repausului
sptmnal, prevzute de dispoziiile legale.
Cumulul de funcii sau activiti a fost avut n
vedere la redactarea statutului, mai ales n
considerarea atribuiilor i responsabilitilor pe
care le implic funcia public. Acesta prevede
incompatibilitatea calitii de funcionar public
parlamentar cu orice alt funcie public, n
considerarea competenelor, atribuiilor i
responsabilitilor acestora, cu excepia
funciilor i activitilor didactice din
nvmntul superior, cercetare tiinific i
creaie literar-artistic, precum i cu excepia
11

A se vedea Alexandru iclea, Laura Georgescu, Ana

Cioriciu tefnescu, Vlad Barbu, Dreptul public al
munci... op. cit., p. 482.
12
Legea 7/2006, privind statutul funcionarului public
parlamentar, republicat n M. Of., I, nr. 345 din 2009, cu
modificrile ulterioare.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

funciilor exercitate n domenii de activitate din

sectorul privat, care nu sunt n legtur direct
sau indirect cu atribuiile exercitate ca
funcionar public parlamentar.13 Dei uneori
contestat, acest cumul de funcii trebuie legat i
de preocuparea legiuitorului de a asigura
funcionarului o independen fa de alte
interese publice sau private, dect cele care reies
din exercitarea funciei principale dar i de
interesul general pe care funcionarul trebuie sl manifeste fa de funcia sa, consacrnd
ntreaga sa activitate ndeplinirii atribuiilor ce
deriv din exercitarea acesteia. Cu toate c n
exercitarea atribuiilor ce le revin, funcionarilor
publici parlamentari li se cere s nu favorizeze
vreun partid politic i s nu participe la activiti
politice n timpul programului de lucru, aceste
prevederi sunt exceptate pentru cei care i
desfoar
activitatea
la
Cancelaria
Preedintelui, la cabinetele membrilor Biroului
Permanent, la cabinetele liderilor grupurilor
parlamentare i la grupurile parlamentare.
Aceste reglementri trebuie vzute ca fcnd
parte din specificul activitii funcionarilor
publici parlamentari, de unde i necesitatea
reglementrii distincte a statutului acestora fa
de cel al funcionarilor publici. Funcionarul are
obligaia de a-i ndeplini n mod corect
ndatoririle de serviciu. Aceast regul atrage
consecine diferite, n funcie de serviciul public
care este realizat, dar anumite reguli sunt
comune tuturor serviciilor. Aceste obligaii de ai exercita corect atribuiile de serviciu pot
antrena consecine n afara serviciului. Lipsa de
respect fa de aceste obligaii poate antrena
sanciuni disciplinare.14
n ansamblul lor, drepturile i obligaiile
constituie suportul legal al autoritii i
prestigiul funcionarului public, fiind asigurate
i garantate de stat prin mijloace juridice, de
natur material, civil, administrativ i chiar
penal.15 Drepturile i obligaiile funcionarilor
13

Art. 42 pct. 1, capitolul IV, Dispoziii finale din Legea

nr. 284 din 2010, Legea cadru privind salarizarea unitar
a personalului pltit din fonduri publice, M. Of., I, nr. 877
din 2010.
14
Legea 7/2006, privind statutul funcionarului public
parlamentar, republicat n Monitorul M. Of., I, nr.
345/2009, cu modificrile ulterioare.
15
Legea 7/2004, privind Codul de conduit a
funcionarilor publici, republicat n M. Of., I, nr.
525/2007.

31

publici pot fi mprite n doua categorii:

drepturi i obligaii cu caracter general, care
revin tuturor funcionarilor publici i drepturi i
obligaii speciale, care revin doar unor categorii
de funcionari publici. O alta delimitare se poate
face ntre drepturi i obligaii care privesc
situaia personal a funcionarului (remunerare,
concediu, protecie social), pe deoparte, i
drepturi i ndatoriri specifice funciei publice
deinute indiferent de titular, pe de alt parte. 16
Stabilitatea n funcie este adesea perceput ca o
caracteristic esenial a funciei publice. 17 n
toate rile Uniunii Europene, statutul
funcionarilor prevede dreptul acestora la
ncadrarea ntr-o funcie echivalent i
acordarea unei indemnizaii compensatorii pe
perioada n care acetia au fost privai de slujb,
din motive neimputabile. n ceea ce privete
participarea funcionarilor la viaa politic,
acetia sunt supui, de regul, unei obligaii de
loialitate fa de naiune i de instituiile sale. 18
n Marea Britanie, organizarea i derularea
carierei aparin funciei publice. n centrul
regimului juridic aplicabil funcionarilor se afl
principiul neutralitii, existnd o separare net
ntre funciile administrative, ncredinate
funcionarilor, i cele politice, rezervate
persoanelor aparinnd unui partid. Funcionarii
britanici pot sa aparin unui partid, dar acest
drept trebuie exercitat cu discreie. n Germania,
funcionarii pot participa la activiti politice
care nu sunt contrare "ordinii fundamentale
democratice i liberale i pot candida la
alegeri, fr a demisiona. Dac urmeaz s
exercite un mandat electiv, funcionarii i
regsesc vechea funcie administrativ, dup
expirarea mandatului.19 La rndul su, agentul
public german are dreptul de a aparine unui
16

Legea 161/2003, privind unele msuri pentru asigurarea

transparenei n exercitarea demnitilor publice, a
funciilor publice i n mediul de afaceri, prevenirea i
sancionarea corupiei, publicat n M. Of., I, nr.
279/2003, cu modificrile ulterioare.
17
Legea 7/2006, privind statutul funcionarului public
parlamentar, republicat n M. Of., I, nr. 345/2009, cu
modificrile ulterioare.
18
Legea 161/2003, privind unele msuri pentru asigurarea
transparenei n exercitarea demnitilor publice, a
funciilor publice i n mediul de afaceri, prevenirea i
sancionarea corupiei, publicat n M. Of., I, nr.
279/2003, cu modificrile ulterioare.
19
A se vedea Constantin Sava, Administraia
Parlamentar ...op. cit., pp. 87, 90.

32

partid politic i de a exercita o funcie publica,

supunndu-se obligaiei de rezerv. Aceasta
obligaie de rezerv se regsete n toate rile
Uniunii, distinct de obligaia de loialitate i cea
privind discreia profesional, care impune
funcionarilor o anumit reinere n exprimarea
opiniilor, variabil n funcie de moment i de
responsabilitile specifice funcionarului n
cauz. n Belgia, funcionarii superiori acord
anumitor factori o importan special n ceea ce
privete promovarea, evocnd n acest sens:
apartenena la un cabinet ministerial, existena
unor legturi cu partidele politice, existena unei
diplome universitare, existena unor relaii cu
organismele sindicale. Funcionarii belgieni pot
s adere la un partid politic i s participe la
organismele de conducere.20 Referitor la cariera
funcionarului public parlamentar trebuie
subliniat c exist o diversitate de situaii, n
funcie de tradiiile fiecrei ri. Exist
parlamente n care persoana ncadrat ntr-un
anumit compartiment nu se poate transfera ntro alt direcie. n alte ri, cum este Frana, de
pild,
un
funcionar
parlamentar
are
posibilitatea s se transfere de la un departament
la altul. n parlamentul englez, transferul de la
un compartiment la altul constituie o excepie,
ntruct regula general este desfurarea
activitii n compartimentul sau serviciul n
care s-a fcut iniial ncadrarea. Profesii cum
este cea de stenograf sau de ofer, curier, etc. nu
pun probleme de transfer. n Parlamentul
spaniol posturile vacante pot fi ocupate de
persoane angajate ca funcionari parlamentari,
n funcie de vechimea pe care o au acetia, dac
ocuparea unui astfel de post nu presupune o
promovare.21
Promovarea n funcie se face pe trepte sau
grade ierarhice, sau dup criteriul vechimii ntrun anumit post. Funcionarii parlamentari se
bucur de stabilitate n funcia pe care o dein.
ncetarea funciei poate interveni prin demisie,
transfer ntr-o agenie guvernamental sau
demitere, ori prin revocarea numirii. Funcia
public parlamentar nceteaz, de asemenea,
prin pensionare. Doctrina occidental susine c
exerciiul dreptului la opinie al funcionarilor
publici ar trebui circumstaniat, dup cum
20
21

Ibidem.
Ibidem.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

funcionarul se afla n timpul serviciului sau n

afara orelor de serviciu. n orice caz, important
este c exercitarea acestui drept s nu
influeneze obiectivitatea i imparialitatea
funcionarului public n raport cu publicul i cu
modalitatea de rezolvare a lucrrilor pe care le
efectueaz n exercitarea funciei. n Frana,
funcionarilor le este recunoscut libertatea la
opinie, care este absolut, n sensul c
funcionarii nu pot fi recrutai, apreciai sau
demii n funcie de opiniile lor. Dar libertatea
de opinie nu poate fi confundat cu libertatea de
exprimare a opiniilor. Aceast din urm libertate
este limitat, deoarece formele sale de
exprimare pot avea conotaii politice.
Funcionarii dispun de libertatea de contiin i
de opinie, n aceleai condiii ca i ceilali
ceteni, sub rezerva de a nu aduce atingere
autoritii de stat i superiorilor ierarhici i de a
nu face discriminare ntre utilizatorii serviciilor
publice. n ceea ce privete dreptul la grev n
cazul funcionarilor publici, exist variaii de la
ar la ar. naintea celui de-al doilea rzboi
mondial, principiul cel mai rspndit era
interdicia dreptului la grev n serviciile
publice. n doctrina francez, greva este privit
ca o ncetare a activitii, avnd un caracter
colectiv i concertat i un scop profesional. n
Olanda, dreptul la grev nu este recunoscut, dar
nu este formal interzis dect nalilor funcionari
i personalului cilor ferate. n prezent, greva
rmne interzis funcionarilor publici, n sens
strict, n Danemarca i Germania. n Grecia, n
Spania, n Frana, n Italia i n Luxemburg,
dreptul la grev este recunoscut funcionarilor,
chiar dac anumite corpuri (precum poliitii)
sau funcii, sunt excluse de la exercitarea acestui
drept. n toate statele democratice, se ateapt
de la funcionarul public, pe lng o solid
competen profesional, neutralitate, loialitate,
imparialitate, sim al datoriei i grija fa de
interesul general. Profesionalismul se manifest
pe multiple planuri, i anume, n relaiile de
serviciu, cu colegii din compartiment i din
instituie, fa de superiorii i subordonaii
ierarhici, dar i n exteriorul acesteia, cu
persoanele juridice cu care instituia intr n
contact. Cea mai important ndatorire este
aceea de a servi interesului public, aspect care
presupune o serie ntreag de obligaii ce
DREPTURILE OMULUI

constau n necesitatea de a asigura supunerea

funcionarului n raport cu dispoziiile
constituionale, loialitatea sa n raport cu puterea
politic, supunerea sa fa de superiorii
ierarhici. Obligaia de fidelitate fa de persoana
moral din structura creia face parte este
considerat
obligaia
fundamental
a
funcionarului public german. Aceasta nseamn
c funcionarul public nu poate lsa s treac
interesele unui partid politic sau ale unui grup
determinat naintea celor ale poporului n
ansamblul su, deci naintea intereselor publice.
Un al doilea ansamblu de reguli vizeaz
garantarea independenei funcionarilor, pe de-o
parte, n raport cu presiunile partizane, iar, pe de
alta parte, n raport cu interesele private:
neutralitate, imparialitate, integritate.22 Printre
obligaiile funcionarului public parlamentar se
numr i raporturile acestuia cu publicul, fiind
vorba despre discreia profesional, care trebuie
conciliat cu reguli privind transparena
administrativ, n vigoare n cea mai mare parte
a statelor Uniunii. Exist i unele obligaii cu
caracter
moral:
conduita
decent
(n
Danemarca), sensul eticii i justiiei (n
Portugalia). n Belgia, obligaia de a avea o
"conduit ireproabil a fost nlocuit cu
necesitatea de a adopta o "conduit
corespunztoare exigentelor funciei.23 n
general, n Belgia se acord o semnificaie
deosebit
comportamentului
general
al
funcionarului public, prima lui obligaie fiind
ca, n serviciu sau n viaa privat, s evite
comiterea unor fapte care ar putea afecta
ncrederea publicului, onoarea i demnitatea
funciei. n toate statele, respectarea obligaiilor
de ctre funcionarii publici este asigurat prin
existena sanciunilor disciplinare, cum ar fi:
votul de blam, avertismentul, retrogradarea,
diminuarea
remuneraiei,
revocarea
din
24
funcie. n ceea ce privete rspunderea
funcionarilor publici, statele europene combin
aplicarea, a patru forme de rspundere a
funcionarilor: penal, civil, financiar dar, mai
ales, disciplinar. Peste tot exist un sistem de
22

Alexandru
iclea,
Competena
soluionrii
litigiilor...op. cit., pp. 20, 25.
23
A se vedea Diana Marilena Popescu Petrovszki,
Statutul Funcionarilor Publici din Romnia...op. cit,
p.15.
24
Ibidem.

33

sanciuni disciplinare aplicabile n cazul

abaterilor svrite de funcionari, cea mai grav
fiind eliberarea din funcie. Regimul juridic al
rspunderii disciplinare a funcionarilor publici
se afl ntr-o relaie de determinare, cu
garantarea principiului stabilitii funcionarilor
publici i a dreptului la carier a acestora. O
veritabila garantare a stabilitii funcionarului
presupune crearea cadrului legal, prin
intermediul cruia funcionarul public s fie
aprat, n egal msur, de excesele puterii
politice i de cele exercitate de puterea ierarhic,
de eful ierarhic sau, dup caz, de conductorul
instituiei
publice
respective.25
Dreptul
disciplinar este un drept autonom. Sanciunile
disciplinare sunt independente de sanciunile
penale. Sanciunea disciplinar constituie n
principiu o sanciune administrativ luat de o
autoritate administrativ. n toate statele Uniunii
Europene, sistemul disciplinar presupune
respectarea a dou principii fundamentale:
dreptul la aprare, funcionarul trebuind s fie
informat i, dac dorete, s fie asistat de un
avocat i posibilitatea unui recurs n faa unui
tribunal independent i imparial. Pentru a se
realiza un asemenea obiectiv, regimul
rspunderii disciplinare a funcionarului public
prezint anumite particulariti, care presupun,
n primul rnd, implicarea unui organ colegial n
derularea procedurii de tragere la rspundere a
funcionarului public.
n unele state ale Uniunii, exist prevederi
constituionale ce consacr rspunderea
funcionarilor. De exemplu, potrivit Constituiei
Germaniei, nclcarea obligaiilor rezultate din
raportul de funcie, atrage rspunderea statului
sau autoritilor din care funcionarul face parte.
Aciunea n justiie se nainteaz pentru o fapt
intenionat sau neglijent grav i nu exclude o
aciune n daune-interese. Statutul juridic al
funcionarului este stabilit n mod general i
impersonal prin legi i regulamente. Situaia
juridic a funcionarului poate fi modificat
unilateral, dar funcionarul poate formula recurs
pentru exces de putere mpotriva deciziilor
administraiei
care
ncalc
legile
i
regulamentele privind situaia sa. Dreptul
funciei publice prevede peste tot posibilitatea
25

A se vedea Alexandru iclea, Laura Georgescu, Ana

Cioriciu tefnescu, Vlad Barbu Dreptul public al
muncii...op. cit., pp.482, 485.

34

demiterii din funcie pentru insuficien

profesional. Asemenea eliberri din funcie
pot avea loc n practic, datorit unor
deficiene fizice sau intelectuale, dup cum
arat jurisprudena din rile n care
contenciosul funciei publice este mai
dezvoltat.
Codificarea normelor de comportament
ar constitui un sistem mai simplu i mai
transparent prin care valorile i principiile
etice ca independena, nediscriminarea i
practicile
anticorupie
ar
constitui
fundamentul acestuia. Astfel se dorete
stabilizarea i ntrirea sistemului de valori
prin abordarea ct mai transparent, mai
flexibil, mai orientat ctre interesul public
al regulilor ce statueaz valorile tradiionale
ale loialitii i confidenialitii. O tendin
de remarcat este cea cu privire la necesitatea
i utilitatea unui cod de conduit unificat
pentru funcionarii publici parlamentari ai
adunrilor legislative, la nivel european, cum
este Codul de conduit al funcionarilor
europeni. Acesta a fost elaborat pe baza
principiilor fundamentale enunate n tratatele
Uniunii Europene i cuprinde un set de
standarde etice i comune pentru toi oficialii
i
funcionarii
instituiilor
europene.
Principiile cuprinse n cod se aplic uniform i
sunt respectate n toate contactele cu cetenii.
n Romnia, importante modificri ale
statutului funcionarilor publici au fost aduse
prin Legea 161/2003, privind unele msuri
pentru asigurarea transparenei n exercitarea
demnitilor publice, a funciilor publice i n
mediul de afaceri, prevenirea i sancionarea
corupiei, care a stabilit printre categoriile de
funcii publice ce pot beneficia de statute
speciale i categoria funcionarilor publici care
i desfoar activitatea n cadrul structurilor de
specialitate ale Parlamentului i astfel s-a creat
cadrul pentru apariia Legii 7/2006 privind
statutul funcionarului public parlamentar.
Aceasta a fost menit s asigure promovarea
standardelor
europene
n
domeniul
administraiei parlamentare i s valorifice, n
concordan cu specificul, complexitatea i
intensitatea activitii serviciilor Parlamentului,
principiile care stau la baza reglementrii
generale ale statutului funcionarului public.
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Legea a creat cadrul legal necesar formrii unui

funcionar public parlamentar de carier, neutru
din punct de vedere politic, capabil s-i
ndeplineasc eficient i cu promptitudine
atribuiile care i revin i cu o temeinic
pregtire profesional, toate concentrndu-se pe
realizarea unui serviciu public de calitate i
corespunztor exigenelor parlamentului i
parlamentarilor.
Statutul funcionarilor publici parlamentari a
adaptat specificului activitii serviciilor
Parlamentului, reglementrile care stabilesc
statutul juridic propriu anumitor categorii de
funcionari publici din Romnia i cele
prevzute n dispoziiile legii cadru n domeniu.
Acesta prevede modul de selecionare, de
numire i formare a personalului, de promovare
precum i drepturile, obligaiile i rspunderea
funcionarilor publici parlamentari. Prin ntreaga
sa activitate funcionarul public parlamentar este
obligat s-i ndeplineasc cu profesionalism i
imparialitate atribuiile sale i s se abin de la
svrirea oricror fapte care ar putea aduce
prejudicii Parlamentului. De asemenea, este
reglementat i regimul sancionator aplicabil
funcionarilor publici parlamentari, n cazul n
care acetia ncalc obligaiile de serviciu i ca
urmare atrage rspunderea contravenional,
civil, penal sau disciplinar, dup caz. Totui,
reglementarea incomplet a unei rspunderi
administrative propriu-zise ne poate conduce la
concluzia c acetia nu au o atare rspundere, de
aici deriv i necesitatea modificrii statutului,
n sensul completrii formelor de rspundere a
funcionarului public parlamentar cu cea a
rspunderii administrative.
Specific statutului funcionarilor publici
parlamentari este i prevederea n sarcina
birourilor permanente a posibilitii de a stabili
norme de aplicare n cazuri cum ar fi
organizarea i desfurarea concursurilor pentru
promovarea ntr-o funcie public parlamentar
superioar, a planurilor anuale de formare i
perfecionare a pregtirii profesionale sau a
normelor pentru numirea n funcii publice de
conducere, a criteriilor i metodologiei de
evaluare a activitii profesionale, de stabilire a
concediului de odihn, precum i atribuiile i
competena comisiei de disciplin.
De remarcat sunt eforturile fcute n ultimii
DREPTURILE OMULUI

ani pentru codificarea normelor deontologice ale

funcionarilor publici, norme ce ar fi necesare a
se reglementa i pentru funcionarii publici
parlamentari. Avnd n vedere c relaia dintre
funcionarii parlamentari i Adunare este o
relaie ce se ntemeiaz pe ncredere, n
eventualitatea apariiei unui conflict de interese
ntre acetia, soluionarea acestuia se va face pe
baza unui sistem de norme care au o
fundamentare etic, exprimat printr-un cod de
conduit a funcionarului public parlamentar.
Spre deosebire de codurile disciplinare care
constau n obligaii i interdicii pentru
destinatarii lor, codurile de conduit conin
principii de comportament i recomandri, ele
opereaz la nivelul eticii i probitii i nu doar
al onestitii destinatarilor. Acestea reprezint
un element al evoluiei continue a raportului
ntre autoriti i opinia public, precum i o
evoluie a practicii parlamentare n relaia dintre
funcionarul public i funcia public. Codul de
conduit are ca scop ntrirea ncrederii publice
n imparialitatea, independena i integritatea
personalului care face parte din administraia
parlamentar. Pe de alt parte, ar putea constitui
un argument pentru reasigurarea parlamentarilor
asupra sistemului de valori care crmuiete
comportamentul personalului care lucreaz
pentru ei sau alturi de ei. Codificarea normelor
de comportament ar constitui un sistem mai
simplu i mai transparent prin care valorile i
principiile
etice
ca
independena,
nediscriminarea i practicile anticorupie ar
constitui fundamentul acestuia. Astfel se dorete
stabilizarea i ntrirea sistemului de valori prin
abordarea ct mai transparent, mai flexibil,
mai orientat ctre interesul public al regulilor
ce statueaz valorile tradiionale ale loialitii i
confidenialitii. O tendin de remarcat este
cea cu privire la necesitatea i utilitatea unui cod
de conduit unificat pentru funcionarii publici
parlamentari ai adunrilor legislative, la nivel
european, cum este Codul de conduit al
funcionarilor europeni. Aceste reguli comune
constituie un punct de referin pentru
recomandrile n domeniu, ns nu trebuie s se
limiteze n a fi prea generale i nici prea
restrictive pentru a limita astfel autonomia de
care se bucur fiecare adunare parlamentar n
parte.
35

Concluzii
Ca orice alt instituie public, Parlamentul
are nevoie de o anumit structur administrativ
i de un personal specializat, precum i de
resurse financiare, necesare organizrii i
funcionrii sale ca organism de reprezentare
naional. Constituiile statelor europene
cuprind fie dispoziii cu caracter general, de
principiu, fie prevederi concrete referitoare la
organizarea
administrativ
a
forurilor
legiuitoare. Regula general privind organizarea
i funcionarea adunrilor legislative const n
deplina lor autonomie, care decurge din
principiul separaiei celor trei puteri n stat.
n ceea ce privete funcia public
parlamentar aceasta este incompatibil cu
funcii sau activiti similare n administraia
guvernamental. De regul, se exclude chiar
cumulul unor funcii similare sau diferite n
aparatul administrativ al Camerelor legislative
ale unui parlament bicameral. Nu avem n
vedere exemplul spaniol, unde serviciile de
specialitate ale celor dou Camere sunt comune
i deservesc fr distincie att deputaii, ct i
senatorii. Nu sunt cunoscute cazuri n care
funcionarii parlamentari s fie detaai
temporar n servicii ale administraiei
guvernamentale.
Aceasta
nu
mpiedic
constituirea unor comisii tehnice, de specialiti
provenind din cadrul aparatului parlamentar i
al celui guvernamental, care s pregteasc n

36

comun diverse materiale, inclusiv proiecte de

acte normative. Regulamentele parlamentare nu
interzic o astfel de colaborare.
Stabilitatea nu mpiedic mobilitatea. n
privina statutului funciei publice europene,
mobilitatea, experiena profesional divers,
adaptabilitatea la funcii publice conexe, capt
o importan din ce n ce mai mare. Carierele de
succes n domeniul administraiei publice
depind n msur considerabil de experiena
acumulat n ct mai multe sectoare, ct i de
pregtirea
profesional
interdisciplinar.
Administraiile parlamentare trebuie s fie
deschise mobilitii cadrelor, permind ca
pentru perioade scurte de 6 -12 luni, experi
parlamentari s poat lucra printr-un raport
juridic de detaare ntr-un birou parlamentar,
sau la cabinetul unui ministru, ori n servicii cu
profil apropiat n aparatul guvernamental.
Legislaia romneasc permite detaarea, care
este astfel aplicabil i pentru administraia
parlamentar. ncetarea definitiv a funciei
parlamentare se produce datorit unor cauze
diferite. Acestea pot fi: mplinirea termenului
pentru care s-a fcut angajarea; mplinirea
vrstei de pensionare, ncetarea unilateral din
iniiativa funcionarului parlamentar, aplicarea
sanciunii disciplinare a desfacerii contractului
de munc. n privina pensionrii, vrsta de
pensionare i, n general, regimul pensionrii
pot fi diferite de cele prevzute pentru posturile
din administraia guvernamental.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

MIGRATION AND LAW

ISSUES RELATED TO LEGISLATION ON MIGRATION IN ROMANIA
IRINA MOROIANU ZLTESCU*

Abstract:
Aderarea la UE a dus n ultimii ani la schimbri substaniale n normele de drept care reglementeaz regimul
strinilor n Romnia n calitate de ceteni ai statelor membre ale Uniunii Europene i ai Spaiului Economic European,
precum i n regulile de drept, care guverneaz azilul in Romnia, n scopul de a asigura conformitatea cu legislaia
european i cu alte instrumente juridice internaionale la care statul romn este parte.
Romnia are o politic de imigraie specific n funcie de nevoile identificate la nivel naional, lund n considerare
impactul pe care acest lucru l-ar putea avea asupra altor state membre ale UE; aceast politic are drept scop asigurarea
unui tratament echitabil i integrarea armonioas a strinilor n societatea romneasc.
n ultimii ani, cu toate c Romnia i-a pstrat n mare parte caracterul su de stat de tranzit, ncepe s devin, de
asemenea, tot mai mult i un stat de destinaie. Principalele scopuri pentru care strinii s-au stabilit reedina temporar
n Romnia sunt n mare parte legate de dreptul la rentregirea familiei, educaie, ocuparea forei de munc.
Keywords: azil, solicitani de azil, standarde minime, refugiat, migraie, trafic de fiine umane.
Rsum:
Adhsion l'UE au cours des dernires annes a entran des changements importants dans les rgles de droit des
trangers en Roumanie aussi que dans le rgles pour les citoyens des tats membres de l'Union europenne et du
lEspace conomique europen , ainsi que dans les rgles rgissant l'asile en Roumanie , afin pour assurer la conformit
avec la lgislation de l'UE et d'autres instruments juridiques internationaux auxquels ltat roumain est partie .
La Roumanie a une politique d'immigration spcifique sur la base des besoins identifis au niveau national , en
tenant compte de l' impact que cela pourrait avoir sur les autres tats membres; cette politique vise assurer un
traitement quitable et l'intgration harmonieuse des trangers dans la socit roumaine .
Au cours des dernires annes, bien que la Roumanie a largement conserv son caractre en tant que pays de transit,
devient de plus en plus un tat de destination. Les principales raisons pour lesquelles les trangers ont avait t tablies
sjour temporaire en Roumanie sont principalement lis la runification de la famille, lducation, l'emploi.
Mots-cls: asile, les demandeurs d'asile, des normes minimales, les rfugis , les migrations , la traite des personne.

History has proved that the migration issue is

one of the most dramatic aspects of all times.
Each social arrangement was characterized by
certain phenomena that, by their very nature,
disturbed the social order, slowing down the
linear development and accentuating entropies.
Our era is facing, beside the wars and the wellknown tensions, the phenomenon of migration
of a considerable number of people from one
country to another.*
The social, political and demographic
realities are sometimes more powerful than
conventions, treaties, constitutions and the
legislation of the States. The question that the
Romanian literature does not cease to ask itself
is what would have happened in the absence of
a legislative framework establishing the
migrants' rights. It is generally accepted that,
*

Professor, PhD

DREPTURILE OMULUI

particularly during exceptional situations,

human rights should be defined and
implemented more rigorously and efficiently.1
The issues of refugees, of the migrant labour,
of anyone who, for political, economical or even
religious reasons, seeks refuge on the territory
of another state, are questioning human rights at
the highest level.
The whole world is shaken to see various
images broadcast by the media, which depict
refugees and their situation, sometimes tragic.
As far as Romania is concerned, this country
had to face both the problem of foreign refugees
(including those coming from Somalia and
Albania), that of Romanian refugees who went
abroad seeking a better life. Sometimes we
1

See Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Victor Dan Zltescu

Refugiaii i statutul lor juridic, Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului, Bucureti, 1992.

37

witness one of the greatest tragedies of our era:

a psychological and a social tragedy and, last
but not least, a tragedy that is also juridical.
Romania has had a long tradition in
protecting the refugees' rights, which can be
traced as far back as prior to the Middle Ages.
Its natural continuation is found also in the first
Constitution of Romania of 1866, one of the
most liberal at its times that followed the
Belgian model. The Constitution provided for a
large number of citizens' rights, which gave it a
widely democratic nature. For instance, it
proclaimed that differences of religious faith
and confession should not constitute a barrier
against access to the civil and the political rights
and the exercise thereof. It also proclaimed that
the State should make no discrimination as to
social class and that all citizens were equal
before the law and had the duty to make their
contribution to the public treasury and tasks2.
The Constitution guaranteed, among other
things: individual freedom and inviolability of
the domicile; protection of aliens residing on the
territory of Romania, equal to the protection
provided by the law to autochthonous persons
and property; respect of the principle of the
legality of incrimination and sanctioning
(nullum crimen sine lege; nulla poena sine
lege).3
The impact of history on migration flows.
In ancient times the ancestors of the Romanians
leaved on the territory of Dacia, speaking a
Romance language. They inhabited a territory
that included what later became the entire
Roman province of Dacia, but also regions
outside it: Crisana, Maramures, Moldavia,
eastern Wallachia. All this territory represented
the Dacian State which flourished under its
leaders Burebista and Decebalus until Dacia
was conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan in
106 A.D, who colonized part of its territory.
Being a rich Roman province, Dacia represented
both economic and military strategic interest for
the Roman Empire. As it is known, beside the
north-Danubian Romanians, who are called
Daco-Romanians, in the Balkan Peninsula, more
precisely in Northern Greece, in Albania and in
Macedonia, live several hundreds of thousands
2

See Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Constitutional Law in

Romania, Wolters Kluwer, Bucharest, 2013.
3
See Cristian Ionescu, Tratat de drept constituional
contemporan, All Beck, Bucureti, 2003.

38

of Macedo-Romanians (Aromanians) and

Megleno-Romanians4.
By the middle of the 3rd century A.D. major
migrations of barbarian tribes had begun. In 271
A.D. Emperor Aurelian concluded that Dacia
was overexposed to invasion and withdrew with
his army across the Danube. All soldiers,
imperial officials and merchants departed. But
the peasants remained and withdrew in the
mountains to live a pastoral life often exposed
to the danger of attack by migratory people.
Without Romes protection, Dacia became
exposed to the invading tribes that targeted
richer lands. The Visigoths, Huns, Ostrogoths,
Gepids and Lombards swept over the land from
the 3rd to the 5th centuries and the Avars arrived
in the 6th century.
Turkic tribes of Padzinaks (1091-1171) and
Cumans (to 1241) occupied the regions of
Wallachia and Moldavia as part of the powerful
Cuman Empire ruled from Kiev. But after the
dispersion of the Cuman tribes, the Vlachs
formed the Roman provinces of Wallachia and
Moldavia initially based in the towns of Curtea
de Arges in the Wallachian Carpathians and
Rdui in northern Moldavia. All these
countries became secure, the capitals moved
down from the mountains and the Hungarian
king exerted his rule over them before they
came under Ottoman control.
By its geographic position, Romania is
connected to Central Europe by the Danube
River while in the East it is bordered by the
Black Sea. Its history of hardships and its geopolitical position conferred to the people of
Romania a high level of tolerance for
minorities, and respect for their cultural identity
and religion. History itself modeled the
Romanians positive attitude towards tolerance
and respect of diversity. Throughout its history
Romania has been constantly struggling to keep
its freedom and identity trying to maintain its
own balance between the great powers of the
Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire
and Russia.
In Romanias modern history, the statistics of
migration outflows show mainly periods of
migration of minorities especially after World
War II. In the late 19th and 20th centuries,
Romania was predominantly a country of
4

See Victor Dan Zltescu, Mari sisteme de drept

contemporan, Pro Universitaria, Bucureti, 2012.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

emigration in the wake of territorial changes

during the First and Second World Wars when it
experienced the transfers of its minorities.
200.000 Hungarians left Transylvania between
1918-1922, while part of the Jewish population
was deported during the Second World War.
Approximately 70.000 ethnic Germans were
deported by the communist authorities to the
Soviet Union following the Second World War5.
Thus, during the past century Romania was
mainly a country of emigration rather than
immigration. Until early 1990, migration in
Romania was mostly linked to ethnic minorities
which were the first to emigrate, especially after
the establishment of the communist rule:
Germans, Jews, Armenians, Hungarians,
Greeks, etc. These minorities were not simply
refugees: they moved to countries where they
had historical, ethnical and cultural ties (e.g.
Germany, Hungary, Israel, Greece, US in the
case of Armenians). They migrated during
communism in hope for a safer and better life in
the countries of their ancestors. The inflective
totalitarian system also caused many Romanians
to emigrate during and also short after the fall of
the Communist regime in Romania. As a result
of wars, immigration and territorial conflict,
there were communities of Hungarians and
Saxons in Transylvania, Jews in all the regions
of Romania, Armenians and Greeks in Moldova
and Wallachia, Slovaks, Czechs and Ruthenians
in Western Transylvania, Turks and Tartars in
Dobrogea. The gypsy/Roma minority was also
scattered in all these regions.
After World War II the Romanian state
succeeded in retaining Transylvania and all
territories in the west of the country, while the
north of Bucovina was incorporated in Ukraine
and Bessarabia became the Soviet Republic of
Moldova known today as the Republic of
Moldova, its population sharing the same
Romanian origins, the same language, tradition
and culture as those of the Romanian people.
Between 1950 and 1989 approximately
240,000 Romanian citizens settled in Germany;
even if Saxons and Schwabs represented only
1.6% of the population according to the 1977
census, they constituted 44% of the emigrant
population between 1975 and 1989. Ethnic
5

See Andreea Ripeanu, Istoria statului si dreptului

romnesc, Curs universitar, Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
2009.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Hungarians were in a slightly different situation,

considering that their home country was also
communist. However, beginning in 1985,
Hungarians and Szeklers emigrated in
increasing numbers across the border. In this
case the vast majority of those leaving Romania
used mainly illegal (at that time) strategies such
as crossing the green forest border with no
papers and living in Hungary with no residence
permit, etc.
Since Romania is part of the European
Union, the movement of the workflow to the
West European destinations has increased
because of the unrestricted access to many
labour markets. Nevertheless, Romania suffered
since the beginning, especially middle of the
1990s, an alarming emigration of highly
qualified specialists. The most usual trajectory
has been for study scholarships offered to the
top ranking Romanian students by universities
in the USA, UK, Ireland, France and Germany,
followed by secure and well-paid employment
possibilities on these host countries markets.
Large salaries and a by far more prestigious
social status constantly encourage Romanian
intelligence emigration. The most notable areas
of emigration study and employment in this
sector are Sciences and Human Rights:
Computer Sciences, Political Studies, and
International Law.
The emigration outflow has started
immediately after the fall of the Iron Curtain in
the very early 1990s and mostly stopped at the
end of the same decade, while the students'
outpour is still an issue. Thus, the Romanian
academia and society lost its very best and
skilled specialists in all fields at the very start of
its troublesome transition. This may be
considered an important bottleneck for the
countrys progress during the transition period.
Romania expects an increase in the number of
immigrants in the coming years, especially after
it joins the Schengen Convention. Nevertheless,
a fact that the authorities must cope with is this
attractiveness will be the same for both legal
and illegal immigrants.
The Romanian migration changed from a
circulatory flow, in the 1990s, to a cyclical and
not permanent phenomenon. Migrants from
Romania move, most of the time, to compensate
for the economic crisis. The biggest migrant
communities of Romanians, from Italy and
39

Spain, are usually made up of workers with

previous experience not only of external
migration, but also internal migration, generated
by the two internal domestic migration flows:
one from the late 1980s, when the communist
regime moved hundreds of thousands of people
from the countryside to the outskirts of the big
cities, and the second flow, when the closedown
of many industrial sites created an inverse flow,
from the urban to the rural areas, especially in
the North-East of Romania.
Nevertheless, no uncontrolled migration from
Romania took place after 2007, in spite of the
increase with 150% of the residence permits for
Romanians in countries like Italy. The migration
flows from Romania indicate a pattern of
integration in Europe by a circular professional
migration able to generate a type of horizontal
cultural exchange and a new concept of
European citizenship. As far as immigration to
Romania is concerned most of the foreigners
with a legal status come overwhelmingly from
Moldova and they usually settle in the capital,
Bucharest.
The existing legal framework. Romania has
a specific immigration policy based on needs
identified at national level while taking into
account the impact this may have on other EU
Member States; this policy aims to ensure fair
treatment and harmonious integration of
foreigners in the Romanian society. Romania is
a route of migration (legal and illegal) for
people from the states of Eastern Europe, from
Middle East countries, from South East Asia or
from Africa. Although in some Member States
there were trends of migration from countries in
Central America and South America, such cases
have not yet been reported in Romania.
In recent years, although Romania has kept
largely its character of a State of transit, it has
started to become a state of destination as well.
Thus, at the end of 2009, in Romania there were
59,062 legal foreign residents from third
countries, with 4% more than at the end of 2008
and with 76.2% more than in 2005. Of the
59,062 registered foreigners residing legally in
late 2009, 49,406 had a right of temporary
residence (84%) and 9656 (16%) a right of
permanent residence, according to the goals set
by law.
The main purposes for which foreigners have
40

established temporary residence in Romania are

mostly linked to the right to family reunification
(family reunification, family members of
Romanian citizens, from the EU or European
Economic
Area),
education
(students),
employment.
Another category of migrants is that of
asylum seekers and those who have obtained a
form of protection in Romania. Thus, in 2009
free access to the asylum procedure was
provided to a number of 835 foreigners and this
trend has maintained a high level while there
was no return recorded. This trend is directly
influenced by the economic situation of
Romania and the implementation of European
rules which provide that the State in which the
asylum seeker enters or seeks protection for the
first time is responsible for processing the
application.6
Current legislation regulating the regime of
foreigners in Romania, that of citizens of EU
Member States and of the European Economic
Area and the rules of law governing asylum in
Romania are mainly conferred by Ordinance
No. 194/2002 on the regime of foreigners in
Romania,
republished, with subsequent
amendments
of
Government
Urgency
Ordinance No. 102/2005 on the free movement
of citizens of member states of the European
Union and of the European Economic Area, as
amended by Law no. 260/2005, with subsequent
amendments by Law no. 122/2006 on asylum in
Romania, with subsequent amendments of
Government Urgency Ordinance No. 56/2007
on employment of foreigners in Romania,
approved with amendments by Law no.
134/2008.
EU membership has led in recent years to
substantial changes in the rules of law
governing the regime of foreigners in Romania
as citizens of the Member States of the
European Union and of the European Economic
Area, as well as the rules of law governing
asylum in Romania, in order to ensure
compliance with European legislation and with
other international legal instruments to which
the Romanian State is a party.
This process of regulatory harmonization is
in progress to identify viable solutions for
6

See Gheorghe Iancu, Proceduri constitutionale. Drept

procesual constitutional, Universitaria, Bucureti, 2010,
p. 124.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

transposing and harmonizing the national law

with the EU law on the acquis in the field.
However, by amending national legislation
within the areas mentioned above, the
legislators seek permanent elimination of
failures occurring in the implementation of the
legislative framework regarding the regime of
foreigners on the territory of Romania.7
Also Romania applies the provisions of
Regulation CE No. 343/2003 on establishing the
criteria and mechanisms for determining the
member state responsible with the examination
of an asylum application presented in one of the
member states by an applicant of a third country
as well as the Regulation CE No. 2725 of 11
December 2000 regarding the establishment of
the EURODAC system to compare digital
fingerprints with the aim to efficiently
implement the Dublin convention.
The Urgency Ordinance Government
Urgency Ordinance No. 102/2005 on the free
circulation of the member states citizens and of
those pertaining to the European economic
space on the territory of Romania also
transposes EU directives.
The Government Ordinance No. 44/2004 on
the social integration of foreigners who acquired
a form of protection of the right to stay in
Romania was approved with modification
through Law No. 185/2004 and facilitates the
social integration of foreigners who benefit of a
form of social protection in Romania.
Moreover, Romania has been associated as
an observer in all forms of cooperation in the
Tampere and Hague programs, even before its
EU accession date. As a full EU member state,
Romania effectively implements the measures
set out in the two programs. By adopting the
legislation on asylum, it has created a legal
framework which is fully harmonized with EU
legislation documents in this field.
It should be highlighted that the legislation
on asylum in our country has been successively
amended since 1996, to be in line with
European legislation which itself has undergone
many changes so far.
The national law mainly transposes the
following Directives of the European Council:
7

See Adrian Bulgaru, Standarde i msuri la nivel

naional i european privind protecia internaional n
materia azilului, Bucureti, Pro Universitaria, 2013, p. 25.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

The Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July

2001 on Minimum Standards for Giving
Temporary Protection in the Event of a Mass
Influx of Displaced Persons and on Measures
Promoting a Balance of Efforts Between
Member States in Receiving Such Persons and
Bearing the Consequences. Published in the
Official Journal of the European Union No
L212 of 7 August 2001; The Councils
Directive 2003/9/EC of 27 January 2003 laying
out minimal standards for the asylum seekers in
the member states, published in the Official
Journal of the European Union No. L31 of 6
February 2003; The Councils Directive
2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum
standards for the qualification and status of third
country nationals or stateless persons as
refugees or as persons who otherwise need
international protection and the content of the
protection granted published in the Official
Journal of the European Union No, L304 of 30
September 2004; Directive 2005/85/CE of 1
December 2005 on minimum standards on
procedures in Member States for granting and
withdrawing refugee status published in the
Official Journal of the European Union L326 of
13 December 2005.
The management of the migration
phenomenon is based on the participation of all
national institutions with competence in this
area, through participatory management and
institutional cooperation while the national
coordinating role is played by the Ministry of
Interior through its General Inspectorate of
Immigration.
From the date of the full implementation by
Romania of the provisions of the Schengen
acquis, the categories of visas issued are of two
kinds: uniform visa (valid for the Schengen
area) and national visas (valid in Romania).
Since the uniform visa holder has the right to
travel freely within the territory of all Schengen
States during the period of validity, we can say
that during the next phase of full
implementation of the provisions of the
Schengen acquis by Romania, the foreigners
who want to reach other Schengen member
states will try to take advantage and the number
of applications for this type of visa will increase
unduly. Also, taking into account the provisions
of the Schengen acquis concerning the
possibility that holders of a residence permit
41

issued by one of the Schengen States can move

freely on the territory of other Schengen states
under this permit and with a valid travel
document, for up to three months within 6
months, it is most likely that the number of
applications for the issuance of national visas
will be increasing.
In Romania the General Inspectorate for
Immigration is the competent coordinating
authority in matters of migration and residence
and is working with all other national
institutions competent in the field.
The General Inspectorate for Immigration
exercises the powers given to it by law for
implementing Romania 's migration, asylum,
integration of foreigners and relevant legislation
in these areas. The activity of the General
Inspectorate for Immigration (GII) is a public
service and is conducted in the interest of the
community and in support of state institutions,
and based solely on law enforcement. GII is an
institution for managing issues of migration,
asylum and social integration of foreigners in
Romania.
In terms of organizational structure, the
Inspectorate has structures at central and
regional levels: the central level is composed
directions, services, and other functional
structures at the local level and in regional
centers and procedures accommodation for
asylum seekers, detention centers for foreigners
in detention and county structures.
In parallel with the existent legislation, the
Government of Romania adopts once in four
years a National Strategy on Immigration. The
old strategy adopted by Government Ordinance
No. 122/2007 for the period 2007-2010, has set
as main objectives: controlled immigration,
asylum and social integration of foreigners,
preventing and combating illegal migration also
establishing the institutional framework, the
annual plans of action and the necessary
resources for achieving these objectives.
The National Strategy on Immigration for
2011-2014 focuses more on the common
interests and on the cooperation between the EU
member states in order to manage migration,
especially in the event of Romanias entry into
the Schengen space, for securing borders and
for informing foreigners before reaching the
country
through
Romanias
diplomatic
missions. The Strategy also focuses on
42

providing employment for foreigners who

graduate a university in Romania, on
institutional cooperation and on training the
personnel of public institutions in view of
working with foreigners and assisting them in
their requests and needs. The Strategy
represents the vision of the Romanian state with
regard to managing migration. There is an effort
to harmonize European legislation with national
legislation.
The Romanian Office for Immigration which
functions under the Ministry of Administration
and Interior represent the central authority
responsible for the implementation of the
refugee policies. After interviewing the person
who applied for asylum, a representative of the
Romanian Office for Immigration adopts a
decision which can than be contested by
recourse and is the competence of the Court
which analyzes the case in all its aspects.
Starting from the necessity to implement the
EU regulations and to transpose them into the
national legislation, the Law No. 122/2006 in
Article 2 establishes the definition of terms such
as: forms of protection, asylum seeker,
subsidiary protection, temporary protection,
displaced persons, massive influx of
immigrants, transit zone etc.
The national legislation took into account the
European legislation also in the context of
simplification of the procedures for solving the
requests for humanitarian protection.
An effective public policy mechanism is also
the recent 2012-2013 National Strategy in the
Field of Prevention, Assistance of Victims and
Combating the Trafficking in Human Beings.
The Strategy aims at enhancing the dynamism
and efficiency of state institutions and the
involvement of International Organizations for
combating this phenomenon and for raising
awareness of the public opinion with regard to
the issue of trafficking in human beings. Also to
be noted is that the Strategy transposes the
Directive 2011/36/EU of the European
Parliament and of the EU Council of 5 April
2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in
human beings and protecting its victims.
Asylum Procedure. A person is considered
as being an asylum applicant after expressing
orally or in writing in front of the competent
authorities his or her wish to request the
DREPTURILE OMULUI

protection of the Romanian state8. The Law No,

122/2006 on asylum ensures the protection of
human rights on asylum reflecting Romanias
fulfillment of it obligations as an EU member
state. This Law also represents the instrumental
normative act for combating trafficking in
human beings and abuse in asylum procedure.
Romanian legislation on asylum has been
successively amended starting in 1996 in order
to be in accordance with the EU legislation
provisions which also, in their turn, underwent
numerous modifications up to now. The new
law on asylum in Romania aims to ensure,
through the definition of terms commonly used
in the field of asylum and related terminology in
this area, compliance with the terms used in
Europe, both in order to avoid confusion as well
as different interpretations. A series of terms are
clearly defined: protection, asylum seeker claim
for form of protection for asylum, foreigner,
country of origin, the asylum, refugee status,
subsidiary protection (which replaces the term
humanitarian protection), temporary protection,
family members, unaccompanied minors,
displaced persons, massive flow.9
The law contains also expressly applicable
procedural principles and guarantees for asylum
such as access to the asylum procedures for any
foreign citizen or stateless person requesting
protection of the Romanian state, nondiscrimination on grounds of race, nationality,
ethnicity, language, religion, social status, faith,
sex, sexual orientation, age, disability, chronic
disease, belonging to a disadvantaged category,
property, birth or acquired status and others,
non-refoulement which states that against the
asylum seeker can not be taken measures of
expulsion, extradition or forced return to the
8

The National Strategy on Immigration 2011-2014 states

that in recent years although Romania remains a transit
country, it has also become more and more a country of
destination. Thus, at the end of 2009, on the territory of
Romania there were 59.062 foreigners from third
countries illegally staying in the country, which represents
4% more than at the end of 2008 and 76.2% more than in
2005. Out of 59.062 foreigners there were 49,406 who
had the right to temporary stay (84%) and 9,656 (16%)
who had the right to permanent stay for purposes
established and approved according to legislation. Also
see reports regarding Romanian legislation on migration
conducted by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights
with the contribution of the following researchers: Marius
Mocanu, Adrian Bulgaru, Daniela Albu, Petru Emanuel
Zlatescu, Gabriela Varia.
9
See Louis Ulrich, tefan Stanciugelu, Iris Alexe
(coord.), Gestionarea Benefic a Imigraiei n Romnia,
Fundaia Soros Romania, Bucureti 2010.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

border or on the territory of Romania, the

principle of family unity, the confidentiality of
data and information on the asylum application,
the best interests of the child, guaranteed for
unaccompanied minors, the presumption of
good faith. The Law No. 122/2006 defines the
statute of refugee as the form of protection
recognized by the Romanian State which is
granted to the foreign citizen or to the stateless
person who meets the conditions provided by
the Geneva UN Convention on the status of
refugees of 28 July 1951, to which Romania
adhered by Law 46/1991 and also the conditions
provided by the Protocol on the status of
refugees.
The asylum procedure is finalized within 7
days from the moment of communicating the
decision to close the file and from the date of
the communication of the decision by the
General Inspectorate for Immigration by which
the status of refugee was granted or according to
each specific case within 7 days after the
recourse or after the pronunciation of the Court.
In case of accelerated procedure or border
procedure the asylum procedure is completed
immediately. The ordinary procedure for asylum
applications in Romania is structured in two
phases: administrative and judicial. In the
administrative phase the asylum applications are
individually examined by the administrative
authorities on the bases of the interview with the
asylum applicant, of his or her documents in the
personal file an on the basis of information from
the country of origin. In the judicial phase the
asylum applicants whose applications were
rejected can resort to 2 ways of recourse and
their situation is going to be analyzed by the
Court.
The forms of protection that can be granted
to foreign citizens on the territory of Romania
are: The refugee status; Subsidiary protection
(which was previously defined as conditioned
humanitarian protection).Under this type of
protection the vulnerable categories are taken
into account.
The refugee status10 and the subsidiary
10

The temporary protection is a form of protection that is

granted collectively in exceptional situations and for a
strictly determined period of time. Principles and
procedural guarantees: access to the asylum procedure;
non-refoulement; nondiscrimination; the unity of the
family; the supreme interest of the child; confidentiality;
the presumption of good faith; removing of criminal
liability for entering or illegally being in the country.

43

protection are granted following an individual

analysis of the case of each asylum applicant if
the conditions envisaged by the asylum law are
fulfilled. According to Law no. 122/2006 the
refugee status can be granted upon request
following a well grounded fear of the person
that he or she might be persecuted in the country
of origin on reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a certain social or
political group, he is out of his or her country of
origin and because of the fear of being
persecuted, the person does not want the
protection of the country of origin.
The subsidiary protection can be granted to a
foreigner who does not meet the conditions for
granting of refugee status but who has serious
reasons to believe that if repatriated to the
country of origin, he or she risks a violation of
rights which might consist in: sentience to
death; torture, inhuman or degrading treatments.
A serious individual death menace of a menace
to the integrity of ones persons on reasons of
generalized violence in situations of internal or
international armed conflict in case the
applicant is part of the civilian population of the
country of origin
The main rights of those benefiting of
refugee status or of subsidiary protection are: to remain on the territory of Romania and to
benefit of the corresponding necessary
documents in order to prove his or her identity
when crossing the border; to choose the place of
residence and to circulate freely; to be employ,
free to exercise liberal professions and to be
engaged in economic activities under the same
conditions as those for Romanian citizens; to be
able to transfer personal assets to Romania; the
most favorable treatment provided by law for
the foreign citizens when acquiring properties
and real estate properties; protection of
intellectual property; social and health insurance
equal to those of Romanian citizens; access to
all forms of education; equal treatment in
exercising religious practices or beliefs;
protection of personal data; the right to
association with political purposes and to adhere
to professional syndicates; free access to legal
courts; upon request to receive a loan for a
period of maximum 6 month with possibility of
extension for maximum 3 months if there are no
other sources of revenue from objective reasons;
to have a legal address in Romania; to receive
upon request any necessary assistance for
44

repatriation.
Vulnerable categories. Asylum-seekers are
one of the most vulnerable groups of people in
the world. But among them are people facing
even further risks and problems. This includes
children who are orphaned or separated from
their
parents,
people
suffering
from
psychological problems, mothers and fathers
raising children alone, victims of human
trafficking and survivors of sexual and genderbased violence. Typically, these people cannot
advocate on their own behalf and national
asylum systems are rarely able to identify them
and ensure they receive the tailored social and
psychological assistance they need. The fact that
they are not identified and helped can, in turn,
hinder a proper consideration of their asylum
claims as they cannot provide all the required
information in a clear way during the refugee
status determination procedure owing to their
special situation11. In Romania the asylum
procedure for minor children who are not
accompanied is a special procedure. Also a
special procedure is applied to persons from
other vulnerable categories. The minor children
who are not accompanied and other persons
from vulnerable categories become asylum
applicants from the moment they expressed
either verbally or in writing this request to the
competent authorities. The applications for
asylum from unaccompanied minors and
persons from vulnerable categories are
examined and solved with priority. These
persons do not have a penal responsibility for
illegally enter or stay on the territory of
Romania12.
Right to Family Life. The Law 122/2006 on
asylum emphasizes the importance of respecting
family unity, sets the priority of the interests of
the child and provides safeguards for
unaccompanied minors seeking for protection.
11

According to the data from the National Bureau of

Statistics at 1 of January 2011 there were 71 refugees and
84 asylum applicants benefiting of humanitarian
protection in Romania.
12
To be noted is that UNHCR in Central Europe has
launched the Response to Vulnerability in Asylum
(RVA) project in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia and the United Kingdom to improve the system
of identifying vulnerable asylum-seekers and providing
tailored legal, social, psychological and medical help. The
project is co-financed by the European Union.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

This law is an example of harmonization of the

national legislation with the text of the 1951 UN
Convention.
An unaccompanied minor asylum seeker will
be considered - whether he or she expressed this
option - and the process of granting asylum will
be suspended until the appointment of a legal
representative. The law provides that the
authority for child protection initiates the
appointment of a legal representative for the
minor. According to Article 72 paragraph 2 of
Law 122/2006 Romanian authorities have the
obligation to support family reunification for
unaccompanied minors. Paragraph 3 of the same
article points out that in case of finding of the
minor's family, a reasoned decision to reunite
the family will be issued. The minor applicant
will be interviewed only in the presence of his
or her legal representatives. Children with
special needs applicants will be interviewed by
experts and specialists officers. The deadline for
settling asylum application is 30 days. But this
period is suspended until the appointment of the
legal representative for the applicant
unaccompanied minor. Article 7 of Law
122/2006 guarantees the principle of family
unity for the spouse, unmarried minor children,
for the dependent applicant, whether the minor
is originating in marriage or outside the
marriage, or in case the minor was adopted
according to the national legislation in the
country of origin.
To regulate the family unification procedure
for beneficiaries of a form of protection in case
of family members that are outside Romania, it
was abrogated the Ministry of Interior Order No
213 of February 2002 that was establishing a
common procedure for the settlement of claims
for refugee status for family members of the
person who has been granted refugee status in
Romania. The Romanian government is
granting refugee status to the spouse of the
applicant if the marriage was contracted before
entering the territory in which protection is
granted13.
13

According to the latest statistics provided by the

UNHCR office in Romania around 2511 people sought
asylum in Romania in 2012. 43 of these were
unaccompanied minors, or children separated from their
families. In 2012, 161 men, women and children were
recognized as refugees and a total of 117 people were
given a complementary type of protection. The most
common countries of origin for immigrants in Romania

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Family reunification. Beneficiaries of

protection (refugee status or subsidiary
protection) may apply for asylum in the names
of family members (spouse or, where
appropriate, the wife and minor children) in the
home country or a third country. This is the only
exception provided by the law when there is no
obligation that the spouse or the minors should
personally submit the request for asylum.
According to the asylum law the family
members of a beneficiary of refugee or
subsidiary protection are the following: (i) the
spouse or, where appropriate, the wife of the
beneficiary of refugee or subsidiary protection;
(ii) the minor children of the beneficiary of
refugee or subsidiary protection dependents,
provided they are unmarried, whether in or
outside the marriage or adopted by national
legislation of the country of origin.
In case the conditions for family
reunification are met, if the decision making
officer endorses that the proof of kinship was
made, the Foreign Ministry will request the
issue of a visa and travel for those mentioned
above as family members of the beneficiary of
refugee status. If the conditions are not met for
family reunification the officer who issued a
rejecting decision will communicate it to the
beneficiary of a form of protection. The
foreigner may exercise two appeals against this
decision of rejection, on the same terms
provided by law for the ordinary procedure.
Student and Researcher Status. Thousands
of young people from Bermudas, Guinea,
Nepal, Oman, Zambia, but also from England
France, Germany and Sweden choose to learn in
Romanian Universities, most of them opting for
medical school or economics. Their number is
almost constant every year, respectively over
10.000 young people who apply to study in a
Romanian University14.
are: Republic of Moldova, Algeria, Morocco, Pakistan,
Syria and Afghanistan.
14
The numbers of young people who opted to study in
Romania : Tunisia, 1.164 Israel - 1.002, France - 967,
Italy - 950, Greece - 858, Germany - 488, Sweden - 440,
Morocco - 431, Turkey - 369 the Serbian Republic 361.
The most preferred Universities are the University of
Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, UMF
Iuliu Haieganu Cluj-Napoca, UMF Timioara, the
Bucharest School of Polytechnics, the Bucharest
Academy of Economic Sciences and the Babe-Bolyai
University in Cluj-Napoca.

45

The Government Urgency Ordinance 194 of

12 December 2002, Article 24, point c)
mentions that a long stay visa is granted to
students and researchers who are foreign
citizens. Regarding the stay in Romania of
foreigners who came for study, there is a
Cooperation Protocol between the Ministry of
Education, Research and Youth the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of
Administration and Interior providing that these
ministries through their specialized institutions
organize annual meetings in Universities to
inform on the regime of foreign students in
Romania15.
Some categories of young people from non
EU countries who wish to study in Romania are
tax exempted for the stay permit due to the
special attention given by the Romanian Office
for Immigration to those foreigners who do not
have the appropriate means to cover the cost of
the stay permit.
The support offered to these young people is
in accordance with the dispositions of the
Ministry of Administration and Interior
contained in the Protocol signed on 7 September
2012 between the Romanian office for
Immigrants and the National Monetary Printing
Office.
Foreign citizens with permanent residence in
Romania also benefit of this advantage. The
Protocol also addresses to stateless persons of
Romanian origins who were repatriated as a
consequence of an international agreement and
who do not have the means to cover the fee for
the stay permit. Also refugees or people that
benefit of subsidiary protection are exempted
from the tax for the stay permit accordance with
inter ministerial, inter governmental or
international agreements to which Romania is
part.16
According to Article 5 of the protocol these
benefits are granted only once a year and not for
those who have lost a school year otherwise
than for medical reasons,
15

According to the information from the General

Inspectorate for Immigration during the school year 20112012 there were issued 1492 permits of stay for studies to
foreign citizens from third countries and 270 certificates
for studies for citizens of EU and EU Economic Area.
The main countries of origin of the applicants are Tunisia,
the Republic of Moldova, Morocco and Israel. Also until
30. 06. 2012 in Bucharest there were already 2404 stay
permits for studies.

46

It is worth mentioning that the Romanian

Office for Immigration offered the same
benefits before the signing of this Protocol
through an Agreement with the Autonomous
Department for the Administration of the State
Protocol Patrimony RAAPPS. The stay permit
for foreigners is granted also on the basis of
international documents to which Romania is
part.
Diplomatic staff. In Romania, members of
the diplomatic staff, of consulates or of the
technical-administrative staff of an embassy on
the territory of Romania together with their
family members have a special regime and so
have the representatives of the international
organizations. The main regulations which are
applied are contained in the Vienna Convention
of 24 April 1963 and the Convention of 14
March 1975 on representation of states in their
relations with the international organizations
universally acknowledged. Also the juridical
regime of the diplomatic and consular staff is
regulated through statues and protocols as well
as through bilateral agreements between states.
The right to free circulation on the territory of
the state of residence is recognized by the
majority of the worlds states. The Ministry of
Foreign Affairs officially communicates to all
diplomatic missions which are the areas of
conflict where the access of diplomatic staff is
either forbidden, restricted or not recommended.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs also
communicates the procedures for obtaining
travel authorization for these countries.
In Romania, like in most countries, the
entrance, stay and departure of the diplomatic
and consular staff are regulated by special laws
on the status of foreigners as well as by circular
notes issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and addressed to the respective diplomatic
missions. The principle of reciprocity is the
basis for all these regulations17. The principle of
reciprocity is strictly respected in the relations
between states in order to avoid any advantages
or disadvantages which can occur or can be
determined by the lack of harmonization
between local legislations of countries regarding
16

See Lavinia Barlogeanu (coord.), Identitate si

globalizare, Humanitas, Bucureti 2005.
17
See Grigore Geamanu, Principiile fundamentale ale
dreptului international contemporan, Ed. Didactica si
Pedagocica, Bucureti, 1967, p. 15.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

the diplomatic staff.18

Urgency Ordinance No. 124/2002 regarding
the regime of foreigners in Romania, Section 2,
also mentions in its Article 20, Types of visas,
pointing paragraph (ix), the diplomatic visa and
the office visa, identified by the symbol DS.
Article 25 of the same law stipulates the
diplomatic visa and the office visa.
The diplomatic visa and the office visa allow
entrance to Romania of holders of a diplomatic
passport, usually for a long stay, with the
purpose of performing an official function on
the territory of Romania, as members of a
diplomatic mission or of a consular office of
their country of citizenship.
These types of visas are issued to holders of
diplomatic passports or of office passports on
request by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
respective state sending its diplomatic staff to be
accredited in Romania. These visas are also
issued to the family members accompanying the
diplomatic or consular staff and are valid during
the period of the diplomatic mission, or in
accordance with the bilateral agreements to
which Romania is part.
In Romania the diplomatic cards are of three
types (red, yellow and blue): The Red CD
series diplomatic cards are issued to diplomatic,
consular personnel, staff of international
organizations and their families, holders of
diplomatic passports. It gives right of residence
and diplomatic immunity on the territory of
Romania; Yellow TC series diplomatic cards
are issued to technical-administrative personnel
and their families, holders of diplomatic and
service passports. It gives right of residence and
certain immunities on the territory of Romania;
Blue PS series diplomatic cards are issued to
staff of the diplomatic missions or in the
particular service of high rank diplomats and to
their families. It gives right of residence on the
territory of Romania.
All the above-mentioned cards are issued
starting with March 2012. The old version of
cards issued starting with 2007 by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, as remain valid and will
ceased to be valid at the end of 2014.
However, the Romanian legislation is not
rich in legislative norms regarding the status of

diplomatic staff. The Urgency Ordinance OUG

No. 195/2002 regarding the regime of foreigners
in Romania makes little reference to diplomatic
staff and there are no specific regulations in the
Romanian legislation with regard to records of
diplomatic and consular staff, issuance of travel
documents, validity extension regulations etc,
which need to be settled through a normative
act.

18

19

See Corina Florenta Popescu, Cutuma in dreptul

international public, Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2012,
p. 242.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Human trafficking. The collapse of

communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 has
since provided new resources geographical and
human for the sex trade and traffic. Indeed, one
of the most striking images of the changes in
Eastern Europe soon after the fall of the Berlin
Wall was that of women lining the highways
across the region, offering sex for sale. Political
and economic liberalization as well as internal
and international militarism created new
opportunity structures and daunting economic
uncertainties that have produced both a demand
for and a supply of sex workers in and from
Eastern Europe. The majorities of these sex
workers have been and are women and girls.
Recent reports consistently note the increased
number of women and children trafficked to,
through, and from Central and Eastern Europe.
Whether working part-time to supplement
income, full-time voluntarily in sex clubs, or
forced in the context of trafficking, prostitution
is a stable, ever-expanding feature of the global
service economy19.
As stated by Franck Laczko from IOM in his
paper Human Trafficking: The Need for Better
Data, it is important to clarify the terms
smuggling vs. trafficking. It is an obstacle
to creating a workable international definition of
human trafficking since it tends to overlap with
people smuggling. Smuggling is defined as the
procurement, in order to obtain, directly or
indirectly, a financial or other material benefit,
of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party
of which the person is not a national or a
permanent
resident.
The
definition
distinguishes
smugglers,
whose
main
occupation is transporting migrants via illegal
channels, from traffickers, who combine
transportation with exploitation. Categorizing
See Iregular Migration, Migrant Smuggling and
Human Rights: Towards Coherence, International
Council on Human Rights Policy, 2010, p. 11.

47

these crimes can be difficult, however.

IOM data show that that there is considerable
trafficking within Central and Eastern Europe,
and not only between the East and West. In
2001, the majority of trafficking victims assisted
by IOM came from Moldova, Romania, and
Ukraine. In the majority of cases, the women
had been trafficked to countries and provinces
in the Balkans, especially Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Kosovo, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia. IOM data also indicate that
trafficking is occurring between Central and
Eastern Europe and Asia. For example, in 2000
IOM assisted Romanian and Moldovan women
who had been trafficked to Cambodia.20
Internal cooperation for combating
trafficking in human beings. The national
authorities that internally cooperate and have
attributions in combating the trafficking in
human beings are the following: The Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Labor and
Social
Solidarity,
the
Ministry
of
Administration and Interior, the Ministry
Education and Research, the Ministry of Health
and Family, the Ministry of Justice, the Public
Ministry, the National Authority for Child
Protection and the County and Local Councils
have attributions for combating human
trafficking21. But NGOs and representatives of
the Civil Society can also be involved in
combating human trafficking. The great number
of national institutions with attributes in this
matter justifies the amplitude and diversity of
the trafficking in human beings phenomenon.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs also has the
obligation to issue and transmit to all
stakeholders a list with the states having a high
potential for human trafficking and especially
the transit countries22.
Law. 302/ 2004 on international legal
cooperation abrogated the previous national
legislation which was incomplete and
inconsistent and managed to harmonize the
internal legislation with more simplified
20

See Human Rights and the Millennium Development

Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and
reporting, OHCHR, Geneva, 2010.
21
See Internally displaced peopled, OHCHR, Geneva, 2007.
22
The following countries are beneficiaries of human
trafficking: Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, and
France, with Poland, Turkey, Japan, Serbia and
Montenegro being both transporters and consumers.

48

procedures established by the EU Convention of

29 May 2000 and the second additional Protocol
of the European Council of 8 November 2001
regarding international legal assistance on
criminal issues. Thus law No, 302/2004
becomes the main national instrument for
combating trafficking in human beings and
organized crime.
International legal cooperation as provided by
Law No. 302/2004 establishes as forms of
international
cooperation
the
following:
extradition; transfer of criminal issue procedures;
recognition and implementation of decisions on
criminal issues; the transfer of convicted persons;
the hearing of witnesses, experts and prosecuted
persons; the communication of procedure
documents that are submitted for a criminal trial;
the criminal record.
But in spite of enhanced international
cooperation the statistics in this matter remain
uneven and not always reliable. For instance, a
UK inter ministerial report stated that most
victims of traffic in Britain came from Nigeria,
Vietnam, Albania, Romania and China while
the trafficking in human beings increased in
Albania with 300%, in Lithuania with 171% and
in Poland with 148%. The figures for Romania
and China decreased according to the UK
Report.23
According to the 2012 Report by the
Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the
National Agency for Combating Trafficking in
Human Beings the rate of victims of human
traffic is of 5.50 compared to 5.46 in 2011 for a
total population of 18,916,735 (estimated as of 1
April 2012).24 According to the Report 1 of 3
persons annually identified as victims of human
trafficking are women and approximately 1 of 3
persons is a minor person. Thus the dynamics in
the trafficking of victims identified in recent
years maintains the constant downward trend in
the number of persons trafficked annually
identified. Thus, in 2012 were identified 1,041
23

See Report on Migration and International Human Rights

Law, International Commission of Jurists, Geneva 2011.
24
The same Report shows that most victims are young
women, minors and people with disabilities. Most of the
victims are women who are forced to practice
prostitution: 58% from the total of trafficked persons as
compared to 51% in 2011; 33% were victims of
trafficking for forced labor in various sectors of economy
as compared with 38% in 2011; 11%, mostly children
were victims of trafficking forced to beg and exploited by
organized crime.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

victims, which represents 7 less than in the

previous year and 113 fewer than in 2010.
Out of trafficked persons identified in our
country in 2012, the percentage of foreigners is
very low. Only 4 victims of another nationality
than Romanian were identified but there may be
still a number of unidentified victims not
reported statistically. In any case most of the
victims are females. The average age of victims
is 24, but there is an increased vulnerability at
the age of 17.
There were 554 victims of trafficking in 2012
with 52 persons less than in the previous year
and with 72 persons less than in 2010. The
gender distribution shows that 69% of the
victims are females while 31% are males. Also
women aged between 13 and 27 appear to be
most vulnerable to trafficking.
The Report also highlights as an effective
public policies mechanism the recent 2012-2013
National Strategy in the Field of Prevention,
Assistance of Victims and Combating the
Trafficking in Human Beings. The Strategy
transposes the Directive 2011/36/EU of the
European Parliament and of the EU Council of 5
April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking
in human beings and protecting its victims.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

The Strategy provides a multiannual Plan of

Action and reflects the point of views of central
authorities as well as those of the
representatives of the Civil Society who
participated in the drafting and consultation
phases of its elaboration.
The Strategy offers answers and solutions to
the problem of human trafficking on the basis of
EU legislation in this field and provides the
following measures: reconfiguration of the
protection and services system for the victims of
trafficking; strengthening the capacity of early
warning and identification of victims and
guiding the victims to the providers of special
services to which they are entitled; enhancing
the social inclusion programmes for victims of
trafficking; more efficient measures for
supporting and protecting victims who agree to
participate in hearings in Court or to be
witnesses in trials for all the duration of the trial
and ensuring financial compensation. The
Strategy aims at enhancing the dynamism and
efficiency of state institutions and the
involvement of International Organizations for
combating this phenomenon and for raising
awareness of the public opinion with regard to
the issue of trafficking in human beings.

49

ORIENTRI ALE REFORMEI DE SNTATE DIN ROMNIA

ISABELA STANCEA*

Abstract:
The world Sanitary systems are classified according to their efficiency in transforming health expenditure. We are
considering here, the correlation of health care spending, adjusted according to local prices and to health insurance.
However, the experience of European countries has shown that reform consists not only in implementing radical
initiatives, but also in creating and maintaining a political, legislative, administrative and technical framework able to
monitor and adjust the implemented changes. Once structural changes are implemented, the role of the central
administration would be that of operating these mechanisms, in order to achieve the targeted results by sustained
monitoring and regulated efforts.
Keywords: public health system, the right to health, hospitals, patients, public administration reform,
decentralization, management
Rsum:
Les systmes sanitaires mondiaux sont class en fonction de leur efficacit dans la transformation des dpenses de
sant. Nous envisageons ici, la corrlation de la les dpenses pour sante, ajust en fonction des prix locaux et de
l'assurance maladie.
Cependant , l'exprience des pays europens, il a montr que la rforme ne consiste pas seulement dans les
initiatives de mise en uvre radicale, mais aussi dans la cration et gestion d'un cadre lgislatif, politique , administratif
et technique capable de contrler et d'ajuster les changements mis en uvre. Une fois les changements structurels sont
mise en uvre, lexploitation des ces mcanismes, afin datteindre les rsultats envisage, avec des efforts soutenus
pour leur surveillance et rglementation, serait le rle de ladministration central.
Mots-cls: systme de sant publique, le droit la sant, les hpitaux, les patients, la rforme de l'administration
publique, la dcentralisation, la gestion

Sistemul public de sntate, constituie

garania calitii vieii i unul dintre cele mai
importante angajamente politice pe care
guvernanii trebuie s i le asume pentru a
asigura standarde sociale ridicate populaiei pe
care o reprezint.*
Considerm c n contextul actual, n care se
preconizeaz
modificri
profunde
ale
reglementrilor privind Legea sntii din
Romnia este necesar ca propunerile care vor
sta la baza elaborrii acestei importante legi s
vin din rndul cetenilor, lucrtorilor din
sistemul sanitar, autoritilor publice locale,
judeene i regionale deopotriv, pentru ca
impactul acestei legi s aib un grad ct mai
mare de acceptare din partea populaiei.
Dreptul la via al fiecrui cetean este
condiionat de starea sa de sntate. Atunci cnd
cetenii nu-i pot permite accesul la serviciile
de sntate din cauza costurilor acestora,
dreptul la via, aa cum este definit n art. 3 din
Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului
*

Cercet. t.

50

(orice fiin uman are dreptul la via, la

libertate i la securitatea sa 1) devine un
principiu lipsit de coninut2.
Tema sntii publice este de strict
actualitate n prezentul context politic, deoarece
presiunea venit din cercurile de interese
economice a generat dorina de schimbare a
actualului mod de organizare a sistemului
sanitar. La solicitarea instituiei prezideniale,
Ministerul Sntii a iniiat la sfritul anului
2011 un proiect de Lege privind reforma n
sistemul sanitar din Romnia. Acesta prevedea
reorganizarea spitalelor sub forma unor asociaii
sau fundaii ori a unor societi comerciale,
ntr-un cuvnt privatizarea spitalelor publice,
dup ce n cursul aceluiai an 2011, au fost
1

Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului adoptat i

proclamat de ctre Adunarea general a ONU la 10
decembrie 1948.
2
A se vedea Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Emil Marinache,
Rodica
erbnescu.
Principalele
instrumente
internaionale privind drepturile omului la care Romnia
este parte. Vol. I, Instrumente universale, IRDO,
Bucureti, 2006.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

nchise un numr de 65 de spitale declarate ca

fiind nerentabile. Aceast tez a fost reluat
recent de ctre Ministerul Sntii i introdus
n pachetul legislativ care urmeaz s fie
aprobat de ctre Guvernul Romniei.
Protestele spontane ale populaiei din
ianuarie 2012, n lipsa unei reacii ferme din
partea societii civile, i motivul pentru care ele
au fost declanate, au demonstrat c sntatea i
funcionarea sistemului public de asisten
medical se numr printre preocuprile
principale i imediate ale cetenilor. Cetenii
i-au manifestat n mod democratic opiunea
privitoare la sistemul public de sntate, iar
politicienii au obligaia de a ine cont de aceasta
i de a veni cu soluii ca sistemul public de
sntate din Romnia s asigure accesul tuturor
la un serviciu medical de calitate3.
n orice ar civilizat, statul i asum
obligaia garantrii unui sistem de ocrotire a
sntii, prin care sprijin, n baza legii,
persoanele aflate n situaii care necesit ajutor.
n acelai timp, sistemul sanitar trebuie s
corespund ateptrilor populaiei, implicnd
respectul fa de cetean (autonomie i
confidenialitate) i orientarea beneficiarului
(servicii prompte i de calitate a dotrilor). Un
alt obiectiv l reprezint finanarea echitabil, n
care cheltuielile s reflecte capacitatea de plat,
i nu neaprat riscul de mbolnvire.
Sistemele sanitare ale lumii se clasific
potrivit eficienei cu care transform cheltuielile
n sntate. Se au n vedere aici, n corelaie,
cheltuielile pentru ngrijirea sntii, ajustate
conform preurilor locale, cu asigurarea strii de
sntate. Ca factor determinant pentru sntate,
n calcul a fost cuprins i nivelul de educaie al
populaiei. Acest demers conduce la definirea de
ctre World Health Report4 a sistemului sanitar
drept toate activitile al cror scop principal
este de a promova, restabili sau menine
sntatea.
Atunci cnd vine vorba despre performanele
sistemelor sanitare, poate prea surprinztor c
cel mai bine finanat sistem din lume, al SUA,
nu este de gsit n topul statelor cu un sistem de
sntate eficient. n lista alctuit de Bloomberg
pe baza mai multor indicatori, s-au calificat doar
3

A se vedea Mircea Ni, Improving the Health System in

Romania, Indian Journal of Applied Research, Sara
Publishing Academy, Vol. 4, Issue 2/2014, pp. 42-43.
4
A se vedea World Health Report 15 august
2013(http://www.who.int/whr/en/).

DREPTURILE OMULUI

sisteme sanitare ale unor ri din Europa i Asia,

dar i cel al Australiei. Romnia ocup locul 34
din 48 de state evaluate.
Criteriile folosite de Bloomberg pentru
selecia rilor din acest top sunt sperana de
via i costul serviciilor medicale per capita.
De ce nu este i sistemul sanitar al SUA n top?
Chiar dac n 2010, SUA a alocat mai muli
bani pentru sntate dect orice stat din lume
(2,6 trilioane de dolari, adic 17,6% din PIB),
cetenii americani au o speran de via mai
mic dect cetenii din rile unde se
cheltuiete mult mai puin cu sntatea, noteaz
experii de la Institutul American de Cercetare i
de la Institutul de Medicin.
Spitalele indiferent de forma lor de
organizare
sunt
supuse
reglementarilor
autoritii centrale n domeniu. n ceea ce
privete organizarea sistemelor de sntate, pe
plan internaional, s-au impus trei modele de
furnizare a serviciilor spitaliceti, care au
constituit surse de inspiraie pentru majoritatea
statelor europene.5
Propun o scurt analiz a trsturilor
eseniale ale principalelor modele de sisteme de
ocrotire a sntii aplicate n spaiul european,
existente la sfritul anilor '80: Modelul
Semashko (Sistemul Centralizat de Stat)
ntlnit n fostele ri comuniste; Modelul
Beveridge (Sistemul Naional de Sntate)
ntlnit n rile vestice; Modelul Bismarck
(Sistemul bazat pe Asigurri publice obligatorii)
Germania, Frana, Olanda.
Modelul Semashko (modelul rus). Dup
victoria revoluiei socialiste din octombrie 1917,
Lenin realizeaz c trebuie introdus socialismul
i n medicin. n acest sens, cere sprijinul
doctorului Semashko care gndete un sistem
medical diferit. Acest model a fost caracteristic
rilor din Europa Central i de Rsrit, foste
comuniste, implicit i n Romnia pn n jurul
anilor 1997-1998, iar printre trsturile sale,
distingem: finanarea din impozite, taxe i alte
prelevri; administrarea i finanarea se face de
ctre instituiile statului; serviciile de sntate
de aproape toate tipurile erau un drept social al
fiecruia, fr nici o cheltuial sau cu foarte
mici cheltuieli personale; medicii sunt bugetari
(n subordinea statului); se constat un grad
ridicat de centralizare; nu exist sector privat n
5

A se vedea Cristian Silviu Buoi, Sisteme de sntate,

Rev. Management n sntate, XIV/2/2010.

51

domeniul serviciilor de sntate; se pune accent

pe ngrijirea de specialitate;
Ca orice model, acesta prezint i o serie de
dezavantaje, printre care amintim: prin faptul c
resursele financiare sunt repartizate de la
bugetul de stat, sistemul de asigurri sociale este
permanent dependent de oportuniti politice,
concurnd cu celelalte cheltuieli bugetare,
precum aprarea, nvmntul, cultura etc. n
special n situaii de criz economic ncasrile
de impozit scad, n timp ce necesarul financiar
pentru politica social crete; cetenii nu
percep legtura dintre contribuiile lor i
serviciile pe care le primesc; sistemul nu
stimuleaz responsabilitatea personal n
gospodrirea resurselor; srcia ofertelor duce la
piaa neagr a sntii, greu accesibil pentru
bolnavii cu venituri modeste i dezonorant
pentru medici.
n anii 70 acest sistem centralizat, greoi,
ncepe s nu mai fac fa datorit revoluiei
tehnico tiinifice medicale care a promovat
noi medicamente i tratamente foarte scumpe. n
aceast situaie, singura surs de venituri nu a
mai fost capabil s finaneze sistemul medical.
Modelul Beveridge (Sistemul Naional de
Sntate). Exist un sistem adoptat de Regatul
Unit al Marii Britanii i de Suedia, care este
numit adesea sistemul Beveridge, dup numele
fondatorului su i care este un sistem naional
n care ngrijirile sunt accesibile tuturor, iar
finanarea se face din taxe i impozite. Suma
total a indemnizaiilor nu depinde de salariul
anterior, iar ngrijirile de sntate sunt garantate
tuturor, fr cotizaie prealabil. Gestionarea
sistemului este realizat de o administraie
profesionist care rmne sub controlul
Parlamentului. Modelul britanic a inspirat mai
mult sau mai puin Italia, Spania, Grecia i
Portugalia.6
Modelul Bismark (Sistemul bazat pe
Asigurri publice obligatorii). Un al treilea tip
de sistem care s-a impus n Germania, dar i n
rile Benelux-ului, este sistemul Bismark,
dup numele cancelarului german care a instituit
acest model. Acest model a fost adoptat de ctre
Romnia n anul 1999, suferind mai multe
reforme n decursul ultimilor 15 ani.
Cotizaiile stabilite dup munc sunt
gestionate de case independente alese de
6

A se vedea Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopedia of

Medical History, Macmillan 1985.

52

cotizant. Sistemul nu este gestionat de stat, nu

depinde de Parlament, ci de sindicaliti, care
negociaz cu medicii. ngrijirile sunt stabilite
prin contracte ntre profesiile medicale i Casele
de Sntate, care reprezint interesele
cotizanilor.
Sistemul de asigurare social obligatorie
asigur indivizii ca membri de categorii
socio-profesionale.
n literatura de specialitate se descriu cinci
modele de finanare a serviciilor de sntate:
plata din buzunar (out of pocket), taxe
generale, asigurrile sociale de sntate,
asigurrile private sau voluntare, donaii sau
asigurri ale comunitii.
Tendine de reform la nivel european. n
sistemele de tip Beveridge7, obiectivul reformei
spitalelor n aceste ri a fost acela de a crete
eficiena i calitatea actului medical prin
intermediul introducerii unei cvasi-piee care s
ofere fundalul pentru competiie i tranzacii
reale n sistem. Spitalele au fost puse n situaia
de a intra n competiie pentru pacieni,
respectiv pentru fondurile publice alocate
acestora. Reformele de acest tip au demarat n
1991 n Marea Britanie, elemente ale acestui
model fiind rapid preluate i adaptate n Italia,
Suedia i Portugalia8. Gestiunea fondurilor a
fost transferat de la nivel central la nivel local
ctre instituii independente care primesc un
buget pe care l folosesc pentru a contracta
servicii medicale n comunitate (de la medici de
familie, spitale etc.). Un exemplu de astfel de
organizaii sunt Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) din
Marea Britanie, n numr de 152 la momentul
scrierii acestui material.
Reforma spitalelor a vizat urmtoarele
aspecte:

introducerea unor tere organizaii de

interes public, cu caracter regional, care s
achiziioneze servicii de la spitale n baza unui
buget repartizat de la nivel central;

stimularea
dezvoltrii
relaiilor
contractuale ntre aceste organizaii i spitale;

creterea autonomiei manageriale a

spitalelor, n interesul adaptrii la nevoile de
7

A se vedea Gheorghe, Andrei, Reforma spitalelor

publice evidene din spaiul european (Policy report
02/2012). Bucureti: Observatorul Romn de Sntate,
pp.8-11.
8
A se vedea Andr de Laubadere, Trait de droit
administratif, 6-me dition, vol. I, Paris, LGDJ,1973.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

ngrijire ale comunitii.

Dei aceste trei aspecte ale reformei se afl
ntr-o interdependen logic, ele trebuie
difereniate clar din perspectiva procesului de
politic public. Statele care au iniiat acest tip
de reform nu au implementat nici simultan,
nici integral toate elementele identificate mai
sus. Spre exemplu, n Marea Britanie reformele
au debutat cu introducerea organizaiilor tere cu
rol de contractare9, n timp ce procesul de
cretere a autonomiei manageriale a spitalelor a
nceput abia n 2005, preconizndu-se iniial s
se ncheie n aprilie 2014. Pe de alt parte,
reformele n Suedia i Italia au debutat cu
accent pe trecerea spitalelor n proprietatea
i/sau administrarea autoritilor regionale.
n sistemele de tip Bismark finanarea
serviciilor
medicale
se
realizeaz
predominant prin colectarea contribuiilor
obligatorii ale populaiei active, att de la
angajatori ct i de la angajai. n acest tip de
aranjament populaia activ susine financiar
ngrijirile medicale de care beneficiaz
ntreaga populaie. Se poate face o distincie
suplimentar n funcie de tipul organizaiei
care administreaz contribuiile: aceasta
poate fi o instituie independent (Belgia,
Bulgaria, Estonia, Frana, Germania, Letonia,
Olanda, Polonia i Romnia) sau pot fi mai
multe societi de asigurri de sntate
(Austria, Cehia, Grecia, Lituania, Slovacia i
Slovenia). Un caz aparte l reprezint Frana
i Grecia, unde finanarea prin taxare
general i asigurri sociale contribuie n
proporii comparabile la cheltuielile totale
pentru sntate.
Din punct de vedere economic, exist de la
bun nceput o distincie formal ntre funcia de
achiziie i funcia de livrare a serviciilor
medicale (purchaser-provider split). Este
asigurat, astfel, cadrul unei cvasi-piee n care
elementele de competiie sunt cu att mai
pronunate cu ct numrul organizaiilor aflate
n rol de cumprtor (organizaiile care
administreaz fondurile de asigurri) este mai
mare.
Tendinele de reform din Romnia. O parte
central a reformei este procesul de
descentralizare. Schimbrile n aceast direcie
au fost iniiate n 2002, cnd s-a produs o
9

Health Authorities n perioada 1991-1997, apoi Primary

Care Trusts ncepnd cu 2002.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

descentralizare administrativ a spitalelor

imobilele n care funcionau spitalele au trecut
din proprietatea statului n proprietatea i
administrarea consiliilor locale i judeene.
Timp de civa ani nu a mai fost luat nici o
msur n acest sens, lucru ce a creat premisele
unei funcionri defectuoase, atta timp ct
cldirile erau gospodrite local, dar toate
celelalte aspecte legate de funcionarea
spitalului (financiar, managerial sau legat de
resursa uman) erau administrate sau
monitorizate la nivel central10. n sfrit, n iunie
2009 se produce continuarea fireasc a msurii
din 2002, i anume descentralizarea spitalelor cu
toate componentele lor funcionale i
structurale: prin acest proces, ncheiat spre
finalul anului 2010 a fost transferat autoritatea
a peste 350 de uniti spitaliceti de la stat la
autoritile locale. La finalul anului 2010, a fost
adoptat a alt msur legat de descentralizare,
Ordonana de Urgen pentru modificarea
Legii 95/200611, prin care Guvernul stabilete
msurile necesare pentru descentralizarea
Fondului Naional Unic de Asigurri de
Sntate. Prin aceasta se stipuleaz c un
procent de 60% din contribuiile juridice i
fizice colectate vor rmne la dispoziia caselor
de asigurri de sntate judeene.12 Este o
msur care urmeaz n mod firesc
descentralizrii spitalelor, pentru c ea asigur
autonomia financiar necesar exercitrii
autoritii de ctre nivelul local.
Din pcate, n cadrul instituiilor medicale
(mai ales n spitale, att publice, ct i private),
calitatea managementului este apreciat, de cele
mai multe ori, doar n funcie de factorul
economic. ncadrarea n buget, echilibrul ntre
venituri i cheltuieli .a.m.d. sunt factori
determinani n clasificarea unei echipe
manageriale ca fiind performant sau nu. Se
omite faptul c unitile sanitare nu sunt fabrici.
10

A se vedea Mircea Ni, Financing Health System in

Romania and The Claw-Back Tax, Indian Journal of
Applied Research, Sara Publishing Academy, Volume 4,
Issue 2/ 2014, pp. 39-41.
11
Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului nr. 2/2014 pentru
modificarea i completarea Legii nr. 95/2006 privind
reforma n domeniul sntii, precum i pentru
modificarea i completarea unor acte normative, publicat
n M. Of., I, nr. 104, din 11 februarie 2014.
12
A se vedea Adela Elena Popa, Medici i Pacieni,
Dou perspective asupra reformei si descentralizrii din
sistemul sanitar, Revista Calitatea Vieii, Institutul
Naional de Cercetri Economice, Bucureti, p. 2 i urm.

53

Produsul acestora nu poate fi apreciat prin

ecuaia: preul de vnzare minus cel de
producie egal profitul. i asta dintr-un motiv
foarte simplu: sntatea nu are pre. Dar
obinerea, respectiv pstrarea ei, se fac cu un
anume pre, mai mare sau mai mic, n funcie
exact de cei doi factori n discuie: calitatea
actului medical i managementul de calitate al
acestuia. Actualul mod de finanare, n
condiiile absenei unui pachet minimal de
servicii, fie prin plata n sum fix, pe caz
rezolvat, fie n funcie de complexitatea cazului,
prin sistemul DRG, arunc buna finalizare a
cazului n curtea unor calcule seci, contabile.13
Pentru a se acoperi de hrtii, medicii au
tendina de a face un exces n prescrierea
investigaiilor paraclinice. Conform unor
statistici, doar cca. 25% dintre investigaiile
paraclinice prescrise au valori modificate, cu
semnificaie patologic. Asta nseamn risipirea
resurselor n detrimentul tratamentului.
De aici rezult nevoia de protocoale
terapeutice. Vorbind despre acestea, ele sunt
standardizate doar pentru afeciunile cronice i
n special pentru cele cuprinse n programele
naionale. Din pcate, acestea nu sunt
permanent actualizate, coninnd principii active
depite, dintre care unele nu se mai produc
dect la comand, fapt care duce la
discontinuiti n aprovizionare. Din punctul
nostru de vedere, aceasta este una din
principalele cauze care, asociat cu lipsa de
interes i de implicare a factorilor decizionali,
au generat aa-numita criz a medicamentelor.
Absena protocoalelor clare favorizeaz, n
acelai timp, i risipa.
Utilizarea tehnicilor i medicamentelor de
ultima generaie este prohibit prin preul ridicat
al acestora. Un bun management al calitii
actului medical este, n acest caz, obligatoriu i
ar trebui fcut innd cont de costurile totale pe
care acesta le presupune. Astfel s-ar constata i
demonstra c, de multe ori, utilizarea unui
medicament mai scump se poate dovedi a fi o
msur mai ieftin din punct de vedere
financiar, de exemplu, numrul mai mic de doze
care trebuie administrate, numrul mai mic de

zile de spitalizare necesare i, poate, mai puine

efecte adverse care trebuie tratate (avnd, i
acestea, costurile lor). De asemenea,
reintegrarea social i profesional mai rapid a
pacientului poate scdea, la rndul su, costurile
pe care trebuie s le suporte sistemul14.
Un act medical de calitate se poate obine,
att printr-un management riguros i eficient al
calitii actului medical n sine, ct i printr-o
calitate crescut a managementului resurselor
umane i materiale implicate n asigurarea
sntii populaiei. n contextul descentralizrii
administrrii spitalelor i, prin aceasta,
expunerii lor n faa influenelor politice locale
i deciziilor, uneori discreionare, ale
managerilor (care, din pcate, nu se dovedesc
ntotdeauna a fi n concordan cu ce este
necesar pentru un act medical de calitate), se
simte nevoia existenei unui organism
centralizat care s ndeplineasc acest control
exercitat de ctre autoritatea central din
domeniu, respectiv Ministerul Sntii.
Concluzii. Experiena statelor europene a
artat c reforma const nu att n
implementarea unor iniiative radicale, ci mai
ales n crearea i meninerea unui cadru politic,
legislativ, administrativ i tehnic apt s permit
monitorizarea
i
ajustarea
schimbrilor
introduse. Odat implementate modificrile
structurale, rolul administraiei centrale devine
acela de a direciona funcionarea acestor
mecanisme n sensul rezultatelor vizate
printr-un efort de reglementare i monitorizare.
ntr-un cuvnt, vorbim despre tranziia de la
asigurarea funciei de guvernare la asigurarea
funciei de guvernan.
Este de importan vital reforma diferitelor
componente ale sistemului de sntate n
general (i a spitalelor n particular) n termeni
de proces i nu n termeni de stare staionar
care va fi atins instantaneu dup
implementarea reformelor. Succesul unei
reforme depinde de msura n care activitile
aferente
(planificare,
implementare,
monitorizare, ajustare) sunt gndite de la bun
nceput n ansamblul lor.

13

A se vedea Sorin Ungureanu, Managementul calitii

sau calitatea managementului n sistemul sanitar
romnesc, Revista Eurocomunitateamedicala.ro, p. 2.

54

14

A se vedea Mircea Ni, Improving the Health System

in Romania...op. cit., pp. 42-43.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

ROMANIAN INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

ANNUAL REPORT 2013
Established under Law No. 9/1991 as an
independent body with juridical personality, the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights (RIHR) is
the first national institution for human rights
established in Romania after 1989 and the only
national institution in our country which was
recognized as having this quality by the UN
system Coordination Committee of National
Human Rights Institutions.1.
IRDO corresponds to the Paris Principles
which were formulated in 1991 at the
Conference dedicated to national human rights
institutions, principles that became enshrined as
an official UN General Assembly Document in
1993, and which envisage a mandate as wide
as possible that should be founded on the
universal standards of human rights and should
include the double responsibility of promoting
and protecting human rights covering all these
rights; independence from the Government;
independence that is guaranteed by Constitution
or by law; adequate power of investigation;
pluralism including by the structure of its staff
and/or by effective cooperation and by adequate
human and financial resources2. Also, RIHR
meets the requirements formulated by the EU
Council through its recommendation to the EU
Committee of Ministers regarding the
establishment
of
independent
national
institutions for the promotion of human rights.
It is now 20 years since the World
Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna,
an event to which the Institute contributed by
organizing in Bucharest an international
colloquium with the theme The Reform of
International Institutions for the Protection of
Human Rights 3, an event considered by the
UN Centre in Geneva as a satellite reunion of
the World Conference on Human Rights; it is 20
1

To be mentioned that the Romanian Institute for Human

Rights is a member of the European Network of Human
Rights National Institutions.
2
See Irina Moroianu Zltescu, 20 de ani de la adoptarea
Principiilor de la Paris, n revista Drepturile Omului,
nr. 3/2013, p. 92. (20 Years since the Adoption of the
Paris Principles in the scientific review Human Rights
no. 3/2013 p. 92
3
Prilej cu care a fost adoptat Declaraia de la
Bucureti, devenit ulterior document oficial al Adunrii
Generale a ONU (A/conf. 157/PC/42/Add. 8/27.04.1993).

DREPTURILE OMULUI

years since the Vienna Conference Final

Declaration and Programme of Action were
adopted benchmark documents in the fight for
promoting and respecting human rights and
fundamental freedoms; it is also 20 years since
the adoption by the UN General Assembly of
the Resolution regarding the Paris Principles.
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
performs its activities with the aim to
accomplish all its attributions conferred by law,
as national independent human rights
institution, acting like an interface, like a solid
bridge between the States institutions and the
civil society.
While fastening its preoccupations on the
actual realities of each period of time, each
stage, the Institute has always been interested in
organizing an adequate framework and adequate
means for the implementation and actual
observance of human rights, for better
acquaintance with and increased awareness
about them, both by the public authorities and
by the citizens who are the beneficiaries of these
rights and who are guaranteed full enjoyment
thereof
Bearing all these in mind, the Institute laid
particular emphasis on the organization of
programmes and partnerships capable to better
meet the international and national requirements
related to the promotion of the fundamental
freedoms and human rights and the training of
those
categories
of
persons
having
responsibilities in the field of their protection.
The experience accumulated in time and the
collaboration with the governmental and nongovernmental bodies taking interest in the field
of human rights was particularly important for
the Institute with the purpose of accomplishing
the tasks conferred by its constitutive law.
Starting from the particular importance of
knowing human rights, in the year 2013, as
always, the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights performed such activities as training,
dissemination of information, documentation,
research and consultancy, its activity as a whole
bringing a contribution to the training of persons
working in the public structures and of
institutions with powers in the promotion and
protection of human rights, to the systematic
55

information of the citizens about their rights

guaranteed under the law or laid down in the
international documents to which Romania is a
party. In this respect, in 2013 the Institute
organized
numerous
scientific
events,
conferences, symposia, seminars or roundtables,
debates, training courses, contests, exchanges of
experience, etc.
The Institute did researches, published and
disseminated works in the field, and reports
meant to provide better knowledge of the
international standards, of the instruments and
the mechanisms for the protection and the
promotion of human rights adopted at
international and regional level to which
Romania is a party or adhered, with the purpose
of making easier their rapid and correct
implementation at domestic level, also in
conformity with the provisions of Art. 20 in the
Constitution. In the elaboration of its Plan of
Activities for the year 2013, the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights continued to take
into account the Paris Principles on
Establishment of National Human Rights
Institutions and Realization of Fundamental
Rights and Freedoms, the Declaration of
Durban, the Programme of Action adopted by
the World Conference on Human Rights of
Vienna, the Action Plan adopted by Council of
Europe Steering Committee for Human Rights,
Resolution 59/113 on United Nations World
Programme for Human Rights Education for the
period 2005-2014 and the second phase thereof,
the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals for the year 2015, Resolution 21/14 on
the World Programme for Human Rights
Education adopted by the United Nations
Human Rights Council, Recommendations
R(79) 16 and R(97) 14 and Resolution (97) 11
by the Council of Europe Committee of
Ministers, the Annual Programme of the
European Union Agency for Fundamental
Rights 2013-2017, as well as the main
objectives established by the European
Commission to be attained by the year 2020
through the "Europe 2020" Strategy, which have
also become national objectives for every
member country of the European Union
(employment,
research
and
development/innovation, climate change and
energy sustainability, education, and fighting

56

poverty and social exclusion), the European

strategy for equality between women and men
(2010-2015), and the European Strategy for the
rights of persons with disabilities (2010-2020).
In 2012, the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights was designated as an independent body
to promote, protect and monitor the
implementation of the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (art. 33 paragraph 2) in Romania,
which is proof of the Institute's objectiveness as
well as the importance the RIHR attaches to the
promotion and the protection of the rights of
persons with disabilities.
On accomplishing its legal tasks of
promoting and disseminating the regulations on
human rights, the Institute entered new
partnerships with a large variety of
governmental institutions and bodies, nongovernmental organizations, both domestically
and internationally. Synthetically, the activities
performed by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in the year 2012 may be grouped into the
following categories:
Ensuring of a better knowledge about
human rights issues and the way these rights are
guaranteed in the member countries of the
United Nations Organization, the Organization
for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE), the Council of Europe and the
European Union;
Informing the international institutions
about the actual way human rights are promoted
and guaranteed in Romania;
Performing research on important issues
related to the promotion and the observance of
human rights in our country and at international
level;
Organizing and achieving training and
education programmes in the field of human
rights in accordance with the latest
methodologies;
Publishing activities;
Translation and publication of the
international regulations, universal and regional,
as well as the significant national ones, recent
documents, studies and research in the field of
human rights;
Consultancy;
Perfecting the activity of RIHR's Center of
documentation.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

I. RESEARCHES ON
THE PROMOTION AND OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
IN ROMANIA AND AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Researches on the various aspects related to
the promotion and observance of human rights
is one key element of the activity performed by
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights.
Dealing with this type of activity, provided by
the law, the Institute had in view the Paris
Principles4 on Establishment of National Human
Rights Institutions for the promotion and
protection of human rights, the Programme of
Action adopted by the Vienna World
Conference on Human Rights (1993), the
United Nations Millennium Development
Goals, the United Nations Objectives for the
year 2015, the Declaration of Durban (2001),
the Action Plan adopted by Council of Europe
Steering Committee for Human Rights, the
United Nations Resolution 59/113, the Annual
Programme of the European Union Agency for
Fundamental
Rights,
the
European
Commission's "Europe 2020" Strategy, and also
Recommendations R(79) 16 and R(97) 14 and
Resolution (97) 11 by the Council of Europe
Committee of Ministers, which points out that
the research on and learning of human rights are
adequate means for respecting human dignity
and providing increased respect for human
rights by knowing them better.
Aware of its mission to bring a substantial
contribution to the consolidation of a human
rights culture in our country, the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights conducted
researches that included both general issues
related to the history and evolution of human
rights at international and local level, the human
rights philosophy, the science of human rights,
encoding in the field of human rights, as well as
well as specialized fields related to the various
generations of human rights. Thus, the
researches dealt with both the rights of the first
generation (the civil and political rights) and the
second generation (the economic, social and
cultural rights). There were also included topics
4

The fundamental principles established on the first

international meeting of the National Institutions for the
Promotion and the Protection of Human Rights, which
took place in Paris on 7-9 October 1991, known as the
Paris Principles. They were adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly under its Resolution 48/134 on
20 December 1993.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

dealing with the third generation of human

rights, such as the right to peace, the right to
sustainable development or the right to a healthy
environment.
The Institute also conducted research in the
field of the right to happiness as a fundamental
human right (according to the UN General
Assembly Resolution nr. 65/309/2011) or in the
field of business environment and human rights
(according to the UN framework for protection
observance and remedy with regard to the
business environment and human righs, and also
according to the 2008 implementation document
DOC /HRC/8/5). The institute also conducted
annual research on human rights at the EU level
and in the Romanian legislation, as well as
comparative studies on human rights in the
annual reports of the EU Agency for
Fundamental
Rights.
The
experience
accumulated so far and the continuous
professional training of the Institute's full time
researchers and of its honorary collaborators
researchers, personalities of the academic life,
young researchers enabled an approach of the
latest issues in the field, by issuance of ample
works, spanning over more than one year and
achieved by teams of the Institute's researchers
in partnership with honorary associate
researchers in an effort to deepen the study,
given the vastness and the importance of the
topics. At the same time, the Institute conducted
researches devoted to specialized fields, usually
accomplished by one single author. The results
of these studies were either published in the
Institute quarterly scientific review Drepturile
Omului, (Human Rights) in the Institute's
monthly publication Info IRDO, or in
volumes and reports presented in the framework
of scientific events organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights and/or various
national and international bodies with which the
Institute is collaborating. It is in this category
that the great majority of the studies and
researches achieved by or with the participation
of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights
fall.
The researches achieved in the year 2013
were based on the national legislation in the
57

field of human rights and the international and

regional documents that had become an integral
part of the domestic law as a result of their
ratification by Romania. In this respect, the
following documents referred to by the
Institute's studies and researches should be
mentioned: The UN Charter, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (Romania signed
it in 1955, when it became a Member State of
the United Nations Organization); the
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ratified by Romania in 1974); the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights ratified by Romania in 1974);
the Optional Protocol to the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified
by Romania in 1993); the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (ratified by Romania in
1970) the Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (ratified by Romania in 1990); the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (ratified by
Romania in 1981); the Convention on the Rights
of the Child (ratified by Romania in 1990); the
Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (ratified by Romania in 2011); the
European Convention on Human Rights
(ratified by Romania in 1994); the European
Social Charter revised (ratified by Romania in
1999); the Council of Europe Convention on
action against trafficking in human beings
(ratified by Romania in 2006); the European
Convention for the Prevention of Torture and
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (ratified by Romania in 1994); the
Framework Convention for the Protection of
National Minorities (ratified by Romania in
1995), and others as well.
In terms of the topic dealt with, one may
distinguish:
a) researches dealing with a general thematic;
b) researches devoted to the instruments and
mechanisms for the protection and promotion of
human rights and their evolution in time;
c) researches on the protection and
promotion of human rights;
d) researches dealing with fundamental
freedoms and human rights of the three
generations: civil and political rights; economic
58

rights, social and cultural rights; the right to

peace, the right to sustainable development and
the right to a healthy environment.
An illustrative presentation of each category
of researches will prove the diversity of the
topics dealt with.
a) Researches dealing with a general
thematic:
- Promoting a human rights culture;
- Continuity and discontinuity in the
regulation of the fundamental institution of civil
law and criminal law;
- The relation between good governance and
good administration;
- Aspects regarding the institution of the
Ombudsman for minorities;
- Mediation in administrative legal relations;
- Corruption a phenomenon affecting
human rights;
- Exercise of human rights and its limits;
- Education on European citizenship;
- The contribution of the European
Institutions to the promotion and protection of
the human rights;
- Free movement of citizens in the European
space;
- The role of jurisprudence in the unitary
application of the law;
b) Researches devoted to the instruments
and mechanisms for the protection and
promotion of human rights and their
development in time:
- The formation and execution of civil
liabilities under the new Civil Code;
- The rights of women and the role of the
European Council Convention regarding the
prevention and combating of violence against
women and of domestic violence.
- Regulations of the status of persons seeking
for international protection in Romania
- Issues related to the jurisprudence of the
European Court of Human Rights with regard to
free access to justice;
- Aspects regarding the regulation of the
childrens rights in Romania
- The international Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities and the role of the
national human rights institutions;
c) researches

on

the

protection

and

DREPTURILE OMULUI

promotion of human rights;

- The promotion and protection of
fundamental rights in the European Union;
- Constitutional provisions regarding the
social protection of citizens;
- The role of jurisprudence in the unitary
enforcement of the law;
- Equal opportunities, social integration and
inclusion of people with disabilities;
- Enforcement of decisions of the European
Court of Human Rights;
- Aspects of the evolution of human rights
and civil service in Romania;
- Security a multidimensional concept;
- The role of the European Parliament
and the promotion of the EU citizenship;
- Policies targeting the rights and freedoms
of persons with disabilities;
d) Researches dealing with fundamental
freedoms and human rights: civil and political
rights; economic, social and cultural rights;
the right to peace, the right to sustainable

development and the right to a healthy

environment
- Judicial control over public administration.
Administrative proceedings
- The role of the public Ministry in the
enforcement
of
the
non-discrimination
principle;
- Social security and social integration;
- Human dignity and social exclusion;
- The democratic benchmarks of the
referendum
- The rights and obligations of asylum
seekers and the beneficiaries of a form of
protection in Romania;
- Considerations on the complexity and the
importance of freedom of expression in
Romania
- Liability for damage caused to the
environment;
- The need to reorient education as a
promoter of sustainable development;
- Right to sustainable development;
- Legal Responsibility in the right to a
healthy environment.

II. TRAINING PROGRAMMES AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The activities performed in the field of
education
and
training-for-trainers
(see
Appendix A) was consonant with one of the
main objectives laid down in the constitutive
law of the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights: organization of training programs,
particularly addressing those categories of
persons having special responsibilities for the
protection of human rights or to ensure
awareness of human rights issues amongst
large categories of the population.
Bearing in mind UN Resolution 59/113 of 10
December 2004, which launched the World
Programme for Human Rights Education for
the period 2005-2015, the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights acted in compliance with the
provisions of this Resolution paying particular
attention in 2013 to an intensification and
diversification of the activities conceived to
further develop education. The purpose was to
shape those attitudes and behaviours that are
characteristic of the citizens in a democratic
DREPTURILE OMULUI

society while enhancing the interest and

competencies of as many citizens as possible,
from all socio-professional categories, both
young and old, to participate in the public life.
With the intention to continuously adapt its
activities to the newest requirements, it has been
established that the RIHR Plan of activities
should include and have in view, among other
things, the following:
promotion of human rights education;
to make human rights education a national,
regional and international priority;
to train educators: members of the teaching
staff in the university and the pre-university
system;
training of adults and young people in the
field of human rights and the rights of the
children;
training for trainers in the field of human
rights
training of those professional categories
that are directly involved and have
59

responsibilities with the promotion and defence

of human rights and the rights of the child;
to consolidate partnerships and cooperation
with the institutions belonging to the Romanian
educational system, as well as other institutions,
and/or non-governmental organizations in
various fields of activity;
to monitor and assist the existing
educational programmes in the field of human
rights, so as to highlight good practices and
stimulate measures meant to continue, to
improve and to further develop such
programmes.
The development and organization of
activities devoted to training-for-trainers and to
human rights education were based on the
feedback received from representatives of
Teachers Training Centres and also from
teachers in various schools and high schools.
The target groups benefitting of the activities
performed by the Training Compartment of the
RIHR included persons working in such fields
as education, research, public administration,
the administration of justice, healthcare, as well
as categories of persons with specific problems:
women, children, pensioners, persons belonging
to ethnic, linguistic, religious, and sexual
minorities, persons with disabilities, etc.
RIHR's training activities were developed
and performed on initiative by the RIHR, in
collaboration with the Institute's partners, on
request by central and local authorities or by
various socio-professional groups. These
activities consisted of:
- long-term training courses, accredited by
the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and
Sports (MERYS);
- short-term training courses, so-called
contact type training courses;
- activities meant to raise awareness of
certain social groups or categories of persons to
the need to know and observe human rights;
- symposia,
conferences,
seminars,
roundtables, debates, etc.;
- dissemination activities;
- presentation of volumes, scientific reviews,
scientific works, information, popularization,
published under the care of the Institute.
A number of important activities in the year
2013were achieved together with partners from
non-governmental
organizations
taking
particular interest in the field of human rights
60

education, State institutions, as well as higher

education
institutions,
religious
cults,
professional associations, etc.
The first educational and training activities to
be mentioned are those scientific events
characterized by continuity, which belong to the
Institute's long-term programmes and have
enjoyed widespread echo, both nationally and
internationally:
coordination of the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance by the RIHR and the North
University of Baia Mare, a permanent activity
that also includes the Master Degree courses,
the only ones of the kind in Romania (a new
class of Masters graduated the courses in 2013;
debates, training courses, roundtables,
workshops, conferences, book releases, etc.,
organized in collaboration with other
institutions and non-governmental organizations
(see Appendix A);
the 19th edition of the International
University of Human Rights courses, organized
by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance, the Romanian Association for the
United Nations, and Victor Dan Zltescu Club
of Cheia. This year's theme, The Human
Rights- Realities and Perspectives was chosen
in the context of celebrating 20 years since the
World Conference in Vienna, 20 years since
Romanias adherence to the Council of Europe,
10 years since the revision of the Romanian
Constitution and 6 years since the adoption of
the Chart of EU Fundamental Rights. This
session highlighted the importance of promoting
and protecting the human rights and the
fundamental freedoms with a focus on the
recent developments in the field of human rights
regulations, mechanisms and institutions. It was
also highlighted Romanias active involvement
both in the common effort of states to establish
the Human Rights Council, as well as in the
process of revising the Councils functioning
which is so much needed for the promotion of
human rights as efficiently as possible. On the
occasion of these debates were analyzed the
importance of this momentum for the protection
and promotion of human rights both from the
point of view of the progress achieved in the
past 20 years, such as in the field of womens
DREPTURILE OMULUI

rights, the rights of children, of disabled people,

as well as from the perspective of developing a
legal framework to enable sanctioning abuse
and human rights violations, the role of
education in the promotion and protection of
human rights, fostering respect for common
values, the role of education as a means to
prevent intolerance, the importance of the right
to information in the field of health and
educational steps that need to be taken to enrich
the force and effect of education for human
dignity.
the 20th edition of student national contests
Olympics of civic education and civic culture
and Democracy and tolerance;
debates, symposia, colloquia devoted to the
promotion of human rights in various fields (see
Appendix A), etc.
1. Educating the younger generation in the
spirit of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms, dignity, tolerance, and
free exchange of opinions is an objective that
for more than a decade has been the basis of a
partnership between the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights and the Ministry of National
Education, which gave birth to a number of by
now traditional activities: the national school
contests Civic education and civic culture
Olympics and Democracy and tolerance,
continuous training courses for teachers and
primary school teachers; colloquia, symposia
and debates (see Appendix A) devoted to topics
related to various aspects of the activity of
human rights education and, last but not least,
the Didactic creativeness contest in the field of
auxiliary materials to be used in the process of
education for human rights, democracy and for
a culture of peace in secondary education
programmes.
2. 2. National school contests
Following an initiative by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights, the Ministry of
National Education included, beginning with the
year 1994, disciplines such as civic education
(grades III-IV) and civic culture (grades VIIVIII) respectively among those disciplines for
which annual contests with phases up to the
national level are organized.
These contests, organized by the Ministry of
National Education in partnership with the
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Romanian Institute for Human Rights, also

known as Olympics, are the result of the need
for education for undertaking the role and status
of citizen in a democratic society, to train and
develop competencies of participation in the
public life, social criticism and tolerance
capacity.
a) The national Olympics of sociohumanistic sciences
The concept of fundamental freedoms and
human rights comes from people's need and
wish for a life where each individual's dignity
and value should be respected and protected. It
is in this spirit that the final phase of the
Olympics of socio-humanist sciences was
organized by the Ministry of National Education
in partnership with the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights, in Baia Mare, in April 2013.
This is a contest of excellence for skilled
students in the field of socio-humanistic
sciences, initiated as a result of the need for
education in order to reach the status of citizens
of a democratic society and to develop
competencies for participation in the public life,
as well as capacities for social criticism and
tolerance.
As with the previous editions, in this year's
edition the best papers achieved by the
participating crews were awarded prizes by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights.
b) The 14th edition of the final phase of the
national contest on Democracy and
Tolerance
The contest, initiated by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the Ministry of National Education, is a
complex form of civic education involving
students in primary and secondary schools.
There were three dimensions: theoretical,
practical-applicative and artistic, the participants
being organized into three-member teams, of
which one member from the primary education
system. Experience accumulated during the
contest shows constant improvement of the
quality of the papers presented, in all three
dimensions of the contest, as well as constantly
increased interest in the thematic involved.
The 2013 contest, organized in Braov aimed
at developing cooperation competencies at
group level, while stimulating the preoccupation
to become familiar with such concepts as:
democracy, tolerance, human rights, rights of
61

the child and the relationship between these,

familiarization with the main national and
international regulations in the field and last but
not least practising democratic, tolerant attitudes
and behaviours, the civic spirit and developing
skills of getting involved in the life of the
educational and the local communities to which
the students belonged.
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
awarded the winner teams of the three tests in
the contest Human Rights special prizes and
honourable mentions.
c) The 7th edition of the National contest of
didactic creativeness in the field of auxiliary
materials devoted to human rights education,
democracy and a culture of peace in the preuniversity educational system
This contest is organized every two years by
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the Ministry of National
Education and Teachers Training Centres from
all over the country, and enjoys particular
interest amongst teachers throughout Romania.
In this context, it is also worth mentioning the
increasing interest of certain Teachers Training
Centres to become organizers of future editions
of the contest,
This year the contest was organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the Ministry of National
Education and the Teachers Training Centre in
Cluj. The contest exhibition presented works
and studies from several counties, auxiliary
teaching materials meant to be used in various
activities with the students, printed works,
reviews, CDs, etc.
In the six editions of the contest held so far
have entered works by teachers in most districts
of the country, which was viewed as a beneficial
and constructive spirit of human rights
education, democracy, and a culture of peace
and as obvious signs of a permanent concern for
human rights freedom of expression.
Human rights education has a key role in any
educational process. The role of teachers in this
process is obvious. By their efforts and passion
they support their students to become
responsible and active citizens, capable at any
time to contribute to the creation of a
harmonious environment in the society they live
in. Moreover, the educational process is based
on the active participation of the children, who
62

learn about human rights and understand the

issues involved by this phenomenon, acquire
abilities and develop attitudes of respect for
human dignity.
The winners were handed diplomas on behalf
of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and
the Ministry of National Education, as well as
the catalogue of the works presented in the
contest.
3. In the field of continuous training of
teachers who achieve human rights education.
In 2013, the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in partnership with the Teachers Training
Centre in Bucharest initiated a new training
programme accredited by the Ministry of
National Education, entitled Education for
human rights and the rights of the child. The
project had been approved by the Ministry of
Education and by the Bucharest School
Inspectorate, while the target public in this
programme were members of the teaching staff
and the auxiliary teaching staff in the preuniversity educational system.
The programme created as a result of the
numerous requests by the teachers has four year
duration and represent a real support for
achieving national and international educational
projects and programmes.
The programme aims to train teachers to
assist the students in the process of acquiring
knowledge and awareness in the field of human
rights and the rights of the child, as well as of
the existing national and international
legislation in the field, with a view to assert
their democratic European citizenship. The
participants in the programme deepened their
knowledge about the main universal, regional
and national mechanisms and instruments for
the promoting and protecting human rights, they
were trained to acquire an attitude of
commitment and active involvement in the civil
society, to continuously consolidate their
knowledge in the field of human rights and what
was most important to be able to analyze
concrete cases referring to child protection.
4. Activities devoted to the administration of
justice
The Institute organized activities in support
of a better knowledge of the citizens most
important rights and to promote the rights of
DREPTURILE OMULUI

litigants. A better knowledge of human rights is

an essential condition for defending, valorising
and exercising the rights of all citizens. The
Constitution and the domestic legislation
consecrate such principles as: free access to
justice, equality before the law, the right to a
fair trial and to a reasonable period of time for
having one's case solved, the right to defence,
etc
These rights can only be exercised if justice
is impartial, effective, transparent and credible.
Citizens should know and exercise these
consecrated rights, which represent clear,
accurate rules to be abided by. To this end the
RIHR, which in 2006 released the Citizens'
Rights Charter, continues promoting and
disseminating it.
At the same time, it is worth reminding that
the Institute organized activities devoted to the
administration of justice, on which occasion it
made available to all those interested some
specialized works coordinated by the RIHR,
such as: Proces echitabil. Jurisprudena
comentat a Curii Europene a Drepturilor5;
Eficiena i echitatea justiiei. Standarde
europene6.
5. Other specific forms of training and
education in the field of human rights:
a) Elaboration of special programmes
devoted to important events and appreciated as
such by the United Nations Organization, the
Council of Europe, the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe, etc.,
having relevance for the protection and the
promotion of human rights, such as:
- 65 years since the adoption of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights;
- 68 years since the creation of the United
Nations Organization
- 58 years since Romania's accession to the
UN;
- 48 years since the entry into force of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights and the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
- 20 years since the Vienna World
Conference on Human Rights and the adoption
of the final Declaration and of the Programme
5

Fair trial. Commented jurisprudence of the European

Court of Human Rights.
6
Effectiveness and fairness of justice. European
standards.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

of Action;
- 20 years since the adoption of the Paris
Principles by the UN General Assembly
63 years since the adoption of the
European Convention on the Defence of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;
- 20 years since Romanias adherence to the
Council of Europe
- 38 years since the establishment of the
OSCE;
- 15 years since the establishment of the
UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy
and Peace;
The right to happiness a constitutive
element of the right to sustainable development
according to Resolution 65/309 by the UN
General Assembly;
- The UN Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development (2005-2015);
- 2013 The European Year of Citizens
(Conferences, debates and lectures periodically
organized at the Institute's headquarters on
European citizenship topics).
b) Coordination of the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance.
The Chair functions based on an agreement
between the United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization Paris and
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights
together with the North University of Baia
Mare. It is a pilot centre of research, debate and
training at post-university level. In 2013, a new
series of students obtained the Master Degree in
human rights, democracy, peace and tolerance;
this form of training assimilates the results of
the national and the international research,
keeping pace with the progresses and
developments in its specific field. It is worth
mentioning that the Institute is the first and, to
the best of our knowledge, so far the only
national institution that coordinates a Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance in the partnership system of
UNESCO programmes.
c) Participation in debates on various
aspects related to the observance and the
promotion of human rights in the framework of
scientific events, symposia, colloquia, debates,
roundtables, etc., or in the media (see Appendix
B).
During 2013 the Institute conducted
63

numerous training activities with significant

results, as follows:
Symposium on the theme The Holocaust,
a Genocide Lesson on the occasion of the
International Day to commemorate the victims
of the holocaust. The symposium was organized
by the Romanian Institute of Human Rights in
cooperation with the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance, the Romanian Association for the
United Nations, the Family Forum Association
for the promotion of women rights, the Cheia
Club Association, and the Romanian
Association for Personal Freedom and Human
Dignity;
Events to combat discrimination and meant
to encourage tolerance in schools, under the title
Say No to Racism, and thematic exhibitions
organized by the I. A. Bassarabescu
gymnasium and the J. Monnet national
college in Ploieti town and by the Adolescena
Association in partnership with the Romanian
Institute of Human Rights.
The Conference National Human Rights
Institutions and their Activities within the
working groups of the Fundamental Rights
Agency organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights.
The Symposium dedicated to the
International Autism Awareness Day organized
under the campaign on "Autism Awareness
Week" by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in collaboration with the Romanian
Association for the United Nations and the
National School of Political and Administrative
Studies;
A round table devoted tot the International
Health Day on the theme proposed by the UN
and WHO referring to controlling blood
pressure was organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations, the Romanian Association for Women
Rights and the Club of Cheia as well as with
the support of the members of the International
Law Institute of French Orientation and
Expression (IDEF);

64

A debate entitled 20 years since the

establishment of the National Minorities
Council organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights, in cooperation with the
UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy,
Peace and Tolerance;
The Conference National Legislation in
the Field of Asylum and enforcement
modalities organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights in cooperation with the
UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy,
Peace and Tolerance;
The debate Education for Human Rights
and Sanctioning all Forms of Discrimination
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in cooperation with Al. I. Cuza
University of Iai and the Romanian
Association for the United Nations;
The Conference Together in Europe
organized by the Barbu tirbei college in
Clrai in partnership with the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights under the campaign
project Our Rights Within the EU;
Round Table on the occasion of the
International Day Against Facism and AntiSemitism organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights;
On the occasion of 10 December the
international Human Rights Day, a Conference
under the theme 20 YEARS OF WORK FOR
YOUR RIGHTS was organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with Ovidius University in
Constana, the Center of Religious Studies,
Researches and Juridical Canonical Studies of
the Three Monotheistic Religions of the Faculty
of Theology and the Faculty of Law and
Administrative Sciences;
The international symposium 20 Years of
Work for Your Rights on the occasion of 10
December the international Human Rights
Day, held in the Human Rights Hall of the
Chamber of Deputies at the Romanian
Parliament. The Symposium was organized by
the Commission for Human Rights, Cults and
National Minorities together with the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

III. ORGANIZATION OF SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES DEVOTED TO

HUMAN RIGHTS
The activity of organization of seminars,
symposia or roundtables, alongside the
Institute's other activities of research, education
and information, make up a harmonious whole
that approaches human rights issues while also
pointing out the importance of their promotion
and protection.
The reports and the studies made public on
their occasion of such events were the result of
the research activity performed by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Whether
it is about events organized by the Institute (see
Appendix A) or in partnership and exchange of
experience, the opinions and the conclusions led
to new topics of research, new methods to
approach training and education in a spirit of
respect for human rights.
The fact that organizations and bodies from
Romania or from abroad, taking interest in the
field of human rights invited the Institute to
participate with studies, lectures, reports, etc., in
some of the events they organized (see
Appendix B) illustrates the appreciation
enjoyed by the Institute both at national and
international levels, a prestige gained through
the rigor and the consistent involvement that the
Institute has proved in the protection and
promotion of human rights.
It is worth mentioning that the Institute
constantly attracted participants in its events
also determining the direct involvement in their
actual organization of numerous actors having
tasks or taking interest in the field of human
rights, including representatives of Parliament,
the Government, governmental and nongovernmental bodies or international and
regional organizations. By involving these
actors, with their contribution consisting in
works,
self-created
materials,
lectures,
dissertations, or expertise and reports on behalf
of the institutions or the organizations they
represented, the Institute tried to achieve better
communication and closer collaboration in order
to find and implement more efficient solutions
of improving the status of human rights in
Romania.
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
organized a large number of meetings and
DREPTURILE OMULUI

debates devoted to the assertion, the promotion

and the protection of human rights (see
Appendix A) attended by national and foreign
personalities taking interest in the field of
human rights.
Equality of opportunities
In 2013 like in every year, the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights granted a special
interest to the promotion and knowledge by the
public institutions and by physical persons of
the provisions of the Council of Europe
Convention regarding the prevention and
combating of violence against women and of
domestic violence in general. Thus, by
organizing events, debates and meetings with
representatives of the civil society, the Institute
supported the signing and ratification of this
document by our country. The Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
the Romanian Association for the Protection of
Womens Rights, with the Romanian
Association for the United Nations and the
Club of Cheia Association organized a round
table with the theme The Role of Women in a
Modern Society. Specialists in the field of
human rights and the rights of women were
invited to the event for an extensive and
complex dialogue. The meeting aimed at
identifying concrete actions to ensure
compliance with and promotion of women
rights in all sectors of society. The works
presented various analyses on how women's
rights are regulated both at international as well
as at regional level. It has been highlighted that
at present the rights of women are expressed
and provided in a wide range of international
Treaties, declarations and political engagements
at international, regional and national level. In
this context, the latest document is the Council
of Europe Convention on preventing and
combating violence against women and
domestic violence. This legal instrument is an
attempt to change the mentality and feelings of
individuals and represents and appeal addressed
to society. In the specialists opinion, the
document is the first international Treaty that
contains a definition of gender, thus recognizing
65

that women and men are not only different from

a biological point of view, but that it also exists
a gender category, socially defined, which
confers to women and men specific roles and
behaviors. However, the ratification of the
document involves introducing in the domestic
law of the Member States new mentions of
crimes such as female genital mutilation, forced
marriage, forced abortion or forced sterilization.
The role of National Human Rights
Institutions (NHRIs) in promoting and
protecting the rights of women and girls was
highlighted in the context of the Conference
held in Amman during which the Amman Final
Declaration and Programme of Action were
adopted. By the two documents the national
institutions are committed to promoting these
rights as a priority in their work, with an
emphasis on education, monitoring activities on
how states comply with their obligations to
respect, protect and achieve these rights.
Another important event was the symposium
entitled Equal opportunities for people with
disabilities, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the National School of Political and
Administrative Studies and the International
Institute of Human Rights.
Non-Discrimination
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
highlights the need of concrete measures for
combating
discrimination,
racism
and
xenophobia. In 2013, RIHR maintained a
permanent dialogue between the governmental
institutions
and
the
non-governmental
organizations for the protection of human rights
and especially of the rights of certain categories
of persons, emphasizing the importance of
strong institutions that should apply the antidiscrimination legislation and should also
actively participate in the development of this
legislation.
On the occasion of the European week of
action against racism (16-24 March) when the
citizens of European cities were invited to take
action against racism by organizing events to
raise awareness of public opinion and especially
of the young generation with regard to the
dangers represented by racism in the
international context, RIHR organized a series
66

of events and campaigns in Universities, schools

and public institutions in Bucharest and through
the country. This year campaign highlighted that
diversity can manifest itself even in a
homogeneous group. Our identities have many
layers and it is the combination between them
that makes us unique. Diversity means to stay
together accepting the fact that we are different
and trying to remain tolerant and open towards
all the people around us.
With the support of the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance, of the Romanian Association for the
United Nations and of the Association Club of
Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu, RIHR organized
information sessions, book exhibitions where
the latest publications of the Institute and the
RIHR quarterly review were disseminated.
With the support of the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights, the Adolescena Foundation
of Prahova county initiated a series of events for
combating racism and discrimination, by
organizing essays, coverage stories and
drawings contests under the thorough guidance
of teachers, as part of an ample campaign
rallying to the European and global movements
of children and youth all over the world. The
Foundation engaged several schools in the
campaign.
In the essays and drawings contests dedicated
to the theme Say NO to racism, young people
were invited to participate by taking a stand
against events or gestures that suggest the idea
of discrimination and racism in the near
proximity of their daily existence. In a joined
effort to raise public awareness on the danger of
the spread of racism and of intolerance attitudes,
information materials and posters were
disseminated, especially in schools and
universities with the aim to highlight the
question of education for diversity and its
acceptance as a specific feature not only of a
people or of a minority, but of each separate
individual, who is unique on the planet.
Also, RIHR organized a symposium in
collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance, the United Nations Association of
Romania, Romanian Association for the
Protection of the Human Rights of Elderly
People, the Club of Cheia - Victor Dan
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Zlatescu Association, as well as representatives

of the International Institute of Law, of French
Expression and Inspiration. The theme of the
symposium was European Cities take stand
against racism - education to combat racism,
xenophobia and intolerance.
In celebration of 20 years of activity of the
National Minorities Council (CMN), the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights (RIHR)
organized on 15-17 April 2013, a series of
scientific events in collaboration with the
UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, democracy,
peace and tolerance and the United Nations
Association in Romania. In this context, the
work of CMN from the beginnings until present
days was presented being highlighted how, for
20 years, the structure and importance of the
Council have changed according to the political
interests of the issues of national minorities. It
was stressed that, since its establishment, CNM
partnered Human Rights Commission of the
Romanian Parliament, Romanian Institute for
Human Rights, as well as some international
organizations and worked with government
support on issues of minorities and on
perfecting relevant legislation in order to fulfill
the conditions of accession of Romania to the
Council of Europe, NATO and the European
Union. Also during in the debate were made
additional proposals to improve legislation in
this field.
On the occasion of the International Human
Rights Day, the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights and the Chamber of Deputies
Commission for Human Rights, Cults and
National Minorities organized an international
Symposium entitled 20 Years of Work for You
Rights. The debates focused on two
fundamental themes which were presented in
two working panels, as follows: The role of the
UN in the Promotion and Protection of Human
Rights. Fundamental Documents and The
European Space and Human Rights. Juridical
Aspects and Instruments Regulating the Human
Rights and the Fundamental Freedoms. In this
context, also taking into account the theme and
the conclusions of the Fundamental Rights
Annual Conference Combating Hate and
Hate Motivated Crimes in EU organized by the
EU Agency for Fundamental Rights and by the
Lithuanian Presidency of the Council, it was
DREPTURILE OMULUI

announced
the
establishment
of
the
parliamentary working group for combating
crimes motivated by hatred. The setting up of
this parliamentary group is all the more
necessary at the European Union level, as a
revision of the legislative framework in the field
of discrimination and xenophobia is scheduled
to take place at the beginning of 2014.
Rights of the Child
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
pays special attention to the promotion and
protection of the rights of the child, considering
the provisions of the International Convention
on the Rights of the Child and also the regional
instruments on child adoption, on fighting
trafficking in human beings, etc. Thus, in the
year 2013, the Institutes activity in this respect
referred to improvement of legislation in the
field, the childrens right to education, nondiscrimination of certain categories of children,
etc.
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
organized a number of debates and roundtables
including a debate on Investing in Children:
How to Break the Vicious Circle of the
Disadvantaged EU Recommendation no.
2013/ 112. The debate was organized in
partnership with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations; the Conference Children
and their Families Plead Against Poverty,
organized on the occasion of the International
Day for the Eradication of Poverty by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University
in Iasi, with the Romanian Association for the
United Nations; the round table We Have
Rights Too organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
the Romanian League for the Protection of the
Rights of Children and Youth and the Club of
Cheia Victor Dan Zlatescu Association on
the occasion of the International Day of the
Rights of the Child the day when the UN
General Assembly adopted the Convention on
the Rights of the Child.
The Institute also organized in partnership
with the Bucharest Teachers Training Centre
and the Ministry of National Education a series
of training courses with the theme Education
for Human Rights and for the Rights of the
67

Child.
The protection of the rights of the child was
the theme of the meeting between the Institutes
representatives and Mrs. Olga Borzova, member
of the Commission for Social Affairs, Health
and Sustainable Development of the Council of
Europe Parliamentary Assembly. This meeting
was an integral part of the documentation
process for the preparation of the Report Social
Services in Europe: Legislation and Practices
with Regard to the Separation of Children from
Their Families in the EU Council Member
States. The meeting was organized by the
Parliament of Romania Delegation to the EU
Council Parliamentary Assembly.
Access to justice
The observance of the provisions of Articles
5 and 6 in the European Convention on Human
Rights, the reformation of the European Court
of Human Rights, the observation and
implementation by the national institutions of
the decisions pronounced by the Court of
Strasbourg, the improvement of national
legislation and the evolution of the Romanian
jurisprudence, as well as the observance of
human rights in light of the new Codes the
Civil Code and the Civil Procedure Code,
alongside other major topics were the main
subjects of the studies, analyses and activities of
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights this
year.
Among the important events organized by
the Institute, we mention the international
conference Efficiency of legal norms. From
Theory to Practice at its second edition
organized by the University Dimitrie
Cantemir Faculty of Law in Cluj - Napoca in
cooperation with the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights and other partners. The event
meant not only a time dedicated to the field of
human rights and to the concern that the
academic world manifests for it, but also a good
opportunity to inaugurate the series of events
dedicated to the celebration of the 20th
anniversary of the World Conference on Human
Rights in Vienna and the adoption of the
Conference Declaration and Programme of
Action, which are benchmarks documents in the
struggle to promote and respect human rights
and fundamental freedoms.
68

In this context the role that the Romanian

Institute for Human Rights had in the Vienna
Conference was highlighted as well as the
importance of the international colloquium on
"Reform of International Institutions for the
Protection of Human Rights" organized by the
Institute during March 15 to 17, 1993, in
Bucharest, on which occasion was adopted the
"Bucharest Declaration", which later became an
official document of the UN General Assembly.
The Bucharest RIHR event was considered by
the UN Geneva Centre as a satellite meeting of
the World Conference on Human Rights.
The international conference Efficiency of
legal norms. From Theory to Practice offered
the opportunity to look into the past and judge
the facts of recent history and at the same time
the very current developments of these
guidelines from the century of the human
rights religion up to present days which are
marked by many changes in geopolitical,
economic and social aspects, which have
inevitably impacted on Europe. The conference
took place in two sections, namely private law
and public law. The conference also hosted two
workshops on the following subjects: copyright
limits and exceptions and individualization of
punishment.
Among other events on these subjects were:
the Symposium on "Cooperation in Public
Administration to Create an Area of Freedom
and Security" organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, the
United Nations Association of Romania and the
Human Rights Association for Healthy
Environment; the debate on "Protocol No. 15 to
the European Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms a reform protocol",
organized by the Association for the
Advancement of Family Rights "Family Forum"
and RIHR.
Also, together with Dimitrie Cantemir
Christian University, the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights participated in the organization
of the Symposium with the themes Justice and
Human Rights and Strict Liability and
Liability Based on Guilt.
Through its researchers, RIHR contributed to
the organization of events such as the
Symposium Justice and Human Rights and
DREPTURILE OMULUI

conference Continuity and Discontinuity in

Romanian law organized and hosted by the
Romanian Academy Institute of Legal Research
Academy Andrei Rdulescu, which is an
RIHR partner. In these debates were discussed
topics such as the achievement of fundamental
rights through constitutional jurisprudence, the
discovery of the rule of EU law principle by the
courts in Romania, human rights - from
universalism to cultural and religious relativism,
the impact of the testing and cooperation
mechanism on Romanian juridical order, the
legal status of women's rights from the
perspective of the Romanian Constitution, etc.
Moreover, researchers contributed with
studies and work sessions at conferences such as
the International Conference on Challenges of
the 21st Century in Law and Public
Administration, organized by the Department
of Law and Public Administration of the
University Petru Maior in collaboration with
the Foundation Pro Iure and with universities
in France, Hungary and Italy; the Conference"
Romanias Acceptance of the Compulsory
Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.
Advantages and Trends; The sixteenth edition
of the French- Romanian Days with the general
theme Heritage; The Fundamental Rights
Conference on" Combating Hate Crime in the
European Union, organized by the Lithuanian
Presidency of the Council of the European
Union and the Fundamental Rights Agency of
the European Union; the Conference on The
Basics of Justice: Shaping Justice Policies in
Europe Next Year organized by the European
Commission.
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights is
a member of the legal working group within the
European Network of Human Rights National
Institutions. In this context, it actively
participated both in the topics of discussion on
the reform of the European Court of Human
Rights as well as in the elaboration and
presentation of national and regional group
proposals on third-party interventions in cases
pending before the Strasbourg Court.
Right to health
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
organized a large number of activities devoted
to the right to health issues as follows:
DREPTURILE OMULUI

The round table devoted to the World Health

Day and organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights in partnership with the
Romanian Association for the United Nations,
the Romanian Association for the Womens
Rights, the Association for Human Rights to a
Healthy Environment and the Club of Cheia
Victor Dan Zltescu Association with the
support of the members of the International
Institute of Law of French Expression and
Inspiration.
The symposium on Protection and Control
of Blood Pressure organized by the Romanian
Institute of Human Rights in cooperation with
the Maramures County Police Inspectorate and
in partnership with the Romanian Association
for the United Nations, the Club of Cheia
Victor Dan Zltescu Association and the
Romanian Association for Womens Rights.
The debate with the theme Let us Work
Together for Health, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations, and the Club of Cheia
Victor Dan Zltescu Association.
The round table entitled Leaving with
Multiple Sclerosis in Romania organized by
the Multiple Sclerosis Society in Romania.
Also, RIHR was represented at the
international conference Successful models in
an integrated approach to services for diagnosis,
intervention recovery, functional, social
integration, education and training of persons
with autism spectrum disorder organized by
the Federation for Rights and Resources for
People with Acoustic Spectrum Disorders.
Religious Freedom
It its activity, the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights seeks to promote and protect the
right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, supporting in this sense a religious
dialogue based on tolerance, solidarity and on
combating religious hate speech. In this respect
RIHR held a series of activities in 2013, among
which the round table Human rights, religious
freedom
and
combating
religious
discrimination, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with
the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and
69

Bucovina, the United Nations Association in

Romania and the Association Club of Cheia
Victor Dan Zltescu.
The national conference entitled 20 Years of
Work for Your Rights organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the
Ovidius University in Constanta, in
partnership with the Centre for Research and
Juridical-canonical Theology Faculty, Centre
for Studies on Human Rights and
Discrimination in the Faculty of Law and
Administration of Ovidius University, and
with the support of the Intellectual Property
Law Scientific Association, the Association for
the United Nations in Romania (ANUROM),
the Club of Cheia -Victor Dan Zlatescu, the
Romanian Association for the Rights of the
Elderly People, Family Forum, the Romanian
Association for Personal Freedom and Human
Dignity and the Romanian Association for a
healthy environment (AROMES).
Rights of persons with disabilities
During the year 2013, the Institute had a
series of meeting with members of the civil
society and especially with representatives of
organizations for the protection of the rights of
persons with disabilities, with representatives of
the
National
Council
for
Combating
Discriminations, of the Ministry of Labor,
Family, Social Protection and elderly People
and with university professors, in order to
analyze and debate the way in which the rights
of persons with disabilities are respected and
promoted in Romania from the perspective of
the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities.
As an independent mechanism for
monitoring the implementation of the UN
Convention, the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights organized a campaign at national level
entitled The Autism Awareness Week in
Bucharest, Prahova County, and Neamt County.
The aim of the campaign was to draw public
attention on the importance of including the
persons suffering of autism into the society, of
respecting and promoting their rights and on the
need to overcome barriers in order to have an
inclusive society.
Also an important element of the campaign
was to promote a better knowledge of the UN
70

Convention.
In Bucharest, RIHR marked the International
Autism Awareness Day, with a debate
organized in collaboration with the Department
for the Protection of Persons with Disabilities,
the United Nations Association of Romania and
the National School of Political and
Administrative Studies; the event was attended
by representatives of governmental institutions,
academia, researchers, and students. In the
opening of the event the history and significance
of this day was presented and it was highlighted
that this day was established five years ago by
the UN General Assembly Resolution 62/139
emphasizing the role of the promotion of the
welfare of the disabled, including those of
children with progressive disabilities. The RIHR
volume Discrimination, Autonomy, Inclusion instruments on the rights of persons with
disabilities and case law was launched during
the event. The main purpose of this work
consists in promoting the national, regional and
international instruments for protecting the
rights of persons with disabilities and the
relevant case law of the European Court of
Human Rights cases on Romania.
On the occasion of World Health Day, we
also note the round table "From stigma to
inclusion: factors for progress in mental health",
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in collaboration with the United Nations
Association of Romania, the Romanian
Independent League for Human Rights to
Culture and Health, the Club of Cheia Victor
Dan Zltescu Association and the Romanian
Association for the protection of the rights of
elderly people.
Moreover, the Institute participated in
various events such as: CASPER Caravan
Final Action a national awareness campaign
with the aim to change the social attitude
towards persons with disabilities. The campaign
was organized in Bucharest by the Ministry of
Labor, Family, Social Protection and Elderly
People; the final conference of the project cofinanced by the European Social Fund through
the Operational Sectorial Programme for
Human Resources Development 2007-2013
with the theme Integration on the Labor
Market for the persons with disabilities. The
final conference of the project was organized by
DREPTURILE OMULUI

the COLFASA Association through the

Bucharest Centre for Social Inclusion. The
Institute also participated in a debate entitled
"Why do we need independent mechanisms for
monitoring and respecting the rights of people
with mental disabilities in institutions? The
debate was organized by the Centre for Juridical
Studies.
As an independent mechanism for
promoting, protecting and monitoring the
implementation of the UN Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities, RIHR
issued a study on The Evolution of the
protection and promotion of the rights of people
with disabilities in Romania. The study
provides information analyses on the situation
of handicapped persons in Romania and
presents data on the measures adopted, on
specific ongoing programmes and on the
legislation in force with regard to the rights of
handicapped persons.
The Key findings of the research refer to the
factors that determine the limited access of
persons with disabilities to public life; the
recommendations are action-oriented on
continuous awareness raising and promotion of
these specific rights, so that people with
disabilities may fully enjoy all the human rights
and freedoms on an equal basis with others. An
inclusive society is based on respect and
understanding. Therefore, it is important to
improve the level of the public understanding of
disability.
Government,
NGOs,
media
involvement should consider deploying
campaigns that aim to change attitudes.
The study by RIHR is part of a first stage in
an extensive research conducted in order to
accomplish its attributes of independent
mechanism for the promotion, protection and
implementation monitoring of the UN
Convention on the rights of persons with
disabilities.
Last but not least, it is worth mentioning that
the Institute is an active member in the
European Network of National Human Rights
Institutions and part of the Working Group for
the implementation of the UN Convention,
being the only institution in our country
designated to participate in the annual European
Commission working Forums for the
implementation of the Article 3.3 of the UN
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Convention.
Family
On the occasion of the International Day of
the Family and the Romanian Family Day, the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights organized
a series of scientific events. These included the
debate Family creates values, values create a
family organized by RIHR in partnership with
the United Nations Association of Romania, the
Association Clubul de la Cheia Victor Dan
Zltescu, the Association for the Promotion of
Family Rights Family Forum; a roundtable
The Romanian Family--dignity-solidarity
"organized in collaboration with the University
Al. I. Cuza in Iasi and the United Nations
Association in Romania. Also, on this occasion
RIHR attended the roundtable on The rights
and obligations of the Romanian modern family
- issues and challenges organized by Radio
Romania Antena of the villages in the show
Magazin de Vorbe (talking shop).
The central aim of these events was to
promote healthy family values, respect for
different families (single parent, the disabled,
inter-ethnic, foster families, etc.). Also on this
occasion were highlighted and discussed the
importance of the family and its place in a
modern society shaken by various and profound
crisis and what can be done by society to
strengthen families.
Also on this occasion was launched a draft
program of activities dedicated to May 15, 2014
celebration of the 20th anniversary of the
proclamation by the General Assembly of the
United Nations in 1994 of the International Year
of the Family and of the Family Day, while in
Romania this Day was proclaimed by
Government Decision the Romanian Family
Day. Debates and meetings on family and
education, and various essays and art
competitions with the theme Family were
proposed as activities for the next year.
RIHR representatives took part in studies and
researches at events such as the closing
conference of the public awareness campaign on
preventing and combating domestic violence,
organized by the Ministry of Labour, Family,
Social Protection and Elderly People, the
international Colloquium on the evolution of
the concept of family and its influence on legal
71

successor order organized by the National

Union of Public Notaries in Romania and the
Association Henri Capital.
The Business Environment and Human
Rights
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
gives special importance to the subject
business environment and human rights Even
since 2011, in follow-up to the 2010 Edinburgh
Conference and its adopted Declaration and on
the background of an economic crisis whose
effects were strongly felt by certain individuals
in Romania, as well as in all EU Member States,
taking into account the commitments under the
Action Plan adopted in Berlin, RIHR considers
this theme to be an important component of its
activities plan.
Based on the adoption of the general UN
Principles, the Institute began a study on aspects
such as: the business environment and its
influences on human rights, corporate social
responsibility for the respect, promotion and
protection of human rights in Romania. In this
context, a series of roundtables, conferences and
meetings were organized in order to discuss the
importance of a national action plan that should
reflect the principles of the UN. These meetings
were attended by representatives of public

institutions, non-governmental organizations

and academia. We note, by way of example, the
symposium on Democracy and the Economic
Crisis:
Opportunities
and
Challenges",
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights and the Romanian Association for
personal freedom and human dignity.
CLARITY Project
The project is conducted by the Fundamental
Rights Agency of the European Union in
partnership with 12 national human rights
institutions of EU Member States (Austria,
Cyprus, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy,
Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Ireland, Spain and
Romania). It aims to provide a better
understanding of non-judicial bodies (national
human rights institutions, equality bodies and
ombudsman institutions) to help all victims of
human rights violations.
CLARITY is intended to create an online
tool for easy identification of the most appropriate
non-judicial bodies competent in human rights for
a certain category of fundamental rights. This online tool will cover different areas of human
rights, including discrimination.
Also the project is conceived as an
instrument to provide information on how and
where to submit a petition or where a claimant
can get help in case of human rights violations.

IV. PUBLICATION OF REGULATIONS, DOCUMENTS, STUDIES AND

RESEARCHES IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The Romanian Institute for Human Rights
promotes training and information in the field of
human rights of public bodies, nongovernmental organizations and individuals in
terms of the observance, the protection and the
guaranteeing of human rights by means of
domestic
and
international
legislation,
institutions and mechanisms, practices and
usages. It has the role to inform all those
interested about the latest research in the field of
human rights, the international commitments
assumed by Romania and the way they are
fulfilled. The Institute provides the translation
and the publication of those international
documents which, by their topicality, have to be
known by the governmental and the nongovernmental institutions promoting and
72

protecting human rights.

Periodic publications
A) The Quarterly scientific review
Drepturile
Omului
(Human
Rights)
publishes reports, studies, research works, and
articles. The review also provides texts of
international or national regulations of major
significance in the field of human rights, the
jurisprudence of the European Court of Human
Rights and/or the national courts, notes,
comments or book reviews.
The thematic approached includes a scientific
and diversified analysis of the fundamental
human rights, with an emphasis on the
DREPTURILE OMULUI

interdependence and interaction among them

and the values, the principles, the norms and the
standards referred to by both the institutions, the
mechanisms and by the terms, the concepts and
the methodological and technological trends. In
addition, the Institute provides reports on
various events in the field of human rights,
human rights books reviews, its latest
publications as well as brief presentations of the
activities organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights or to which the Institute
participated.
B) Info IRDO, a monthly information
bulletin for the public at large, including briefly
presented topical news about events related to
human rights organized at domestic and
international level, studies and scientific
researches. It also presents various cases
brought before the European Court of Human
Rights and before the Court of Justice of the
European Union, in an attempt to meet the
present demands of the civil society, of
institutions or of students, etc. At the same time,
it is worth mentioning the columns devoted to
recently adopted international documents.
Researches and works published in 2013
New compilations of documents and research
works were published under the aegis of the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights:
Instituia ombudsmanului la nivel
european (the Ombudsman Institution at
European Level).
The importance of the theme approached
by the study derives from the reality that at the
present state of European institutional evolution,
diversity is the principle governing both the
general concept of human rights, as well as the
ways of resolving their abuse. In this context,
the creation, development and improvement of
institutions for the protection and promotion of
human rights through non-contentious means
represents the guarantee for the democratic
development of a society and obviously for the
strengthening of the rule of law.
The paper is structured on three well
defined chapters and represents an original
genuine contribution to the complex analysis of
the ombudsman concept during its evolution,
highlighting the diversification of nonDREPTURILE OMULUI

contentious means to promote and protect

human rights from the ombudsman perspective
and the various forms, duties and titles that the
institution has in a number of European
countries.
Evoluia proteciei i promovrii
drepturilor persoanelor cu dizabiliti n
Romnia (The Evolution of the promotion and
protection of the rights of disabled persons in
Romania).
The study aims to provide a first insight
into how disability rights are respected in
Romania. Thus, we proceeded to an objective
analysis of how the provisions of the UN
Convention are reflected in the legislation of
Romania, but also of how they are implemented,
according to researches, investigations and
NGO data provided by various institutions.
The dimensions of the Convention and
the range of issues under discussion make its
implementation
and
monitoring
more
challenging than those of many other
conventions. The acceptance of discrimination
by the handicap criterion is deeply rooted in
many societies. It is based mainly on ignorance
rather than on ill-faith. Besides financial
resources and commitment, the implementation
of the Convention implies creativity and
cooperation, which are the key aspects explored
by this report and which require immediate
attention.
The points of view expressed in the
study are the result of the collaboration between
the RIHR researchers, pre-university professors,
master and doctoral students and representatives
of Institutions and NGOs who honorifically
contributed to this research.
The research is particularly important for
raising public awareness on disability issues.
The study proposes an investment in human
capacity, the establishment of a group of
researchers specialized in disability issues.
Research studies should be oriented on the
quality of life and on the well being of disabled
people, on programmes and accessibility
standards, on universal design and reasonable
adaptation, on the costs of disability etc.
The Romanian Institute for Human
Rights issued this report in its quality of
independent mechanism for the promotion,
protection and monitoring of the modalities for
73

the implementation of the UN Convention for

the rights of persons with disabilities in
Romania, in accordance with the provisions of
Article 33.2 of the Convention.
Dreptul la informaie n contextul
reformei administrative (The Right to
Information in the Context of Administrative
Reform).
This research work presents doctrinal
views on the classification of the citizens rights
and freedoms and also clarifies the notion of the
object of study, the defining elements of the
right to information and the transparency of the
administrative act. The right to information is
considered as an integral part of the right to
social communication and the study presents
domestic and international regulations with
respect to this right.
Due to the complexity of the right to
information and its role in the administrative
reform, the study analyzes the relationship
between the public servant and the citizen, the
free access to information, mass-media and
information, the freedom of the press and the
right to information; information as a means of
showing transparency towards the citizens; the
freedom of the press and the fight against
violence, the press and the free access to
judiciary information; delineation of the right to
information for pending cases; transparency and
citizens participation.
Politica de Coeziune a Uniunii Europene
n domeniul transporturilor n Romnia (The
Cohesive EU Policy in the Transport Sector in
Romania)
The study aims to analyze the state of
our country in the process of attracting funds in
the transport sector. It presents problems that
directly influence the rate of Romanias
European funds absorption in the field and the
management, evaluation, monitoring and
control of the decision-making operational
program. The role and functions of the public
sector are analyzed, as well as the specialized
bodies of the public administration, the
ministries and their decentralized public
services. The research highlights the mandate of
the European Commission in the field of
cohesive policy, knowing that it has an
important role in the management and control of
74

these funds for achieving convergence, regional

competitiveness, employment and territorial
European cooperation.
Migraia i dreptul (Migration and Law).
The study presents the evolution of law
in Romania in the field of migration and
asylum, as well as the current regulations in
relation to regional and international
instruments to which the country is a party.
The adherence of Romania to the European
Union led in recent years to substantial changes
both in the rules of law regulating the status of
foreigners in Romania as citizens of EU
member states and of the European Economic
Area, as well as in the asylum laws and
procedures in order to ensure conformity with
the European legislation and with other
international legal instruments, to which
Romania is a party.
Romania has a specific policy of
immigration depending on the needs at the
national level, taking into account the
impact this might have on other EU member
states; this policy aims to ensure a fair
treatment and a harmonious integration of
foreigners in the Romanian society.
Therefore this policy covers the following
aspects: the granting of visas by the
Romanian state, the conditions of granting
residence, the asylum procedure and the
humanitarian status, combating trafficking
with human beings and internal institutional
cooperation, the economic migration etc
Reports
The management of the migration
phenomenon is based on the participation of all
national institutions with competencies in this
field, on their participative management and
institutional cooperation. The study takes into
consideration aspects highlighted by the RIHR
Annual Report for 2012.
RIHR Record of activities 2012;
2013 RIHR activity report on the evolution
of the legislation on human rights in Romania
and in the European Union;
Report on the Human Rights National
Institutions in Europe and their activity in the
protection and promotion of the rights of the
elderly persons;
Report Applicable religious rules
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according to the law of state in Romania;

Report Migration and Law;

Report Evolution of the protection and

promotion of the rights of persons with
disabilities in Romania.

V. THE DOCUMENTATION CENTRE

In accordance with the Paris Principles on the
functioning of national institutions for the
promotion and protection of human rights, the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights continued
throughout 2013 to successfully fulfill its role in
strengthening a better understanding by the
public bodies, the civil society and the citizens
of the vast field of human rights issues and how
they are guaranteed and respected nationally
and internationally.
As an independent institute, RIHR acted as a
bridge between the state and civil society
organizations
featuring
an
appropriate
framework and the means to ensure access to
knowledge and awareness of human rights both
by public authorities as well as by the citizens
who are the beneficiaries of these rights. Special
attention was given to the youth, whose training,
information and documentation is essential for
future structures and institutions responsible for
the protection and promotion of human rights.
In this context, one of the important tools for
strengthening human rights knowledge,
exchange of experiences and sharing of best
practices is the RIHR Documentation
Centre/Library, which is also a depository
library for the Council of Europe. The Centre
provides its users with materials of national and
international law, of human rights issues,
international
conventions,
treaties
and
covenants, legislation, studies, publications and
references. The library of the Centre is also the
partner of one of the largest modern libraries in
the world the Alexandrina Library in
Alexandria, Egypt.
Having a book collection that covers more
than 250 fields of activity, RIHR also benefited
from donations of publications of global interest
from international bodies, higher education
institutions and NGOs.
During 2013, the RIHR Documentation
Centre continued its partnerships and
collaborations with libraries and specialized
institutions in various countries. Thus, the
studies and the research works of the Institute
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can be found in more than 40 libraries and

human rights institutions, in Europe, America
and Africa (Egypt). Among the best known are
the Library of Congress in Washington DC
(USA), the U. S. Court, the European Court of
Human Rights, Council of Europe, the Swiss
Institute of Comparative Law Library,
Norwegian Centre for Human Rights , the
Alexandrina Library in Egypt and a multitude of
libraries in the European Union countries, for
example, the Library of the University of
Leicester, the Vatican Library, the Swiss
Institute of Comparative Law, the Library of the
International Law Institute of French Expression
and Inspiration, the Library of Strasbourg , the
French Society of Comparative Law Library,
the Library of the Catholic University of
Louvain, Padua University Library, the National
Library in Prague, Vienna, Madrid etc.
In its constant preoccupation to provide
information and documentation about the
scientific activities performed by the Institute,
the Documentation Centre sent free of charge
the publications issued under the patronage of
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights to all
those interested in the country: the University
Central Library, the National Library of
Romania, county Libraries, the Romanian
Academy, the Senate of Romania, the Chamber
of Deputies, the Constitutional Court, the
Superior Council of Magistracy, the High Court
of Cassation and Justice, the Legislative
Council, the Government of Romania, the
Romanian Academy's Institute of Juridical
Research, the National Institute of Magistracy,
the National School of Clerks, the National
Institute for Lawyers' Training, the University
of Bucharest, the Alexandru Ion Cuza
University of Iai, the Ovidius University of
Constana, the Lucian Blaga University of
Sibiu, the West University of Timioara, the
Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, the
North University of Baia Mare, the Nicolae
Titulescu University of Bucharest, the Titu
Maiorescu University, the Christian University
75

Dimitrie Cantemir, the Ecological University,

theHyperion University, the RomanianAmerican University, the Spiru Haret
University, the Simion Brnuiu University,
the UNESCO Chair of the North University of
Baia Mare.
The RIHR scientific quarterly reviews, as
well as a wide range of publications in the field
of human rights issued under the patronage of
RIHR were distributed upon request to the
Teachers
Training
Centers,
School
Inspectorates, county libraries, prefectures and
courts of law.
Pupils, students, candidates for a doctoral or
master
degree,
teachers,
researchers,
representatives of the civil society in Romania
and from abroad, members of governmental
institutions as well as private individuals
consulted the IRDO Library Centre for study
and for deepening their scientific knowledge
and information in the areas of human rights,
international law, comparative law, pacts and
treaties, human rights law and related fields.
The book inventory was enriched by
donations and by the purchase of publications
requested by readers and researchers who
support the comparative study of a variety of
subjects from the perspective of common
respect and protection of human rights.
In the year 2013 over 1600 registered readers
visited the RIHR Documentation Centre Library
and accessed the work posted on the Institutes
Web-site http://www..irdo.ro which provides to
the interested public a virtual library containing
most of the RIHR publications. Thus, over
3,000,000 visitors accessed the site. In the field
of jurisprudence, the site provides information
about Romanian cases adjudicated or settled by
the European Court of Human Rights
The public relations activity
By its entire activity, the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights gets involved with
professionalism and responsibility in the
promotion and the observance of human rights.
As a result of its information and dissemination
work regarding the activities it performs in the
field of human rights, the RIHR was contacted
in the year 2013 by various categories of
persons who addressed the Institute with various
issues, requests and petitions, reporting
76

violations of their human rights, and asking for

advisory opinions on the procedures to be
followed for the regaining of these rights.
Thus, during 2013, the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights took action to clarify and
advise for finding the correct solutions to the
requests received, offering specialized advisory
opinions and assistance with regard to the
memorials, the intimations and the telephone
calls it received.
The complaints referred to such aspects as:
granting and respecting of social rights, aspects
regarding violations of the labour legislation.
There were also petitions or complaints
referring to the execution of custodial sentences,
petitions related to the infringement of equality
of opportunities, violation of the rights of
persons belonging to national minorities or
religious cults; complaints about the competent
authorities' partial or total failure to ensure the
exercise of certain pecuniary rights derived
from the social protection legislation (the
income support for various disadvantaged
categories or persons, the recalculation of
pensions, etc.)
Both persons who personally came at RIHR
headquarters, as well as those who contacted the
Institute by phone or by e-mail received
consultancy, guidance and documentation
materials. In approximately 75% of the cases of
registered written petitions, the RIHR assisted
the persons who had asked for its involvement
by analyzing the case and guiding the petitioner
towards a competent body or making a
recommendation to the authorized institution.
As far as the transmission of petitions to the
competent authorities is concerned, 55% of the
above-mentioned petitions were forwarded to
the competent institutions which had
attributions of solving the respective request.
Commitment to human rights issues,
responsibility and professionalism contributed
to the continuously increasing prestige of the
RIHR among beneficiaries and the domestic and
foreign profile institutions.
As a result, a large number of domestic and
international bodies invited the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights or its representatives
to join their working structures or their steering
bodies. Here are a few examples: the RIHR is
member of the Romanian National UNESCO
Bioethics Committee; member of the National
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Coordinating Committee of the UN Decade of

Education for Sustainable Development.
During 2013, the RIHR functioned as an
independent mechanism for monitoring the
implementation of the United Nations
Convention on Persons with Disabilities,
collaborating with the Ministry of Labour,
Family, Social Protection and Elderly persons
and the NGOs in the field.
At the same time, the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights continued its activity in the
framework of various international structures.
As international recognition of the efforts taken
by the RIHR with the promotion and the
protection of human rights, the Institute or its
representatives were elected in various
structures of international bodies, such as: the
International Coordination Committee of
National Institutions for the Promotion and
Protection of Human Rights (ICC), International
Academy of Comparative Law, International
Family Organization, the European Network of
National Human Rights Institutions; the

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Francophone Association of National Human

Rights Institutions, the Board of Directors of the
International Institute of Law of French
Expression and Inspiration (IDEF); the
European Law Institute ( ELI ) the French
Society of comparative Legislation, European
groups working on justice, on monitoring the
implementation of the UN Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities, on
migration and education , which are part of the
ICC. RIHR researchers are members of the
Board and of the working groups of the
European Union Fundamental Rights Agency,
some of them were designated as experts of
UNESCO, OSCE, the Council of Europe and
the European Union, participating in this
capacity as rapporteurs or leaders of sections at
scientific events devoted to human rights. As far
as the activity of human rights education is
concerned, the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights is internationally recognized and was
awarded several international distinctions over
time.

77

APPENDIX A
SELF-ORGANIZED ACTIVITIES OR COLLABORATIONS
The conference The History of European
Institutions Evolution, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the National School of
Political and Administrative Studies, the Faculty
of Law and Administration of the Ecological
University in Bucharest, the Dimitrie
Cantemir Christian University and the
International Institute for Human Rights (15
January 2013).
The debate The Processing Capacity of the
Human Mind, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights and the Bucharest
Academy of Economic Studies (15 January
2013).
The Symposium Bio-Ethics and the
Protection of Human Dignity organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights, The
Romanian Association for Personal Freedom
and Human Dignity and the National School of
Political and Administrative Studies (18 January
2013)
Round table on 2013 The European Year
of Citizens, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations, the Club of Cheia Association and
the Romanian Association for Personal Freedom
and Human Dignity (21 January 2013).
The Conference The European Institutional
Law and the European Material Law organized
by the Romanian Institute of Human Rights, the
National School of Political and Administrative
Studies, the Dimitrie Cantemir Christian
University in Bucharest, the International
Institute for Human Rights and the Faculty of
Law and Administration of the Ecological
University (22 January 2013).
The round table on Enriching the range of
human mind perceptions through a transdisciplinary approach organized by the
Romanian Institute of Human Rights in
cooperation with the Bucharest Academy of
Economic Studies (22 January 2013).
The Symposium The Holocaust a
genocide lesson organized on the occasion of
the International Day to Commemorate the
Victims of the Holocaust by the Romanian
78

Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with

the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights,
Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, Romanian
Association for the United Nations, the
Romanian Association for the Promotion of the
Rights of the Family- Family Forum, the Club
of Cheia Association and the Romanian
Association for Personal Freedom and Human
Dignity (27 January 2013).
Debate on Types of intelligence and types
of truth from a trans-disciplinary point of view,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in partnership with the Academy of
Economic Studies in Bucharest (29 January
2013).
The round table Terrorism a serious
violation of human rights organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the National School of
Political and Administrative Studies, the
UNESCO Chair for human rights, democracy,
peace and tolerance and the Ecological
University in Bucharest (1 February 2013).
Debate on The concept of European
citizenship and its constitution, organized by
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the National School of
Political and Administrative studies (5 February
2013)
The round table Trans-disciplinarily
approaches and the types of truth by which the
human mind operates economic truth, social
truth, political truth, cultural truth, religious
truth etc organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights in cooperation with the
Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies and
the Romanian Association for Personal Freedom
and Human Dignity (5 February 2013).
The round table Launching of the
international year of cooperation in the field of
water management, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the Romanian Association of
the Human Right to a Healthy Environment and
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations (11 February 2013).
Debate on Economic, social, cultural and
political rights from a regional and universal
DREPTURILE OMULUI

perspective, marking the anniversary of the UN

Economic and Social Councils sixty seven
years of activity, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations, the Club of Cheia Association and
the Museum of Natural Sciences in Prahova
county (11-12 February 2013).
The Conference Freedom of movement in
the European Union system organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the UNESCO chair for human
rights, democracy, peace and tolerance and the
National School of Political and Administrative
Studies (19 February 2013)
The round table The reality levels specific
to trans-disciplinary approaches~, organized by
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights (19
February 2013).
The Symposium Equal opportunities for
handicapped persons organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the National School for
Political and Administrative Studies (22
February 2013).
The Symposium Human Rights the
cultural-linguistic
diversity
and
multilingualism~ organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights, the Romanian
League for the Rights of Children and Youth
and the Romanian Independent League for the
Human Rights to Culture and Health, on the
occasion of the International Day of the Mother
Tongue (21 February 2013).
Debate on A Tran disciplinary approach and
the development of a new quantum, spiritual
intelligence organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights and the Bucharest
Academy of Economic Studies (26 February
2013)
The Conference on The European Union
Fundamental Rights Agency organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the National School of Political
and Administrative Studies, the Ecologic
University of Bucharest, the International
Institute for Human Rights (26 February 2013).
Debate on 2Global Approaches on Equality
and Non-Discrimination, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the National School of Political
and Administrative Studies and the UNESCO
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Chair for human rights, democracy, peace and

tolerance (1 March 2013).
Debate on A new type of education,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights and the Bucharest Academy of
Economic Studies (5 March 2013)
Round Table on The national institutions of
human rights and their activity in the working
groups of the EU Agency for Fundamental
Rights, organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights in partnership with the
National School of Political and Administrative
Studies, the Romanian Association for the
United Nations and the International Institute
for Human Rights (5 March 2013).
Debate on Elimination and prevention of all
forms of violence against women and girls a
theme proposed by the United Nations
Organization on the occasion of the
International Womens Day, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations (8 March 2013).
Round table on Launching the European
week of action against racism 2013, organized
by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the National School of Political
and Administrative Studies, the Romanian
Association for Personal Freedom and Human
Dignity and the International Institute for
Human Rights (12 March 2013).
Events organized to highlight the importance
of non-discrimination and to encourage
tolerance in schools on the theme Let us say
No to racism, exhibitions and contests
organized by I. A. Bassarabescu secondary
school, J. Monnet National College in Ploieti
and Adolescena Foundation in cooperation with
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights (15
March 2013).
Essays contest under the campaign of
eliminating all forms of racial discrimination a
European Week campaign to take action against
racism organized by the Adolescenta
Association in partnership with the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights and with the
participation of the I. A. Bassarabescu
secondary school, J. Monet national college in
Ploiesti and I. Mazarek technological highschool of (18 March 2013).
Round table on Education for human rights,
for combating racism, racial discrimination,
79

xenophobia and intolerance, organized by the

Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Bucharest National School
of Political and Administrative Studies and with
the Bucharest Ecological University (19 March
2013).
Debate on Investing in children, breaking
the vicious circle of disfavor ( the
recommendation of the EU Commission No,
2013/112/EU), organized by the Romanian
Institute of Human Rights in partnership with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations (20 March 2013).
Symposium on Without clean water, we
cannot live a healthy life, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations, the Romanian Association
for the human right to a healthy environment
and the Club of Cheia Association on the
occasion of the World Water Day (22 March
2013).
The Conference National Human Rights
Institutions and their activity within the working
groups of the EU Agency for Fundamental
Rights, organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights and the National School of
Political and Administrative Studies (26 March
2013).
Round table on Human Rights and the new
information and communication technologies,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights and the Bucharest Academy of
Economic Studies (26 March 2013).
Round table on Human Rights, religious
freedom and combating discrimination on
religious grounds, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and
Bucovina, the Romanian Association for the
United Nations and the Club of Cheia
Association (26-28 March 2013).
Symposium dedicated to the World Autism
Awareness Day as part of the Autism
Awareness Week campaign, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the
National School for Political and Administrative
Studies (2 April 2013).
The national phase of evaluation and
awarding of the Socio-Human Sciences
Olympics, a contest of excellence addressed to
pupils, organized in Baia Mare by the Ministry
80

of National Education in partnership with the

Romanian Institute for Human Rights (3-4 April
2013).
Debate dedicated to the World Autism
Awareness Week, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the UNESCO chair for human rights,
democracy, peace and tolerance (5 April 2013).
Round table dedicated to the World Health
Day on this years theme proposed by the
United Nations blood pressure control. The
round table was organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations, the Romanian Association for
Womens Rights, the Club of Cheia Victor
Dan Zltescu Association and with the support
of the members of International Institute of Law
of French Expression and Inspiration (8 April
2013).
Symposium on Protecting your health
blood pressure control, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Maramure County Police
Inspectorate, the Romanian Association for the
United Nations, the Club of Cheia Association
and the Romanian Association for Womens
Rights (8-10 April 2013).
Debate on Let us work together for health,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in cooperation with the Romanian
Association for the United Nations, the Club of
Cheia Association as part of a series of events
dedicated to World Health Day (10-11 April
2013)
Debate on The Council for National
Minorities 20 years since its establishment
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in partnership with the UNESCO chair
for human rights, democracy, peace and
tolerance (15 April 2013).
Round table on Twenty years since the first
meeting of the Council for National Minorities,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in cooperation with the Romanian
Association for the United Nations, the National
School for Political and Administrative Studies,
the Club of Cheia Association and the
Romanian Association for Womens Rights (16
April 2013).
Round table on Cultural rights and the
freedom of conscience in Romania and in other
DREPTURILE OMULUI

European states, organized by the Romanian

Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
Al, Ioan Cuza University of Iai (22-23 April
2013).
Book
exhibition
displaying
RIHR
publications organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
Dimitrie Cantemir University of Cluj, The
Faculty of Law and the Romanian Association
for the United Nations (24 April 2013).
Round table on Twenty years since the
adoption of the Vienna Declaration and
Programme of Action adopted at the World
Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna.
The round table was organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
Dimitrie Cantemir University of Cluj, the
Faculty of Law, the Romanian Association for
the United Nations and the Association for the
promotion of the rights of the family Family
Forum (25 April 2013).
The second edition of the Conference The
Efficiency of Juridical Norms, organized by
the Dimitrie Cantemir University in Cluj, the
Faculty of Law in partnership with the George
Bariiu History Institute, the Department of
Human and Social Research of the Romanian
Academy, Cluj-Napoca Branch, the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights, the Institute of
Administrative Studies in Chiinu, the
Romanian Association of Penal Sciences (26-27
April 2013).
Round Table on Promoting and Protecting
people at national level and the importance of
the Vienna Declaration and Plan of Action
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in cooperation with the Club of Cheia
Association and the Family Forum Association
(28 April 2013).
Roundtable on "Freedom of the press the
fundamental component of a democratic
society", organized to commemorate twenty
years anniversary of World Press Freedom Day
by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the Romanian Association
for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia
Association (3 May 2013).
Round table on "Human Rights in a United
Europe" organized on the occasion of Europe
Day and the anniversary of sixty-three years of
the Schuman Declaration, by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with
DREPTURILE OMULUI

the Romanian Association for the United

Nations (May 9, 2013).
Debate on Family creates values, values
create the family organized on the occasion of
the International Day of the Family by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations, the Club of Cheia
Association and the Association for the
Promotion of Family Rights Family Forum
(15 May 2013).
Roundtable on The rights and obligations of
the Romanian modern family issues and
challenges organized on the occasion of the
International Day of Families by Radio
Romania Antena Satelor (Romanian Village
Antenna), during the talk shop broadcast with
the participation of the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights (15 May, 2013).
Roundtable on The Romanian familydignity and solidarity organized on the
occasion of the International Day of Families
and the Romanian Family Day, by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with AL. I. Cuza University of
Iai and the Romanian Association for the
United Nations (18-20 May 2013).
Posters contest with the theme Cultural
Diversity, organized on the occasion of the
World Day of Cultural Diversity by the
Association for Inter-Cultural Dialogue in
partnership with the Romanian National
Commission for UNESCO, the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights and with the
participation of the National College Vlaicu
Vod in Curtea de Arge and the National
College Octav Onicescu in Bucharest (25
May 2013).
Debate on Think, Eat, Save reduce your
foodprint a theme chosen by the United
Nations to celebrate the World Environment
Day. The debate was organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with the Romanian Association for
the Human Right to a Healthy Environment,
The Romanian Association for the Rights of the
FamilyFamily Forum and the Romanian
Association for Womens Rights (5 June 2013).
Symposium on Cooperation at the level of
public administration to create an area of
freedom and security organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
81

partnership with UNESCO Chair for Human

Rights, the Romanian Association for the
United Nations and the Association for Human
Rights to a Healthy Environment (11 to 13 June
2013).
Roundtable organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights, the Romanian
Association for the United Nations, the
Association for Family Rights Family Forum
at the Club of Cheia Association as part of a
series of events dedicated to the International
Day Against Child Labor (June 12, 2013).
The Conference "National legislation on
asylum and its enforcement modalities
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in partnership with the UNESCO Chair
for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance and the Romanian Association for the
United Nations, on the occasion of the World
Refugees Day (20 June 2013).
Workshop on Your Europe, Your Rights
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in cooperation with the Lucian Blaga
University in Sibiu and the Romanian
Association for the United Nations (1-3 July
2013).
Roundtable on Romania signatory country
of the Protocol no.15 of the Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights in collaboration with the
UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy,
Peace and Tolerance, the Club of Cheia
Association (9 July, 2013).
Round table on World Population Day and
Human Rights, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations and the Romanian Association for the
Promotion of Family Rights Family Forum
(11 July 2013).
The 19th edition of the final phase of the
national contest Democracy and Tolerance
organized in Braov the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights in partnership with the Ministry
of National Education (21-25 July2013).
Debate on Education in the field of human
rights and sanctioning of all forms of
discrimination organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in cooperation with
Al. I. Cuza University in Iai and the
Romanian Association for the United Nations.
82

(22-24 July 2013).

Debate on Youth involvement in the
strengthening of the democratic society and of
human rights organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with
the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights,
Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, the National
College Mihai Eminescu in Baia Mare and the
Romanian Association for the United Nations
(28-30 July 2013).
Debate on the EU Directive 2013/32/EU of
26 June 2013 on common procedures for
granting
and
withdrawing
international
protection, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights in partnership with
the Romanian Association for the United
Nations, the Club of Cheia Association and
the Romanian Association for Personal Freedom
and Human Dignity (5 August 2013).
Round table on Working with youth and for
youth to accomplish a better life, organized on
the occasion of the World Youth Day, by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations and the Romanian
Association for Personal Freedom and Human
Dignity. (13 August 2013).
Round table on Human rights and nondiscrimination in times of economic crisis
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights on the occasion of the NonDiscrimination Day which also marks the day
when the Romanian Government approved the
Ordinance 137/31.08.2000 on preventing and
sanctioning all forms of discrimination (30
August 2013).
Debate on The European Court of Human
Rights 60 years since the entry into force of the
European Convention on Human Rights
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights (3 September, 2013).
Roundtable on Digital literacy a new
challenge organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights on the occasion of the World
Literacy Day (6 September, 2013).
Symposium on Democracy and the
economic crisis: challenges and opportunities,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights and the Romanian Association for
Personal Freedom and Human Dignity (13
September 2013).
Roundtable on Let us make all voices heard
DREPTURILE OMULUI

in support of democracy, the theme proposed

for this year by the United Nations Organization
and the Inter-Parliamentary Union in celebration
of the World Democracy Day. The Roundtable
was organized by the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights in partnership with the Romanian
Association for the United Nations to mark five
years since this day was first celebrated (16
September 2013).
Debate on Democracy a new project for
21st century, organized by the Romanian
Association for the United Nations in
cooperation with the Club of Cheia
Association and the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights (18 September 2013).
Debate on European Union a cultural and
linguistic diversity~, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights, the
Romanian Association for Womens Rights,
and the Romanian Independent League for the
Rights of Children and Youth, on the occasion
of the European Day of Languages (26
September 2013).
Round table on Human rights and the right
to knowledge, organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights on the occasion of
the International Right to Know Day (30
September 2013).
Round table on The right to health and the
quality of life for elderly people, organized by
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations and the Romanian
Association for the Defense of Older Persons
Rights, on the occasion of the International Day
of Older Persons (1 October 2013).
Symposium on An appeal in support of
teachers a slogan chosen by UNESCO
together with the International Labor
Organization, the United Nations Development
Programme,
UNICEF
and
Education
International to celebrate the World Teachers
Day. The Symposium was organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
partnership with UNESCO Chair for human
rights, democracy, peace and tolerance (4
October 2013).
Round Table "From stigma to inclusion
factors of progress in mental health", organized
by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the Romanian Association
for the United Nations, the Romanian
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Independent League for Human Rights to

Culture and Health, the Club of Cheia
Association, the Association for Defending the
rights of Elderly People . This round table was
organized on the occasion of the World Mental
Health Day (10 October 2013).
The Conference Children and families take
a stand against poverty organized on the
occasion of the International Day for the
Eradication of Poverty, by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights, the Al. I. Cuza
University in Iai and the Romanian Association
for the United Nations (14-15 October 2013).
Round table on Eradication of poverty and
ethical, social, political and economic
imperative of the humanity organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights on the
occasion of the International Day for the
Eradication of Poverty (17 October 2013).
Round table on Romanian contributions to
the activities of United Nations on the occasion
of the United Nations Day, organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the Romanian Association for
the United Nations, the Club of Cheia
Association, the Association for the Promotion
of Family Rights Family Forum (24 October
2013).
Interactive debate on the Significance of the
UN Day and the rights of the child organized
by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights
together with the Maria Penes School 190, on
the occasion of the United Nations Day (24
October 2013).
The 19th edition of the International
University of Human Rights on "Human rights
realities and perspectives", organized by the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the Romanian Association
for the United Nations, the UNESCO Chair for
Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and
Tolerance and the Club of Cheia Association
Victor Dan Zlatescu, with the support of
members of the International Law Institute of
French Expression and Inspiration (29 October3 November 2013).
Debate on The scars of fascism and of antiSemitism in the history of humanity organized
by RIHR in cooperation with the Al. I. Cuza
University of Iai and the Romanian
Association for the United Nations, on the
occasion of the World Day Against Fascism and
83

Anti-Semitism (8-10 November 2013).

The World Day against Fascism and AntiSemitism was also marked by a series of events
organized by Maria Pene School 190 in
Bucharest (8 November 2013).
Debate under the campaign Wipe Out
Online Hate and Say No to hate launched by
the European network established by the United
for Intercultural Action. The debate took place
on the occasion of the International Day Against
Fascism and Anti-Semitism and was organized
by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
cooperation with the UNESCO Chair for human
rights, peace, democracy and tolerance, of
Universitatea de Nord Baia Mare, the
Romanian Association for the United Nations,
the Club of Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu
Association, Spiru Haret University of
Craiova, the Faculty of Law and Public
Administration of the N. Titulescu University
of Craiova, The Bucharest Law Faculty, and the
National School of Political and Administrative
Studies (9 November 2013).
Round table on Stop Hate organized by
Adolescena Foundation in collaboration with
the National College Jean Monnet in Ploieti,
the Spiru Haret College in Ploieti and the
Romanian Institute for Human Rights. The
round table was part of the campaign launched
on the occasion of the International Day Against
Fascism and Anti-Semitism and had as special
guest a former victim of racial hatred, Mr. Gilu
Iftaru, who shared the sad story of his childhood
with the pupils and the other participants in the
event (9 November 2013)
The inauguration of a series of conferences
on Trans-disciplinary approaches in the science
of human rights" organized by the National
School of Political and Administrative Studies
and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights
(19 November 2013).
Round table on The right to play the first
step towards wisdom organized on the
occasion of the International Day for the Rights
of the Child, by RIHR in collaboration with the
Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina,
the Monastery Saint Jacob Hosevite in Neam
(19-21 November 2013).
Round table on We also have rights
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in cooperation with the Romanian
League for the Defense of the Rights of
84

Children and Youth and the Club of Cheia

Association on the occasion of the International
Day of the Rights of the Child the day when
the UN General Assembly adopted the
Convention on the Rights of the Child (20
November 2013).
The national conference The exodus of
youth migration, unemployment, counseling,
organized by the Ovidius University in
Constana, the Faculty of Theology the social
assistance section and the Faculty of Law and
Administrative Sciences the sociology section
(22-24 November 2013).
Conference Trans-disciplinary approaches
in the science of human rights, organized by
the National School for Political and
Administrative Studies and by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights (26 November
2013).
The lecture on Education for human rights
and the rights of the child targeted teachers
and the auxiliary teaching staff working in
undergraduate education. The lecture was
organized by the Bucharest Teachers Training
Centre in partnership with the Ministry of
National Education and the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights. (29-30 November
2013)
The
conference
Trans-disciplinary
approaches in the science of human rights
organized by the National School of Political
and Administrative Studies and the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights (3 December 2013).
Training lecture on Education for human
rights and the rights of the child targeted
teachers and the auxiliary teaching staff working
in undergraduate education. The lecture was
organized by the Bucharest Teachers Training
Centre in partnership with the Ministry of
National Education and the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights (7-8 December 2013).
The Conference 20 years of work for your
rights organized by the Romanian Institute for
Human
Rights,
the
Canonical-Juridical
Research Centre of the Faculty of Theology of
the Ovidius University in Constana (9
December 2013).
Symposium on 20 years of work for your
rights organized on the occasion of the
International Human Rights Day, by the
Parliament of Romania, the Commission for
human rights, cults and national minorities
DREPTURILE OMULUI

issues, in partnership with the Romanian

Institute for Human Rights (10 December
2013).
Awareness and information campaign on
human rights under the slogan A letter for the
passers-by organized by the Association for
Intercultural Dialogue in partnership with the
Romanian National Commission for UNESCO,
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, and
the Bucharest School Inspectorate with the
support of several colleges in Bucharest, Piteti
and Curtea de Arge to celebrate the
International Human Rights Day (10 December
2013).
Symposium on Human rights and
fundamental freedoms; the power of education
in promoting the youths right to happiness
organized by Adolescena Foundation and the
Prahova Teachers Training Centre in
partnership with the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights and the Prahova County School
Inspectorate (14 December 2013).
Training course on The rights of national
minorities and Central and Eastern Europe,
organized by the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair
for human rights, democracy, peace and
tolerance Universitatea de Nord Baia Mare
(16-20 December 2013).
Workshop on The national minorities day
promoting and protecting the rights of Roma

DREPTURILE OMULUI

people organized by the Romanian Institute for

Human Rights, the Romanian Association for
the United Nations and the Family Forum
Association (17 December 2013).
Round table on 21 years since the adoption
by the UN General Assembly of the Declaration
on the rights of persons belonging to national ,
ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities. The
round table was organized by the Romanian
Institute for Human Rights and the CanonicalJuridical Centre of the Faculty of Theology of
the Ovidius University (7-18 December
2013).
Workshop on International Human Rights
Day organized by the Romanian Institute for
Human Rights and the Romanian Association
for the United Nations (18 December 2013).
Workshop on Vienna + 20 evolutions in
the protection of human rights, organized by
the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in
collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for
human rights, democracy, peace and tolerance
Universitatea de Nord Baia Mare (19-21
December 2013).
Training course on The National
Institutions for Human Rights and the Paris
Principles organized by the Romanian Institute
for Human Rights in collaboration with the
UNESCO Chair for human rights, democracy,
peace and tolerance Universitatea de Nord
Baia Mare (30 December 2013).

85

APPENDIX B
PARTICIPATION IN OTHER EVENTS
Round table on Mediation in 2013
organize by the Dimitrie Cantemir Christian
University Master in Mediation and Master in
Integration and European Affairs (15 January
2013).
Closing Conference on the awareness
campaign on preventing and combating
domestic violence, organized by the Ministry of
Labor, Family, Social Protection and Elderly
People (28 January 2013).
Conference dedicated to Tudor R. Popescu
a juridical personality of Romania, organized
by theAcad. Andrei Rdulescu Institute of
Juridical Research (11 February 2013).
The Conference Romanias acceptance of
the compulsory jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice. Advantages and Trends
organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (4
February 2013).
Debate on objective liability and liability
based on fault organized by the Acad. Andrei
Radulescu Institute of Legal Research of the
Romanian Academy ( 25 February, 2013)
Launch of the volume Civil Law. Principal
real rights in regulating new Civil Code author
Professor Cornelius Brsan, organized by the
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Law with
the support of Hamangiu Publishing (28
February 2013).
The Conference Constantin Noica and the
gentle times of European culture, organized by
the Bucharest Metropolitan Library and the
Cultural Association Mircea Eliades Friends
(1 March 2013)
Round table on Living with multiple
sclerosis in Romania, organized by the
Multiple Sclerosis Society of Romania (4 March
2013).
The Conference European Constitutions,
organized by the Institute of Legal Research
Acad. Andrei Radulescu of the Romanian
Academy, with the participation of Prof. Didier
Maus, President Emeritus of the International
Association of Constitutional Law (6 March
2013)
The Conference The responsibility of
Culture, organized by the Romanian Academy,
Romanian Cultural Institute (6 March, 2013).
86

Debate on Revision of the Constitution,

necessity, opportunity, possible objectives
organized by the Romanian Academy, Institute
of Legal Research Acad. Andrei Radulescu in
collaboration with the Romanian Association of
Constitutional Law (7 March 2013)
Scientific communications session on
Relations between the state powers in the
Romanian constitutional system an assessment
in view of the upcoming revision of the
Constitution, organized by the Christian
University Dimitrie Cantemir, International
Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with
the Institute for Political Studies and
International Relations of the Romanian
Academy and in partnership with the scientific
review Dreptul /The Law (11 March 2013).
The Conference Globalization, communication and Francophone space and launch
of the volumes translated into Romanian About
Communication and the Internet and A
Critical Theory of the New Media by the
French author Dominique Wolton, organized by
the Faculty of Communications and Public
Relations of the National School of Political and
Administrative Studies (19 March 2013).
The scientific communication Session on
the Law present and future organized by the
Ecological University of Bucharest, Faculty of
Law and Administration (20 March 2013)
Debate on 1991 Constitution. Preparation,
debate approval organized by the National
School of Political and Administrative Studies
(20 March 2013)
Meeting to commemorate the International
Day for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination, under the title Racism and
Sports. The meeting was organized by the
Office of the United Nations( High
Commissioner of Human Rights 20-21 March
2013).
Meeting on joint activities of Pan European
Swiss and the Romanian Institute for Human
Rights (22-23 March 2013).
Working meeting with the coordinator of the
Interdisciplinary Institute for Ethics and Human
Rights at the University of Fribourg (22-23
March 2013).
DREPTURILE OMULUI

The Conference Constitutional Law of the

European Union organized by the Romanian
Law and European Affairs Association and the
Centre of European Law Studies of the Juridical
Research Institute under the Romanian
Academy (27 March 2013).
The Conference Mediation in the context of
new codes, organized by Timioara University
Faculty of Law in partnership with the A
Chance for the Future Association (28 March
2013)
Scientific communications session on
Continuity and discontinuity in Romanian
Law, organized by the Acad. Andrei
Rdulescu Institute of Juridical Research of the
Romanian Academy (29 March 2013).
The 2nd edition of the Youth Conference
Justice and Human Rights organized by the
Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, the
Faculty of Juridical and Administrative Studies
(2 April 2013).
The international Conference Success
models in an integrated approach to services for
diagnosis, intervention recovery, functionality,
social integration, education and training of
persons with autism spectrum disorders held at
the Romanian Parliament (3 April 2013).
Debate on New researches on the place and
role of military structures in Rumanias foreign
actions and the launch of the volume Statul
major general romn (1859-1950). Organizare i
atribuii funcionale (Romanian General
Military Staff- Organization and Attributions)
authors Ion Giurc and Maria Georgescu and of
the paper Serviciul de informaii al Romniei
n rzboiul de integrare naional (1916-1920)
(Romanias Intelligence Service during the War
of National Integration 1916-1920), author
Alin Sptaru (4 April 2013)
The Symposium on Justice and Human
Rights organized by the Dimitrie Cantemir
Christian University, Faculty of Juridical and
Administrative Studies (4 April 2013).
The International Conference The Ecology
of the 21st century challenges and
perspectives, organized by the Bucharest
Ecological University (4-5 April 2013).
Debate on Law 115/2012 Mandatory
information sessions explained to all,
organized by the International Institute for
Mediation, `A Chance for the Future
Association and the Lawyers Mediators Centre
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Association. (6 April 2013).

The 2nd edition of the international
Conference The Challenges of the 21st century
in law and public administration, organized by
Petru Maior University of Trgu-Mure, in
cooperation with Pro Iure Foundation of
Trgu-Mure and in partnership with the TrguMure City Council and City Hall, and the
Mure County Council, the French University
Saint Quentin en Yvelines, the Budapest
Corvinus University, Salento University, Italy
and Msikolc University, Hungary (11-12 April
2013).
Colloquium on Concerns in the bankingfinancial field in the context of changes in
Europe organized by the European Association
for Banking and Finance Law Romania (12-13
April 2013).
Opening ceremony of the Francophone,
market organized by the Romanian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and the Municipality of
Bucharest on the occasion of the twentieth
anniversary of the accession of Romania to the
International Organization of Francophone
space (15 April 2013).
The European Forum of legal professionals
the seventh edition organized by the Bar
Association of Barcelona in collaboration with
the Academy of European Law and the
Autonomous University of Barcelona (17-20
April 2013).
International Colloquium on The evolution
of the concept of family and its influence on
legal succession order organized by the
National Union of Public Notaries Public from
Romania and the Henri Capitant Association.
(19-20 April 2013).
Workshop on The Evaluation of the current
situation and of the tendencies in the protection
of intellectual property rights in Romania,
organized on the occasion of the World
Intellectual Property Day under the aegis of the
working group on intellectual property issues
and coordinated by the Prosecutor of the High
Court of Cassation and Justice (24 April 2013).
Conference on the Convictions of Romania
to the ECHR in 2012. Analyses and
Perspectives and the launch of the ECHR
judgments in cases against Romania -2012.
Analysis, consequences, potentially responsible
authorities, Volume VIII, held under the series
the culture of European law by the European
87

Legal Studies Center of the Institute of Legal

Research of the Romanian Academy, the
European Magistrates Association for Human
Rights, the Romanian Association of Judges
Forum the Romanian Association of Law and
the European Affairs and University Press (24
April, 2013)
Supplementary meeting on the human
dimension with the theme Freedom of
movement and human interaction", organized
by the Office of the Organization for Security
and Cooperation in Europe for Democratic
Institutions and Human Rights (24-26 April
2013).
The workshop on The work integration
policy for immigrants, organized by the
European Institute of Public Administration (2526 April 2013).
The
working
meeting
Romanians
Government Strategy for the inclusion of
Romanian citizens belonging to the Roma
minority for the period 2012-2020, organized
by the Government of Romania and the
National Agency for Roma people in
partnership with the National School for
Political and Administrative Studies as part of
the consultative process on the updating of the
national strategy on Roma minority (30 April
2013).
The 24th annual meeting of the International
Coordination Committee of the National
Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of
the Human Rights, organized by the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(6-8 May 2013).
EU Presidency Conference on 'Equality,
fundamental rights and the rule of law
"organized by the Irish Presidency of the EU
Council, the European Commission, the
Fundamental Rights Agency of the European
Union, the Irish Human Rights Commission and
the Equal Opportunities Authority (9-10 May
2013).
The national Conference The European
public space where to? organized by the
Dimitrie Cantermir Faculty of Education
University in Bucharest (9 May 2013).
The Workshop "Austerity and human rights
in Europe" organized by the European Group of
National Human Rights Institutions (13 June
2013).
Presentation on the topic France, a year of
88

socialist government. Attempts and limits,

organized by the European Foundation
Titulescu Center for Strategic Studies (15
May 2013).
The
international
Conference
The
transatlantic relationship in a world of multiple
crises organized by the Institute for the Study
of Extreme Events in partnership with cole
Nationale dAdministration Publique Montreal
(15 May 2013).
The 5th edition of the international
Conference of law doctoral students, organized
by the Doctoral School of the Faculty of Law
and Administrative Studies, Universitatea de
Vest, Timioara, together with the European
Centre of Studies and Juridical Research of
Timioara (16-18 May 2013).
Round table on New professional
perspectives economic and commercial
diplomacy organized by Dimitrie Cantemir
University in Bucharest the Faculty of
International Economic Relations (16 May
2013).
Scientific Session on Spiru Haret (18511912) the triumph of Romanian pedagogy,
organized by the Department of Philosophy,
Theology, Psychology and Pedagogy of the
Romanian Academy and the Faculty of
Psychology, University of Bucharest (17 May
2013).
The Conference the Muslim woman in the
Romanian and European society~, organized by
the
Association
Muslim
Sisters/Surori
Musulmane (19 May)
The 6th meeting of the working group for the
implementation of the UN Convention on the
rights of disabled persons, organized by the
European Group of the National Human Rights
Institutions ( 21-22 May 2013).
Conference on Participative culture in
Romania organized under the project The
Initiative for Civil Society by the Multimedia
for Local Democracy Foundation, the National
School for Political and Administrative Studies
and Operations Research (22 may 2013).
The international Conference Juridical and
institutional means of fighting against drugs
organized by the Dimitrie Cantemir
University of Bucharest (23 May 2013).
The national Conference The legislative
policy between European and national and
international regulation. New perspectives of
DREPTURILE OMULUI

law organized by the Titu Maiorescu

University in collaboration with the Romanian
Academy of Scientists (24-25 May 2013).
Romanian-American workshop on The
impact of new technologies on the media
sphere, organized by the Research and
Communication Centre, Communications and
Public Relations Faculty within the National
School of Political and Administrative Studies
(27-28 May 2013).
The international Conference Actuality in
the juridical financial-banking field at
international and national levels organized by
the Association of Legal Advisors of The
European Association for Banking and Finance
Banking Romania (29 May- 1 July 2013).
The first national Conference of the labor
legislation experts, organized by the National
Union of Experts in Labor Legislation, the
Bucharest Ecological University and the Labor
Law Association (30 May 2013).
The scientific session of the teaching staff on
Tendencies
and
perspectives
in
the
development of Romanian Economy organized
by the Dimitrie Cantemir University of
Bucharest (30 May 2013).
The 16th edition of the French-Romanian
Days on Heritage organized by the Institute
for Legal Research Acad. Andrei Radulescu,
the Romanian Academy and the Society of
Comparative Legislation (31 May-1 June 2013).
The second Conference Academos organized
by the Bucharest National School of Political
and Administrative Studies. The works of the
conference will be edited and published in the
review Reconstructing Good Society (5-7
June 2013).
The inter-university meeting dedicated to the
elite educated in public administration,
organized by the Faculty of Public
Administration of the National School of
Political and Administrative studies, the Faculty
of Administration and Public Management of
the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies,
The Al. Ioan Cuza University Faculty of
Economy and Business Administration , the
Faculty of Political, Administrative and
Communication
of
the
Babes-Bolyai
University in Cluj-Napoca (17 June 2013).
The
Conference
Preliminary
ruling
procedure. Principles of European Union law
and Roman law system experiences organized
DREPTURILE OMULUI

under the series IADUER interpretation and

application of EU law in Romania , by the
Centre for European Legal Studies at the
Institute of Legal Research of the Romanian
Academy, the Romanian Forum of Judges
Association, the Romanian Association of Law
and European Affairs and CHBeck Publishing
(19 June 2013).
The 1st edition of the International
Conference on 2013 Strategy- strategies for a
changing world organized by the National
School of Political and Administrative Studies,
the Faculty of Management and the Faculty of
Communications and Public Relations in
partnership with the Central Bank of Romania.
(27-28 June 2013).
The consultative meeting organized by the
special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights
on Historical and memorial cases in divided
societies in accordance with Resolution No.
23/10 of the Human Rights Council adopted at
its 23rd session (4-5 July 2013).
Working meeting at the Inter-Disciplinary
Institute of Ethics and Human Rights on the
activities of the institutions belonging to the
European Network of National Human Rights
Institutions.(6-7 July 2013).
The 6th session of the group of experts on the
rights of indigenous populations, a subsidiary
body of the UN Council for Human Rights (812 July 2013).
The 55th session of the United Nations
Committee for the elimination of discrimination
against women, having as central theme the
monitoring of the implementation of the
Convention on the elimination of all forms of
discrimination against women, organized under
the patronage of the UN High Commissioner for
Human Rights (15-18 July 2013).
Debate on Protocol No.15 amending the
European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms a
reform protocol, organized by the Association
for the Promotion of Family Rights Family
Forum (26 July 2013).
The final action of the CASPER caravan
a national awareness campaign with the aim to
change the social attitude towards the persons
with disabilities a campaign within the project
Integrated Social Services and Vocational
Training for People with Disabilities organized
in Bucharest under the slogan We break wall to
89

build bridges, by the Ministry of Labor,

Family, Social Protection and Elderly People (1
august 2013).
The national Conference on For a solidarity
economy, organized on the occasion of the
closure of the project Prometheus the
promotion of social economy in Romania
through research, education and professional
training at European standards a project
implemented by the Foundation for Civil
Society Development in partnership with the
Research Institute for the Quality of Life, the
Bucharest University- the Faculty of Sociology,
the European Research Institute on Cooperative
and Social Enterprises and the National Centre
for Training in Statistics (29 August 2013).
Debate on Enhancing the control efficiency
in labor relations and market surveillance,
security and health. Examples of good practice.
Valences and Opportunities, organized by the
University Constantin Brancoveanu from
Pitesti Prefecture Arges County Council (12
September 2013).
The annual Conference of European projects
organized by the European Law Institute in
Vienna (4-7 September 2013).
Round table on Opportunities and obstacles
in the achievement of the Europe Agenda 2020
objectives from the perspective of work-life
balance organized under the project
Equilibrium a new approach of family life
and professional life, co-financed by the
European Social Fund through the Operational
Sectorial Porgramme of Human Resources
Development, the Ministry of Labor, Family,
Social Protection and Elderly Persons in
partnership with Fondazione Federico II,
Instituto Formacion Integral Spain, Global
Commercium Development, the General
Department of Social Assistance and Child
Protection, sector 6, Bucharest, the Bucharest
Local Council of sector 3 and the Braov City
Hall (20 September 2013).
The final conference of the project cofinanced by the European Social Fund though
the Operational Sectorial Programme of Human
Resources
Development
2007-2013
on
Integration on the labor market, increased
opportunities for people with disabilities,
organized by the COLFASA Association
through the Bucharest Centre of Social
Inclusion, Bucharest (23 September 2013).
90

The
international
Conference
on
Constitutional Jurisdiction after 20 years since
the fall of the communist curtain, organized by
the Constitutional Court of Romania with the
support of the German Foundation for
International Legal Cooperation (2-3 October
2013).
The Conference on Building together the
protection of fundamental rights in the context
of a changing human rights environment,
organized by the EU Agency for Fundamental
Rights with the Council of Europe, the
European Network of Equality Bodies, the
European Network of National Human Rights
Institutions (7-8 October 2013).
The national Conference on The new
Romanian Civil Code two years after its
enforcement. Theoretical and practical issues,
organized by the Acad. Andrei Rdulescu
Research Institute o the Romanian Academy
and in partnership with the Law publications
of the Romanian Union of Jurists (9 October
2013).
Debate on Why do we need independent
monitoring mechanisms for respecting the rights
of the persons with mental disabilities in
institutions? under the project Civil Societyan active partner in the process of elaboration
and evaluation of public policies, organized by
the Centre of Juridical Resources (10 October
2013).
The Doctor Honoris Causa Awarding
Ceremony in honor of Mr. Gianni Buquicchio,
President of the European Commission for
Democracy and Law of the EU Council,
organized by the University of Bucharest (18
October 2013).
Documentation meeting for the elaboration
of the Report Social Services in Europe
legislation and practices on the separation of
children from their families in the EU Council
member states, with Mrs. Olga Borzova,
member of the Commission for Social Affairs,
Health and Sustainable Development of the EU
Council Parliamentary Assembly, organized by
the Romanian Parliament delegation to the EU
Council Parliamentary Assembly (22 October
2013).
The 7th meeting of the working groups on
the promotion and monitoring of the
implementation of the UN Convention on the
rights of people with disabilities organized by
DREPTURILE OMULUI

the Belgian Equality and Anti-Semitism Centre

and the European Network of National Human
Rights Institutions (23-24 October 2013)
The 4th edition of the annual meeting of the
working Forum on the implementation of the
UN Convention on the frights of people with
disabilities in the European Union , organized
by the European Commission (24-25 October
2013).
The first Conference on European policies
in the field of human rights: European
citizenship the effect of the EU Chart of
Fundamental Rights on the Romanian juridical
space, organized by the Romanian European
Law Society and the National School of
Political and Administrative Studies (24-25
October 2013).
Restricted meeting of the European
Commission with the EU Member States and
national human rights institutions, with the
theme "Promoting, protecting and pursuing the
rights of persons with disabilities as stated by
the United Nations Convention (25 October
2013)
The Fourth meeting of the legal working
group under the European Network of
National Human Rights Institutions, on the
role of national institutions for human rights
and of the working groups in the process of
the European Court of Human Rights reform,
organized by the European Network of
National Human Rights Institutions (25-27
October 2013).
The Sixth annual Conference on Public
Administration between mission and budgetary
constraints.
Managerial
and
juridical
dimensions, organized by the National School
of Political and Administrative Studies and the
Centre of Public Law and Administrative
Sciences (8 November 2013).
The Fifth Congress of the Francophone
Association of National Human Rights
Institutions (AFCNDH) on AFCNDH role in
the dynamics of promoting national human
rights institutions in accordance with the Paris
Principles.
The Conference on Combating crimes
motivated by hatred in the European Union
organized by the EU Agency for Fundamental
Rights in cooperation with the Lithuanian
Presidency of the EU Council (12-13 November
2013).
DREPTURILE OMULUI

The meeting of the European Network of

National Human Rights Institutions (ENNHRI),
organized by the Office for Democratic and
Human Rights Institutions of the Organization
for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE/ODHR) (13-15 November 2013).
The international Conference of nondiscrimination and equal opportunities NEDES
2013, on Exerting the right to nondiscrimination and to equal opportunities in the
contemporary society, organized by the
Dimitire Cantemir Christian University in
Bucharest and the National Conference for
Combating Discrimination (20-22 November
2013).
The Conference on The Foundations of
Justice. Follow-up policies in the field of
European justice for the coming years,
organized by the European Commission (21-22
November 2013).
The national Conference on The youth
exodus-migration, unemployment, counseling,
organized by the Ovidius University in
Constana, the Social Assistance section of the
Faculty of Theology, the Sociology department
of the Faculty of Administrative Sciences (2224 November 2013)
Meeting with the representatives of the
European Commission and of the European
Forum on Disability, under the title Promoting
and protecting the rights of people with
disabilities in the European Union (23-24
November 2013).
The meeting of the UN European
Associations organized in Brussels by the
World Federation of the United Nations
Associations (WFUNA) (25-26 November
2013).
The international Conference on Issues of
public law and of private law in the
implementation o of the new codes organized
by the Ecological University in Bucharest and
the Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences
(26 November 2013).
The Sixth edition of the UN Forum on
minorities under the theme Beyond freedom of
religion or belief guaranteeing the religious
minorities rights, organized in Geneva (26-27
November 2013).
The annual Forum of services providers for
people with disabilities organized by the
Informal Network of Service Providers for the
91

Persons with Disabilities (DIZABNET) and the

Foundation Alpha Transilvan (27-28
November 2013).
The Fourth edition of the Gala of people
with disabilities under the title Equal is
normal- it is normal to be together, not
separated, organized by Active Watch, the
Motivation Foundation with the support of
Dedeman and the Vodafone Foundation,
Romania, under the high patronage of the EU
Commission Representation in Romania, on the
occasion of the International Day of Persons
with Disabilities (2 December 2013).
The Second session of the United Nations
Forum on the business environment and human
rights, organized by the UN Council for Human
Rights (2-4 December 2013).
Poetry and piano recital and painting
exhibition awareness campaign event for

92

highlighting the potential of people with

disabilities, organized by Disability Protection
Directorate of the Ministry of Labor, Family,
Social Protection and Elderly People on the
occasion of the International Day of Solidarity
with the disabled (3 December 2013).
Round table on A more efficient monitoring
of the respect of human rights in Romanian
Institutions, organized by the Commission for
Human Rights, Cults and Minorities and by the
National Council for Combating Discrimination
(10 December 2013).
The Gala of Roma Excellency 2013,
organized by the National Agency for Roma
People and the Roma Party Pro-Europe, with
the artistic performance support of Mr. Mdlin
Voicu and Mr. Damian Drghici on the
Occasion of the Minorities Rights Day (18
December 2013).

DREPTURILE OMULUI

III. DOCUMENTAR JURIDIC

DREPTUL LA PARTICIPARE POLITIC
PERSOANELOR CU DIZABILITI
Agenia
European
pentru
Drepturi
Fundamentale a realizat raportul intitulat
Dreptul la participare politic al persoanelor cu
dizabiliti: indicatori ai drepturilor omului.
Articolul
39
al
Cartei
Drepturilor
Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene garanteaz
tuturor cetenilor UE dreptul de a vota i de a
candida la alegerile pentru Parlamentul
European, iar Articolul 40 garanteaz dreptul la
vot precum i de a candida la alegerile
municipale. Articolul 21 recunoate dreptul de a
fi liber de orice discriminare, inclusiv de cea pe
motive de dizabilitate, iar Articolul 26
recunoate i respect drepturile persoanelor cu
dizabiliti de a beneficia de msuri care s le
asigure independena social i integrarea
ocupaional precum i participarea la viaa
comunitii.
Oportunitatea de a fi implicat n viaa politic
se afl n centrul existenei unei societi
democratice. Dreptul la participare politic,
inclusiv cel al persoanelor cu dizabiliti este
consfinit de Convenia ONU privind Drepturile
Persoanelor cu Dizabiliti, n instrumentele
legislative ale Consiliului Europei i ale Uniunii
Europene. Alegerile pentru Parlamentul
European car vor avea loc n mai 2014
reprezint un moment oportun pentru a examina
ct sunt de relevante politicile legislative
naionale i prevederile administrative n ceea ce
privete ncurajarea persoanelor cu dizabiliti
de a participa la alegeri.
n acest context, Agenia pentru Drepturi
Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene i Comisia
European prin intermediul Reelei Academice a
Experilor n domeniul dizabilitii au colectat
date din 28 de state membre ale UE, care arat
cum este respectat, protejat, promovat i
asigurat n UE dreptul la participare politic al
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, conform articolului
29 al Conveniei ONU. Concluziile i opiniile
care rezult n urma analizrii datelor furnizate
de acest raport se axeaz pe alegeri, pe dreptul
de a vota i de a fi votat, aa cum este acesta
garantat de ctre Convenia European a
Drepturilor Omului, de Carta Drepturilor
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Fundamentale i de tratatele UE.

Principalele concluzii i recomandri
bazate pe dovezi
Primul mesaj care rezult din analiza
raportului este pozitiv: dac li se ofer un mediu
propice i accesibil persoanele cu dizabiliti
sun ceteni activi, dornici s se angajeze n
viaa politic a comunitii n care triesc. Pe
lng faptul c voteaz la alegeri, persoanele cu
dizabiliti iau parte i la alte tipuri de activiti
politice, sunt membrii ai unor partide politice,
iau parte la ntruniri politice i intr n contact
cu oficialitile. Aceast participare poate fi
mbuntit prin furnizarea unor informaii mai
accesibile precum i prin acordarea sprijinului
necesar persoanelor cu dizabiliti pentru ca
acestea s se poat bucura pe deplin de
drepturile lor n mod egal cu celelalte persoane.
A doua concluzie care se desprinde din raport
este c rmn nc de rezolvat probleme
importante n ceea ce privete asigurarea
dreptului la participare politic pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti. Mai exist obstacole
de natur legislativ cum ar fi restricionarea
dreptului la vot pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti,
precum i discordane ntre promisiunile legilor
i politicilor i implementarea concret a
acestora. Persist inaccesibilitatea centrelor de
vot sau a paginilor de web a acestora. Acest tip
de bariere pot exclude persoanele cu dizabiliti
de la oportunitatea de a exercita o influen
asupra dezvoltrii i implementrii unor legi i
politici capabile s le mbunteasc viaa
cotidian. Este necesar s putem furi societi
mai echitabile i mai inclusive, s consolidm
legitimitatea instituiilor publice astfel nct toi
membrii societii s poat participa n mod
activ la viaa acesteia.
Un al treilea mesaj care se desprinde din
raport este acela c barierele aflate n calea
participrii politice nu afecteaz toate
persoanele cu dizabiliti n mod egal. Cei cu
afeciuni mai grave de exemplu persoanele cu
dizabiliti intelectuale se confrunt n mod
disproporionat cu aceste bariere. Aceti indivizi
sunt cei mai izolai i mai exclui iar asigurarea
93

participrii lor la procesul politic reprezint una

dintre cele mai mari provocri pentru factorii de
decizie politic.
n spiritul cerinelor Conveniei ONU privind
Drepturile Persoanelor cu Dizabiliti privind
aceste bariere i pornind de la rezultatele acestei
cercetri, se evideniaz cinci probleme pentru
care sunt necesare ci de aciune:
ridicarea
barierelor
legislative
i
administrative din calea participrii politice;
realizarea unor proceduri de vot, faciliti
i materiale electorale mai accesibile;
extinderea oportunitilor de participare la
via politic i public;
contientizare sporit cu privire la dreptul
la participare politic al persoanelor cu
dizabiliti;
colectarea datelor pentru a msura
participarea politic a persoanelor cu
dizabiliti.
Raportul FRA ofer informaii detaliate iar
Reeaua Academic a Experilor din domeniul
dizabilitii sugereaz recomandri pentru
luarea unor msuri concrete care pot fi luate de
ctre instituiile i statele membre ale UE.
Datele statistice folosite n raport au fost extrase
din sondaje sociale de pe teritoriul UE.
Ridicarea
barierelor
legislative
i
administrative din calea participrii politice.
Statele membre ale UE au nregistrat un progres
semnificativ n integrarea dreptului la
participare politic al persoanelor cu dizabiliti
n legislaia i n politicile lor naionale. Toate
statele, n afar de trei1, au ratificat Convenia
ONU cu relativ puine rezerve sau declaraii
privind prevederile cheie. Cele trei state
membre mai sus menionate au semnat
Convenia i sunt n procesul de ratificare a
acesteia. O serie de state membre au elaborat
strategii naionale sau planuri de aciune pentru
implementarea Conveniei, n consonan cu
Strategia European pentru Dizabilitate
2010-2020. Comitetul pentru Drepturile
Persoanelor cu Dizabiliti organul ONU care
monitorizeaz implementarea Conveniei va
evalua n mod oficial progresul implementrii
Conveniei n rndul statelor membre care au
ratificat-o precum i n UE n general, prin
formularea unor concluzii adresate fiecrui stat
n parte.
Analizele i concluziile studiului indic

faptul c barierele legislative i administrative

continu s mpiedice participarea la viaa
politic a persoanelor cu dizabiliti n condiii
de egalitate cu celelalte persoane. Aceste bariere
se refer la restricii legislative privind dreptul
la vot al persoanelor cu dizabiliti, n special al
celor cu disfuncii psihosociale sau intelectuale;
la procese administrative greoaie sau
inaccesibile care pot priva persoanele cu
dizabiliti de dreptul la vot; la dificultile de a
accesa mecanismele de plngere sau contestare
n cazul n care persoanele cu dizabiliti s-au
confruntat cu probleme privind exercitarea
dreptului la vot.
n ceea ce privete barierele juridice,
problema principal se refer la refuzul de a
acorda persoanelor private de capacitatea
juridic dreptul de a vota sau de a fi candidat n
majoritatea statelor membre ale UE. Decizia de
a priva o persoan de capacitatea sa juridic
nseamn automat de a o exclude de la vot.
Acolo unde au fost puse n aplicare reformele
care garanteaz puterea de votare a persoanelor
cu dizabiliti, acestea uneori nu se aplic la
toate tipurile de alegeri, deoarece n multe state
membre UE, legi diferite se aplic unor tipuri
diferite de alegeri. Concluziile, observaiile de
pn acum, precum i proiectul de comentariu
general final asupra Articolului 12 al Conveniei
ilustreaz cazurile n care Comitetul ONU
consider c legislaia naional le refuz
oamenilor dreptul de a vota pe criterii de
dizabilitate.
Procesele administrative inaccesibile legate
de alegeri pot, de asemenea, mpiedica
participarea la vot a persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
n unele state membre procedurile existente
pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti care solicit
sprijinul pentru a putea vota nu sunt ntotdeauna
accesibile. Persoanele instituionalizate, de
asemenea, pot fi lipsite de mecanisme care s le
permit exercitarea dreptului la vot.
Aceste persoane trebuie s aib i
posibilitatea de a nainta o plngere atunci cnd
nu i-au putut exercita dreptul la vot. Dar
analiza raportului indic faptul c oamenii
privai de capacitatea legal de a vota nu pot
nainte plngeri, n majoritatea statelor membre
ale UE. Mai mult dect att, existena unor
mecanisme eficiente care s decid cu privire la
astfel de cazuri de privare a exercitrii dreptului
la vot a persoanelor cu dizabiliti a fost

1 Finlanda, Irlanda i Olanda.

94

DREPTURILE OMULUI

identificat doar la un sfert dintre statele

membre ale UE. Aa cum demonstreaz i
cercetrile din alte domenii ale Ageniei pentru
Drepturi Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene, un
factor care explic numrul sczut al cazurilor
care reuesc s depun plngeri ar fi lipsa
accesului la informare cu privire la cum i unde
trebuie depus plngerea. Cu toate acestea au
existat cazuri individuale care au ajuns la Curtea
European a Drepturilor Omului i la Comitetul
Conveniei conform Protocolului Opional la
Convenie care permite comunicarea individual
cu acesta i care a fost ratificat pn n prezent
de 21 de state membre.
Opinii. Cu privire la Convenia ONU,
Uniunea European consider c reglementrile
i politicile sale trebuie s se conformeze cu
Carta Drepturilor Fundamentale a Uniunii
Europene. Comisia European raporteaz n
mod regulat cu privire la Directivele Consiliului
European 93/109/CE i 94/80CE care
reglementeaz n detaliu dreptul de a vota i de
a candida la alegerile n Parlamentul European
i la cele municipale. Rapoartele viitoare privind
implementarea celor dou directive vor include
o evaluare a felului n care acestea au fost
interpretate n compatibilitate cu dreptul la
participare politic consfinit prin art. 29 al
Conveniei ONU.
Aa cum rezult din Raportul FRA pe 2013 i
din rapoartele Grupului de lucru la nivel nalt
privind persoanele cu dizabiliti pentru
perioada 2010, multe state membre au deja sau
sunt n procesul de elaborare a unor planuri
naionale de aciune sau a unor strategii n
domeniul drepturilor persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Aceste politici vor include indicatori specifici,
obiective concrete i repere care vor permite
msurarea progresului n implementarea
Conveniei ONU.
Decuplarea dreptului de a vota de dreptul
la capacitate juridic. n multe state membre
ale UE dreptul la vot continu s fie legat de
capacitatea juridic, astfel nct persoanele
lipsite de aceast capacitate nu pot vota n
Parlamentul European sau n cadrul alegerilor
municipale. Raportul Ageniei pentru Drepturi
Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene din 2010 cu
privire la dreptul la participare politic al
persoanelor cu probleme de sntate mintal i
al persoanelor cu dizabiliti intelectuale a adus
la zi datele existente n rapoartele anterioare
DREPTURILE OMULUI

artnd c unele state membre vor trebui s i

reformeze legislaia pentru a ndeplini
standardele Conveniei.
Dup cum se menioneaz n Strategia
European privind Dizabilitatea 2010-2020,
Comisia European promoveaz necesitatea
conformitii legislaiei statelor membre cu
prevederile Conveniei ONU ncurajnd
schimbul de experien
n domeniul
implementrii reformelor juridice n legislaia
naional.
nlturarea barierelor administrative.
Autoritile publice naionale nu trebuie s
exclud persoanele cu dizabiliti de la
exercitarea dreptului lor n procesul electoral.
Acestea trebuie s se asigure c procesul de
nscriere este accesibil tuturor persoanelor, s
alinieze website-urile electorale la nivelul
standardelor europene i s fac posibil
accesarea acestora prin folosirea unor caractere
mari i uor de citit precum i asigurarea
existenei unor formate alternative cum ar fi
braille pentru nevztori.
Persoanelor instituionalizate pe via care nu
pot accesa o secie de votare trebuie s li se
pun la dispoziie soluii alternative de votare.
Metodele de votare trebuie s garanteze
confidenialitatea votului precum i lipsa
oricrei ncercri de a influena votantul.
Eficientizarea procedurilor de naintare a
reclamaiilor/plngerilor. Aceste mecanisme
trebuie s fie att juridice ct i non-juridice i
s devin mai accesibile pentru persoanele cu
dizabiliti. Un pas nainte ar fi ca persoana fr
capacitate juridic s poat nainta plngerea
fr intermedierea tutorelui. Este necesar s se
ofere informaii clare despre procedura i locul
naintrii plngerii prin producerea unor
materiale informative. Aceste informaii trebuie
transmise prin intermediul asociaiilor i
fundaiilor care au ca obiect de activitate
sprijinul persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Aa cum se subliniaz n Raportul Ageniei
pentru Drepturi Fundamentale a Uniunii
Europene pe 2011 Accesul la justiie n Europa
o trecere n revist a provocrilor i
oportunitilor, precum i n Raportul pe 2012
Accesul la justiie cazuri de discriminare n
UE, un pas important ar fi ca organizaiile
societii civile s poat prezenta plngeri
individuale Curii. Regulamentele stricte
existente de multe ori mpiedic societatea
95

civil s joace un rol activ n litigiile privind

violri ale drepturilor omului.
O mai mare accesibilitate a procedurilor
de votare, a facilitilor i materialelor
informative electorale. Majoritatea statelor
membre
ndeplinesc
standardele
de
accesibilitate n privina construciilor sau a
renovrilor cldirilor publice dar numai
jumtate dintre ele ndeplinesc aceste standarde
de accesibilitate pentru seciile de votare. Este
dificil de evaluat eficiena cu care sunt
implementate aceste standarde datorit lipsei
unor date comparabile i deci este greu de
cunoscut proporia n care aceste cldiri asigur
accesul la vot al persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Legislaia electoral din majoritatea statelor
membre prevede existena asistrii la vot pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti, dar n unele state
aceast asistare este pus doar la dispoziia
persoanelor cu anumite dizabiliti fizice sau
senzoriale.
Accesul la informare prin intermediul
radioului, televiziunii, internetului este foarte
important n procesul electoral. Dar datele
existente arat c aceste mijloace de informare
rmn n mare proporie inaccesibile pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti (subtitrare pentru cei
cu probleme auditive, braille pentru nevztori
etc., dei n domeniul subtitrrii s-au nregistrat
progrese la nivel european.)
Partidele politice sunt primele responsabile
de a asigura accesul la campania electoral.
Exemple de campanii electorale n format
accesibil au fost nregistrate n jumtate dintre
statele membre, n timp ce alte state asigurau
accesibilitatea la informaii numai pentru
anumite tipuri de dizabilitate. Campania 2014
pentru alegerile n Parlamentul European va
avea o mai bun accesibilitate fiind
impulsionat de cei care vin n sprijinul
persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Opinii. Dei standardele de accesibilitate
funcioneaz n multe dintre statele membre ale
UE, msurarea acestei accesibiliti este
periclitat de lipsa unor criterii comune UE care
s determine ce nseamn exact gradul de
accesibilitate al unei cldiri.
Att UE ct i statele membre trebuie s
elaboreze i s monitorizeze implementarea
unor standarde minime de accesibilitate a
facilitilor i serviciilor deschise sau oferite
publicului, inclusiv n ceea ce privete cldirile
96

autoritilor publice. Aceste criterii trebuie s se

adreseze nevoilor de accesibilitate a tuturor
persoanelor cu dizabiliti i nu numai celor cu
dizabiliti fizice. Comisia European continu
s sprijine i s suplimenteze activitile
naionale inclusiv n cadrul fazei a doua a
Mandatului de Standardizare M/420 privind
accesibilitatea n cldiri i construcii.
Pentru toate persoanele cu dizabiliti,
legislaia naional ar trebui s prevad
asigurarea asistenei de ctre o persoan la
alegerea celui care a adresat cererea acestui
serviciu pentru a putea vota.
De asemenea, statele membre trebuie s
ncurajeze furnizorii de servicii media s
creasc gradul de accesibilitate. Website-urile
trebuie concepute n concordan cu standardul
de accesibilitate UE EN301549, iar emisiunile
trebuie s fie mai accesibile prin folosirea de
subtitluri de limbajul semnelor pentru
surdo-mui sau de caractere braille pe
materialele informative ale campaniilor
electorale.
Uniunea European poate facilita acest
proces de cretere a accesibilitii sprijinind
implementarea Directivei privind Serviciile
Media i Audiovizuale. Aceast directiv
solicit statelor membre s ncurajeze serviciile
mass-media.
Materialele de informare cu privire la
procesul de votare i la candidai trebuie s
conin un limbaj clar i accesibil iar partidele
politice trebuie s i prezinte materialele de
campanie n formate accesibile persoanelor cu
dizabiliti.
Extinderea oportunitilor de participare
la viaa politic. Implicarea activ n elaborarea
de politici i legi a persoanelor cu dizabiliti,
inclusiv prin intermediul organizaiilor care le
reprezint interesele, nu a fost nc oficializat
ca cerin sau pus n practic de ctre toate
statele membre UE. De asemenea, exist foarte
puine informaii cu privire la numrul
oficialilor cu dizabiliti care au fost alei.
Raportul
arat c organizaiile pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti sunt din ce n ce mai
consultate i implicate de ctre autoritile
publice n contextul actual n care se iau msuri
pentru implementarea Conveniei ONU.
Opinii. Raportul arat c Statele membre UE
i instituiile UE trebuie s implice ndeaproape
persoanele cu dizabiliti precum i organizaiile
DREPTURILE OMULUI

care le reprezint n procesul de decizie privind

problemele persoanelor cu dizabiliti. De aceea
trebuie consolidate mecanismele existente
pentru implicarea acestor organizaii i trebuie
nfiinate organisme de consultan i consiliere
n care reprezentanii persoanelor cu dizabiliti
ar trebui s fie membrii cu drepturi depline.
Acestora ar trebui s li se asigure resursele
necesare pentru a sprijini participarea lor ntr-un
mod activ la procesele consultative, fr a-i
compromite independena.
Audierile publice i ntlnirile de lucru ale
comitetelor care discut propunerile legislative
ar trebui fcute accesibile prin nlturarea de
exemplu, a barierelor fizice i prin asigurarea
unor interprei ale limbajului prin semne.
Odat alese, persoanele cu dizabiliti au
dreptul s li se ofere toate facilitile necesare
pentru a putea s i ndeplineasc atribuiile n
condiii de egalitate cu ceilali. Este necesar s li
se asigure respect i confidenialitate n
exercitarea funciilor lor.
Creterea gradului de contientizare a
dreptului la participare politic a persoanelor
cu dizabiliti. Pentru a se asigura c aceste
drepturi devin o realitate, oficialitile publice i
ali factori cheie n domeniu trebuie s fie foarte
bine informai cu privire la dizabiliti i
egalitate n general, precum i cu privire la
principiile
Conveniei
ONU
privind
accesibilitatea i datoria de a oferi condiiile
necesare de cazare/instalare persoanelor cu
dizabiliti. Organizaiilor care reprezint
drepturile i interesele persoanelor cu
dizabiliti le revine un rol foarte important n
creterea gradului de contientizare n rndul
autoritilor publice cu privire la drepturile
persoanelor cu dizabiliti. Trebuie dezvoltate i
extinse mecanismele de consultare la toate
nivelele guvernamentale. Este important ca
persoanele cu dizabiliti, n special cele cu
probleme grave care adesea sunt excluse de la
viaa politic s fie contiente cu privire la
dreptul lor de a vota i de a participa la viaa
politic. Odat ce contientizeaz acest lucru,
persoanele cu dizabiliti pot identifica ele
nsele care sunt practicile i procedurile care le
mpiedic s i exercite aceste drepturi.
Datele existente cu privire la accesul la
informare i la materialele de campanie arat c
este necesar s creasc capacitatea partidelor
politice i a organizaiilor mass-media pentru
DREPTURILE OMULUI

asigurarea accesului n centrele de votare i n

cldirile publice.
Opinii. Statele membre UE trebuie sa ia
msuri concrete pentru a dezvolta capacitatea
autoritilor publice de a monitoriza n mod
eficient implementarea regulamentelor privind
accesul adecvat n cldirile publice pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti, asigurndu-se c sunt
alocate resursele necesare organismelor
responsabile de asigurarea conformitii cu
cerinele de accesibilitate. Comisia European
va sprijini acest proces prin continuarea
susinerii elaborrii unor linii directoare
standardizate de evaluare a accesibilitii n
cldiri conform cerinelor i nevoilor
persoanelor cu dizabiliti.
Statele membre trebuie s se asigure c
autoritile electorale precum i funcionarii
nsrcinai cu supravegherea alegerilor la nivel
local beneficiaz de o pregtire complet cu
privire la non-discriminare pe motive de
dizabilitate i la asigurarea accesului pentru
persoanele cu dizabiliti. Organizaiile care
reprezint persoanele cu dizabiliti vor fi
implicate n programa acestor cursuri de
pregtire i se vor lua n considerare iniiative
comune ale acestor organizaii i ale autoritilor
electorale.
Statele membre vor asigura educaia
ceteneasc pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti
derulnd proiecte educaionale prin care s le
aduc la cunotin drepturile lor, proiecte ce se
vor derula i n instituiile unde aceste persoane
sunt ngrijite pe termen lung.
Statele membre pot elabora linii directoare
practice mpreun cu organizaiile reprezentante
ale persoanelor cu dizabiliti, care vor asigura
un acces mai larg la informare i la materialele
electorale.
Colectarea datelor pentru cuantificarea
participrii politice a persoanelor cu
dizabiliti. Aceast cercetare s-a bazat pe
datele existente colectate de la surse publice
puse la dispoziie din 28 de state membre UE.
Procesul colectrii datelor i analiza acestora a
relevat trei probleme cheie:
Lipsa unei colectri sistematice de date;
Absena unor standarde i linii directoare
pentru msurarea accesibilitii, n special
ntr-un mod care s poate genera compararea
rezultatelor;
ngrijorri privind metodologiile existente
97

pentru
consemnarea
experienelor
sau
situaiilor cu care se confrunt persoanele cu
dizabiliti.
Cercetarea din acest raport arat c nu este
posibil s se evalueze cu precizie situaia
participrii politice a persoanelor cu dizabiliti
n UE datorit lipsei unor date demne de
ncredere care s poat fi comparate.
Agenia pentru Drepturi Fundamentale a
Uniunii Europene i Reeaua Academic a
Experilor n domeniul dizabilitii a Comisiei
Europene vor continua s sprijine mbuntirea
colectrii unor date relevante.
Concluzii. Pentru ndeplinirea obligaiilor ce
le revin conform articolului 31 al Conveniei,
Uniunea European i statele membre trebuie s
se angajeze n colectarea de informaii i de date
statistice care s permit formularea i
implementarea politicilor care s reflecte
prevederile Conveniei.
Reflectnd aciunile enumerate n Strategia
European 2010-2020 privind dizabilitatea i

98

obiectivul incluziunii sociale din cadru

Strategiei UE 2020, Comisia European ar
trebui s armonizeze informaiile privind
dizabilitatea
obinute
prin
intermediul
sondajelor sociale UE privind condiiile de
via, fora de munc, sntatea, etc.
Pentru a asigura comparabilitatea datelor n
cadrul UE, instituiile i statele membre trebuie
s lucreze pentru a elabora linii directoare
comune pentru evaluarea situaiei drepturilor
fundamentale ale persoanelor cu dizabiliti. De
asemenea, trebuie elaborate linii directoare
comune pentru evaluarea condiiilor de acces n
cldiri publice i a accesului la informaie
pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti.
Instituiile UE mandatate s colecteze date
statistice trebuie s sprijine statele membre s
dezvolte metodologii viabile care s permit
incluziunea social a acestor persoane i s
identifice acele date care reflect barierele ce se
interpun participrii depline a persoanelor cu
dizabiliti la viaa public i politic.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

IV. JURISPRUDEN
HOTRREA CURII EUROPENE A DREPTURILOR OMULUI N
CAUZA
B. MPOTRIVA ROMNIEI1
Art. 8 din Convenia European a Drepturilor
Omului prevede c orice persoan are dreptul
la respectarea vieii sale private i de familie, a
domiciliului su i a corespondenei sale, de
asemenea nu este admis amestecul unei
autoriti publice n exercitarea acestui drept
dect n msura n care acesta este prevzut de
lege i constituie, ntr-o societate democratic, o
msur necesar pentru securitatea naional,
sigurana public, bunstarea economic a rii,
aprarea ordinii i prevenirea faptelor penale,
protecia sntii, a moralei, a drepturilor i a
libertilor altora.1
I. Sub aspect procedural vom reine c2:
1. Doamna MB (reclamanta), a sesizat Curtea
la 4 noiembrie 2002, n temeiul art. 34 din
Convenia pentru aprarea drepturilor omului i
a libertilor fundamentale (Convenia).
Preedintele Camerei a decis din oficiu
nedivulgarea identitii reclamantei, conform
art. 47 par. 3 din regulament.
II. n fapt se va reine c versiunile furnizate
de ctre prile aflate n conflict judiciar nu au
corespuns, astfel:
I. Circumstanele cauzei
2. Reclamanta, doamna MB, resortisant
romn, nscut n 1958, cu domiciliul n Bacu,
beneficiaz, din anul 1996, de prestaia social
ce rezult din calitatea de persoan cu handicap,
inapt pentru a presta o munc, a fost
diagnosticat, la 14 septembrie 2000, cu
schizofrenie paranoid, dat de la care
figureaz n evidenele mai multor instituii
psihiatrice.
3. Doamna MB este mam a trei copii: doi
dintre ei minori n momentul faptelor (unul
dintre copii este nscut n 1992, cellalt n
1994), cel de-al treilea, o fiic major.
4. O scrisoare din 18 ianuarie 2011 a
Autoritii Tutelare din cadrul Primriei Bacu.
1

Hotrrea Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului n

cauza B. mpotriva Romniei, C 1285/03, din 19 februarie
2013.
2
Pentru simplificarea lecturii au fost numerotate doar
aspectele relevante.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

adresat Agentului Guvernamental al Romniei

la Curte, precizeaz c potrivit verificrilor din
baza de date a compartimentului Autoritate
Tutelar din cadrul Primriei Bacu, nu s-a
instituit nicio msur de protejare a intereselor
doamnei MB persoan bolnav, cu
diagnosticul de schizofrenie paranoid nici
prin curatel, nici prin tutel. n scrisoare se
adaug, de asemenea, c nici n ceea ce
privete pe cei doi copii nu s-a instituit nicio
curatel pentru asistarea sau protejarea
intereselor acestora n perioada de internare a
mamei lor.
A. Internrile reclamantei n spitalul de
psihiatrie
5. Din anul 2000, reclamanta, escortat cel
mai adesea de poliie, a fost internat la secia
Psihiatrie a Spitalului Judeean de Urgen
Bacu i la Spitalul de Psihiatrie Socola, de mai
multe ori: 14 sept.13 oct. 2000, 1-15 mai 2002,
21 ian-17 feb. 2003, 12 mai-2 iunie 2004, 26
oct.4 nov. 2005, 18-31 martie 2006, 21 iulie8
aug. 2006, 25 aug.13 sept. 2006 i 8-22 oct.
2007.
6. n fiele de internare ale reclamantei se
precizeaz, la rubrica tip internare c aceasta
era adus de urgen de poliie fie pe motiv c
a fost gsit subnutrit, locuind ntr-o camer
fr nclzire i fr niciun ajutor material
(2003), fie pentru c reprezenta un pericol
pentru vecinii din sat, deoarece avea obiceiul de
a aprinde focul n curtea casei, intra n
instituiile comunei manifestndu-se violent i i
speria pe copii atunci cnd merge ape strad
(2004).
7. Din datele furnizate de Guvern, n cursul
anului 2008, reclamanta a fost internat n spital
de patru ori, petrecnd, n total, cinci luni la
secia de Psihiatrie Cronici iar n anul 2009 a
fost internat de ase ori, petrecnd n total zece
luni i jumtate la secia Psihiatrie Cronici a
Spitalului Buhui. n anul 2010, aceasta a fost,
de asemenea, internat de apte ori, n total
petrecnd unsprezece luni n spital. Reclamanta
consider c a fost internat definii de
99

autoriti. Nu a precizat Curii dac a contestat

ceste msuri n temeiul Legii nr. 487/2002 a
sntii mintale i a proteciei persoanelor cu
tulburri psihice.
8. ntr-o scrisoare din anul 2011, adresat
Agentului Guvernamental romn, directorul
Spitalului Buhui a garantat c reclamanta era
spitalizat
n
condiii
corespunztoare,
preciznd c MB este victima bolii de care
sufer.
B. Plasamentul celor doi copii minori ai
reclamantei
9. ncepnd din anul 2000, cei doi copii
minori nu mai locuiau cu reclamanta fiind
plasai, din acuza bolii acesteia, ntr-un centru
de primire pentru copii abandonai, ca urmare a
Deciziei Comisiei pentru Protecia Copilului
Bacu (DGASPC).
10. n septembrie 2000, n urma descrierii, n
dou articole publicate de ziarul local
Deteptarea, a condiiilor insalubre n care
triau reclamanta i cei doi copii minori ai
acesteia, autoritile au fost informate c cei doi
copii erau hrnii cu iarb, castane, frunze de
ptlagin i ciuperci adunate din parcurile
publice i c mama acestora refuzase s i
nscrie la coal. Astfel, la insistenele
asistenilor sociali (vezi raportul din 13
septembrie 2000), mama reclamantei, bunica
minorilor, a solicitat ajutorul DGASPC pentru a
obine internarea reclamantei ntr-un spital
specializat, din cauza bolii psihice i a
comportamentului violent, preciznd c cei doi
copii (de apte i, respective de opt ani) nu
mergeau la coal, uneori nu aveau ce mnca i
nici nu erau supravegheai i astfel i-a exprimat
acordul pentru plasamentul acestora ntr-un
centru de primire.
11. n aceeai zi, patru funcionari ai
DGASPC (din care doi de la un centru de
primire pentru minori), nsoii de un agent de
poliie, s-au deplasat la domiciliul reclamantei
unde, au ntocmit un raport n care, dup ce s-a
precizat c boala era evident
i s-a
consemnat lipsa hranei n cas i condiiile de
via necorespunztoare, lipsa nclzirii i
electricitii, s-a propus plasarea de urgen a
copiilor n centrul de primire, pe motiv c
mama acestora reprezenta un pericol pentru
ei. Raportul a fost nsoit de declaraiile a trei
vecini ai reclamantei, care descriau condiiile
deplorabile n care triau copiii mpreun cu
100

mama lor.
12. Dup obinerea acordului scris al bunicii,
copiii au fost adui de ctre asistenii sociali la
centrul de primire minori.
13. Au fost desfurate dou anchete
psihosociale n urma crora s-au ntocmit
rapoarte care prezentau situaia familial,
material i afectiv a copiilor, subliniind
pericolele la care acetia erau expui. De
asemenea, reclamanta a fost internat ntr-un
spital de psihiatrie.
14. Comisia pentru Protecia Copilului Bacu
a dispus, prin decizie, plasarea copiilor ntr-un
centru de primire numit Centrul Lalelelor,
reclamanta necontestnd hotrrile.
15. Ulterior, n decembrie 2000, prin
deciziile aceleiai comisii, minorii au fost
transferai ntr-un centru de primire numit
Poiana Florilor din Humeiu, reclamanta
necontestndu-le.
Meninerea msurii de plasament a
copiilor
16. Sesizat de DGASPC, Tribunalul Bacu
constatnd starea deplorabil n care fuseser
gsii copiii n casa mamei lor, fr lumin, fr
hran, fr a fi nscrii la coal i c bunica
matern era prea n vrst pentru a-i lua n grij,
a dispus, prin hotrrile din decembrie 2005,
respective
ianuarie
2006,
continuarea
plasamentului copiilor, exercitarea drepturilor
printeti fiind delegate directorului centrului.
17. Copiii au fost audiai de tribunal n
prezena unui asistent social al centrului de
primire.
18. Reclamanta nu a fost prezent, nici
reprezentat n faa tribunalului i deci nu a
formulat recurs.
19. Ulterior, aceasta a adresat n zadar mai
multe cereri ctre diverse autoriti pentru a i se
rencredina copiii.
20. n anul 2007, n urma unei reorganizri a
centrelor de primire, ca urmare a hotrrii
Tribunalului Bacu, cei doi copii au fost
transferai la centrul de primire SOS Satul
Copiilor din Humeiu, tribunalul justificnd
aceast msur prin faptul c minorii fuseser
abuzai emoional de mama lor n momentul
plasamentului iniial din septembrie 2000..
21. Reclamanta nu a introdus recurs
mpotriva acestei hotrri.
22. Din rapoartele comunicate de DGASPC
i din cele redactate periodic de delegaii
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Primriei Izvorul Berheciului reiese c

respectivii copii au fost vizitai des de mama lor.
III. n continuare, Curtea amintete n
cuprinsul deciziei dispoziiile legale relevante
din dreptul intern. n acest sens se face referire
la legislaia n vigoare i practica intern 3 cu
privire la protejarea persoanelor cu tulburri
psihice. Astfel, din Legea sntii mintale i a
proteciei persoanelor cu tulburri psihice (legea
nr. 487/2002), n baza creia se face distincia
ntre internarea voluntar i internarea
nevoluntar a unei persoane, sunt invocate art.
12, 13, 26, 30, 44-54, precum i noul art. 38^1
introdus dup ultimele modificri aduse legii4.
Se face referire la Legea nr. 448/2006 privind
protecia i promovarea drepturilor persoanelor
cu handicap, precum i la o serie de rapoarte ale
organizaiilor neguvernamentale cu privire la
aplicarea legii sntii mintale
23. n ceea ce privete atribuiile generale ale
autoritii tutelare sunt invocate prevederile
relevante din Codul familiei, art. 97, 98, 100,
103, 108, 142, 149, 152 i prevederile noului
Cod civil5 art. 164, 178. de asemenea sunt
invocate reglementrile legale aplicabile n
momentul plasamentului iniial al copiilor
reclamantei erau cele prevzute de OUG nr.
26/1997 privind protecia copilului aflat n
dificultate6, art. 7, 8 i 14.
3

Sunt, parial, descrise n hotrrile C.B. mpotriva

Romniei (nr. 21207/03, pct. 37, 20 aprilie 2010),
Parascineti mpotriva Romniei (nr. 32060/05, pct. 25 i
29, 13 martie 2012) i Cristian Teodorescu mpotriva
Romniei (nr. 22883/05, pct. 30-40, 19 iunie 2012).
4
Legea nr. 487/2002 a fost modificat prin Legea nr.
600/2004, publicat n M.Of., I, nr. 1228 din 21
decembrie 2004, apoi de Legea nr. 129/2012, publicat n
M.Of., I, nr. 487 din 17 iulie 2012, astfel c, a fost
adugat un nou articol, 38^1 care reglementeaz dreptul
oricrei persoane interesate de a desemna, cu titlu gratuit,
un reprezentant convenional care s o asiste sau s o
reprezinte pe ntreaga durat a tratamentului psihiatric. n
cazul n care pacientul nu are reprezentant legal i nu a
desemnat un reprezentant convenional din cauza lipsei
capacitii psihice, unitatea sanitar este obligat s
sesizeze de ndat, autoritatea tutelar, din unitatea
administrative-teritorial n care pacientul i are
domiciliul sau, n cazul n care domiciliul este
necunoscut, pe cea n a crei circumscripie teritorial se
afl unitatea medical, n vederea instituirii msurii de
protecie juridic.
5
Noul cod Civil, publicat n M.Of., I, nr. 511 din 24 iulie
2009, republicat n M.Of., I, nr. 505 din 15 iulie 2011,
intrat n vigoare la 1 octombrie 2011, reglementeaz, la
Titlul III, msurile de protective a persoanelor majore
care se afl n imposibilitatea de a-i proteja interesele.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

IV. Observaie preliminar

24. Cu privire la cele douzeci i dou de
scrisori trimise de reclamant, Curii, n
perioada decembrie 2002 decembrie 2010,
Guvernul consider c au un coninut incoerent
i nu invoc niciun capt de cerere substanial
referitor la dispoziiile Conveniei, subliniind,
de exemplu c, n scrisoarea din 2002
reclamanta s-a plns d furtul inveniilor sale i
de faptul c autoritile au internat-o cu fora
ntr-un spital de psihiatrie, fcnd-o incapabil
s aib grij de copiii si.
25. Curtea reamintete c un capt de cerere
se caracterizeaz prin faptele pe care le denun
i nu doar prin motivele sau argumentele de
drept invocate. (Vezi Guerra i alii mpotriva
Italiei, 19 februarie 1998). n virtutea
principiului jura novit curia, aceasta a examinat
din oficiu capete de cerere din perspectiva unui
articol sau paragraf pe care prile nu l-au
invocate. Astfel, Curtea consider c
respectivele capete de cerere ale reclamantei,
care au fost nsoite n mod corespunztor de
documente relevante referitoare la internarea sa
i la plasamentul copiilor si, sunt suficient de
clare pentru a fi examinate., considernd c a
fost sesizat n mod legal, n temeiul art. 34 din
Convenie.
26. Cu privire la pretinsa nclcare a art. 3,
art. 5 pct. 1 i art. 8 din Convenie, n ceea ce
privete internrile,
27. Reclamanta se plnge de internrile n
spitalele de psihiatrie pretinznd c acestea au
fost abuzive, invocnd astfel art. 3, art. 5 pct. 1
i art. 8 din Convenie.
28. Curtea consider adecvat s examineze
capetele de cerere invocate de reclamant, din
perspectiva art. 8 din Convenie, care impune ca
procesul decizional privind viaa private s fie
echitabil i s respecte interesele protejate de
aceast dispoziie (vezi Saleck Bardi mpotriva
Spaniei, nr. 66167/09, pct. 31, 24 mai 2011)
A. Cu privire la admisibilitate
29. Guvernul a invocat neepuizarea cilor de
atac interne susinnd c reclamanta nu a depus
plngere mpotriva msurilor de internare luate
mpotriva sa.
30. Curtea reamintete c, n conformitate cu
jurisprudena sa, art. 35 par. 1 din Convenie le
impune reclamanilor epuizarea cilor de atac
6

ulterior abrogate i nlocuit cu Legea nr. 272/2004,

publicat n M.Of., I, din 23 iunie 2004.

101

disponibile n mod normal i suficiente n

ordinea juridic intern pentru a le permite
obinerea unor reparaii pentru nclcrile
pretinse. Totui, aceasta subliniaz c trebuie s
aplice respectiva regul innd seama n mod
corespunztor de context, cu o anumit
flexibilitate i fr un formalism excesiv, ceea
ce presupune pentru Curte o analiz realist nu
doar a aciunilor prevzute n teorie n sistemul
juridic al prii contractante implicate, ci i
situaia personal a reclamantului (Selmouni
mpotriva Franei (MC), nr. 25803/94, pct. 77,
CEDO1999-V,
mutatis
mutandis
Stork
mpotriva. Germaniei, nr. 61603/00, 26
octombrie 2004, Rupa mpotriva Romniei (2),
nr.37971/02, pct. 36, 19 iulie 2011 i V.D.
mpotriva Romniei, nr. 7078/02, pct. 87, 16
februarie 2012).
31. Astfel, Curtea a hotrt deja, la
reexaminarea epuizrii cilor de atac interne de
ctre minori i persoane cu handicap mintal, c
este necesar s se ia n considerare
vulnerabilitatea acestor persoane, n special
incapacitatea lor, n anumite cazuri, de a se
plnge coerent (AMM mpotriva Romniei, nr.
2151/10, pct. 59, 14 februarie 2012).
32. Curtea consider c argumentele n
sprijinul excepiei invocate de Guvern ridic
probleme juridice strns legate de fondul
captului de cerere, pe care aceasta nu le poate
disocia de examinarea respectivului capt de
cerere. Curtea constat c acest capt de cerere
nu este n mod vdit nefondat n sensul art. 35
par. 3 lit. a) din convenie, subliniind de
asemenea c acesta nu prezint niciun alt motiv
de inadmisibilitate, de aceea trebuie s fie
declarat admisibil.
B. Cu privire la fond
Argumentele prilor
33. Reclamanta consider abuzive internrile
psihiatrice efectuate de poliie atunci cnd
solicita protecia mpotriva diverselor acte
ilegale din partea terilor pe care le denuna,
considernd c autoritile o internau pentru a o
mpiedica s se plng, l loc s-i ofere o
rezolvare plngerilor sale.
34. Citnd cauzele Nielsen mpotriva
Danemarca (28 noiembrie 1988, pct. 70 i 72,
seria A nr. 144) i HM c. Elveiei (nr. 39187/98,
pct.48, CEDO 2002-II), Guvernul consider c,
n spe, nu este vorba despre o privare de
liberate, preciznd c internrile psihiatrice ale
102

reclamantei au avut un caracter voluntar, avnd

n vedere c i-a dat acordul i au fost efectuate
de urgen, fiind justificate att de
comportamentul su violent, ct i de
necesitatea protejrii acesteia de ea nsi.
C. Motivarea Curii
a) Principiile din jurisprudena Curii
35. Curtea, reamintind de prevederile art. 8
care stabilete n sarcina statului obligaia de a
adopta msuri adecvate i rezonabile pentru a
proteja dreptul persoanelor la respectarea vieii
private, care include dreptul la integritate fizic
i psihic, precizeaz c, n cazul persoanelor
vulnerabile, din care fac parte i persoanele cu
handicap, autoritile trebuie s dea dovad de
atenie deosebit i s asigure protecie sporit,
datorit faptului c posibilitatea acestora de a se
plnge este de cele mai multe ori diminuat
(M.B. mpotriva Romniei, nr. 43982/06, pct.52,
3 noiembrie 2011 i AMM mpotriva Romniei,
nr. 2151/10, pct. 56, 14 februarie 2012).
36. Curtea a hotrt c autoritile naionale,
n special instanele au obligaia interpretrii
dispoziiilor dreptului intern n materie de
internare psihiatric i de integritate a persoanei,
n spiritul dreptului la respectarea vieii private,
garantat de art. 8 (Stork mpotriva Germaniei,
nr. 61603/00, pct. 47, 26 octombrie 2004). Art.
8 impune autoritilor s pstreze un echilibru
just ntre interesele unui persoane cu tulburri
psihice i celelalte interese legitime, sarcina
Curii fiind aceea de a aprecia, din perspectiva
Conveniei, deciziile pronunate de autoriti,
marja aprecierii variind n funcie de natura
problemelor ridicate i de importana intereselor
aflate n discuie (Elsholz mpotriva Germaniei
(MC), nr. 2573/94, pct. 49, CEDO 2000-VIII).
Curtea reamintete c art. 8 nu prevede nicio
condiie explicit de procedur, procesul
decizional trebuie s fie echitabil i s respecte
n mod corespunztor interesele protejate de
aceast dispoziie, amploarea marjei de
apreciere a statului depinznd de calitatea
procesului decizional: dac procedura a fost
deficitar, concluziile autoritilor interne sunt
puse la ndoial (a se vedea mutatis mutandis,
Sahin mpotriva Germaniei, nr. 30943/96, pct.
46, 11 octombrie 2001, Chtoukatourov
mpotriva Rusiei, nr. 44009/05, pct. 66).
37. Curtea observ c, n hotrrea Cristian
Teodorescu mpotriva Romniei, (pct. 65, nr.
22883/05, 19 iunie 2012) a identificat mai multe
DREPTURILE OMULUI

lacune ale legislaia romneasc din domeniul

sntii mintale, aplicabil i n acest caz.
Astfel, Curtea a hotrt c aceast lege nu
coninea, la momentul faptelor, nicio cerin cu
privire la forma pe care trebuia s o aib
notificarea unei decizii de internare nevoluntar
sau la faptul c nu se impunea comisiei de
control niciun termen pentru a informa persoana
n cauz sau reprezentantul su cu privire la
decizia luat.
38. Din acest motiv, Curtea a hotrt c,
astfel de lacune prezint pentru persoana pentru
care a fost luat o decizie de internare
nevoluntar, un risc real de a fi mpiedicat s
se prevaleze de prevederile Legii 487/2002
precum contestaia ntemeiat pe art.54. De
altfel, Curtea a concluzionat c, din cauza
modului n care a fost redactat aceast lege
nicio contestaie ntemeiat pe aceast dispoziie
nu a fost introdus nc n faa instanelor
naionale.
b) Aplicarea acestor principii n spe
39. Curtea, observ c, ncepnd cu anul
2000, reclamanta a fcut obiectul numeroaselor
internri n spital sau n secii de psihiatrie, de
cele mai multe ori la cererea poliiei, fapt care
pledeaz pentru caracterul forat al internrilor
sale, cel puin n perioada 2003-2007, n
condiiile n care nu a fost prezentat de pri
niciun element care s ateste c a fost respectat
procedura prevzut de Legea nr. 487/2002
conform creia decizia de internare nevoluntar
trebuie confirmat de o comisie medical
format din trei medici diferii de cel care a
decis internarea i apoi transmis parchetului,
persoanei n cauz i reprezentantului su.
40. De asemenea, Curtea constat absena
oricrui element care s poat indica faptul c
decizia de internare adoptat n privina
reclamantei a fost comunicat persoanei
interesate, conform formalitilor impuse de
lege, inclusiv cu respectarea pacientului de a fi
asistat atunci cnd i exprim consimmntul,
n special dac nu este n msur s neleag
informaiile care i se dau. Acest lucru denot
incertitudinea internrilor reclamantei i
caracterul lor ambiguu (a se vedea, mutatis
mutandis, Cristian Teodorescu mpotriva
Romniei, (pct. 64, nr. 22883/05, 19 iunie
2012).
n plus, aceste omisiuni apreau n contextul
deficienelor semnalate n perioada 2003-2009
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de rapoartele organizaiilor neguvernamentale

care activeaz la nivel naional i internaional.
41. n aceast privin, Curtea observ c, n
ciuda faptului c legea privind protecia i
promovarea drepturilor persoanelor cu handicap
prevedea obligaia de a institui n beneficiul
acestora o protecie juridic sub form de tutel
sau de curatel, n privina reclamantei nu a fost
adoptat nicio msur de protecie de acest tip,
dei situaia de vulnerabilitate a acesteia fusese
constatat i adus la cunotina instanelor
naionale de numeroasele rapoarte ntocmite de
serviciile de asisten social.
42. Aceast nendeplinire din partea
autoritilor a conferit, n spe, un caracter
iluzoriu garaniilor prevzute de Legea sntii
mintale, n special dreptul persoanei n cauz de
a fi asistat atunci cnd i exprim
consimmntul, precum i obligaia de
informare a notificare a reprezentantului legal
cu privire la msura de internare i de informare
a acestuia referitor la circumstanele care
justific luarea msurii de internare.
43. Curtea ia act de faptul c, modificrile
recente aduse Legii sntii mintale prin Legea
nr. 129/2012 prevd c, n cazul n care
pacientul nu are un reprezentant legal i nu a
desemnat un convenional din cauza lipsei
capacitii psihice, unitatea sanitar este
obligat s sesizeze, de ndat, autoritatea
tutelar din unitatea administrativ-teritorial n
care pacientul i are domiciliul.
44. Pentru aceste motive trebuie respins
excepia de neepuizare a cilor de atac interne,
ridicat de Guvern.
45. Curtea consider c dispoziiile dreptului
intern, care reglementeaz internrile psihiatrice
i protecia persoanelor care se afl n
imposibilitatea de a-i proteja interesele, nu au
fost aplicate reclamantei n spiritul dreptului su
la respectarea vieii private, garantat de art. 8.
Astfel, autoritile naionale nu i-au ndeplinit
obligaia de a lua msuri adecvate pentru
aprarea intereselor reclamantei. Prin urmare,
Curtea constat c, n spe, n aceast privin,
a fost nclcat art. 8 din convenie.
V. Cu privire la pretinsa nclcare a art. 8
din convenie n ceea ce privete plasamentul
copiilor
46. Reclamanta s-a plns, invocnd art. 8 din
convenie, de plasamentul celor doi copii ai si,
minori la momentul faptelor.
103

A. Cu privire la admisibilitate
47. Guvernul invoc tardivitatea captului de
cerere privind plasamentul copiilor reclamantei,
datorit faptului c cererea a fost introdus la 4
noiembrie 2002, n vreme ce plasamentul
copiilor avusese loc din septembrie 222.
48. Curtea observ c procesul decizional
privind plasamentul copiilor minori ai
reclamantei, care a nceput cu decizia autoritii
administrative din septembrie 2000, a continuat
pe parcursul mai multor ani, prin intermediul
mai multor hotrri judectoreti, petrecute n
special n 2005 i 2006. Prin urmare, acest capt
de acuzare nu poate fi considerat tardiv.
49. Constatnd c acest capt de cerere nu
este nefondat, n sensul art. 35 pct. 3 lit. a) din
convenie, Curtea subliniaz c acesta,
neprezentnd
niciun
alt
motiv
de
inadmisibilitate, trebuie s fie declarat
admisibil.
B. Cu privire la fond.
Argumentele prilor
50. Reclamanta susine c cei doi copii ai si,
minori i-au fost luai i plasai n centre de
primire, din cauza srciei n care triau i
susine c astfel le-au fost nclcate drepturile,
denunnd absena unor msuri de protecie
adecvate, invocnd, n esen, dreptul su la
via privat i de familie, astfel cum este
prevzut la art. 8 din convenie.
51. Conform Guvernului, msura de plasare a
celor doi copii minori ai reclamantei a fost luat
la cererea unui membru al familiei, bunica
minorilor, fiind justificat de faptul c
reclamanta nu putea avea grij de ei, n mod
corespunztor. Aceast msur avea un caracter
provizoriu, urmnd a fi aplicat pn n
momentul n care mama va putea dovedi c este
capabil s aib grij de copiii si, reclamanta
pstrndu-i, pentru aceast perioad, dreptul de
a menine relaii personale cu acetia. De altfel,
Guvernul precizeaz c, din rapoartele
comunicate de DGASPC i Primria Izvorul
Berheciului, copiii au fost vizitai des de mama
lor, astfel meninndu-se o via de familie ntre
acetia.
C. Motivarea Curii
a) Principiile care decurg din
jurispruden
52. Curtea reamintete principiile care decurg
din jurisprudena sa constant, conform crora,
pentru un printe i copilul su, a fi mpreun
104

constituie un element esenial al vieii de

familie. Plasamentul copilului n grija asistenei
publice nu pune capt relaiilor de familie
naturale. Deciziile adoptate de autoritatea
responsabil, care conduc la plasamentul unui
copil ntr-un centru de primire, sunt ingerine n
dreptul reclamantului la respectarea vieii de
familie (W. mpotriva Regatului Unit, 8 iulie
1987, pct. 59, seria A nr. 121).
53. Conform jurisprudenei Curii, o astfel de
ingerin ncalc art. 8, cu excepia cazului n
care, prevzut de lege, aceasta urmrete unul
sau mai multe scopuri legitim i este necesar
ntr-o societate democratic. Noiunea de
necesitate implic o ingerin fondat pe o
nevoie social imperioas i este proporional
cu scopul legitim urmrit. Dei art. 8 tinde s
protejeze individul mpotriva ingerinelor
arbitrare ale autoritilor publice, acesta poate
genera obligaii pozitive inerente unei respectri
efective a vieii de familie.
54. Procedurile aplicabile reglementrii
chestiunilor care privesc viaa de familie trebuie
s dovedeasc respectarea acesteia; prinii au,
n mod normal, dreptul de a fi ascultai i
informai pe deplin cu privire la acest subiect.
55. Curtea admite c autoritile responsabile
au o sarcin dificil atunci cnd se pronun
ntr-un domeniu att de sensibil, prevederea
unei proceduri rigide nu ar face dect s creeze
mai multe probleme, de aceea, trebuie s li se
rezerve acestora o anumit putere de apreciere
n aceast privin. Examinarea acestui aspect al
cauzei trebuie s se bazeze pe faptul c exist un
risc mare ca deciziile s se dovedeasc
ireversibile. Prin urmare, este vorba de un
domeniu care necesit mai mult dect de obicei
o protecie mpotriva ingerinelor arbitrare (W.
mpotriva Regatului Unit, 8 iulie 1987, pct. 62,
seria A nr. 121)
56. Art. 8 nu prevede nicio condiie explicit
de procedur, procesul decizional al autoritii
responsabile influennd ntr-adevr fondul
deciziei, n special prin garantarea faptului c se
bazeaz pe considerente pertinente i este
imparial, nefiind arbitrar. Aadar, Curtea
poate ine seama de acest lucru pentru a stabili
dac procesul s-a desfurat ntr-o manier
echitabil, care respect interesele protejate de
art. 8.
57. Curtea precizeaz c, n funcie de
circumstanele fiecrei spee i n special n
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funcie de gravitatea msurilor ce trebuie

adoptate, trebuie s se stabileasc dac prinii
au putut juca, n procesul decizional, un rol
destul de important pentru a le acorda protecia
impus de interesele lor. n caz negativ, este
vorba despre nerespectarea vieii lor de familie
i ingerina rezultat din decizie nu poate fi
considerat necesar, n sensul art. 8.
b) Aplicarea acestor principia n spe
58. Reclamanta nu pretinde c deciziile
autoritilor, prin care s-a dispus plasamentul
celor doi copii minori ai acesteia, nu se bazau pe
o prevedere legal sau nu urmreau un scop
legitim. Din dosar nu reiese nicio nerespectare a
primei cerine, astfel cum este interpretat de
jurisprudena Curii. Nu reiese nici c msurile
adoptate nu aveau un scop legitim: protecia
sntii sau a drepturilor i libertilor acestora.
Se ridic problema de a stabili dac
procedurile urmate erau conforme cu dreptul
reclamantei la respectarea vieii sale de familie
sau constituiau ingerine n exercitarea acestui
drept.
59. Curtea constat c reclamanta suferea, n
momentul faptelor (ca i n prezent) de o
afeciune psihic grav, fcnd obiectul
multiplelor internri psihiatrice. n aceast
privin, Curtea a luat act de faptul c, n
privina reclamantei nu a fost luat nicio msur
de protective social, care s presupun, n
special, desemnarea unui avocat din oficiu, cu
ocazia procedurilor de plasare sau prin numirea
unui curator. Din cauza acestora reclamanta nu
a fost n msur s participe efectiv la procedura
privind plasamentul copiilor i nici s I se
reprezinte interesele.
60. Curtea constat c imposibilitatea evident
n care se afla reclamanta, de a participa la
procesul decizional privind copiii si minori, n
dosar neexistnd niciun indiciu cu privire la
meninerea unor contacte regulate ntre asistenii
social responsabili i reclamant, care ar fi
putut furniza un mijloc adecvat de a le semnala
autoritilor opinia acesteia din urm.
61. Pentru aceste motive, Curtea consider c
procesul decizional care a meninut plasamentul
copiilor minori nu a fost desfurat cu
respectarea drepturilor sale, astfel cum sunt
garantate la art. 8 din convenie, de aceea,
concluzioneaz c a fost nclcat art. 8 din
convenie i n ceea ce privete acest capt de
cerere.
DREPTURILE OMULUI

D. Prejudiciul
62. Curtea reamintete jurisprudena sa,
potrivit creia o hotrre de constatare a unei
nclcri implic, pentru statul prt, obligaia
juridic, de a pune capt nclcrii i de a-i
elimina consecinele, astfel nct s se
restabileasc situaia anterioar.
63. n prezenta cauz, Curtea reamintete c
a constatat dubla nclcare a art. 8 din
convenie, din cauza absenei unei protecii
juridice adecvate a reclamantei, n timpul
internrilor psihiatrice i n cursul procedurilor
care au condus la meninerea plasamentului
copiilor acesteia. Prin urmare, este n interesul
reclamantei ca autoritile naionale competente
s ia iniiative pentru a-i asigura o protecie
juridic adecvat, conform cu cerinele
conveniei ( a se vedea mutatis mutandis,
Amanalachioai mpotriva Romniei, nr.
4023/04, pct.107, 26 mai 2009)
64. Lsnd la aprecierea Curii acest aspect,
reclamanta solicit suma de 200.000.000 de euro
pentru prejudicial morale care l-a suferit din
cauza faptului c dezvoltarea ei i cea a
copiilor si le-a fost furat i distrus.
65. Guvernul contest aceste pretenii.
66. Pronunndu-se n echitate, astfel cum
prevede ar. 41 din convenie, Curtea acord
reclamantei suma de 10.000 euro cu titlu de
prejudiciu moral.
PENTRU ACESTE MOTIVE, CURTEA, N
UNANIMITATE:
1. unete cu fondul excepia de neepuizare
a cilor de atac interne i o respinge;
2. declar cererea admisibil;
3. hotrte c a fost nclcat art. 8 din
convenie, n ceea ce privete internrile
reclamantei;
4. hotrte c a fost nclcat art. 8 din
convenie, n ceea ce privete plasamentul
copiilor minori ai reclamantei;
5. hotrte:
a. c statul prt trebuie s plteasc
reclamantei, n termen de trei luni de la data
rmnerii definitive a hotrrii, n conformitate
cu art. 44 par. 2 din convenie, 10000 euro, cu
titlu de prejudiciu moral, sum care va fi
convertit n moneda statului prt la cursul de
schimb aplicabil la data plii;
b. c, de la expirarea termenului menionat
105

i pn la efectuarea plii, aceste sume trebuie

majorate cu o dobnd simpl, la o rat egal cu
rata dobnzii facilitii de mprumut marginal
practicat de Banca Central European,
aplicabil pe parcursul acestei perioade i
majorat cu trei puncte procentuale;
6. respinge cererea de acordare a unei
reparaii echitabile pentru celelalte capete de
cerere.
Josep Casadevall
Preedinte
Santiago Quesada
Grefier
Comentariu
Existena unei nclcri de ctre statul romn
a art. 8 din Convenia pentru aprarea
drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale,
este analizat sub dublu aspect: al internrii
involuntare a reclamantei, internare care nu a
respectat dreptul la protecie persoanelor aflate
n imposibilitatea de a-i valorifica singure
interesele, respectiv al asigurrii unei participri
adecvate a reclamantei n cadrul procesului
decizional privind copiii si minori i luarea de
eventuale msuri de plasament fa de acetia.
n hotrrea sa, Curtea de la Strasbourg a
considerat c msurile luate de autoriti pentru
ca procesul decizional privind viaa privat a
reclamantei, att din perspectiva internrilor, ct
i a msurilor luate pentru protecia celor doi
copii minori, s fie echitabil i s respecte n mod
corespunztor interesele protejate de dispoziiile
conveniei nu au avut un caracter adecvat.
Referitor la numeroasele internri ale
reclamantei, Curtea, analiznd circumstanele
acestora, a considerat c au avut un caracter
forat. n aceast situaie n care reclamanta
practic nu a era internat n mod voluntar,
procedura prevzut de legislaia n materie, n
vigoare la momentul faptelor (Legea nr.
487/2002 a sntii mintale), nu a fost

respectat, nefiind evideniat nici un element

care s indice c decizia de internare
nevoluntar ar fi fost confirmat de o comisie
medical i comunicat parchetului, persoanei
n cauz i reprezentantului su. De asemenea,
CtEDO a evideniat faptul c, fa de reclamant
nu a fost adoptat nicio msur de protecie
juridic, dei Legea nr. 448/2006 privind
protecia i promovarea drepturilor persoanelor
cu handicap prevedea obligaia instituirii
acesteia sub forma tutelei sau curatelei. Prin
lipsirea reclamantei de o form de protecie
juridic, autoritile romne au conferit un
caracter iluzoriu garaniilor instituite de legea
sntii mintale (obligaia de informare cu
privire la circumstanele care justific luarea
msurii de internare).
n ceea ce privete plasamentul celor doi
copii minori, CtEDO a remarcat c, dei
reclamanta suferea de o afeciune psihic grav,
aceasta nu a beneficiat de nicio msur de
protecie special, n special de desemnare a
unui avocat din oficiu pe parcursul desfurrii
ntregii proceduri de plasare a minorilor sau prin
numirea unui curator, reclamanta nefiind astfel
n msur s participe efectiv la procedura
privind plasamentul copiilor si i nici s-i
reprezinte interesele. Astfel, la imposibilitatea
reclamantei de a participa la procesul decizional
referitor la plasarea copiilor si ntr-un centru de
primire, se adaug imposibilitatea acesteia de ai exprima opinia cu privire la meninerea
plasamentului copiilor minori, n absena unor
contacte regulate ntre asistenii social i
reclamant.
Astfel, CtEDO a hotrt c a fost nclcat art.
8 din Convenie, att n ceea ce privete
internrile reclamantei ct i n privina
plasamentul copiilor minori ai acesteia, stabilind
c statul prt trebuie s plteasc reclamantei,
n termen de trei luni de la data rmnerii
definitive a hotrrii, n conformitate cu art. 44
par, 2 din convenie, suma de 10000 euro, cu
titlu de prejudiciu moral.
Anna Maria Cun Neagoe

106

DREPTURILE OMULUI

HOTRREA CURII EUROPENE A DREPTURILOR OMULUI N

CAUZA ICU MPOTRIVA ROMNIEI1
Art. 3 din Convenia European a Drepturilor
Omului statueaz expres interzicerea torturii.
Astfel, Nimeni nu poate fi supus torturii, nici
pedepselor sau tratamentelor inumane sau
degradante.1
I. Sub aspect procedural vom reine c2:
1. Domnul N.. a sesizat Curtea n temeiul
art. 34 din Convenia pentru aprarea drepturilor
omului i a libertilor fundamentale
(Convenia).
2. Reclamantul a invocat nclcarea art. 3 din
Convenie, susinnd c, n timpul deteniei a
suferit tratamente inumane, degradante.
II. n fapt se va reine c versiunile furnizate
de ctre prile aflate n conflict judiciar nu au
corespuns, astfel:
I. Circumstanele cauzei
3. Reclamantul, nscut n 1973, diagnosticat
din copilrie cu oligofrenie, boal care a
provocat ntrzieri semnificative n dezvoltarea
sa mintal i fizic, se afl ntr-o nchisoare din
Bacu unde ispete o sentin de douzeci de
ani. Din cauza bolii grave de care sufer,
ireversibil, solicitantul a fost ncadrat n grad
de handicap, beneficiind astfel de prestaia
social; nu a urmat niciodat cursuri nici la
coal, n sistemul de nvmnt obligatoriu,
nici cursuri de formare profesional, fiind
analfabet. El locuia cu prinii lui care-l ajutau
la treburile casnice.
A.
Procedura
penal
mpotriva
reclamantului
4. n noiembrie 2003, reclamantul a fost
arestat i acuzat de participare la tlhrie urmat
de moartea victimei.
5. Evaluarea psihiatric efectuat n cursul
procedurii penale a concluzionat despre
capacitile intelectuale ale solicitantului c,
dei au fost extrem de mici, judecata lui nu a
fost complet afectat, el fiind contient de
aciunile sale i a consecinelor acestora.
6. La 15 octombrie 2004, n faa naltei Curi
de Casaie i Justiie i n prezena avocatului
su numit din oficiu de tribunal, reclamantul a
renunat la recursul mpotriva hotrrii
1

Hotrrea Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului n

cauza icu mpotriva Romniei, C 24575/10, din 1
octombrie 2013.
2
Pentru simplificarea lecturii au fost numerotate doar
aspectele relevante.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

judectoreti pronunat de Tribunalul Neam

care l-a condamnat la douzeci de ani de
nchisoare.
7. n anul 2009, reclamantul a solicitat
revizuirea hotrrii, susinnd c Tribunalul
Neam nu a luat n considerare n mod
corespunztor starea sa mintal din timpul
participrii sale la svrirea infraciunii. La 6
mai 2009, Tribunalul Neam a respins cererea
de revizuire pe motiv c expertiza psihiatric
fusese deja fcut.
B. Detenia reclamantului
1. Condiiile de detenie
8. Reclamantul a executat pedeapsa n
penitenciarele Bacu, Jilava, Iai i Giurgiu.
Versiunile cu privire la condiiile de detenie n
aceste penitenciare difer.
9. Reclamantul susine c detenia a avut loc
n celule supraaglomerate, fr a beneficia de
condiii minime de igien, i, de asemenea, fiind
lipsit de orice activitate sportiv sau social.
10. Guvernul a declarat c reclamantul a
putut dispune de un spaiu personal a crui
suprafa varia de la 1.58 mp n cazul celulelor,
la 4 mp n cazul infirmeriei, n cazul
penitenciarului Bacu, 1,56 mp n cazul
penitenciarului Iai sau 3,62 mp n cazul
penitenciarului Giurgiu. Referitor la date din
penitenciarul Jilava, Guvernul a precizat c
acestea nu mai sunt disponibile.
11. De asemenea, Guvernul a afirmat c
spaiile n care reclamantul a executat detenia
au fost echipate cu toalet separat, au ap
curent, nclzire, ventilaie i au acces la
lumin natural, au fost mobilate n mod
corespunztor i au fost curate n mod regulat.
12. n ceea ce privete igiena personal,
Guvernul a precizat c deinuii au acces la
duuri comune o dat sau de dou ori pe
sptmn, timp de cel puin cincisprezece
minute.
13. Referitor la activitile sociale i
educaionale,
Guvernul a susinut c
reclamantul a avut posibilitatea de a participa la
astfel de manifestri, de a citi ziarele i a urmri
TV, a beneficiat de un program de alfabetizare,
precum i de campanii de informare, educare i
comunicare pe teme de sntate, moralitate i
religie. Guvernul afirm c, n toate
penitenciarele menionate, reclamantul putea
merge zilnic la plimbare n curte pentru o
107

perioad cuprins ntre treizeci minute i dou

ore, iar mncarea a fost potrivit pentru
problemele sale de sntate.
2. Monitorizarea strii de sntate a
reclamantului i tratamentul su medical
14. Reclamantul a fost internat n spital de
cel puin
treisprezece ori n spitalele
penitenciar, fiind n mod constant sub tratament
cu neuroleptice.
n decembrie 2003 i februarie 2004, ca
urmare a unor leziuni n zona membrelor
inferioare, el a fost supus unui examen clinic.
n mai 2004, n timpul unui examen medical,
el a pretins c este victima abuzului celorlali
deinui. n acelai an, el a fost internat de mai
multe ori pentru tulburri psihice si intestinale,
precum i diverse infecii.
O expertiz medico-legal, din 16 ianuarie
2006 a concluzionat c, n ciuda patologiei
complexe a reclamatului, problemele sale ar
putea fi tratate n spitalele penitenciar.
n ianuarie 2006, reclamantul a fcut o
decompensare depresiv, nghiind o cantitate
mare de medicamente.
n martie 2006, el a fost spitalizat pentru o
fractur a braului stng fiind efectuate mai
multe intervenii chirurgicale reconstructive.
15. n 2007, reclamantul a fost supus unor
examinri
endocrinologie,
genetice
i
neurologice n urma crora s-a stabilit c
suferea, n plus fa de oligofrenie, de o boal
genetic, sindromul Klinefelter, care a agravat
retardul mintal i fizic i au provocat, de
asemenea,
inversarea
unora
dintre
caracteristicile sexuale morfologice.
3. Cererea de eliberare din motive medicale
16. n 2007, reclamantul, asistat de un
avocat, a cerut eliberarea sa pe motiv c bolile
de care suferea erau incompatibile cu regimul de
detenie.
17. n iulie 2008, reclamantul a fost supus
unei expertize la Institutul de Medicin Legal,
care a ajuns la concluzia c tulburrile sale
psihice nu erau incompatibile cu regimul de
detenie, cu condiia supravegherii acestuia de
ctre medici psihiatri i a administrrii
permanente a unui tratament medicamentos. n
ceea ce privete sindromul Klinefelter, de care
suferea reclamantul, comisia de expertiz a
adugat c aceasta patologie ar putea fi, de
principiu, tratat n spitalele penitenciar, dar,
recomand totui, consultarea medicilor
endocrinologi i continuarea examenelor
medicale pentru a stabili tratamentul adecvat.
108

18. Cu ocazia acestei expertize, reclamantul

s-a plns de agresiuni sexuale violente din
partea celorlali deinui.
19. n hotrrea din 23 septembrie 2008,
Tribunalul Bacu a respins cererea de eliberare
pe motiv c reclamantul ar putea fi tratat n
reeaua de spitale penitenciar. Curtea de Apel
Bacu, a respins recursul reclamantului, astfel
c hotrrea tribunalului privind respingerea
eliberrii a rmas definitiv la 20 noiembrie
2008.
4. Preteniile reclamantului cu privire la
abuzul din partea altor deinui
20. n plus fa de plngerile formulate n
timpul celor dou examene medicale efectuate
n mai 2004 i iulie 2008, reclamantul a
semnalat n mod repetat autoritilor
penitenciarului c a fost victima unor abuzuri
din partea altor deinui.
21. n data de 28 februarie 2006, reclamantul
s-a plns c a fost btut de doi colegi deinui, n
penitenciarul Bacu; acetia au recunoscut
faptele, fiind pedepsii de ctre o comisie de
disciplin cu suspendarea, pentru o lun, a
dreptului de a primi vizite.
22. n data de 8 iulie 2009, directorul
penitenciarului din Iai a informat parchetul
despre plngerea reclamantului cu privire la
agresiune. Parchetul, dup nregistrarea
plngerii a ntrebat reclamantul dac dorete s
aduc acuzaii formale mpotriva agresorilor. Ca
rspuns la aceast cerere, s-a primit de la
reclamant o scrisoare n care, n partea de jos a
paginii era menionat " [Eu] nu depun plngere."
Astfel, nu s-a dispus urmrirea penal.
23. Ulterior, n data de 14 martie 2010,
reclamantul a declarat c a fost atacat de ctre
deinutul DF astfel c, la 16 martie 2010 a fost
examinat de un medic legist, care nu a
identificat urme de violen, dar a declarat c nu
exclude posibilitatea agresiunii. Procurorul,
informat de ctre directorul penitenciarului Iai,
a cerut din nou reclamantului o plngere
formal mpotriva agresorilor. n partea de jos a
scrisorii trimis parchetului, acesta a declarat "
depun plngere. " Nici o aciune nu a fost
ntreprins de ctre procurori.
24. La 31 martie 2010, reclamantul a declarat
c a fost agresat de ctre deinutul SB, directorul
penitenciarului Iai informnd procurorul c, n
penitenciar nu a existat nici un deinut cu acest
nume. El a adugat c un ofier de poliie a
intervievat reclamantul, acesta din urm
retrgndu-i plngerea. La data de 20 mai
2010, parchetul a respins cazul, fr msuri
DREPTURILE OMULUI

suplimentare, pe motiv c faptele invocate nu

exist.
25. La 1 iunie 2010, reclamantul a declarat c
a suferit un alt agresiune n penitenciarul Iai,
medicul nchisorii i un medic legist constatnd
urme de violen pe fa. Parchetul a nregistrat
plngerea, dar nu a dat nici un rezultat.
26. La 2 iulie 2010, reclamantul a declarat c
a suferit un alt atac n penitenciarul Iai,
medicul nchisorii observnd urme de violen
pe braul drept. Parchetul a nregistrat
plngerea, dar nu a dat nici un rezultat.
III. n continuare, Curtea amintete n
cuprinsul deciziei dispoziiile legale relevante
din dreptul intern. n acest sens se face referire
la dispoziiile articolelor 63, 180 i 181 din
Codul penal n vigoare la momentul faptelor loviturile sau actele de violen erau pedepsite
cu o amend sau nchisoare. Precum i la
articolul 278-1 din Codul de procedur penal 3,
privind posibilitatea de a contesta n instan o
decizie de nencepere a urmririi penale.
De asemenea, sunt invocate i Observaiile
Comitetului european pentru prevenirea torturii
i a tratamentelor sau pedepselor inumane sau
degradante (CPT), din timpul vizitelor n
penitenciarele din Romnia, rezumate n Iacov
Stanciu mpotriva Romniei (nr.35972/05, par.
113-129, 24 iulie 2012), precum i
Recomandarea Comitetului de Minitri R(98)7
privind aspectele etice i organizaionale ale
asistenei medicale n penitenciare pct. 55 i
Recomandarea (2006)2 privind normele
penitenciare europene pct. 47,1 i 47,2.
IV. Cu privire la pretinsa nclcare a art. 3
din Convenie, reclamantul s-a plns de
condiiile precare de detenie n diferitele
penitenciare n care a executat pedeapsa, mai
ales de supraaglomerarea acestora i de
ngrijirile medicale. Acesta a acuzat, de
asemenea, autoritile, de deficienele cu privire
la obligaia de a efectua o investigaie efectiv
n condiiile svririi unor agresiuni mpotriva
lui de ctre unii deinui.
A. Cu privire la admisibilitate
27. Guvernul a pledat neepuizarea cilor de
recurs interne.
28. n ceea ce privete condiiile de detenie a
reclamantului, Guvernul a susinut c acesta s-ar
fi putut plnge judectorului delegat sau
instanelor civile competente cu privire la
condiiile materiale ale deteniei sale i lipsa de
3

n urma modificrii acestuia prin Legea nr. 281 din 24

iunie 2003, ce a intrat n vigoare la 1 ianuarie 2004.

DREPTURILE OMULUI

ngrijiri medicale invocate.

29. n ceea ce privete pretinsa nclcare de a
investiga agresiunile suferite de reclamant,
Guvernul a invocat nedepunerea plngerilor
mpotriva agresorilor i necontestarea n faa
instanelor judectoreti naionale competente a
decizia de nencepere a urmririi penale.
Guvernul consider c aciunile menionate mai
sus ar fi fost eficiente i ar fi permis remedierea
situaiei prezentat de reclamant.
30. Reclamantul a contestat acest argument
susinnd c, din cauza strii sale de
vulnerabilitate deosebit, a violenei i
ameninrilor exercitate asupra lui, a lipsei
oricrei instruciuni, a fost imposibil s depun
plngeri i s iniieze aciunile indicate de
Guvern. Mai mult dect att, el a subliniat c
multe dintre plngerile depuse de el au rmas
fr rspuns.
31. n ceea ce privete partea din plngere
referitoare la condiiile materiale de detenie,
Curtea reamintete c a respins deja mai multe
excepii similare, dup ce a constatat c nu
exist nici o plngere intern, efectiv, a
reclamantului (Petrea. mpotriva Romniei, nr.
4792/03, par. 37, 29 aprilie 2008; Branduse
mpotriva. Romniei, nr. 6586 / 03, par. par. 37
i 40, 07 aprilie 2009, i Eugen Radu Gabriel
mpotriva Romniei, nr 3036 / 04, par. 23. 13
octombrie 2009 ). Argumentele Guvernului nu
conduc, n acest caz, la o concluzie diferit.
32. n ceea ce privete diversele plngeri i
aciuni pe care reclamantul le avea la dispoziia
pentru a ndrepta aspectele din plngerea sa,
Curtea amintete c a susinut n mod constant,
c, potrivit articolul 35 par. 1 al Conveniei
solicitanii trebuie s epuizeze cile de atac
disponibile i suficiente n ordinea juridic
intern pentru a le permite s obin despgubiri
pentru nclcrile invocate. Cu toate acestea, se
subliniaz faptul c aceast regul trebuie s se
aplice cu flexibilitate, innd cont de context i
fr un formalism excesiv. Acest lucru
nseamn c, trebuie s se analizeze n mod
realist, nu numai cile de atac prevzute teoretic
n sistemul juridic al prii n cauz, dar i de
circumstanele personale ale solicitanilor
(Selmouni.
mpotriva.
Frana
[GC],
nr.25803/94, par. 77, Sawomir Musia
mpotriva Poloniei, nr. 28300/06, par.73, 20
ianuarie 2009).
33. n acest caz, Curtea consider c
reclamantul, prin depunerea la autoritile
penitenciare a unei cereri de eliberare i mai
multe plngeri, a atras suficient atenia asupra
109

situaiei sale, att n ceea ce privete

supravegherea medical ct i asupra condiiilor
generale detenie.
34. n consecin, Curtea consider c este
oportun s resping excepia de neepuizare a
cilor de atac interne invocate de Guvern, aa
nct, constatnd c plngerea nu este n mod
vdit nefondat n sensul articolului 35 par.3 din
Convenie i nu intr n conflict cu orice alte
motive, Curtea a declarat-o admisibil.
B. Cu privire la fond
Argumentele prilor
35. Reclamantul susine despre condiiile sale
de detenie c au fost inumane i degradante, n
special cu privire la starea lui de sntate. El
denun, de asemenea, lipsa investigaiilor n
cazul plngerilor sale pentru abuzurile despre
care spune c a suferit.
36. Referindu-se la descrierea condiiilor de
detenie din penitenciarele n cauz, Guvernul
susine c cei care-l cunoteau pe reclamant
aveau cunotin de cerinele articolului 3 din
Convenie, astfel c reclamantul a participat la
activiti sportive i educative adaptate nevoilor
sale i a beneficiat, pe perioada deteniei de
supraveghere
medical
permanent
n
penitenciare i spitalele penitenciar, a fost
spitalizat de dousprezece ori, n special pentru
tulburri psihice, i a fost supus unor teste
complexe, inclusiv expertize medico-legale.
37. n ceea ce privete atacurile suferite de
ctre reclamant, Guvernul a afirmat c
autoritile naionale au efectuat o investigaie
efectiv a plngerilor acestuia, ori de cte ori a
pretins c a fost agresat, fiind examinat de un
medicul din penitenciar, iar afirmaiile
reclamantului au fost aduse n atenia
parchetului unde a fost interogat cu privire la
intenia de a depune o plngere n conformitate
cu normele de procedur penal. Potrivit
Guvernului, singura dat cnd reclamantul a
confirmat intenia de a depune o plngere,
acuzaiile s-au ncheiat (la 20 mai 2010) cu
nenceperea urmrii penale, dup ce, n urma
investigaiei parchetului s-a constatat c faptele
invocate nu exist.
C. Aprecierea Curii
a) Principii generale
38. Curtea reamintete c articolul 3 din
Convenie consacr una dintre valorile
fundamentale ale societilor democratice ce
interzice n termeni absolui tortura i pedepsele
sau tratamentele inumane sau degradante,
indiferent de circumstanele i aciunile
victimei. De asemenea, Curtea constat c
110

privarea de libertate este de obicei nsoit de

durere i umilin. Cu toate acestea, nu se poate
considera c detenia n sine reprezint o
problem n domeniul articolului 3 al
Conveniei. n mod similar, acest articol nu va fi
interpretat ca impunnd statului o obligaie
general de a elibera un deinut din motive de
sntate sau de a-l transfera la un spital civil
pentru a-i permite s primeasc tratament
medical specific (Kuda mpotriva Poloniei
[GC], nr 30210/96, par. 93)
39. Cu toate acestea, articolul 3 al Conveniei
oblig statul s se asigure c o persoan este
deinut n condiii compatibile cu respectarea
demnitii umane, c modul de executare a unei
msuri privative de libertate nu o supune la
suferin i c, avnd n vedere exigenele din
nchisoare, sntatea i bunstarea sunt
asigurate n mod adecvat, inclusiv administrarea
de ngrijire medical necesar (Kudla, par. 94, i
Paladi mpotriva. Republicii Moldova [GC], nr
39806 / 05, par. 71, 10 Martie 2009 ).
40. n cazul particular al unui bolnav mintal,
Curtea
consider
c,
n
evaluarea
compatibilitii condiiilor lor de detenie cu
cerinele articolului 3 al Conveniei, trebuie s
se in seama de vulnerabilitatea acestuia i, de
asemenea, de incapacitatea, n unele cazuri, de a
depune plngeri precum i de efectele
tratamentului medical primit. n determinarea
acestei compatibiliti, trei elemente trebuie s
fie luate n considerare: starea de sntate a
reclamantului, gradul de adecvare a ngrijirii
medicale
i
tratamentul
medicamentos
administrat n detenie, precum i posibilitatea
continurii deteniei, dat fiind starea de sntate
a persoanei.
41. n cele din urm, Curtea reamintete c,
atunci cnd un deinut ridic o pretenie
discutabil acuznd abuzuri din partea altor
deinui, diligenele pentru deschiderea unei
anchete oficiale de ctre autoriti sunt cruciale,
pentru a evita orice aparen de toleran
mpotriva actelor ilegale sau complicitate n
comiterea lor. (vezi LZ c.. Romnia,
nr.22383/03, par.29, 3 februarie 2009).
b) Aplicarea n cazul principiilor de mai sus
42. Curtea va examina la rndul su, dac
condiiile de detenie ale reclamantului au fost
n concordan cu starea lui de sntate i dac
autoritile naionale au efectuat o investigaie
efectiv a plngerilor sale de abuz.
i. Cu privire la condiiile de detenie a
reclamantului
43. Curtea este preocupat de condiiile de
DREPTURILE OMULUI

via n instituiile n care solicitantul a trit i

nc rmne n detenie. Potrivit datelor
furnizate de ctre Guvern, aceste instituii se
confrunt cu o problem de suprapopulare,
spaiul individual la dispoziia deinuilor fiind
mai mic dect standardul recomandat de CPT.
n aceast privin, Curtea observ c, n
majoritatea celulelor ocupate de ctre reclamant,
acesta a avut un spaiu individual extrem de
mic, mai puin de 3 mp i, uneori 1,5 mp.
44. Curtea reamintete c deja a concluzionat
n ceea ce privete Romnia, referitor la
nclcarea art. 3 din Convenie din cauza
condiiilor inadecvate de detenie (a se vedea,
printre multe exemple, Iacov Stanciu mpotriva
Romniei, par. 195). Ea consider c astfel de
condiii sunt inadecvate pentru orice individ
privat de libertate, cu att mai mult pentru o
persoan precum reclamanta, care sufer de o
boal mintal i are nevoie de ngrijire medical
corespunztoare. Deinuii cu tulburri psihice
se pot simi, fr ndoial, dezavantajai, n
situaii de inferioritate i de neputin. n aceast
privin, Curtea consider c plasarea
reclamantului n cea mai mare parte a deteniei
sale ntr-un penitenciar neadaptat gestionrii
tulburrilor psihice a determinat expunerea la un
risc pentru sntate, fiind o surs de stres i de
anxietate pentru acesta (Sawomir Musia, par.
96).
45. n timpul deteniei reclamantul a fost
internat de mai multe ori, n special pentru a
trata afeciunile psihice. Documentele medicale
justificative prezentate Curii indic, de
asemenea, c persoana este tratat n mod
regulat cu neuroleptice i a avut acces la ngrijiri
medicale n penitenciare.
46. Cu toate acestea, Curtea constat c, de la
ncarcerarea lui, cu excepia perioadelor de
spitalizare, reclamantul mparte o celul cu
deinui sntoi i, cu excepia cazurilor de
urgen medical, este supus aceluiai regim ca
i ceilali deinui, n ciuda specificitii strii lui
de sntate. Documentele arat c medicii care
l-au examinat au sugerat c acesta ar trebui s
rmn n mod constant sub supraveghere
psihiatric. Cu toate acestea, dei el are, acces
regulat la medicii din penitenciare, reclamantul
poate consulta un psihiatru ntr-o situaie de
urgen, aa cum a fost cazul n 2006, ca urmare
a ingestiei de medicamente, urmare unei
decompensri depresive. (Sawomir Musia, par.
92)
47. n cele din urm, Curtea constat c
recomandrile pertinente ale Comitetului de
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Minitri ctre statele membre, i anume R( 98 )7

privind aspectele etice i organizaionale ale
asistenei medicale n penitenciare i Rec
(2006 )2 privind Regulile europene privind
detenia, recomand plasarea i tratarea
deinuilor cu boli mintale grave ntr-un spital cu
echipamente adecvate i personal calificat.
48. Avnd n vedere situaia de fapt n
ansamblu, i, n special condiiile n care
reclamantul a fost deinut, Curtea constat c a
existat o nclcare a articolului 3 din Convenie.
ii. Cu privire la obligaia autoritilor de a
efectua o investigaie efectiv a acuzaiilor de
agresiune
49. Curtea noteaz c reclamantul a semnalat
autoritilor competente din penitenciarul Iai
violenele exercitate n mod repetat, de unii
dintre colegii lui deinui. Unele dintre plngeri
au fost susinute de concluziile medicilor care
atest existena agresiunilor.
50. Curtea a constatat c, dei parchetul a
fost sesizat de ctre conducerea penitenciarului
Iai, acesta nu a deschis nici o anchet pentru a
clarifica circumstanele abuzului suferit de
reclamant. n loc de a folosi toate mijloacele de
care dispunea pentru a identifica i pedepsi pe
cei responsabili de aceste abuzuri, parchetul a
cerut doar ca solicitantul s depun noi plngeri
cu privire la aceleai fapte. Mai mult dect att,
chiar i dup o repetare a plngerilor
reclamantului, nu s-a nceput urmrirea penal.
51. Curtea noteaz c, n afar de faptul c
depunerea de noi plngeri pentru infraciuni n
mod clar identificate i documentate anterior i
raportate autoritilor penitenciarului Iai, n
mod nejustificat, parchetul a ignorat complet
vulnerabilitatea reclamantului. ntr-adevr,
acesta din urm, din cauza deficienelor grave i
n lipsa unui avocat, nu a fost n msur s i
exercite drepturile.
52. n absena oricrui act de anchet, Curtea
constat c a existat o nclcare a articolului 3
din Convenie, n aspectul su procedural.
Cu privire la pretinsele alte nclcri
53. Invocnd mai multe articole ale
Conveniei, reclamantul s-a plns de rezultatul
procedurii penale i de respingerea cererii sale
de revizuire a hotrrii judectoreti de
condamnare.
54. Avnd n vedere toate elementele de
prob aflate n posesia sa Curtea nu constat
nici o aparen de nclcare a drepturilor i
libertilor garantate de articolele Conveniei
invocate. Rezult c aceste plngeri sunt fie
tardive sau n mod vdit nefondate i trebuie
111

respinse n conformitate cu articolul 35 par.3 i

par. 4 din Convenie.
D. Prejudiciu
55. Reclamantul a pretins 210,000 euro
(EUR) cu titlu de prejudiciu material i moral
pentru suferina i stresul generate de pretinsele
nclcri.
56. Guvernul a susinut c reclamantul nu a
furnizat documente justificative i nu a dovedit
existena unei legturi de cauzalitate ntre
prejudiciul n cauz, i presupusele nclcri. n
orice caz, Guvernul consider c suma
perceput este excesiv n lumina jurisprudenei
Curii n aceast privin.
57. Curtea consider c reclamantul a suferit
un prejudiciu moral din cauza tratamentelor din
timpul deteniei, contrare art. 3 din Convenie i
a lipsei unei anchete efective. Astfel, innd cont
de circumstanele cauzei i n conformitate cu
articolul 41 din convenie, Curtea a decis s
acorde reclamantului 24 000 de euro pentru
prejudiciile morale cauzate.
58. Reclamantul a pretins, de asemenea, 350
EUR pentru avocat i costurile suportate pentru
traducerea documentelor. Acesta ofer dovezi
care confirm plata sumei de 1.600 de lei
romneti, echivalentul a aproximativ 370 .
59. Guvernul a contestat, n parte, sumele
solicitate.
60. n conformitate cu jurisprudena Curii,
un reclamant nu poate obine rambursarea
costurilor i cheltuielilor sale dect n msura n
care au fost suportate efectiv i necesar i au
fost rezonabile ca i cuantum. n acest caz, i
avnd n vedere documentele aflate n posesia sa
i de jurisprudena sa, Curtea consider c este
rezonabil s acorde reclamantului suma de 350
de euro, reprezentnd costurile i cheltuielile
pentru procedura n faa Curii.
PENTRU ACESTE MOTIVE, CURTEA, N
UNANIMITATE:
1. a declarat admisibil cererea n ceea ce
privete plngerile n temeiul articolului 3 din
Convenie i inadmisibile restul capetelor
cererii;
2. a declarat c a existat o nclcare a
articolului 3 al Conveniei n ceea ce privete
condiiile de detenie a reclamantului;
3. a declarat c a existat o nclcare a
articolului 3 din Convenie, n aspectul su
procedural din cauza lipsei anchetei cu privire la
abuzurile raportate de ctre reclamant;
112

4. a declarat
a) c statul prt trebuie s plteasc
reclamantului, n termen de trei luni de la data la
care hotrrea devine definitiv n conformitate
cu articolul 44 par. 2 al Conveniei, urmtoarele
sume, care s fie convertite n moneda statului,
rata data de decontare este cazul:
i. 24 000 EUR (douzeci i patru de mii de
euro), plus orice tax care poate fi perceput ca
impozit, pentru prejudiciul moral;
ii. 350 EUR (trei sute cincizeci euro ), plus
orice tax care poate fi perceput ca impozit,
pentru costuri i cheltuieli suportate de
reclamant;
b ) c de la expirarea acestei perioade pn la
data plii, aceste sume trebuie majorate cu o
dobnd simpl, la o rat egal cu rata dobnzii
facilitii de mprumut marginal practicat de
Banca Central European, aplicabil pe
parcursul acestei perioade i majorat cu trei
puncte procentuale.
Josep Casadevall
Preedinte
Santiago Quesada
Grefier
Comentariu
Reclamantul, Nicolae icu, a fost condamnat
la 20 de ani de nchisoare pentru complicitate la
comiterea infraciunii de tlhrie avnd ca
urmare moartea victimei.
n temeiul art. 3 din Convenie, reclamantul sa plns CtEDO de condiiile de detenie precare
din diferite penitenciare n care i-a executat
pedeapsa, n special de supraaglomerarea celulei
i de lipsa ngrijirilor medicale necesare.
Reclamantul a imputat autoritilor faptul c
acestea s-au sustras obligaiei de a desfura o
anchet eficient cu privire la atacurile mpotriva
sa de ctre ceilali deinui.
Analiznd cauza, Curtea de la Strasbourg a
constatat nclcarea art. 3 din Convenie cu
privire la condiiile de detenie, precum i la
absena unei anchete eficiente desfurate de
autoriti referitoare la relele tratamente
invocate de reclamant.
Prin Hotrrea sa, Curtea a obligat Statul
Romn s plteasc reclamantului suma de
24.000 Euro cu titlu de daune morale i 350
Euro, cheltuieli de judecat.
Marius Mocanu
DREPTURILE OMULUI

V. SEMNAL
ANUL INTERNAIONAL AL FAMILIEI, 2014
Departamentul pentru Afaceri Economice i
Sociale a Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite (ONU)
n colaborare cu Parlamentul European, Comisia
European i Organizaia pentru Cooperare
Economic i Dezvoltare (OECD) au stabilit
principalele direcii ale strategiei politicii de
familie pentru anul 2014, odat cu cea de a 20-a
aniversare a Anului Internaional al Familiei. Cu
ocazia Zilei Internaionale a Familiei care se
aniverseaz n fiecare an pe data de 15 mai,
COFACE,
Confederaia
Organizaiilor
Familiale din Uniunea European, care au peste
50 de organizaii cu statut de membru din mai
multe state europene, au solicitat ca anul 2014
s fie nominalizat ca Anul European pentru
Reconcilierea Vieii Profesionale cu Viaa de
Familie.
Studiile i rapoartele realizate n cadrul UE
au evideniat c statele membre se confrunt cu
un nivel ridicat al omajului, cu o rat de
natalitate sczut i cu o performan economic
slab. Toate acestea impun o combinare
adecvat a politicilor familiale, sociale i de
egalitate de anse, care s rspund acestor
probleme att la nivelul UE ct i la nivelul
statelor membre i care s aib un rol important
n gsirea unor soluii viabile i durabile.
Cu aceast ocazie Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului, n colaborare cu Asociaia
Family Forum i Asociaia pentru Naiunile
Unite din Romnia (ANUROM) a organizat n
zilele de 16 i 17 ianuarie 2014 o Conferin cu
tema Oportuniti i obstacole n atingerea
obiectivelor reconcilierii vieii de familie cu cea
profesional, n cadrul creia s-a evideniat
faptul c din iniiativa Institutului Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului din 1994, ziua de 15 mai este
i Ziua Familiei Romne. Cu acelai prilej s-au
prezentat realizrile Planului de Aciune din
1994 att la nivel naional ct i internaional.
n cadrul Conferinei s-a evideniat
importana ncurajrii n continuare a legislaiei
n domeniul familiei, revizuirea ei n noua
Constituie care se va elabora, avnd n vedere
c reformarea legislaiei deja s-a fcut n noile
Coduri de procedur civil i penal.
Institutul Romn pentru drepturile Omului i
propune promovarea i consolidarea politicilor
DREPTURILE OMULUI

de sprijinire a familiei, precum i intensificarea

activitilor n domeniul cercetrii pentru a-i
aduce contribuia i sprijinul n vederea
elaborrii de ctre guvern a unor politici publice
privind familia, care sunt nu numai de
importan naional dar i global n contextul
agendei de dezvoltare post-2015 i al celei de a
20-a aniversri a Anului Internaional al
Familiei. Inspirndu-se din ndrumrile ONU pe
aceast tem, IRDO recunoate importana pe
care activitile sale de formare, cercetare,
cooperare cu guvernul i societatea civil
precum i de organizare a unor campanii de
contientizare a opiniei publice o pot avea n
sprijinirea elaborrii i a implementrii de ctre
guvern a unor politici naionale axate pe binele
familiei n special n domeniul combaterii
srciei, al ocuprii pieei muncii i a obinerii
unui loc de munc decent, precum i n ceea ce
privete bunstarea familiei, echilibrul dintre
viaa profesional i viaa de familie, integrarea
social i solidaritatea ntre generaii.
Politicile de sprijinire a familiilor sunt
eseniale n combaterea i n prevenirea srciei
i a excluziunii sociale i sunt fundamentale
pentru a preveni marginalizarea familiilor. O
preocupare central n aceast privin este
aceea de a elabora i pune n aplicare o legislaie
naional care s corespund standardelor fixate
n instrumentele internaionale existente.
n dezbaterile care au avut loc pe marginea
lucrrilor s-a evideniat rolul politicilor de
reconciliere care permit femeilor s creeze un
echilibru ntre activitatea profesional i viaa
de familie care sunt eseniale pentru a rspunde
nevoilor familiale i a celor legate de egalitatea
de gen.
Unul din obiectivele strategiei EU 2020 l
reprezint reducerea srciei. Oferind femeilor
posibilitatea de a reconcilia viaa profesional
cu viaa de familie, se asigur o participare mai
mare a femeilor pe piaa forei de munc i n
procesul decizional avnd un efect pozitiv nu
doar asupra ratei natalitii, ci i asupra
economiei n ansamblu.
Conferina a avut n vedere discutarea
programelor i politicilor naionale, dar i
europene asupra reconcilierii vieii familiale cu
113

cea profesional, promovarea celor mai bune

practici n domeniu.
S-a prezentat din iniiativa organizatorilor
conferinei un proiect de program al activitilor
consacrate acestei aniversri ce urmeaz a se
desfura pn la data de 15 mai 2014.
La eveniment au fost invitai s participe

reprezentani
ai
Parlamentului,
ai
Guvernului ai instituiilor de nvmnt
superior, ai cultelor i reprezentani ai unor
instituii i ONG-uri de drepturile omului
internaionale.
Petru Emanuel Zltescu

ROLUL PARLAMENTELOR NAIONALE N ACTIVITATEA

CONSILIULUI DREPTURILOR OMULUI AL NAIUNILOR UNITE
n perioada 17-18 februarie 2014, a avut loc
seminarul regional cu tema Transpunerea
angajamentelor internaionale privind drepturile
omului n realitile naionale: contribuia
parlamentelor
la
activitatea
Consiliului
Drepturilor Omului al Naiunilor Unite,
organizat, la iniiativa Comisiei pentru politic
extern a Camerei Deputailor, de Camera
Deputailor n cooperare cu Uniunea
Interparlamentar.
Seminarul a avut loc la Bucureti, n
contextul n care Romnia a susinut constant,
adoptarea unui cadru de cooperare ntre
parlamentele naionale i Consiliul Drepturilor
Omului al Naiunilor Unite (CDO). Aspect
concretizat prin adoptarea, la 21 martie 2013, a
Rezoluiei privind contribuia parlamentelor
naionale la activitatea CDO i la mecanismul
su de Evaluare Periodic Universal.
n deschiderea lucrrilor au luat cuvntul
domnul Lszl Borbly, Preedintele Comisiei
de politic extern i domnul Anders B.
Johnsson, Secretarul general al Uniunii
Interparlamentare, care au apreciat c domeniul
drepturilor omului adeseori implic discuii i
decizii politice ferme, parlamentarii fiind cei
care pot promova dezbateri publice pe aceast
tem i pot solicita intervenia tuturor
segmentelor societii, n acest context
componena politic fiind inevitabil. De
asemenea, participanilor le-a fost transmis i un
mesaj din partea domului Valeriu Zgonea,
Preedintele Camerei Deputailor.
Pe parcursul celor dou zile au fost analizate
i dezbtute n cadrul celor ase sesiuni
organizate, teme precum: provocri comune n
domeniul drepturilor omului identificate de

114

Consiliul Drepturilor Omului n statele din

Europa Central i de Est, rolul parlamentelor n
protejarea drepturilor omului la nivel naional,
rolul parlamentarilor n buna funcionare a
mecanismului de Evaluare Periodic Universal,
contribuia
parlamentelor
la
activitatea
Comitetului privind aplicarea Conveniei ONU
pentru eliminarea tuturor formelor de
discriminare mpotriva femeilor, locul ocupat de
drepturile omului n agenda de dezvoltare post
2015.
La lucrri a fost invitat i Institutul Romn
pentru Drepturile Omului, n acest context
doamna prof. univ. dr. Irina Moroianu
Zltescu, director IRDO, a subliniat rolul
important pe care l au instituiile naionale
pentru drepturile omului att la nivel naional,
fiind o punte de legtur ntre instituiile
statului de drept i societatea civil, cu referire
la Principiile de la Belgrad privind relaia
dintre instituiile naionale pentru drepturile
omului i parlamente, adoptate n 2012. Ct i
la nivel internaional, instituiile naionale
avnd o contribuie important n procesul de
Evaluare Periodic Universal n deosebi
ncepnd cu al doilea ciclu, precum i
rezoluiile adoptate de Consiliul Drepturilor
Omului, cea mai recent fiind Rezoluia 20/14
din iulie 2012.
Recomandrile oferite de participani au vizat
att poziionarea problemei drepturilor omului
pe un loc central n agenda parlamentar,
precum i implicarea efectiv a parlamentelor
naionale n mecanismul de Evaluare Periodic
Universal.
Marius Mocanu

DREPTURILE OMULUI

SPTMNA ACIUNII EUROPENE MPOTRIVA RASISMULUI,

15-23 MARTIE 2014:
NE POTRIVIM MPREUN, DIVERSITATE = PUTERE
ZIUA INTERNAIONAL DE ELIMINARE A TUTUROR FORMELOR DE
DISCRIMINARE RASIAL 21 MARTIE
Perioada 15-23 martie a marcat sptmna
aciunii
europene
mpotriva
rasismului,
sptmn n care cetenii oraelor europene
sunt invitai s ia poziie mpotriva rasismului
prin organizarea de evenimente care s
contientizeze opinia public i n special tnra
generaie cu privire la pericolul pe care l
reprezint rasismul n context internaional. Cu
aceast ocazie, Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului a organizat o serie de
manifestri (seminarii, dezbateri, mese rotunde)
i a desfurat o ampl campanie de
contientizare n rndul tineretului din coli i
universiti, precum i n instituiile publice din
Bucureti i din ar.
Pe data de 21 martie, cu ocazia Zilei
Internaionale de eliminare a tuturor formelor de
discriminare rasial, IRDO a organizat la sediul
su din Bucureti, n colaborare cu Asociaia
pentru
Naiunile
Unite
din
Romnia
(ANUROM), IDEF, Clubul de la Cheia Victor
Dan Zltescu i Catedra UNESCO pentru
drepturile omului, democraie, pace i toleran
Universitatea de Nord din Baia Mare o mas
rotund pe tema S spunem NU rasismului la
care au participat reprezentani ai guvernului,
organizaii neguvernamentale, tineri, studeni i
doctoranzi. Prof. univ. dr. Irina Zltescu a
subliniat conceptul de diversitate preciznd c
ne autodefinim nu numai prin naionalitate,
apartenen etnic, religie sau cultur ci i prin
apartenena la comunitate, motiv pentru care
integrarea social este un factor decisiv al
ncrederii n sine i al exercitrii drepturilor
omului. Potrivit campaniei din acest an,
diversitatea poate aprea chiar i n cadrul unui
grup omogen. Dar important este s ne potrivim
mpreun formnd o comunitate unit, deviz ce
apare pe unul dintre afiele campaniei din acest
an, care a ales s ilustreze globul pmntesc sub
forma unui joc de puzzle fiecare dintre noi
fiind o pies important din acest puzzle.
Campania subliniaz faptul c fiecare individ
este important i are un rol pe planet, care nu
trebuie minimalizat n contextul diferitelor
DREPTURILE OMULUI

identiti culturale.
S-a discutat pe larg problema rasismului i a
discriminrii n cadrul unei ample dezbateri pe
tema recentei publicaii IRDO Nediscriminare,
autonomie, incluziune. Totodat, s-a dezbtut
pe tema importanei respectrii diversitii,
subliniindu-se n mod special rolul crescnd al
reelelor de socializare, care vin n sprijinul
migranilor i al refugiailor combtnd
naionalismul, rasismul i neofascismul.
n judeul Prahova, cu sprijinul Institutului
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului, Fundaia
Adolescena din Ploieti a iniiat o serie de
manifestri d combatere a rasismului i a
discriminrii: concurs de eseuri, reportaje,
desene, ateliere de lucru, adevrate campanii de
raliere la micrile europene i mondiale ale
copiilor i tinerilor. Campania s-a desfurat sub
competenta ndrumare a cadrelor didactice
avnd ca teme Ne potrivim mpreun,
Diversitate = Putere.
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului a
ncurajat n mod special aceast campanie de
contientizare n rndul tineretului, deoarece, n
eforturile sale de a realiza o educaie elevat n
domeniul drepturilor omului, a considerat din
totdeauna c este extrem de important ca tinerii
s fie implicai n acest tip de aciuni. Ei vor lua
parte la dezbaterile de mine i la luri de
decizii ntr-un viitor nu prea ndeprtat i tocmai
de aceea este necesar s cunoasc de pe acum
felul n care trebuie s i asume rolul n luarea
deciziilor, s capete ncredere n sine i
capacitatea de a-i exprima prerile cu curaj. n
acest an tinerii au fost considerai cel mai
important segment al publicul int pentru care
s-a desfurat campania sptmnii europene
mpotriva rasismului. Numai printr-o educaie
pentru drepturile omului poate fi prevenit orice
manifestare de ur, dispre sau discriminare. O
educaie adecvat va avea ca rezultat ncetarea
unor astfel de manifestri i nbuirea lor nc
nainte de a lua fiin din motive de renviere a
unor atitudini rasiste de excluziune social sau
datorit apariiei unor influene nefaste.
115

Fundaia a angrenat mai multe uniti de

nvmnt din Ploieti n aceast campanie
desfurat sub egida IRDO: Colegiul Naional
Mihai Viteazul, coala I. A. Bassarabescu,
Colegiul Naional Jean Monet, Universitatea
de Petrol i Gaze, Palatul Copiilor, Colegiul
Naional I. L. Caragiale i Colegiul Naional
Spiru Haret. De asemenea, coala nr. 190,
Maria Pene din Bucureti, s-a alturat acestei
campanii.
Concursurile de eseuri i de desene au avut
tema Suntem potrivii mpreun .Tinerii au
fost invitai s participe n mod interactiv i

creativ lund atitudine mpotriva manifestrilor

sau a gesturilor care induc ideea discriminrii i
a rasismului n mediul n care i desfoar
activitatea, n existena lor cotidian. Prin
intermediul
IRDO alturi de afiele de
contientizare li s-au oferit i cteva repere de
detectare a rasismului i a discriminrii
alegndu-se o serie de subiecte de dezbatere
avnd ca tem dispreul fa de semenii notri,
atitudini de discriminare i manifestri ale
rasismului.
Daniela Albu

21 MARTIE 2014 ZIUA DE CONTIENTIZARE A SINDROMULUI

DOWN
DREPTURI I VIA DE CALITATE PENTRU PERSOANELE CU
SINDROM DOWN
Vineri, 21 aprilie 2014 cu ocazia Zilei de
contientizare a Sindromului Down, la sediul
Institutului Romn pentru Drepturile Omului
(IRDO), s-a desfurat masa rotund cu tema
Drepturi i via de calitate pentru
persoanele cu Sindrom Down
La eveniment au participat reprezentani ai
societii civile, Ministerului Muncii, Familiei,
Proteciei Sociale i Persoanelor Vrstnice,
cadre didactice universitare, cercettori,
doctoranzi i masteranzi.
n cuvntul su de deschidere, d-na prof.
univ. dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu, directorul
IRDO, a subliniat rolul pe care-l presupune Ziua
Mondial a Sindromului Down, acela de a
promova contientizarea i nelegerea acestei
afeciuni i a problemelor asociate, dar mai ales
de a mobiliza sprijin i recunoaterea demnitii,
drepturilor i bunstrii persoanelor cu Sindrom
Down.
Decizia de a marca oficial o zi dedicat
Sindromului Langdon Down1 aparine
Organizaiei internaionale a persoanelor cu
sindromul
Down
(Down
Syndrome
International DSI), astfel c, manifestrile
dedicate acestei zile, ncepute n anul 2006, au
devenit, cu fiecare ediie, tot mai numeroase i
mai ample.
Organizaia Naiunilor Unite a recunoscut,
pentru prima dat n 2012, marcarea Zilei
1

World Down Syndrome Day/Journe Mondiale de la

Trisomie 21

116

Mondiale a Sindromului Down, organiznd

Conferina cu tema Construindu-ne viitorul, la
sediul su din New York, SUA. Aceast zi a
fost recomandat pentru a fi marcat n toate
rile membre ONU prin organizarea de
activiti i evenimente care s contribuie la
ridicarea gradului de contientizare a ceea ce
reprezint Sindromul Down.
Naiunile Unite subliniaz importana
educaiei,
a
unei
ngrijiri
medicale
corespunztoare, precum i necesitatea unui
sprijin din partea comunitii. Persoanele cu
Sindrom Down pot obine o calitate optim a
vieii, prin grija printeasc, prin ndrumare
medical i prin sistemele de sprijin bazate pe
comunitate. Acest lucru faciliteaz integrarea
lor n societate i atingerea potenialului lor
personal.
Potrivit ONU, incidena Sindromului Down
este ntre 1 din 1000 pn la 1 din 1100 de
nou-nscui vii la nivel mondial, provocnd
dizabilitate intelectual i fizic, precum i
problemele medicale asociate. Sindromul Down
este o dispunere cromozomial natural, care a
fcut parte ntotdeauna din condiia uman, fiind
universal prezent n toate naiile, genurile i
mediile socio-economice, dei exist o mare
variaie a acestei incidene n ntreaga lume.
Sindrom reprezint o suit de semne i
caracteristici, iar Down provine de la numele
medicul englez John Langdon Haydon Down,
primul care a descris sindromul n 1866, cu
DREPTURILE OMULUI

aproximativ 100 de ani nainte ca acest

cromozom suplimentar s fie descoperit.
Moderatorul dezbaterii, d-na prof. univ. dr.
Irina Moroianu Zltescu a amintit preocuprile
IRDO n ceea ce privete protecia drepturilor
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, n special cele ce
decurg din calitatea pe care acesta o are ca
mecanism independent de promovare, protejare
i monitorizare a implementrii Conveniei
ONU pentru persoanele cu dizabiliti. Astfel, a
fost adus n discuie lucrarea cu tema Evoluia
proteciei i promovrii drepturilor persoanelor
cu dizabiliti n Romnia, elaborat de IRDO
n anul 2013, ce i propune s ofere o imagine
asupra modului n care sunt respectate drepturile
persoanelor cu handicap n Romnia,
procedndu-se la o analiz obiectiv a modului
n care prevederile Conveniei se reflect n
legislaia romneasc, dar i a modului n care
acestea sunt respectate, n acest sens
urmrindu-se cu precdere rapoarte, studii,
puncte de vedere exprimate de actori relevani,
experienele de bun practic, din domeniu. n
lucrare sunt rezumate informaii privind situaia
persoanelor cu handicap din Romnia, sunt
prezentate date cu privire la msuri adoptate,
programe specifice derulate i acte normative n
vigoare cu privire la drepturile persoanelor cu
handicap.
Dezbaterile din cadrul evenimentului
s-au concentrat asupra drepturilor persoanelor
cu dizabiliti i modul n care acestea sunt
respectate, evideniindu-se o serie de aspecte
care necesit o atenie deosebit din partea
decidenilor. Este vorba, n primul rnd de
adoptarea unei strategii naionale n domeniul
dizabilitii, la elaborarea creia trebuie
implicat societatea civil, n special persoanele
cu dizabiliti i organizaiile care le reprezint
i care trebuie s in cont de prevederile
Conveniei ONU privind drepturile persoanelor
cu dizabiliti (CDPD). Ar trebui avute n
vedere aciuni ce vizeaz n primul rnd cadrul
juridic general. Aceasta presupune (re)definirea
scopului politicilor sociale din domeniu, n
acord cu prevederile CDPD Promovarea,
protejarea i asigurarea exercitrii depline i n
condiii de egalitate a tuturor drepturilor i
libertilor fundamentale ale omului de ctre
toate persoanele cu dizabiliti i promovarea
respectului pentru demnitatea lor intrinsec
deci, modificarea/completarea art. 50 din
DREPTURILE OMULUI

Constituia Romniei i a art. 1 din Legea nr.

448/2006 privind protecia i promovarea
drepturilor persoanelor cu dizabiliti:
Un alt aspect important care vizeaz cadrul
juridic general ar fi cel legat de recunoaterea
capacitii juridice a persoanelor cu dizabiliti
ceea ce presupune, pe de o parte, reglementarea,
n cadrul politicilor sociale din domeniu a
serviciilor juridice adaptate pentru a asigura
egalizarea anselor n ceea ce privete asistena
juridic i, pe de alt parte, modificarea
legislaiei, astfel nct s se poat asigura
recunoaterea capacitii juridice a persoanelor
cu dizabiliti, dreptul egal al persoanelor cu
dizabiliti de a deine sau moteni proprieti,
de a-i gestiona propriile venituri i de a avea
acces egal la mprumuturi bancare, ipoteci i
alte forme de credit financiar i se vor asigura c
persoanele cu dizabiliti nu sunt deposedate n
mod arbitrar de bunurile lor.
O alt problem adus n discuie a fost
legat de dreptul persoanelor cu dizabiliti de
a-i ntemeia o familie Codul civil actual
interzice cstoria alienatului mintal i debilului
mintal, indiferent dac acetia sunt sau nu pui
sub interdicie. Alienatul sau debilul mintal nu
se poate cstori nici mcar n momentele de
luciditate pasager.
Dezbateri intense au continuat i pe tema
garantrii i respectrii dreptului la educaie,
evideniind n primul rnd nevoia definirii n
legislaia specific (Legea nr. 448/2006 i Legea
nr. 1/2011) a conceptului educaie incluziv i
renunarea la nvmntul special integrat.
Este nevoie deci de o regndire a politicilor
educaionale astfel nct persoanele cu
dizabiliti s primeasc sprijinul necesar, n
cadrul sistemului educaional, pentru a li se
facilita o educaie efectiv. Acestea trebuie s
presupun msuri eficiente de sprijin
individualizat n amenajarea mediului care s
maximizeze progresul colar i socializarea n
conformitate cu obiectivul de integrare deplin,
inclusiv adaptarea rezonabil a condiiilor la
nevoile individuale. Persoanele cu dizabiliti
trebuie ncurajate s-i dezvolte competene care
s le faciliteze participarea deplin i egal la
procesul de nvmnt i ca membri ai
comunitii.
n ceea ce privete respectarea dreptului la
munc al persoanelor cu dizabiliti, cadrul
legislativ din Romnia trebuie dezvoltat ar
117

trebui nceput cu modificarea articolului din

Codul Muncii cu privire la interzicerea
ncadrrii n munc a persoanelor puse sub
interdicie judectoreasc.
Cu privire la dreptul la protecie social al
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, s-a evideniat nevoia
de recunoatere de ctre politicile sociale din
domeniul dizabilitii a rolului compensator al
indemnizaiei acordat persoanei cu handicap n
conformitate cu prevederile art. 58 din Legea nr.
448/2006 privind protecia i promovarea
drepturilor persoanelor cu handicap, ceea ce
presupune completarea n acest sens a actului
normativ menionat.
Un aspect deosebit de important adus n
discuie se refer la necesitatea stabilirii
modalitilor prin care persoanele cu dizabiliti
pot depune plngeri cu privire la respectarea
drepturilor omului i a prevederilor legale
existente.
De asemenea, s-a subliniat nevoia
mbuntirii datelor despre dizabilitate prin
elaborarea de metodologii pentru colectarea
datelor standardizate cu privire la persoanele cu

dizabiliti.
O problem care ar trebui s preocupe
ntreaga societate o reprezint creterea gradului
de contientizare i nelegere a dizabilitii,
pentru c, o societate incluziv se bazeaz pe
respect i nelegere. De aceea, este important
mbuntirea nivelului de nelegere public a
dizabilitii. Guvernul, organizaiile neguvernamentale, cu implicarea presei trebuie s aib n
vedere desfurarea de campanii al care s aib
drept obiectiv schimbarea atitudinilor.
n ncheierea evenimentului, d-na prof. univ.
dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu a precizat c
acceptarea discriminrii pe criteriu de handicap
este adnc nrdcinat n multe societi dar se
bazeaz n mare parte pe ignorant, nu rea
credin; punerea n aplicare a Conveniei ONU
privind drepturile persoanelor cu dizabiliti
presupune, pe lng resurse financiare i
angajament, creativitate i colaborare, aspecte
cheie explorate n cadrul raportului i care
necesit o atenie imediat.
Anna Maria Cun Neagoe

ZIUA MONDIAL A APEI

22 MARTIE 2014
Anual n lume la data de 22 martie se
srbtorete Ziua Mondial a Apei cu scopul
de a marca importana i rolul acestei resurse
n dezvoltarea socio-economic planetar.
Adunarea General a Organizaiei Naiunilor
Unite a anunat perioada 2005-2015 drept
Deceniu Internaional Ap pentru via n
scopul ridicrii nivelului de informare
referitor la problemele acvatice i crearea
condiiilor pentru realizarea programelor i
proiectelor referitoare la problematica apelor,
pentru atingerea scopurilor stipulate la nivel
mondial din punct de vedere a problemelor
acvatice.
Aciunile care marcheaz Ziua Mondial a
Apei n anul 2014 se desfoar sub genericul
Apa i energia actualitatea lor fiind n strns
legtur cu problemele cu care se confrunt
omenirea, iar eforturile ntreprinse pn acum
de majoritatea statelor au fost insuficiente.
Organizaia Naiunilor Unite, n strns
colaborare cu statele membre i alte pri
interesate, vor ntreprinde msuri pentru a atrage
118

atenia asupra legturii ntre ap i energie,

abordnd, n special inechitile, mai ales pentru
populaia din ri i zonele rurale srace, care
supravieuiesc fr acces la ap potabil sigur,
canalizare corespunztoare, hran suficient i
servicii energetice.
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
colaborare cu Asociaia Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului la un Mediu Sntos,
Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia
(ANUROM) i Asociaia Clubul de la Cheia a
organizat vineri 22 martie 2014, cu ocazia Zilei
Mondiale a Apei, o mas rotund cu tema Ap
curat pentru o lume sntoas!, avnd ca
scop sensibilizarea opiniei publice i a factorilor
de resort privind importana apei pentru via i
gestionarea durabil a resurselor de ap
potabil.
n cadrul lucrrilor prezentate s-a evideniat
necesitatea protejrii cantitative i calitative a
apelor, precum i rolul, ndatoririle i
responsabilitile celor cu atribuii n
ntreinerea, valorificarea i protejarea surselor
DREPTURILE OMULUI

de ap. De asemenea, s-a subliniat i rolul pe

care l are apa ca surs de energie regenerabil
de cea mai mare importan att pentru ri
dezvoltate, puternic industrializate, ct i pentru
rile srace. Amenajrile energetice sunt
importante att n plan economic ct i din
punct de vedere ecologic, realizarea lor oferind
o serie de beneficii, prin atenuarea undelor de
viitur i de protecie mpotriva inundaiilor,
asigurarea alimentrii cu ap potabil i
industrial, irigaii, etc.
n dezbaterile care au urmat pe marginea
lucrrilor prezentate, s-a scos n eviden relaia
dintre om i via, dintre accesul la ap i
sntatea vieii unui om, a unei familii, a unei
comuniti sau a unei societi care este vital
pentru dezvoltarea unei naiuni.
Tema aleas n acest an pentru Ziua
Mondial a Apei ndeamn la o mai strns
cooperare ntre factorii implicai n domeniu,
viznd cuplarea cerinelor crescnde de energie

cu gestiunea durabil a resurselor de ap n

cadrul unei economii ecologice. Puterea hidro
joac un rol important i stabil n furnizarea de
cantiti mari i sigure de energie verde. Prin
promovarea acestei teme se trage un semnal de
alarm asupra creterii consumului de ap i de
energie, componente de baz ale vieii,
dezvoltrii economice i progresului uman,
punndu-se n eviden interdependena celor
dou resurse.
Cooperarea n domeniul apei este crucial
pentru conservarea resurselor de ap, pentru a
asigura durabilitatea acestora i a proteja
mediul.
La manifestare au participat, cercettori,
profesori universitari, studeni, reprezentani n
domeniul mediului, colaboratori, reprezentani
ai unor organizaii guvernamentale i
neguvernamentale cu preocupri n domeniu.
Olivia Florescu

DIN ACTIVITATEA AGENIEI PENTRU DREPTURI FUNDAMENTALE

A UNIUNII EUROPENE (FRA)
n perioada 16-17 ianuarie 2014 FRA a fost
facilitatorul celei de a doua ediii a Colocviului
internaional privind elaborarea de politici din
cadrul Biroului Regional European al naltului
Comisariat pentru Drepturile Omului. Titlul
acestui colocviu a fost Repartizarea de locuine
n mod segregat pentru populaia rom o
provocare la adresa respectrii drepturilor
omului.
n data de 16 ianuarie 2014, Directorul FRA,
dl. Morten Kjaerum s-a ntlnit cu cei trei
reprezentani ai OSCE pe probleme de toleran
i nediscriminare, la sediul Ageniei din Viena,
pentru un schimb de informaii cu privire la
sferele lor de activitate n domeniu i
coroborarea acestor activiti.
De asemenea, reprezentani ai FRA au vorbit
despre discriminarea multipl n domeniul
sntii cu ocazia unui seminar organizat de
Grupul de Lucru pe probleme de sntate al
Parlamentului European pe 22 ianuarie 2014.
n cadrul unei ntruniri a Comisiei pentru
Liberti Civile, Justiie i Afaceri Interne a
Parlamentului European, FRA a prezentat
DREPTURILE OMULUI

activitatea privind infraciunile motivate de ur

i a discutat gradul de gravitate al delictelor
motivate de ur comise mpotriva minoritilor,
precum i efectele pe care astfel de acte le pot
avea asupra victimelor i asupra comunitilor
din care acestea provin. Prezentarea FRA a
venit i cu propuneri cu privire la viitoare ci de
aciune pentru o mai bun identificare i
combatere a delictelor i a crimelor motivate de
ur pe teritoriul UE.
n cursul lunii ianuarie 2014, Agenia a
publicat doi noi rapoarte cu privire la protecia
datelor. Primul raport analizeaz accesul la cile
de atac n domeniul proteciei datelor cu
caracter personal n statele membre ale UE, iar
cel de al doilea reprezint un ghid cu privire la
legislaia privind protecia datelor n UE,
document elaborat n colaborare cu Consiliul
Europei. Primul document ofer un tablou al
cadrului legal i al procedurilor pe care oamenii
le pot folosi n cazul unei violri a drepturilor
lor din domeniul proteciei datelor cu caracter
personal. Acest raport s-a lansat pe 27 ianuarie,
n ajunul Zilei UE privind protecia datelor.
119

Manualul este primul ghid complet n

domeniul legislaiei europene cu privire la
protecia datelor i ia n considerare
jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor
Omului i a Curii de Justiiei a Uniunii
Europene. Acesta se adreseaz i juritilor care
nu sunt specialiti n domeniu, judectorilor,
autoritilor naionale care se ocup cu protecia
datelor. Rapoartele au fost lansate cu ocazia
celei de a 7-a ediii a Conferinei Internaionale
privind Confidenialitatea i Protecia Datelor
Informatice, care a avut loc la Bruxelles n
perioada 22-24 ianuarie 2014.
Directorul FRA a luat cuvntul n data de 30
ianuarie 2014 n cadrul Conferinei europene la
nivel nalt O Europ deschis i sigur ce
urmeaz?. Conferina, ca parte a procesului de
consultare post-Stockholm a avut ca scop s
stabileasc liniile directoare viitoare a UE
pentru afacerile interne. Directorul Ageniei a
discutat principalele probleme de securitate cu
care se va confrunta spaiul european n
urmtorii 10 i 15 ani, n cadrul seminarului
intitulat Securitatea intern strategie n
aciune.
Pe 12 februarie 2014, FRA a luat parte la
Bruxelles la un eveniment n cadrul cruia s-a
discutat rolul actual i viitor al UE n protejarea
i promovarea drepturilor copilului la nivel
intern i extern. n timpul evenimentului
UNICEF i Everychild au diseminat noul raport
Eliberai drepturile fiecrui copil din orice col
al lumii, naintnd mpreun cu UE, raport la
care a contribuit i FRA:
Pe data de 13 februarie 2014, FRA n calitate
de preedinte al Forumului consultativ Frontex a
fost invitat la Comisia pentru liberti civile,
justiie i afaceri interne din cadrul
Parlamentului European. Subiectul a fost
soluionarea reclamaiilor individuale cu privire
la nclcrile de drepturilor fundamentale care
rezult din activitile Frontex. Ombudsmanul
European Emily O'Reilly i directorul executiv
Frontex Ilkka Laitinen au fost de asemenea
prezeni.
Tot n aceast perioad a avut loc la
Bruxelles ntlnirea anual a Directorilor i a
Directorilor Administrativi ai Ageniilor UE, 13
februarie 2014, ntlnire la care a luat parte i
Directorul FRA, dl. Morten Kjareum n
120

contextul prelurii oficiale de ctre FRA a

Preediniei reelei Ageniilor UE, n martie.
n 17 februarie, 2014, Directorul FRA a
adresat un discurs de deschidere n cadrul
evenimentului Aceeai dragoste, aceleai
drepturi, care a avut loc la Institutul
Karl-Renner din Viena. El a vorbit despre
situaia actual a persoanelor din comunitatea
LGBT din UE, dup care a luat parte la grupul
de lucru pe tema egalitii pentru persoanele din
comunitatea LGBT.
n perioada 19-20 februarie 2014, FRA a
gzduit cea de a 4-a ntlnire a grupului ad-hoc
de lucru al statelor membre FRA pe tema
integrrii populaiei rome. S-au reunit cu aceast
ocazie, punctele naionale de contact ale romilor
precum i reprezentani ai Comisiei Europene,
Comitetul tiinific al FRA, Eurostat, Eurofund,
PNUD, Consiliul Europei precum i Granturile
Norvegiene i SEE. ntrunirea s-a axat pe
dezvoltarea unui cadru de indicatori privind
integrarea populaiei rome n contextul Cartei
Drepturilor Fundamentale i n consens cu
Strategia Europa 2020. ntlnirea a oferit
prilejul tuturor participanilor s fac schimb de
experien i s discute abordrile existente
privind monitorizarea progresului n ceea ce
privete integrarea populaiei rome.
ntrunirea experilor din cadrul testelor
preliminare EU-MIDIS II a avut loc ntre 20 i
21 Februarie 2014 la sediul FRA. Au participat
8 experi externi recunoscui nu numaipe
probleme de monitorizare a minoritilor etnice
i a populaiei de imigrani, ci i n domeniul
testrii i al studiilor comparative. Acetia au
luat parte la grupul de lucru al experilor.
ntrunirea s-a axat pe chestionarul testului
preliminar EU-MIDIS II, i n special pe acele
seciuni
ale
chestionarului
dedicate
experienelor de discriminare, victimizare i
integrare social. Evaluarea experilor privind
coninutul chestionarului, tehnicile de testare a
cunotinelor i alte metodologii vor contribui la
mbuntirea i finalizarea chestionarului
testului preliminar. Acest chestionar va fi folosit
la interviurile de evaluare cognitiv a unor
minoriti etnice sau a imigranilor din 8 state
membre UE i va ajuta la elaborarea
chestionarului final EU-MIDS II.
n data de 21 februarie, 2014, FRA a luat
DREPTURILE OMULUI

parte la un Seminar organizat de ctre Reeaua

naional italian a Ombudsmanilor la nivel
regional i de Centrul pentru Drepturile Omului
din Padova, pentru a discuta abordarea integrat
a dimensiunii drepturilor fundamentale.
Pe 28 Februarie la Viena, FRA a prezentat la
rezultatele preliminare ale proiectului su pentru
participarea politic a persoanelor cu dizabiliti
n cadrul Conferinei Proiectul Zero. Cu
aceast ocazie Agenia a gzduit sub egida
conferinei i un seminar pe tema nlturrii
barierelor care mpiedic persoanele cu
dizabiliti s participe la vot, seminar pe
parcursul cruia FRA a comunicat rezultatele
cercetrilor sale recente privind unele dintre
piedicile pe care le ntmpin persoanele cu
dizabiliti atunci cnd ncearc s i exercite
dreptul la vot. Comunicarea rezultatelor
cercetrii FRA va fi urmat de prezentri ale
Fundaiei Internaionale pentru Sisteme
Electorale despre manualul FRA pentru
promovarea participrii politice a persoanelor cu
dizabiliti.
n perioada 3-4 martie 2014, FRA a susinut
o prezentare despre delictele i crimele motivate
de ur, cu ocazia unui seminar despre rasism i
xenofobie, organizat de Filiala de nvmnt a
Direciei Generale Spaniole a Grzii Civile din
Madrid. La seminar au participat numeroi
profesori din centrele de nvmnt ale Grzii
Civile din Spania.
Comisia Adunrii Parlamentare a Consiliului
Europei pe probleme de egalitate i ne
discriminare a vizitat FRA pe 4 martie 2014 i a
purtat discuii cu Directorul i cu personalul
FRA despre munca ambelor organizaii n
domeniul non-discriminrii i al egalitii.
Printre temele de discuie s-au numrat i
modalitile de dezvoltare a unei cooperri
viitoare cu FRA, precum i activitatea Comisiei
privind nediscriminarea. De asemenea, FRA a
prezentat proiectele sale relevante din domeniu
discriminarea i egalitatea.
Agenia pentru Drepturi Fundamentale a
Uniunii Europene a prezentat concluziile
studiului su intitulat: Violena mpotriva
femeilor: o anchet la nivelul UE, n cadrul
Conferinei la nivel nalt Violena mpotriva
femeilor n UE: abuzul acas, la locul de munc,
DREPTURILE OMULUI

n public i pe internet. Evenimentul a fost

organizat n cooperare cu Preedinia Elen a
Consiliului Europei, i a avut loc la Bruxelles,
n data de 5 martie. Cu acest prilej, FRA a
comunicat rezultatul cercetrilor celui mai
amplu sondaj al su privind violena mpotriva
femeilor. Conferina a reunit factori de decizie
i practicieni care au discutat rezultatele
cercetrilor lor i importana acestora pentru UE
i pentru oamenii politici din statele membre.
Aproximativ 250 de reprezentani ai unor
instituii i organisme UE, ai unor organizaii
internaionale, ai guvernelor i parlamentelor
statelor membre, precum i ai instituiilor
naionale de drepturile omului i ai societii
civile au participat activ la aceast Conferin.
n perioada 6-7 martie, FRA a luat parte la o
reuniune a experilor n gsirea familiilor i a
minorilor, organizat la Valetta, Malta, de ctre
Biroul European de Sprijin pentru Azil (EASO).
Reuniunea a inclus ateliere de lucru cu privire la
terminologia folosit pentru a exprima gsirea,
identificarea familiilor, la cartografierea
practic, precum i la nfiinarea unei reele
EASO pentru minori. Alturi de experii din
statele membre UE au participat i reprezentani
ai UNHCR, CICR, UNICEF, ECRE, Salvai
Copiii i Nidos.
Institutul Universitii Europene din Florena
a organizat n data de 7 martie un seminar la
nivel nalt, pe tema Migranii i minoritile:
realizarea unui cadru legislativ al drepturilor
pentru toi. Cu aceast ocazie, un proiect de
document cu privire la migrani i minoriti a
fost discutat i dezbtut de ctre experi i
factori de decizie din cadrul instituiilor
internaionale.
n perioada 10-11 martie, a avut loc cea de a
24-a ntlnire a Comitetul tiinific al FRA, n
cadrul creia s-au discutat evenimentele i
rapoartele recente, Comitetul a analizat i
stadiul n care se afl Raportul anual al FRA i
Planul de Lucru pentru 2016. n cea de a doua zi
s-au discutat diverse teme precum, societatea
informaional, societile inclusive, cercetri
relevante ale FRA n domeniul politicilor UE.
O mas rotund pe tema Ageniilor UE n
peisajul european a avut loc pe 12 martie, la
Viena. FRA i-a luat oficial n primire rolul de
Preedint a Reelei Ageniilor UE n data de 1
121

martie, 2014. Ceremonia prelurii oficiale a

mandatului a avut loc cu ocazia acestei mese
rotunde la nivel nalt din 12 martie.
n perioada 12-14 martie 2014, FRA a
participat la Adunarea General Anual a
Reelei Europene a Instituiilor Naionale de
Drepturile Omului i la cea de a 27-a Adunare a
Comitetului Internaional de Coordonare al
Instituiilor Naionale pentru promovarea i
protejarea
drepturilor
omului
(ICC27),
evenimente care au avut loc la Geneva.
Totodat, Directorul FRA a participat la
conferina interparlamentar italian, care a avut
loc la Roma n perioada 13-14 martie. Tema
conferinei a fost Ce semnific Europa:
cretere economic, locuri de munc i drepturi:
va putea Uniunea European s se ridice la
nlimea ateptrilor?. Conferina a fost
gzduit mpreun de ctre Preedinii
Parlamentului italian i elen.
FRA a adresat un discurs n cadrul celei de a
26-a sesiuni a Congresului Autoritilor Locale
i Regionale din Consiliul Europei, care a avut
loc pe 25 martie 2014. Discursul FRA s-a axat
pe bunele practici pentru implementarea
drepturilor omului la nivel local i regional n
statele membre ale Consiliului Europei dar i n
alte ri.
n perioada 25-26 martie, FRA a luat parte la
grupul de lucru Eurostat pe tema delictelor i a

statisticilor de justiie penal. Reprezentani ai

institutelor naionale de statistic vor discuta
reglementrile de colectare a datelor precum i
necesitile Eurostat i ale Direciei Generale a
Afacerilor Interne i Justiiei a Comisiei
Europene. Cu aceast ocazie s-au trecut n
revist progresul i metodele folosite pentru
colectarea datelor statistice existente i s-au
discutat obiectivele viitoare. FRA a prezentat
grupului de lucru cercetrile sale recente n
acest domeniu i n special sondajul FRA pe
tema violenei mpotriva femeilor.
O ntlnire pentru pregtirea cursului de
formare pilot Educaia privind Holocaustul i
drepturile omului pentru oficialii UE a avut loc
la Bruxelles pe 31 martie 2014.Cu aceast
ocazie s-au discutat programele de formare i
s-a revizuit materialul de curs. Obiectivul
principal a fost de a alctui un program n
conformitate cu rolurile i responsabilitile
personalului Comisiei Europene din Direciile
Generale pentru Justiie i Comunicare. Oficialii
UE ar trebui s reflecteze asupra trecutului n
relaie cu experiena lor de munc cotidian,
pentru a putea elabora mai bine un complex de
criterii privind drepturile fundamentale atunci
cnd lucreaz n slujba UE i tocmai acesta este
i scopul acestui program de formare.
Daniela Albu

NOTE, CRONICI, RECENZII

PERSPECTIVE INTERNAIONALE ASUPRA LEZIUNILOR MDUVEI
SPINRII, ORGANIZAIA MONIDAL A SNTII, 2013, 231 PAGINI
Lucrarea, elaborat n decembrie 2013 de
Organizaia Mondial a Sntii i Societatea
Internaional a Mduvei Spinrii (SIMS) i
propune dou obiective: colectarea i analizarea
informaiilor despre leziunea mduvei spinrii,
n special despre epidemiologia, serviciile,
interveniile i politicile relevante, mpreun cu
cele despre experienele pe care persoane cu
leziune de coloan vertebral, din ntreaga lume,
le-au avut de-a lungul vieii i, respectiv,
formularea de recomandri pentru aciune,
pornind de la aceste date, recomandri care s
fie n concordan cu aspiraiile privind
122

includerea i participarea, aa cum sunt ele

prevzute n Convenia privind Drepturile
Persoanelor cu Dizabiliti.
Cu privire la primul obiectiv
colectarea i analizarea informaiilor despre
leziunea mduvei spinrii, lucrarea arat c este
vorba despre o afeciune complex ce produce
schimbri majore n viaa unei persoane.
Aceasta presupune vtmarea mduvei spinrii
n urma unei traume cum ar fi un accident
rutier sau a unei boli non-traumatice ori
degenerri cum este n cazul tuberculozei
(TBC) i include, de la noul nscut cu spina
DREPTURILE OMULUI

bifida, la muncitorul din construcii care cade de

pe schel, la victimele conflictelor sau
violenelor armate i la persoanele vrstnice la
care aceast afeciune se instaleaz n urma
osteoporozei sau a unei tumori.
Leziunile mduvei spinrii au consecine
costisitoare, att pentru indivizi, ct i pentru
societate: oamenii devin dependeni, sunt
exclui de la educaie i au anse mai mici s se
angajeze; cea mai grav situaie este dat de
riscul de deces prematur.
Astfel, leziunile mduvei spinrii reprezint
o provocare n termeni de sntate public i de
drepturi ale omului prin politici
corespunztoare,
persoanele
cu
aceast
afeciune pot tri, se pot dezvolta i pot
contribui la viaa comunitii. Ele sunt persoane
cu dizabiliti i trebuie s beneficieze de
aceleai drepturi ale omului i respect ca toate
celelalte persoane.
Odat ce sunt rezolvate cerinele imediate
referitoare la starea de sntate a persoanelor cu
leziuni a mduvei spinrii, barierele sociale i de
mediu reprezint principalele obstacole n calea
funcionrii i includerii n societate: este esenial
s ne asigurm c serviciile de sntate, educaia,
transportul i angajarea sunt disponibile i
accesibile persoanelor cu aceast afeciune.
n lucrare se ajunge la o serie de recomandri
n domeniu, precum: mbuntirea rspunsului
sectorului medical la cazurile de leziuni ale
mduvei spinrii; motivarea persoanelor cu
leziuni ale mduvei spinrii i a familiilor
acestora; contestarea atitudinilor negative fa

DREPTURILE OMULUI

de persoanele cu leziuni ale mduvei spinrii;

asigurarea accesibilitii cldirilor, mijloacelor
de transport i a informaiei, aspect ce necesit:
standarde de accesibilitate la nivel naional, cu
statut executoriu; susinerea angajrii i
auto-angajrii; promovarea cercetrilor i
colectrii
de
date
corespunztoare;
implementarea recomandrilor necesit
implicarea diverselor sectoare sntate,
educaie, protecie social, munc, transport i
locuine i diferiilor actori guverne,
organizaii ale societii civile (inclusiv
organizaii ale persoanelor cu dizabiliti),
specialiti, sectorul privat, persoane cu leziuni
medulare i familiile lor. Sectoarele i actorii
trebuie s lucreze mpreun, deoarece munca n
echipe multidisciplinare mrete la maximum
rata succesului. Este esenial ca rile s i
modeleze activitile n funcie de contextul lor
specific. n cazul rilor care au limitri cauzate
de constrngeri financiare, anumite activiti
prioritare, n special cele care necesit asisten
tehnic i consolidarea capacitii, trebuie
incluse n cadrul cooperrilor internaionale.
Leziunea mduvei spinrii poate fi prevenit,
persoanele afectate pot supravieui i aceast
problem medical nu trebuie s exclud
sntatea i includerea social. ns, pentru a
atinge acest scop, aciunea guvernelor i a
celorlali actori implicai este o urgen, altfel
aceast afeciune va rmne, mult prea des,
echivalentul unei catastrofe.
Anna Maria Cun Neagoe

123

VI. REMEMBER
ACTIVITI PROPRII SAU N COLABORARE
Conferina cu tema Dreptul la cetenie n
Romnia: Istoric. Practica. Legislaie i Etica
organizat de Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Asociaia
pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia i Catedra
UNESCO pentru drepturile omului, democraie,
pace i toleran (8 ianuarie 2014)
Conferina cu tema tiina i codificarea
drepturilor omului organizat de Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare
cu Catedra UNESCO pentru drepturile omului,
democraie, pace i toleran, Asociaia pentru
Naiunile Unite din Romnia i Asociaia
Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate
Uman (10-12 ianuarie 2014)
Mas rotund cu tema 2014 Anul
Internaional al Familiei, organizat de
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
colaborare cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite
din Romnia, Asociaia pentru Promovarea
Drepturilor Familiei Family Forum, Asociaia
Clubul de la Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu,
Asociaia Romn pentru Drepturile Femeii i
Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i
Demnitate Uman (16 ianuarie 2014)
Seminar cu tema Ziua Internaional de
Comemorare a Holocaustului organizat de
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
colaborare cu Universitatea Ecologic din
Bucureti, Catedra UNESCO pentru drepturile
omului, democraie, pace i toleran i
Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia
(27 ianuarie 2014)
Dezbatere privind prevederile O.G. 1/2014
cu referire la integrarea social a strinilor care
au dobndit o form de protecie sau un drept de
edere n Romnia, precum i a cetenilor
statelor membre ale Uniunii Europene i
Spaiului Economic European, organizat de
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
colaborare cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite
din Romnia, Asociaia Clubul de la Cheia,
Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i
Demnitate Uman i Asociaia Romn pentru
Drepturile Femeii (29 ianuarie 2014)
Curs de formare cu tema Educaie pentru
drepturile omului i ale copilului, organizat

124

pentru cadrele didactice i didactic-auxiliare din

nvmntul preuniversitar de Casa Corpului
Didactic Bucureti n parteneriat cu Ministerul
Educaiei Naionale i Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului de Ministerul Educaiei i
Cercetrii (31 ianuarie 2014)
Conferina cu tema Mecanisme europene de
protecie a drepturilor omului organizat de
Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
parteneriat cu Universitatea Ecologic
Facultatea de Drept i coala Naional de
Studii Politice i Administrative Facultatea de
Administraie Public (11 februarie 2014)
Conferina cu tema Justiia social i criza
economic, organizat de Institutul Romn
pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu
Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia,
Asociaia Romn pentru Drepturile Femeii i
Asociaia pentru Promovarea Drepturilor
Familiei Family Forum cu ocazia Zilei
Mondiale a Dreptii Sociale (19 februarie
2014)
Seminar cu tema Limbile locale pentru
cetenie global: focus pe tiin, tema aleas
pentru acest an de UNESCO pentru celebrarea
Zilei Internaionale a Limbii Materne, organizat
de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
colaborare cu Catedra UNESCO pentru
drepturile omului, democraie, pace i toleran,
coala Naional de Studii Politice i
Administrative i Asociaia pentru Naiunile
Unite din Romnia (21 februarie 2014)
Recital de poezie i distribuire pliante
informative, n staia de metrou Unirea, cu
ocazia Zilei Internaionale a Limbii Materne,
organizate de Comisia Naional a Romniei
pentru UNESCO, Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului i Asociaia Family Forum
21 februarie 2014)
Spectacolul Cuvnt i suflet organizat la
Casa de Cultur a Tineretului George Enescu
din Reghin de Comisia Naional a Romniei
pentru UNESCO n parteneriat cu Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului, Primria
Reghin, Inspectoratul colar Judeean Mure,
Biblioteca Petru Maior, Centrul de limbi
strine Eureka, coala Gimnazial Alexandru

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Ceuianu", Grdinia Voinicel, ASP-net,

Asociaia Sol Mentis i Asociaia Family Forum
cu ocazia srbtoririi Zilei Internaionale a
Limbii Materne (24 februarie 2014)
Curs de formare cu tema Nediscriminarea i
egalitatea de anse organizat de Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat
cu coala Naional de Studii Politice i
Administrative, Facultatea de Administraie
Public (27 februarie 2014)
Proiect naional cu tema Mriorul
toleranei expoziie de mrioare i
prezentarea datinilor i tradiiilor de primvar
realizat de Comisia Naional a Romniei
pentru UNESCO n parteneriat cu Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului, ASP-net,
Asociaia Sol Mentis i Asociaia Family Forum
(28 februarie 2014)
Dezbatere cu tema Obiectivele reconcilierii
vieii de familie cu cea profesional, organizat
de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n
colaborare cu Universitatea Ovidius din
Constana n cadrul manifestrilor consacrate
Anului Internaional al Familiei i a celei dea
douzecea aniversri a Anului Internaional al
Familiei Romne (5-6 martie 2014)
Conferina cu tema Drepturile femeii i
egalitatea de gen, organizat cu ocazia Zilei
internaionale a femeii de Institutul Romn
pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu
Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia,
Catedra UNESCO pentru drepturile omului,
democraie, pace i toleran, Asociaia Romn
pentru Drepturile Femeii i Asociaia Clubul de
la Cheia (10 martie 2014)
Dezbatere privind ultimul raport al Ageniei
pentru Drepturi Fundamentale a Uniunii
Europene privind Violena mpotriva femeilor
n Uniunea European, organizat de Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat
cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din
Romnia, Catedra UNESCO pentru drepturile
omului, democraie, pace i toleran, coala
Naional de Studii Politice i Administrative,
Asociaia Romn pentru Drepturile Femeii,
Asociaia pentru Promovarea Drepturilor
Familiei Family Forum i Liga Independent
Romn pentru Drepturile Copilului i
Tnrului (12 martie 2014)
Seminar cu tema Durerea nu are culoare
organizat de Fundaia Adolescena i Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat

125

cu Colegiul Naional Mihai Viteazu din

Ploieti n cadrul manifestrilor dedicate
sptmnii europene de aciune mpotriva
rasismului (17 martie 2014)
Mas rotund pe tema S spunem NU
rasismului, organizat de Institutul Romn
pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu
Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia,
IDEF, Clubul de la Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu
i cu catedra UNESCO pentru pace democraie
si toleran a Universitii de Nord, Baia-Mare
cu ocazia Zilei Internaionale de eliminare a
tuturor formelor de discriminare rasial (21
martie 2014)
Mas rotund cu tema Drepturi i via de
calitate pentru persoanele cu sindrom down
organizat de Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului cu ocazia Zilei de
Contientizare a Sindromului Down, cu
participarea unor reprezentani ai societii
civile, Ministerului Muncii, Familiei, Proteciei
Sociale i Persoanelor Vrstnice, cadre didactice
universitare,
cercettori,
doctoranzi
i
masteranzi (21 martie 2014)
Masa rotund cu tema Ap curat pentru o
lume sntoas! organizat de Institutul Romn
pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu
Asociaia Romn pentru Drepturile Omului la
un Mediu Sntos, Asociaia pentru Naiunile
Unite din Romnia i Asociaia Clubul de la
Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu cu ocazia Zilei
Mondiale a Apei (22 martie 2014)
Dezbatere cu tema Unii n diversitate
organizat de Fundaia Adolescena i Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat
cu coala I. A. Bassarabescu, Colegiul
Naional I. L. Caragiale i Colegiul Naional
Spiru Haret din Ploieti dedicat Zilei
Internaionale de Eliminare a tuturor formelor
de discriminare rasial (24 martie 2014)
Concurs de eseuri i desene cu tema Suntem
potrivii mpreun organizat de Fundaia
Adolescena i Casa Corpului Didactic Prahova
n colaborare cu Institutul Romn pentru
Drepturile Omului (28 martie 2014)
Simpozion cu tema 10 ani de la aderarea
Romniei la Organizaia Atlanticului de Nord.
Realiti i perspective, organizat de Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare
cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din
Romnia (28 martie 2014)
Curs de formare cu tema Instituii i

DREPTURILE OMULUI

instrumente juridice specifice domeniului

migraiei i azilului organizat de Institutul
Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat
cu coala Naional de Studii Politice i
Administrative, Catedra UNESCO pentru pace
democraie i toleran a Universitii de Nord

Baia-Mare i Universitatea Ecologic Bucureti

(30 martie 2014)
Prezentarea Raportului de activitate pe anul
2013 al IRDO n cadrul Consiliului General al
Institutului Romn pentru Drepturile Omului
(31 martie 2014)

PARTICIPRI LA ALTE MANIFESTRI

Conferina naional cu tema Bariere n
integrarea i reintegrarea profesional a
persoanelor cu dizabiliti, organizat de
Federaia Organizaia Naional a Persoanelor
cu Handicap din Romnia n cadrul proiectului
Excelent nfiinarea unei reele de centre de
excelen n furnizarea serviciilor de reabilitare
i integrare profesional pentru persoane cu
dizabiliti, ca grup vulnerabil pe piaa muncii
(16 ianuarie 2014)
Conferina de ncheiere a proiectului
ECLIPSE (European Citizenship Learning n a
Programe for Secondary Education nvarea
ceteniei europene n cadrul programului
adresat
nvmntului
preuniversitar,
organizat de coala Naional de Studii
Politice i Administrative (17 ianuarie 2014)
Lansarea volumului Dicionar de Drepturile
Omului, organizat de Editura CH Beck n
parteneriat cu Ministerul Afacerilor Externe (23
ianuarie 2014)
Simpozion cu tema Protecia datelor
personale prezent i viitor, organizat de
Autoritatea Naional de Supraveghere a
Prelucrrii Datelor cu Caracter Personal cu
ocazia Zilei Europene a Proteciei Datelor, zi
care marcheaz mplinirea a 33 de ani de la
semnarea
Conveniei
pentru
protecia
persoanelor privind prelucrarea automatizat a
datelor cu caracter personal (28 ianuarie 2014)
Conferina final a proiectului EXCELENT
Excelent nfiinarea unei reele de centre de
excelen n furnizarea serviciilor de reabilitare
i integrare profesional pentru persoane cu
dizabiliti, ca grup vulnerabil pe piaa muncii
implementat de Federaia Organizaia Naional
a Persoanelor cu Handicap din Romnia n
parteneriat cu Fundaia pentru Voi, Centrul de
Resurse i Informare pentru Profesiuni Sociale,
Fundaia Centrul de Resurse pentru Educaie i
Formare Profesional, Asociaia Handicapailor

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Fizic din Satu Mare, Societatea Handicapailor

Fizic Bacu, R4 Consultan i Formare
Profesional i Centrul de Reabilitare
Profesional Gaia, Portugalia (29 ianuarie 2014)
Conferina internaional cu tema Romnia
i Curtea Internaional de Justiie, 5 ani de la
Hotrrea privind delimitarea maritim n
Marea Neagr, organizat de Ministerul
Afacerilor Externe (3 februarie 2014)
Seminarul regional cu tema Transpunerea
angajamentelor internaionale privind drepturile
omului n realiti naionale: contribuia
parlamentelor
la
activitatea
Consiliului
Drepturilor Omului al Naiunilor Unite,
organizat de Camera Deputailor n cooperare
cu Uniunea Interparlamentar (17-18 februarie
2014)
Lansarea campaniei naionale de informare i
contientizare cu tema Tinerii voteaz-Tinerii
conteaz, cofinanat prin Programul Comisiei
Europene Tineret n Aciune i organizat de
Consiliul Tineretului din Romnia n parteneriat
cu Autoritatea Electoral Permanent (18
februarie 2014)
Seminarul juridic la nivel nalt organizat de
Equinet Reeaua European a Organismelor
de Egalitate n colaborare cu Comisia
European (18-19 februarie 2014)
ntlnirea Grupului de lucru privind
elementele strategice a planurilor naionale de
aciune prin punerea n aplicare a principiilor
directoare a Organizaiei Naiunile Unite privind
drepturile omului i mediul de afaceri
organizat de Consiliul ONU pentru Drepturile
Omului (20 februarie 2014)
Reuniunea pregtitoare, a celei de-a 110a
sesiuni a Comitetului Drepturilor Omului,
privind criteriile i metodele ce trebuie adoptate
de instituiile naionale de drepturile omului la
elaborarea unui punct de vedere oficial pentru
rapoartele periodice pe problematica drepturilor

126

omului naintate n cadrul procesului de

Revizuire Periodic Universal
(27-28
februarie 2014)
Adunarea General a Paneurope Swiss i
prezentarea raportului pe douzeci de ani (1- 2
martie 2014)
Prima ntlnire a experilor privind
Programul Copii i tineri aflai n situaii de
risc i iniiative locale i regionale pentru
reducerea inegalitilor naionale i pentru
promovarea incluziunii sociale finanat prin
intermediul Mecanismului Financiar al Spaiului
Economic
European
(Granturile
SEE)
2009-2014, organizat de Fondul Romn de
Dezvoltare Social n parteneriat cu EEA Gtants
Iceland, Liechtestein, Norway i Consiliul
Naional de Combatere a Discriminrii (4 martie
2014)
Conferina de lansare a studiului Ageniei
pentru Drepturi Fundamentale cu tema
Violena mpotriva femeii din Uniunea
European: Abuzul de acas, de la servici, n
public i online, organizat sub auspiciile
preediniei
Greciei
n
cooperare
cu
Secretariatul General al Consiliului Uniunii
Europene (5 martie 2014)
Sesiunea de comunicri tiinifice cu tema
Caracterul regimurilor politice romneti n
epoca contemporan i problematica drepturilor
omului consfinite n constituie organizat de
Universitatea Cretin Dimitrie Cantemir
Bucureti, Institutul Internaional pentru
Drepturile Omului mpreun cu Institutul de
tiine Politice i Relaii Internaionale i
Institutul de Cercetri Juridice Andrei
Rdulescu ale Academiei Romne i n
parteneriat cu Editura Universul Juridic i
Revista de Drept Public (6 martie 2014)
Sesiunea omagial ase decenii de cercetare
tiinific n domeniul dreptului Tradiie i
perspectiv n tiina juridic romneasc,
organizat de Academia Romn Institutul de
Cercetri Juridice Acad. Andrei Rdulescu (6
martie 2014)
Sesiunea anual de comunicri tiinifice cu
tema Doctrina juridic romneasc: ntre
tradiie i reforme organizat de Institutul de
Cercetri Juridice Acad. Andrei Rdulescu al
Academiei Romne (7 martie 2014)
Conferina naional cu tema Semnificaia
informaiei n viaa politico-diplomatic i
public. Administratorul informaiei n Romnia

127

ultimului secol (1914-2014), organizat de

Centrul de Cercetri tiinifice Interdisciplinare
Dumitru Stniloae al Universitii Valahia
din Trgovite, Academia de Poliie Alexandru
Ioan Cuza n parteneriat cu Academia
RomnInstitutul Naional pentru Studiul
Totalitarismului, Universitatea Ovidius din
Constana i Fundaia Ecumenic Pro Axe
Mundi (11 martie 2014)
Conferina
dedicat
procesului
de
monitorizare a modului n care este
implementat
Convenia
ONU
privind
drepturile persoanelor cu dizabiliti i
realizarea unei raportri eficiente ctre
Comitetul ONU, organizat de Comisia de
Drepturile Omului din Irlanda de Nord i
Reeaua European de Instituii Naionale
pentru Drepturile Omului cu suportul Oficiului
naltului Comisar ONU pentru Drepturile
Omului (13-15 martie 2014)
Conferina cu tema Punerea n executare a
hotrrilor Curii Europene a Drepturilor
Omului n materie de condiii de detenie,
organizat de Institutul Naional al Magistraturii
n parteneriat cu Ministerul Afacerilor Externe
i Consiliul Europei (17-18 martie 2014)
Campania Diversitatea ne d putere!
organizat de Fundaia Adolescena i Colegiul
Naional Mihai Viteazu din Ploieti n cadrul
sptmnii europene de aciune mpotriva
rasismului (17-25 martie 2014)
Seara de Gal a Francofoniei organizat la
Ateneul Romn de Ministerul Afacerilor
Externe i Camera Deputailor n cooperare cu
Ministerul Culturii i Grupul Ambasadelor,
Delegaiilor i Instituiilor Francofone din
Romnia
(GADIF)
cu
ocazia
Zilei
Internaionale a Francofoniei (20 martie 2014)
Conferina internaional cu tema 25 years
later:
Building
an
efficient
public
administration-Best practices and challenges
organizat de Institutul Polonez din Bucureti,
Ambasada Marii Britanii la Bucureti i coala
Naional de Studii Politice i Administrative,
Facultatea de Administraie Public (20 martie
2014)
Conferina internaional cu tema Noua
legislaie penal-etap important n dezvoltarea
dreptului romn organizat de Institutul de
Cercetri Juridice Acad. Andrei Rdulescu al
Academiei Romne n parteneriat cu Asociaia
Romn de tiine Penale i Uniunea Juritilor din

DREPTURILE OMULUI

Romnia i Publicaia Dreptul (21 martie 2014)

Forumul cu tematicile: Ap i energie,
vreme i clim implicarea tinerilor pentru un
viitor sustenabil i Pdurile Romniei,
ncotro? organizat cu prilejul celebrrii Zilei
Mondiale a Pdurilor (21 martie), Ziua
Mondial a Apei (22 martie) i Ziua Mondial a
Meteorologiei (23 martie) de Academia de
tiine Agricole i Silvice Gheorghe
Ionescu-Siseti, Fundaia Grupul de Iniiativ
Ecologic i Dezvoltare Durabil, Administraia
Naional de Meteorologie (21 martie 2014)
Conferina regional pentru Europa a
Adunrii Parlamentare a Francofoniei (APF),
organizat de Parlamentul Romniei Camera
Deputailor, cu participarea delegaiilor
parlamentare din statele Europene, n cooperare

DREPTURILE OMULUI

cu APF (21-24 martie 2014)

Conferina cu tema Identitatea european la
proba crizei economice, organizat de coala
Naional de Studii Politice i Administrative,
Facultatea de Administraie Public cu
participarea Excelenei Sale Doamna Kalliopi
Avraam, Ambasador al Republicii Cipru n
Romnia (24 martie 2014)
Dezbaterea proiectului de lege privind
exercitarea profesiei de bon n cadrul edinei
comune a Subcomisiei pentru egalitate de
tratament i nediscriminare din cadrul Comisiei
pentru drepturile omului, culte i problemele
minoritilor naionale i Subcomisia pentru
protecia copilului din cadrul Comisiei pentru
munc i protecie social din Camera
Deputailor (31 martie 2014)

128