802

2013-14
.


15.00 00-20.00



.
-,
.

.
2

. .
. . .
.
Alzheimer.
.
.
.

:
. (2007). :
.
.
Parkin A. (2006). : .
.


:
Papanikolaou A. (2006). The Amnesias: A Clinical Textbook of Memory
Disorders. Oxford University Press.
Baddeley A., Kopelman, M. D., & Wilson, M. (1997). The Handbook of
Memory Disorders, (2nd Edition). John Wiley.
Campell R. & Conway, M. (1995.) Broken Memories: Case Studies in
Memory Impairment. Blackwell.
Schacter D. (2002). The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets
and Remembers. Houghton Mifflin
Alloway, T. & Gathercole S. (2006). Working Memory and
Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Psychology Press.


: ;
. ;
: ?;
.
.
.
.

.
.
6



,

.



/
,
.

(
) - .
.. (

).
????
9


10
9
8
7

6
5

3
2
1
0
1

10



,
- -.
.

11


10
9
8
7
6
1

3
2
1
0
1

12


William James (1890) primary ()
secondary ()
Galton (1883) presence-chamber ()
ante-chamber () .
Joseph Jacobs (1887)


.
(WISC, WAIS)
13

14

 ;
Arthur Melton (1963) .
:
(
)
.


(Melton,
1963).

15



.
Brown-Peterson (Brown,1958;
Peterson and Peterson, 1959).

(Badddely,1966).
.
(NA, HM, Alzheimers
disease, Korsakoffs syndrome).

16


-

,
.
//

.

17

1. Brown-Peterson
(Peterson and Peterson, 1959).

18

2.

.

.

19

3.
.

20

4. .

.

.

21

4. .

22

 7
My problem is that I have been persecuted by an integer.
For seven years this number has followed me around,
has intruded in my most private data, and has assaulted
me from the pages of our most public journals. This
number assumes a variety of disguises, being
sometimes a little larger and sometimes a little smaller
than usual, but never changing so much as to be
unrecognizable. The persistence with which this number
plagues me is far more than a random accident. There
is, to quote a famous senator, a design behind it, some
pattern governing its appearances. Either there really is
something unusual about the number or else I am
suffering from delusions of persecution.
George Miller' (1956)
23

5.
Milner (1966)- H.M.:

,

.
Shallice & Warrington (1970)-
K.F.: 2-3,


.
24

 Atkinson & Shiffrin

25

 Atkinson & Shiffrin

Atkinson Shiffrin (1968)

()
.
.

(Tulving, 1966).

(Nickerson & Adams, 1979).
.
.. K.F.
26

Nickerson & Adams, 1979.

27


(Craik & Lockhart, 1972)
Craik and Lockhart (1972)-


(..
)

.


.


28
.





,


? ? Baddeley Hitch, 1970.
? =

(
,
, )
29


=
.. .

...


.
:
!

,
-
. ??
30


: 1-2
. 6
.>>


.


>>

31


?
(Brooks, 1968)


.

.

:
"The bird in the hand is not in the bush."
32

(Brooks, 1968)

.
1.
()
().
2.
()
() .
3.

.

33

(Brooks, 1968)

"No, yes,
no, no, yes,
no, no, no,
no yes."

"The bird in
the hand is
not in the
bush."

34

(Brooks, 1968)
.

35

(Brooks, 1968)

36

(Brooks, 1968)

" Yes, yes,

yes, no, no,
no, no, no,
yes.

F
37

(Brooks, 1968)

,

.

38

13.8

7.8

9.8

11.3

14.1

28.2
39

(Brooks, 1968)

(. Atkinson & Shiffrin
)
.

40


(Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)

41

/ .

()
() .

,
.

,

.
42


. ?
:

,
(Baddeley, Grant and Thomson, 1973).

.

43

1.

.37

3 -

Gathercole, &
Baddeley, 1990

2. /

.41

Jurden, 1995;

3.

.40-.45

6 -

Service, 1992

4.

.32-.62

3.5 -

Gathercole, &
Baddeley, 1990.

5.

.52

5-14

Gathercole, &
Pickering 2000.

6.

.31-.66

5-17

Siegel & Ryan,

1989.

7.

.33

Adams &
Gathercole, 1996.

8.

.52

6-7

Yuill, Oakhill &

Parkin, 1989

44


?
P.V. (Baddeley, 1988)

.

.
.
.

45

 .
PV.

Baddeley, A., Papagno, C. & Vallar, G. (1988).

8
Items 6
Correct
4

Controls
PV

2
0
0

4
6
Trials

10
46

47




.. ( )

48



.
(..
,

) .

49

 ?
=.
= ( ? .
, ? ?).
= .

50


=
/ (Tulving, 1972).
=
/ (, ) (Tulving, 1989).
= ,
.
= , .
(Ebbinghaus, 1885).

51

 ( #
)

.. K.C.
(Tulving, 1972).

.
.
(
..
.

52

53

PET

- )
( ).
Tulving, 1989

54

55


( )?

Tulving (1972)

(

)

( ,


56
)

57

0.1

0.5

0.3

58

59

60

1279

1566

61

?
(1433 ms)

62

 (Collins & Quillian, 1969).

(S0).

(P0).

(S1).

(P1).

(S2).

. (P2).

0
1
2

63

 (Collins & Quillian, 1969).

1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
0

1
Superset relations

2
Property verification
64

 (Collins & Quillian, 1969).

? 1279 ms
? 1466 ms

75 ms
225 ms.

()

65

?
?
?

66

Quillian and Loftus (1975)

.

67

Quillian and Loftus (1975)

.

68

Quillian and Loftus (1975)

.

69

Quillian and Loftus' (1975)

.

...

70

Quillian and Loftus' (1975)

.

71

 (Quillian & Loftus, 1975)

.
() .

.

,

(Meyer &
Schvaneveldt, 1971),
Quillian & Loftus, 1975.
72

 ()

.

(.. /),

.

? !

73

74


:
_ME_ __
__
_ __
_ __

__ _
__ _
__ _
_ __

75

(Ebbinghaus).
(Bahrick, 1984).
?
.
(
?).
-<, >-.

76

Herman Ebbinghaus

77




.
1960:
#

78



1. :


( ).
(Milner,
1966).
2.
:

(Shallice &
Warrington, 1970).
79


Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968).

(, , )

(, , )

( )

80


(Baddeley & Hitch,
1974).
(Vallar & Papagno, 2002)
(Dealla Sala & Logie,)
SAS

81


Ebbinghaus (1885)
Galton (1883)
Bartlett (1932)

.

?

82


=

(
).
.
Rivermead
Doors and People

83


- -

.

.

1. () =
.
2. () =
.

84

1.

.
.

(, ).

( ).
(,
, )

85

1. ()

() .
.
(,
, ).
??
.

86


# = ( # ??)
.
(= = ?)

? ( , ,
).

87







(#)
#

( )

88


(?) ..
(=
)
=>


)
=> =>
=>
.

(, ,
).
89


=>
=>
( ) #
( )

90

91


L.D. (McKenna &Warrington, 2000)


( )

92

 -
L.P. De Renzi (1987)

(.. , )

93


/ :
1. ()
2. ()
3. (, Korsakoff)
=>
:

(, ).

94

1.

(HSE = herpes simple encephalitis)

, , ,)

95

1.
S.S. (Cermak, 1976)
30

/




(IQ 130)



( )

96

2.
=>

( ).

.
-
(Levine & Grek,
1984).

.

.
97

2.
R.B (Zola, 1986)
(
).
( )
5 (Varga Khadem,
1997) (
)

# .
98

3. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

+ = WKS
: , , ,
.
:

.

99

3. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

.

,

.

100

3. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

????
(
)
???

?????

101

3. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS

WKS:

( )
???? ( ??
??)

102

3. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS

P.Z.

Korsakoff (Butters & Cermak, 1986).



.



103

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

? ?
-
, ,
.
-
.

104

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

Korsakof.
,

(
).

105

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

20 20
(Oconnor & Verfaelle, 2000)


(
)

.
( ).
(
)
.
106


.

(
.. ,
)

107


(Becheterew, 1900) :



<=
.

108


(

Korsakoff:


(

).

109




(
)



>>> ???

110



.
????

.
1.
2.
3.

111

1.
(
)

112

2.

113

3.

( )

!
114


#
1. :
,
(Parkin,1994)
2. :
,
.


()
115

( )

116



( > )
(Anggleton & Shaw,
1996)

#




(Squre
& Zola, 1998. Zola & Squire, 2000)
117

1.
2.
3.

.
118


( )

.
(=
) (.. ).


(/ )


California
Verbal Learning Test
119

,

(= ,
, )

:
Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)
Neuropsychology Unit Oxford
Westmead Test Assesment

1.
2.
3.

120

 /
1. Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)
,



2. Neuropsychology Unit Oxford
3


3. Westmead Test Assesment

121

 :
(, , )


..........
> >
(Stuss,
1999)
> GOAT >

122

 :
23%

1.000 (Ryssell, 1971).
,
50%.
53%
7 .
79% 7
.

.
..

123


: (Levin
1988)

.

).

( ).

.
30
.


124


??
I.
California Verbal Learning Test
Auditory-Verbal Learning Teats
Selective Reminding Test
(=,
, ,
).

125


??
II.

( ).
#
(
)

126


??
III.
(=
)

(, , )

127


??
IV. (, )
-
- (Wilson, 1997).
V. / ()

<<<

128

(/ / )
#
1.
2.
#

129

1.

=,
i.
ii.
Iii.

130

i.
23-47%
.
31% .

:
33%
26%
41%
3 .

131

i.

-
-
-

132

i.
???
78%
14%
8%
(Hopwood & Snell, 1993)

133

i.

.
.

. (, , )
.

.

134

ii.
=
. (,
, , ,
)
+
.

135

ii.


???

136

iii.

.
..>>>.....???....>>>>>>......
.

137

2. -
= (
).
i. .
:
-
-
-
( , )

)

138

2. -
ii.
( )




iii.

139

2. -
.

.


...> ..> ...>
...>
(
)

140

 ???
:



-

?? (
) ?????
( )

141


Alzheimer
Alzheimer-
.


.

, , ,

=>
.
142


Alzheimer
??


??
(x)>...>(x)
( )
()

143

144


Alzheimer

145


Alzheimer
()
( ).

??
.

146


Alzheimer






(
)

147


Alzheimer
,

.
=

??
??

148


Alzheimer

.

.

?

149


Alzheimer

(
)

.

150

151


Alzheimer

Alzheimer
.

152

(
)
1. 10 =>
#
=>
(Gescwind, 1974).

2. 10 (, )=>
(Ostergaard, 1987)

H



153


3. 9 (Varga-Khadem, 1992) (
) =>
H

4. 9 () (Wood, 1982).

(, )

?
?
154


5. ( Vargha-Khadem, 1997) ( )

6. (Vargha-Khadem, 1997) ()

7. (Baddeley, 2001) ()

Tulving:

#
Squire:

155


(Wood, 1982).
.


.
.
Raven

, ,

Doors and people

Benton
156

 #




#





157

 #

,
,
,
=>
(< )
+

158