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Chapter IIC
Bracing and Truss Connections
The design of bracing and truss connections is covered in
Part 13 of the AISC Steel Construction Manual.
IIC-2
Example II.C-1
Given:
Determine:
a.
b.
RD = 18.5 kips
RL = 55.5 kips
Use d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N bolts in standard holes and E70 electrodes.
IIC-3
Material Properties:
Top Chord WT838.5
Column
W1250
Brace
2L432a
Gusset Plate
Clip Angles 2L44
ASTM A992
ASTM A992
ASTM A36
ASTM A36
ASTM A36
Geometric Properties:
Top Chord WT838.5
Brace
2L432a
tw = 0.455 in.
t = 0.375 in.
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Manual
Tables 2-3
and 2-4
Manual
Table 1-8
Solution:
LRFD
ASD
Ru = 174 kips
Ra = 116 kips
Ru = 140 kips
Ra = 93 kips
Section J1.7
Table J2.4
LRFD
Lreq
Ru
174 kips
=
=
= 7.81 in.
4 D (1.392) 4 ( 4)(1.392)
ASD
Lreq
Ra
116 kips
=
=
= 7.81 in.
4 D (1.392) 4 ( 4)( 0.928)
6.19 D 6.19 ( 4)
=
= 0.427 in.
Fu
( 58 ksi)
IIC-4
Use a 2 in. gusset plate. With the diagonal to gusset welds determined, a gusset plate layout as
shown in Figure (c) can be made.
LRFD
ASD
The number of d-in. diameter ASTM A325N bolts required for shear only is as follows:
The number of d-in. diameter ASTM A325N bolts required for shear only is as follows:
nmin =
Ru
111 kips
=
= 5.14
rn 21.6 kips/bolt
nmin =
Manual
Table 7-1
Ru
74 kips
=
= 5.14
rn 14.4 kips/bolt
Try a clip angle thickness of s in. For a trial calculation, the number of bolts was increased to
10 in pairs at 3-in. spacing; this is done to square off the connection as shown
LRFD
ASD
With 10 bolts,
With 10 bolts,
fv =
Ru
111 kips
=
= 18.5 ksi
nAb (10 bolts) 0.601 in.2
fv =
Ra
74 kips
=
= 12.3 ksi
nAb (10 bolts) 0.601 in.2
LRFD
ASD
For the bolt group, the Case II approach of Manual Part 7 can be used. Thus, the maximum
tensile force per bolt, T, is given by:
n = number of bolts above the neutral axis = 4 bolts
dm = moment arm between resultant tensile force and resultant compressive force = 9 in.
LRFD
Tu =
ASD
Mu
677 kip-in.
=
= 18.8 kips/bolt
n ' d m ( 4 bolts)( 9 in.)
Ta =
Ma
451 kip-in.
=
= 12.5 kips/bolt
n ' d m ( 4 bolts)( 9 in.)
LRFD
ASD
Fnt
f v Fnt
Fnv
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi)
90 ksi
(18.5 ksi)
0.75 ( 48 ksi)
Fnt
f v Fnt
Fnv
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi)
( 2.00)( 90 ksi)
48 ksi
(12.3 ksi)
Eqn. J3-3a
(LRFD) and
J3-3b (ASD)
Table J3.2
o.k.
o.k.
IIC-5
B=
o.k.
Fnt '
70.1 ksi
Ab =
0.601 in.2
2.00
o.k.
in.
= 1.69 in.
2
o.k.
o.k.
b' = b
a' = a +
= 1
15
d'
in.
= 1 16
= 0.688
p
3 in.
LRFD
tc =
4.44 Bb '
=
pFu
( 3 in.)( 58 ksi )
= 1.01 in.
tc 2
1
1
(1 + ) t
1.01 in. 2
1
=
1
' =
= 1.55
ASD
tc =
6.66 Bb '
=
pFu
= 1.01 in.
( 3 in.)( 58 ksi)
IIC-6
Since ' > 1, use ' = 1.0
LRFD
ASD
t
Ta = B (1 + ')
tc
t
Ta = B (1 + ')
tc
2
0.625 in.
1 + 0.688 (1)
= ( 31.9 kips)
1.01 in.
0.625 in.
1 + 0.688 (1)
= ( 21.1 kips)
1.01 in.
o.k.
Rn = 0.6 Fy Ag
Rn / =
in.)
=
= 405 kips > 111 kips
o.k.
o.k.
( 0.6 F ) A
y
in.)
1.50
o.k.
Rn = ( 0.6 Fu ) An
Rn / =
o.k.
( 0.6 Fu ) An
o.k.
Section J4.3
Assume uniform tension stress, use Ubs = 1.0.
Gross area subject to shear, Agv = 2 (15.0 in. 1 1 2 in.)( 5 8 in.) = 16.9 in.2
Net area subject to shear,
Net area subject to tension, Anv = 2 ( 2 in.)( 5 8 in.) 0.5 (1 in.)( 5 8 in.) = 1.88 in.2
IIC-7
LRFD
)
(
(
)
)
ASD
Rn / =
)
(
(
=
2.00
)
)
o.k.
Use 2L44s.
Check bearing and tearout
The clear edge distance, Lc, for the top bolts is Lc = Le
d'
, where Le is the distance to the
2
= 33.6 kips/bolt
ASD
2.00
= 22.4 kips < 38.1 kips
= 22.4 kips/bolt
o.k.
Eqn. J4-5
IIC-8
The bearing/ tearout capacity of each of the remaining bolts is Lc = 3 in. 1( 15 16 in.) = 2.06 in.
LRFD
ASD
rn / =
in.)(
in.)( 58 ksi)
2.00
2.4 ( 7 8 in.)( 5 8 in.)( 58 ksi)
2.00
= 44.8 kips < 38.0 kips
= 57.1 kips/bolt
= 38.1 kips/bolt
o.k.
o.k.
3 3 8 in. + 2 3 4 in.
= 3.06 in.
2
k=
kl 3.06 in.
=
= 0.204
l 15.0 in.
By interpolation, C = 1.50
Table J2.4
Manual
Table 8-9
IIC-9
LRFD
Dreq
ASD
Ru
=
2 ( CC1l )
Dreq
111 kips
2 ( 0.75)(1.50)(1.0)(15.0 in.)
= 3.29 4 sixteenths
=
Ra
=
2 ( CC1l )
( 2.0)( 74 kips)
2 (1.50)(1.0)(15.0 in.)
= 3.29 4 sixteenths
ASD
Rn / =
Fy Ag
( 36 ksi)(13.2 in.)( 12
1.67
o.k.
in.)
o.k.
Gross area subject to shear, Agv = 2 ( 8.0 in.)( 1 2 in.) = 8.0 in.2
Net area subject to shear, Anv = Agv = 8.0 in.2
Net area subject to tension, Anv = ( 4 in.)( 1 2 in.) = 2.0 in.2
LRFD
ASD
(
(
) ,
)
o.k.
2.00
0.6 ( 36 ksi) 8.0 in.2
2.00
+ min
2
0.6 ( 58 ksi) 8.0 in.
2.00
(
(
) ,
)
o.k.
Eqn. J4-5
IIC-10
The gusset width must be such that the groove weld connecting it to the stem of the tee can
transfer the tee axial force between the gusset and the top chord (note that the slight slope of
the top chord has been ignored). The required length is
LRFD
Lreq =
=
Ru
( 0.6 Fu ) t
140 kips
= 11.8 in.
0.75 ( 0.6)( 58 ksi )( 0.455 in.)
Use L = 15 in.
ASD
Lreq =
Ra
( 0.6 Fu ) t
( 2.00)( 93 kips) = 11.8 in.
=
( 0.6)( 58 ksi)( 0.455 in.)
Use L = 15 in.
The gusset depth depends upon the connection angles. From a scaled layout, the gusset must
extend 1-0 below the tee stem.
Use PL2121-3.
IIC-11
Example II.C-2
Bracing Connection
Given:
Design the diagonal bracing connection between the W1287 brace and the W18106 beam
and the W14605 column.
Brace Axial Load
Tu = 675 kips
Beam End Reaction Ru = 15 kips
Column Axial Load Pu = 422 kips
Ta = 450 kips
Ra = 10 kips
Pa = 281 kips
Use d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N bolts in standard holes and E70 electrodes.
IIC-12
Material Properties:
Brace W1287
Beam W18106
Column W14605
Gusset Plate
ASTM A992
ASTM A992
ASTM A992
ASTM A36
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Manual
Tables 2-3
and 2-4
Geometric Properties:
d =12.5 in.
tw=0.590 in.
tw=2.60 in.
tw=0.515 in.
bf=11.2 in.
bf=17.4 in.
bf=12.1 in.
tf=0.940 in.
tf=4.16 in.
tf=0.810 in.
k=1.34
Manual
Table 1-1
IIC-13
Solution:
Brace-to-gusset connection
Distribute brace force in proportion to web and flange areas.
LRFD
ASD
Force in flange
Force in flange
Puf =
Pu b f t f
A
= 259 kips
25.6 in.
Paf =
Pa b f t f
A
= 172 kips
Force in web
Force in web
= 157 kips
= 106 kips
Design brace-flange-to-gusset connection.
Determine number of d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N bolts required on the brace side for single
shear.
LRFD
nmin =
Puf
rn
ASD
259 kips
= 11.9 12 bolts
21.6 kips/bolt
nmin =
Paf
rn /
172 kips
= 11.9 12 bolts
14.4 kips/bolt
On the gusset side, since these bolts are in double shear, half as many bolts will be required.
Try six rows of two bolts each through the flange, six bolts through the gusset, and 2L4x4xw
angles (A = 10.9 in.2 x = 1.27 in. ).
LRFD
ASD
o.k.
o.k.
ASD
Table D3.1
Rn / =
o.k.
2
Fu Ae ( 58 ksi) 8.65 in.
=
2.00
)
o.k.
IIC-14
ASD
o.k.
Manual
Table 9-3a
Manual
Table 9-3b
Manual
Table 9-3c
Eqn. J4-5
o.k.
Similarly, the block shear rupture strength of the brace flange is o.k.
Design brace-web-to-gusset connection
Determine number of d-in. diameter ASTM A325-N bolts required on the brace side (double
shear) for shear.
LRFD
nmin =
ASD
Puw
157 kips
=
= 3.63 4 bolts
rn 43.3 kips/bolt
nmin
P
106 kips
= aw =
= 3.67 4 bolts
rn / 28.9 kips/bolt
Manual Table
7-1
On the gusset side, the same number of bolts are required. Try two rows of two bolts and two
PLa9.
LRFD
ASD
Rn / = Fy Ag / =
o.k.
( 36 ksi)( 2)( 38
in.)( 9 in.)
1.67
Eqn. D2-1
o.k.
IIC-15
{(
Section D3.2
User Note
LRFD
ASD
Rn / = Fu Ae / =
o.k.
Eqn. D2-2
2.00
o.k.
ASD
o.k.
Manual
Table 9-3a
Manual
Table 9-3b
Manual
Table 9-3c
o.k.
Similarly, the block shear rupture strength of the interior blocks of the brace-web plates and
the brace web are o.k.
Check block shear rupture of the brace web.
Use n = 2, Lev = 12 in., and Leh = 3 in.
Eqn. J4-5
IIC-16
LRFD
ASD
Manual
Table 9-3c
Eqn. J4-5
o.k.
Manual
Table 9-3a
LRFD
Manual
Table 9-3b
o.k.
ASD
Rn / = Fy Ag / =
o.k.
Eqn. D2-1
1.67
o.k.
ASD
Rn / = Fu Ae / =
o.k.
Eqn. D2-2
2.00
o.k.
ASD
IIC-17
in.)( 2)
o.k.
Manual
Table 9-3a
Manual
Table 9-3b
Manual
Table 9-4
in.)( 2)
( 34
in.)( 2)
o.k.
Eqn. J4-5
ASD
2.00
= 360 kips
= 539 kips
Shear Yielding Component
o.k.
= 287 kips
Rn / = 360 kips + min ( 268 kips, 287 kips)
= 431 kips
Rn = 539 kips + min ( 402 kips, 431 kips )
= 941 kips > 675 kips
= 268 kips
= 402 kips
o.k.
Section J4.3
IIC-18
ASD
Rn = Fy Aw
Rn / = Fy Aw /
Eqn. J4-1
o.k.
o.k.
Note: The beam web thickness is used, conservatively ignoring the larger thickness in the
beam-flange and the flange-to-web fillet area.
Check bearing strength of the angles, brace flange and gusset
The bearing strength per bolt is given by Specification Section J3.10 as:
rn = 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4dtFu
Eqn. J3-6a
Because of the edge distance requirement, the angles, brace flange, and gusset, must be
considered simultaneously. The angles have edge bolts and interior bolts. For an edge bolt,
Lc = 1 1 2 in. ( 1 2 )( 1516 in.) = 1.03 in.
LRFD
= 40.4 kips/bolt
ASD
1.2 Lc tF 2.4dtFu
rn / =
2.00
= 26.9 kips < 45.7 kips
= 26.9 kips/bolt
Eqn. J3-6a
IIC-19
LRFD
ASD
in.)(
in.)( 58 ksi)
in.)( 58 ksi)
1.2 Lc tF 2.4dtFu
rn / =
2.00
= 54 kips < 45.7 kips
= 45.7 kips/bolt
Eqn. J3-6a
ASD
For the brace, edge bolt Lc = 1.03 in. and interior bolt Lc = 2.06 in.
LRFD
ASD
rn / =
1.2 Lc tF 2.4dtFu
2.00
2.4 ( 7 8 in.)( 0.810 in.)( 65 ksi)
2.00
= 32.6 kips < 55.5 kips
= 48.9 kips/bolt
= 32.6 kips/bolt
LRFD
= 83.2 kips/bolt
Eqn. J3-6a
ASD
2.00
= 65.2 kips < 55.5 kips
= 55.5 kips/bolt
Eqn. J3-6a
IIC-20
The bearing strength of the flange connection can now be calculated. Summarizing the various
strengths:
LRFD
Member
Angle (2)
Gusset
Brace
Edge
80.8 kips
40.4 kips
48.9 kips
ASD
Interior
137 kips
68.6 kips
83.2 kips
Member
Angle (2)
Gusset
Brace
Edge
53.8 kips
26.9 kips
32.6 kips
Interior
91.4 kips
45.7 kips
55.5 kips
o.k.
o.k.
Note: The gusset edge bolt bearing strength is less than the bolt double shear strength; the bolt
shear strength must be re-checked. Thus, the revised bolt shear strength is
LRFD
ASD
o.k.
o.k.
Note: When the brace force is compression gusset buckling would have to be checked; refer to
the comments at the end of this example.
ec =
tan =
12
= 1.25
9 916
42 in. 1
+ 2 in. = 21 1 2 in.
2
where 2 in. is allowed for the setback between the gusset and the column, and
Manual
Part 13
IIC-21
33 in.
= 16 1 2 in.
2
Since slight eccentricity is negligible. Use = 21.8 in. and = 16.5 in.
Calculate gusset interface forces
r=
( + ec ) 2 + ( + eb ) 2
= 41.4 in.
Vuc =
ASD
H ac
Vac =
H ub
ASD
H ab
Vab =
Vub =
Tu =
H uc 171 kips
=
= 8.55 kips/bolt
n
20 bolts
ASD
Ta =
H ac 114 kips
=
= 5.70 kips/bolt
n
20 bolts
IIC-22
rav =
ruv
13.5 kips
=
= 22.5 ksi
Ab 0.6013 in.2
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi)
rav
8.95 kips
=
= 14.9 ksi
Ab 0.6013 in.2
90 ksi
( 22.5 ksi)
0.75 ( 48 ksi)
o.k.
Fnt
f uv Fnt
Fnv
Manual
Table 7-1
o.k.
Fnt
f av Fnt
Fnv
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi)
90 ksi ( 2.00)
48 ksi
Eqn. J3-3a/b
and
(14.9 ksi)
Table J3.2
o.k.
Ba =
2
Fnt ' Ab ( 61.1 ksi) 0.6013 in.
=
2.00
)
o.k.
ASD
rn / =
1.2 Lc tF 2.4dtFu
1
1.2 (1.03 in.)( 2 in.)( 58 ksi )
2.00
2.4 ( 7 8 in.)( 1 2 in.)( 58 ksi)
2.00
= 17.9 kips < 30.5 kips
= 26.9 kips/bolt
= 17.9 kips/bolt
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the singleshear strength of the bolts 21.6 kips, and the
actual shear per bolt of 13.5 kips, bearing
strength is o.k.
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the singleshear strength of the bolts 14.4 kips, and the
actual shear per bolt of 8.95 kips, bearing
strength is o.k
Eqn. J3-6a
IIC-23
Manual
Part 9
in.
= 2 1 4 in.
2
o.k.
Since a =12 in. is less than 1.25b = 2.81 in., use a = 12 in.
b' = b
7 in.
d
= 2 1 4 in. 8
= 1.81 in.
2
2
a' = a +
7 in.
d
= 1 1 2 in. + 8
= 1.94 in.
2
2
ASD
1 Bu
1 27.4 kips/bolt
1 =
1
Tu
0.935 8.55 kips/bolt
= 2.36
1 Ba
1 18.4 kips/bolt
1 =
1
Ta
0.935 5.70 kips/bolt
= 2.38
15
d'
in.
= 1 16
= 0.688
p
3 in.
LRFD
treq =
ASD
4.44Tu b '
pFu (1 + ')
treq =
= 0.484 in.
Since t = 2 in. > 0.484 in., angles are
6.66Ta b '
pFu (1 + ')
6.66 ( 5.70 kips/bolt )(1.81 in.)
= 0.484 in.
o.k.
o.k.
IIC-24
Design welds
Try fillet welds around the perimeter (three sides) of both angles.
LRFD
Puc = H uc + Vuc
2
ASD
Pac = H ac + Vac
= 319 kips
H
171 kips
= tan -1 uc = tan -1
= 32.4
269 kips
Vuc
= 212 kips
H
114 kips
= tan -1 ac = tan -1
= 32.5
179 kips
Vac
By interpolation
C = 2.60
LRFD
Dreq =
=
Puc
CC1l
319 kips
0.75 ( 2.60)(1.0)( 2 welds )( 30 in.)
= 2.73 3 sixteenths
ASD
Dreq =
Pac
CC1l
= 2.72 3 sixteenths
From Specification Table J2.4, minimum weld size is 4 in. Use 4-in. fillet welds.
Check gusset thickness against weld size required for strength
6.19 D 6.19 ( 2.73 sixteenths)
For two fillet welds, tmin =
=
= 0.291 in. <
Fu
58 ksi
in.
o.k.
IIC-25
Rn = 0.60 Fy Ag
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
o.k.
0.60 Fy Ag
Eqn. J4-3
o.k.
ASD
Rn = ( 0.60 Fu Anv )
0.60 Fu Anv
Rn / =
Eqn. J4-4
o.k.
o.k.
ASD
o.k.
Manual
Table 9-3a
Manual
Table 9-3b
Manual
Table 9-3c
Eqn. J4-5
o.k.
IIC-26
By inspection, the 4.16 in. thick column flange has adequate flexural strength, stiffness, and
bearing strength.
Design the gusset-to-beam connection
ASD
Hab = 237 kips
Vab = 102 kips
Because one edge of the gusset is welded and the other is bolted, the distribution of force on
the welded edge is uneven. To account for this, the required strength of the gusset edge is
amplified by a factor of 1.25 to allow for the redistribution of forces on the weld.
The stresses on the gusset plate at the welded edge are as follows:
LRFD
f ua =
=
Vub
Fy
tl
f aa =
153 kips
0.90 ( 36 ksi)
4 in.)( 42 in.)
ASD
H ub
0.60 Fy
tl
o.k.
( 34
102 kips
36 ksi
f av =
355 kips
1.00 ( 0.60)( 36 ksi )
4 in.)( 42 in.)
Eqn. J4-6
Vab Fy
tl
o.k.
o.k.
H ab 0.60 Fy
tl
Eqn. J4-3
0.60 ( 36 ksi)
237 kips
in.
42
in.
1.50
)(
)
4
LRFD
o.k.
ASD
V
153 kips
= tan -1 ub = tan -1
= 23.3
355 kips
H ub
V
102 kips
= tan -1 ab = tan -1
= 23.3
237 kips
H ab
Eqn. J2-5
ASD
t
f u peak =
2
Section J2.4
t
f a peak =
2
( f aa + f ab ) 2 + f av 2
IIC-27
3 in.
= 4
2
3 in.
= 4
2
= 4.61 kips/in.
= 3.07 kips/in.
f u ave
f f 2+ f 2
( ua ub ) uv
t
2
2
+ ( f ua + fub ) + f uv
=
4
f a ave
f f 2+ f 2
( aa ab ) av
t
2
2
+ ( f aa + f ab ) + f av
=
4
= 5.76 kips/in.
= 3.84 kips/in.
f u weld
rw
Dreq =
5.76 kips/in.
= 3.69 4 sixteenths
1.56 kips/in.
f a weld
rw
3.84 kips/in.
= 3.69 4 sixteenths
1.04 kips/in.
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
o.k.
( N + 2.5k ) Fywtw
Eqn. J10-3
o.k.
IIC-28
Since the brace may be in tension or compression, the required strength the beam-to-column
connection is as follows. The required shear strength is
LRFD
ASD
Try 2L86w1-22 (leg gage = 2w in.) welded to the beam web, bolted with five rows of d
in. diameter A325-N bolts in standard holes to the column flange.
Calculate tensile force per bolt
LRFD
Tu =
Aub ( H u H ub )
n
ASD
171 kips
10 bolts
Ta =
= 17.1 kips/bolt
Aab ( H a H ab )
n
114 kips
10 bolts
= 11.4 kips/bolt
Vu =
ASD
Va =
= 16.8 kips/bolt
f uv =
= 11.2 kips/bolt
Vu 16.8 kips/bolt
=
= 27.4 ksi
Ab
0.6013 in.2
f av =
Fnt
f uv Fnt
Fnv
Va 11.2 kips/bolt
=
= 18.6 ksi
Ab
0.6013 in.2
Fnt
f av Fnt
Fnv
2.00 ( 90 ksi)
90 ksi
( 27.4 ksi) < 90 ksi
0.75 ( 48 ksi)
= 48.5 ksi < 90 ksi
o.k.
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi)
o.k.
= 1.3 ( 90 ksi)
Ba =
48 ksi
Table J3.2,
Eqns. J3-3a
and J3-3b
2
Fnt ' Ab ( 48.5 ksi) 0.6013 in.
=
2.00
)
o.k.
IIC-29
LRFD
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the singleshear strength of the bolts 21.6 kips, bearing
o.k.
does not control.
ASD
2.00
= 26.9 kips < 45.7 kips
= 26.9 kips/bolt
Since this edge bolt value exceeds the singleshear strength of the bolts 14.4 kips, bearing
o.k.
does not control.
t
0.75 in.
= 2 3 4 in.
= 2 3 8 in.
2
2
o.k.
Since a = 34 in. exceeds 1.25b = 2.97 in., use a = 2.97 in. for calculation purposes.
b' = b
7 in.
d
= 2 3 8 in. 8
= 1.94 in.
2
2
a' = a +
d
= 2.97 in. +
2
in.
= 3.41 in.
2
p=
14 1 2 in.
= 2.90 in./bolt
5 bolts
= 1
15
d'
in.
= 1 16
= 0.677
p
2.90 in.
LRFD
1 Bu
1 21.9 kips
1 =
1
Tu
0.569 17.1 kips
= 0.493
ASD
1 Ba
1 14.2 kips
1 =
1
Ta
0.569 11.4 kips
= 0.432
Eqn. J3-6a
IIC-30
1
1.0
1
' =
1 0.493
1.0
0.677 1 0.493
4.44Tu b '
pFu (1 + ')
treq =
1 0.432
1.0
0.677 1 0.432
1
1.0
1
' =
6.66Ta b '
pFu (1 + ')
o.k.
o.k
Design welds
Puc =
(171 kips)
ASD
171 kips
= tan -1
= 45.5
168 kips
Pac =
(114 kips)
114 kips
= tan -1
= 45.5
112 kips
Manual
Table 8-8
x = 0.132,
xl = 0.132(142 in.) = 1.91 in.
al = 8 in. xl = 8 in. 1.91 in. = 6.09 in.
a = 0.420
By interpolation
C = 3.55
LRFD
Dreq
P
= uc
CC1l
=
240 kips
0.75 ( 3.55)(1.0)( 2 welds )(14 12 in.)
= 3.11 4 sixteenths
ASD
Dreq
Pac
=
CC1l
=
= 3.11 4 sixteenths
Minimum weld size is 4 in. Use 4-in. fillet
welds.
Table J2.4
IIC-31
Check beam web thickness (against weld size required for strength)
o.k.
Shear yielding
Rn = 0.60 Fy Ag
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
o.k.
Eqn. J4-3
0.60 Fy Ag
o.k.
ASD
Rn = ( 0.60 Fu Anv )
0.60 Fu Anv
Rn / =
o.k.
Eqn. J4-4
)
o.k.
Section J4.3
controls
IIC-32
LRFD
ASD
Rn
o.k.
Eqn. J4-5
2.00
o.k.
By inspection, the 4.16 in. thick column flange has adequate flexural strength, stiffness, and
bearing strength.
Note: When the brace is in compression, the buckling strength of the gusset would have to be
checked, where
LRFD
ASD
Rn = c Fcr Aw
Rn / = Fcr Aw / c
Kl1
with Specification Section
r
E3 or J4.4, where l1 is the perpendicular distance from the Whitmore section to the interior
l +l +l
edge of the gusset. Alternatively, the average value of l = 1 2 3 may be substituted, where
3
these quantities are illustrated in the figure. Note that, for this example l2 is negative since part
of the Whitmore section is in the beam web.
The effective length factor K has been established as 0.5 by full scale tests on bracing
connections (Gross, 1990). It assumes that the gusset is supported on both edges. In cases
where the gusset is supported on one edge only, such as illustrated in Example 3, Figure (d),
the brace can more readily move out-of-plane and a sidesway mode of buckling can occur in
the gusset. For this case, K should be taken as 1.2.
Check gusset buckling
In the above equation, the area in the beam web is multiplied by the ratio 50/36 to convert the
area to an equivalent area of A36 plate.
2 E
Kl
r
2 ( 29000 ksi )
39.32
= 185
( 12 ) = 39.3
IIC-33
Check 4.71
E
29000 ksi
= 4.71
= 134
Fy
36 ksi
Fy
36 ksi
f ua =
ASD
675 kips
= 25.6 ksi
26.4 in.2
f aa =
450 kips
= 17.0 ksi
26.4 in.2
Fcr / =
o.k.
33.2 ksi
1.67
o.k.
IIC-34
Example II.C-3
Bracing Connection
Given:
Each of the four designs shown for the diagonal bracing connection between the W1468
brace, W2455 beam, and W14211 column web have been developed using the Uniform
Force Method (the General Case and Special Cases 1, 2, and 3) for the load case of 1.2D +
1.3W for LRFD and D + W for ASD.
For the given values of and , determine the interface forces on the gusset-to-column and
gusset-to-beam connections for
a.
b.
c.
d.
Pu = |195 kips
Ru = 44 kips
Au = 26 kips
Pa = |130 kips
Ra = 29 kips
Aa = 17 kips
IIC-35
Material Properties:
Brace W1468
Beam W2455
Column W14211
Gusset Plate
ASTM A992
ASTM A992
ASTM A992
ASTM A36
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Manual
Tables 2-3
and 2-4
IIC-36
Geometric Properties:
Brace W1468
Beam W2455
Column W14211
tw=0.415 in.
bf=7.01 in.
bf=15.8 in.
Assume = = 3 in.
12
12
= eb tan ec + tan = (11.8 in.)
0 + ( 3 in.)
= 16.1 in.
1
11 16
11 116
( + ec ) 2 + ( + eb ) 2
= 21.9 in.
3 in.
Vuc = Pu =
(195 kips) = 26.7 kips
21.9 in.
r
ec
Pu = 0 kips
r
H uc =
ASD
3 in.
Vac = Pa =
(130 kips) = 17.8 kips
21.9 in.
r
ec
Pa = 0 kips
r
H ac =
16.1 in.
Pu =
(195 kips) = 143 kips
21.9 in.
r
H ab =
eb
11.8 in.
Pu =
(195 kips) = 105 kips
r
21.9 in.
Vab =
H ub =
Vub =
ASD
M ub = Vub
=
16.1 in.
Pa =
(130 kips) = 95.6 kips
21.9 in.
r
eb
11.8 in.
Pa =
(130 kips) = 70.0 kips
r
21.9 in.
M ab = Vab
(105 kips)(15 3 4
12 in./ft
= -3.06 kip-ft
( 70.0 kips)(15 3 4
12 in./ft
= -2.04 kip-ft
ASD
Manual
Table 1-1
IIC-37
ASD
For a discussion of the sign use between Aub and Huc (Aab an Hac for ASD), refer to AISC
(1992).
Solution B (Special Case 1):
In this case, the centroidal positions of the gusset-edge connections are irrelevant; and are
given to define the geometry of the connection, but are not needed to determine the gusset edge
forces.
The angle of the brace from the vertical is
12
= tan -1
= 49.8
10 18
The horizontal and vertical components of the brace force are
LRFD
ASD
ASD
H uc = 0 kips
H ac = 0 kips
ASD
Vub = 0 kips
Vab = 0 kips
H ub = H u = 149 kips
H ab = H a = 99.3 kips
ASD
In addition to the forces on the connection interfaces, the beam is subjected to a moment Mub
or or Mab, where
LRFD
M ub = H ub eb =
= 147 kip-ft
12 in./ft
ASD
M ab = H ab eb =
= 97.6 kip-ft
12 in./ft
IIC-38
This moment, as well as the beam axial load Hub = 149 kips or Hab = 99.3 kips and the
moment and shear in the beam associated with the end reaction Rub or Rab, must be considered
in the design of the beam.
Solution C (Special Case 2):
Assume = = 10 1 2 in.
12
12
= eb tan ec + tan = (11.8 in.)
0 + (10 1 2 in.)
= 24.2 in.
11 116
11 116
Calculate the interface forces for the general case before applying Special Case 2.
r=
( + ec ) 2 + ( + eb ) 2
10 1 2 in.
Vuc = Pu =
(195 kips) = 62.2 kips
32.9 in.
r
H uc =
ec
Pu = 0 kips
r
ASD
10 12 in.
Vac = Pa =
(130 kips) = 41.5 kips
32.9 in.
r
H ac =
ec
Pa = 0 kips
r
H ub
24.2 in.
= Pu =
(195 kips) = 143 kips
32.9 in.
r
Vub =
eb
11.8 in.
Pu =
(195 kips) = 69.9 kips
r
32.9 in.
ASD
H ab
24.2 in.
= Pa =
(130 kips) = 95.6 kips
32.9 in.
r
Vab =
eb
11.8 in.
Pa =
(130 kips) = 46.6 kips
r
32.9 in.
ASD
ASD
Next, applying Special Case 2 with Vub = Vub = 69.9 kips (Vab = Vab = 46.6 kips for ASD),
calculate the interface forces.
IIC-39
On the gusset-to-column connection (where Vuc is replaced by Vuc + Vub) or (where Vac is
replaced by Vac + Vab for ASD)
LRFD
ASD
H uc = 0 kips (unchanged)
H ac = 0 kips (unchanged)
On the gusset-to-beam connection (where Vub is replaced by Vub - Vub) or (where Vab is
replaced by Vab - Vab)
LRFD
ASD
M ub = ( Vub ) =
= 141 kip-ft
M ab = ( Vab ) =
= 94.0 kip-ft
ASD
= 44 kips
= 29 kips
ASD
IIC-40
Set = = 0 in.
12
= eb tan = (11.8 in.)
= 12.8 in.
11 116
Since, , an eccentricity exists on the gusset-to-beam connection.
Calculate the interface forces
r = 2 + eb 2 =
= 17.4 in.
H ub
ASD
12.8 in.
= Pu =
(195 kips) = 143 kips
17.4 in.
r
H ab
eb
11.8 in.
Pu =
(195 kips) = 132 kips
r
17.4 in.
Vab =
Vub =
M ub = Vub
=
12.8 in.
= Pa =
(130 kips) = 95.6 kips
17.4 in.
r
eb
11.8 in.
Pa =
(130 kips) = 88.2 kips
r
17.4 in.
M ab = Vab
in.)
12 in./ft
= -7.70 kip-ft
in.)
12 in./ft
= -5.15 kip-ft
ASD
ASD
Note: From the foregoing results, designs by Special Case 3 and the General Case of the
Uniform Force Method provide the more economical designs. Additionally, note that designs
by Special Case 1 and Special Case 2 result in moments on the beam and/ or column that must
be considered.
IIC-41
Example II.C-4
Given:
Joint L1
Joint U1
RD = 18.5 kips
RL = 55.5 kips
Material Properties:
Top Chord
WT838.5
Bottom Chord WT828.5
Diagonal U0L1 2L432a
Web U1L1
2L323c
Diagonal U1L2 2L3222c
ASTM A992
ASTM A992
ASTM A36
ASTM A36
ASTM A36
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Manual
Tables 2-3
and 2-4
IIC-42
Geometric Properties:
Top Chord
Bottom Chord
Diagonal U0L1
Web U1L1
Diagonal U1L2
WT838.5
WT828.5
2L432a
2L323c
2L3222c
tw = 0.455 in.
tw = 0.430 in.
A = 5.35 in.2
A = 3.91 in.2
A = 3.58 in.2
Manual
Tables 1-8
and 1-15
d = 8.22 in.
y = 1.20 in.
LRFD
ASD
Ru = -108 kips
Ra = -72 kips
Ru = +165 kips
Ra = +110 kips
Ru = +114 kips
Ra = +76 kips
Solution a:
Check shear yielding of bottom chord tee stem (on Section A-A)
Rn = 0.6 Fy Aw = 0.6 ( 50 ksi)( 8.22 in.)( 0.430 in.) = 106 kips
LRFD
ASD
106 kips
Rn / =
= 70.7 kips
1.50
Eqn. J4-3
n.g.
n.g.
ASD
o.k.
Rn / = 70.7 kips +
37.8 kips
= 95.9 kips
1.50
o.k.
User Note: Specification Section J1.7 requiring that the center of gravity of the weld group
coincide with the center of gravity of the member does not apply to end connections of
statically loaded single angle, double angle and similar members.
Section J1.7
IIC-43
16
in.
Table J2.4
1
16
in. =
in.
Lmin
ASD
Ru
108 kips
=
=
1.392 D 1.392 ( 3 sixteenths)
Lmin
= 25.9 in.
Ra
72 kips
=
=
0.928D 0.928 ( 3 sixteenths)
= 25.9 in.
Use 62 in. of x-in. weld at the heel and toe of both angles for a total of 26 in.
Design welds for member U0L1
Table J2.4
The minimum weld size is wmin =
16
in.
1
16
in. =
16
in.
Lmin
ASD
Ru
165 kips
=
=
1.392 D 1.392 ( 3 sixteenths)
Lmin
= 39.5 in.
Ra
110 kips
=
=
0.928D 0.928 ( 3 sixteenths)
= 39.5 in.
Use 10 in. of x in. weld at the heel and toe of both angles for a total of 40 in.
Check tension yielding of diagonal U0L1
Eqn. J4-1
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
o.k.
193 kips
= 115 kips
1.67
o.k.
Table D3.1
Case 2
x
1.20 in.
= 1
= 0.880
10 in.
l
ASD
Eqn. J4-2
o.k.
273 kips
Rn / =
= 137 kips
2.00
137 kips > 110 kips
o.k.
IIC-44
Solution b:
Check shear yielding of top chord tee stem (on Section B-B)
Rn = 0.6 Fy Aw = 0.6 ( 50 ksi)( 8.26 in.)( 0.455 in.) = 113 kips
Eqn. J4-3
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
113 kips
= 75.3 kips
1.50
o.k.
o.k.
As calculated previously in Solution a, use 62 in. of x-in. weld at the heel and toe of both
angles for a total of 26 in.
Design welds for member U1L2
16
in.
Table J2.4
1
in.
Lmin =
ASD
Ru
114 kips
=
1.392 D 1.392 ( 4 sixteenths)
Lmin =
= 20.5 in.
Ra
76 kips
=
0.928D 0.928 ( 4 sixteenths)
= 20.5 in.
Use 72 in. of 4-in. fillet weld at the heel and 4 in. of fillet weld at the toe of each angle for a
total of 23 in.
Check tension yielding of diagonal U1L2
Eqn. J4-1
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
o.k.
129 kips
= 77.2 kips
1.67
o.k.
x
1.13 in.
= 1
= 0.803
1
l
7 2 in. + 4 in.
Table D3.1
Case 2
Eqn. J4-2
IIC-45
LRFD
ASD
167 kips
Rn / =
= 83.4 kips
2.00
o.k.
o.k.
Because the cut end of the angle, the block shear rupture model presented in Part 9 does not
directly apply. Conservatively, the block shear rupture strength will be based on the shear
rupture strength of the WT stem along the length of the welds.
Rn = 0.6 Fu Aw = 0.6 ( 65 ksi)( 7 1 2 in. + 4 in.)( 0.455 in.) = 204 kips
LRFD
ASD
Eqn. J4-4
204 kips
Rn / =
= 102 kips
2.00
o.k.
o.k.
IIC-46
Example II.C-5
Given:
The loads shown are actual loads from the bottom chevron from the example problem at the
back of the book. The beam above has been design to carry its load with out the chevron, and
the end connections have been design to all vertical and horizontal loads required. Check the
HSS braces for tension and compression and design the connection including welding, shear
lag requirements and check to see if stiffening is required.
Use E70 electrodes.
Material Properties:
Beam W1835
Brace HSS662
Gusset Plate
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 46 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Geometric Properties:
Beam W1835
d = 17.7 in.
Brace HSS662
H = 6 in.
Manual
Tables 2-3
and 2-4
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
tw = 0.300 in.
B = 6 in.
t = 0.465 in.
Solution:
Since the brace loads are axial, the angle between the longitudinal brace axis and line of force
is w = 0 .
Manual
Tables 1-1
and 1-12
IIC-47
LRFD
Wwreq ' d
ASD
Pu
=
+ 116 in.
4 Fw ( 0.707) Lw
158 kips
+
0.75 ( 4)( 42 ksi )( 0.707 )( 6 in.)
Pa
=
+ 116 in.
4 Fw ( 0.707) Lw
Wwreq ' d
1
16
in.
+ 116 in.
= 0.295 in.
Note: the z-in. added to the weld size is to account for the slot in HSS
The minimum weld size for this connection is x in. The required weld size is larger therefore,
use a-in. fillet welds.
Determine required gusset plate thickness
We = Ww 3 8 in.- 116 in. =
16
in.
LRFD
t1req ' d =
0.60 Fy1
= 0.644 in.
ASD
t1req ' d =
0.60 Fy1
= 0.644 in.
t1
12
in.
12
= 0.217 in.
E
29000 ksi
= 4.71
= 134 > 36.0
36 ksi
Fy
Table J2.4
IIC-48
Fe =
2 E
Kl1
r
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
2 ( 29000 ksi)
( 36.0) 2
= 221 ksi
Eqn. E3-4
36 ksi
Eqn. E3-2
Note: Here, the Whitmore section is assumed to be entirely in the gusset. The Whitmore
section can spread across the joint into adjacent connected material of equal or greater
thickness or adjacent connected material of lesser thickness provided that a rational analysis is
performed.
Eqn. E3-1
ASD
325 kips
Pn / =
= 195 kips
1.67
o.k.
o.k.
Eqn. J4-1
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
348 kips
= 208 kips
1.67
o.k.
o.k.
Table D3.1
Case 6
Nominal Shear Strength, Vn = 0.6 Fy Ae = 0.6 ( 46 ksi) 11.2 in.2 = 309 kips
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
Eqn. J4-3
o.k.
309 kips
= 206 kips
1.50
206 kips > 105 kips
o.k.
IIC-49
x=
Table D3.1
Case 6
x
2.25 in.
U = 1
= 1
= 0.625 in.
Lw
6 in.
An = Ag 2tt1 = 9.74 2 ( 0.9)(0.465 in.)( 3 4 in.+ 18 in. gap) = 9.01 in.2
Eqn. J4-4
LRFD
ASD
Rn / =
327 kips
= 164 kips
2.00
o.k.
o.k.
Design the gusset-to-beam connection as if each brace were the only brace and locate each
braces connection centroid at the ideal centroid locations to avoid inducing a moment on the
gusset-beam interface, similarly to uniform force method special case 3.
eb =
d 17.7 in.
=
= 8.85 in.
2
2
12
= tan 1
= 48
10 1316
r=
( + ec ) 2 + ( + eb ) 2
LRFD
H ub
Vub =
= 13.4 in.
ASD
H ab
Vab =
IIC-50
Dreq ' d
ASD
Dreq ' d
The minimum fillet weld size is 4 in. The required weld size is also 4 in., use a 4 in. fillet
weld 40-in. long total.
Table J2.4
o.k.
ASD
662 kips
Rn / =
= 441 kips
1.50
105 kips(cos 48) = 70.2 kips
Eqn. J10-2
o.k.
o.k.
IIC-51
Example II.C-6
Given:
This truss has been designed with nominal 14 in. W-shapes, with the flanges to the outside of
the truss. Beams framing into the top chord and lateral bracing are not shown but can be
assumed to be adequate.
Based on multiple load cases, the critical dead and live load forces for this connection were
determined. A typical top chord connection and the dead load and live load forces are shown
below in detail A. Design this typical connection using 1-in. diameter ASTM A325 slipcritical bolts in oversized holes with a class-A faying surface.
Note: slip critical bolts in oversized holes were selected for this truss to facilitate field erection.
IIC-52
Material Properties:
Beam W-shapes
Gusset Plates
ASTM A992
ASTM A36
Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Manual
Tables 2-3
and 2-4
d = 14. 3 in.
d = 13.9 in.
bf = 14.6 in.
bf = 9.99 in.
tf = 0.860 in.
tf = 0.645 in.
Manual
Table 1-1
Geometric Properties:
W14109
W1461
Solution:
ASD
Vertical:
1.2(102 kips) + 1.6(102 kips) = 286 kips
Vertical:
102 kips + 102 kips = 204 kips
Diagonal:
1.2(113 kips) + 1.6(113 kips) = 316 kips
Diagonal:
113 kips + 113 kips = 226 kips
dbolt = 1 in.
ASTM A325-SC bolts
Class A faying surface
= 0.35 (class A)
dhg = 1.25 in. (diameter of holes at gusset plates)
hsc = 0.85 (oversized and short-slotted holes)
Tb = 51.0 kips
Du = 1.13
Table J3.1
Slip prevention up to the required strength level is selected in this case to prevent truss
deflections that could permit a significant ponding condition for which the truss was not
designed.
Eqn. J3-4
ASD
Section J3.8
IIC-53
Diagonal connection
LRFD
ASD
Manual
Part 9
LRFD
ASD
= 0.90
Rn = FyAg
= 1.67
Rn / = FyAg /
Eqn. J4-1
o.k.
o.k.
= 0.75
= 2.00
tp = 0.375 in.
Section J4.3
IIC-54
Rn = (0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt) M
Rn / = (0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt) / M
Eqn. J4-5
(0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt)
(0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt) /
Manual
Table 7-5
Manual
Table 7-6
Manual
Table 7-5
IIC-55
Manual
Table 7-6
Horizontal connection
LRFD
ASD
= 0.75
= 2.00
Section J3.5
Section J4.3
= 34.0 in.
= 34.0 in.
Anv / tp = 34.0 in. (1 row)(6 bolts)
(1.25 in.+ 0.0625 in.) = 26.1 in
= 1.00
= 1.50
= 0.75
= 2.00
Eqn. J4-3
o.k.
Eqn. J4-4
o.k.
IIC-56
Manual
Table 7-6
Manual
Table 7-5
Manual
Table 7-5
Manual
Table 7-6
Vertical connection
LRFD
ASD
= 1.00
Specification
Section J4.3
= 1.50
Eqn. J4-3
IIC-57
Where = 0.75
Where = 2.00
Eqn. J4-4
= 160 kips < 182 kips
160 kips > 204 kips / 2 = 102 kips
Conservatively based on
Bolt Spacing = 3 in.; oversized holes,
Conservatively based on
Bolt Spacing = 3 in.; oversized holes,
o.k.
Conservatively based on
Bolt Spacing = 3 in.; standard holes,
Conservatively based on
Bolt Spacing = 3 in.; standard holes,
Manual
Table 7-5
Manual
Table 7-6
Manual
Table 7-5
Manual
Table 7-6
Manual
Table 7-1
IIC-58
Note that because the difference in depths between the top chord and the vertical and diagonal
members, x in. loose shims are required on each side of the shallower members.