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1 AUTHOR:
Claudio Bruzzese
Sapienza University of Rome
92 PUBLICATIONS 395 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
s/d
S, R
s , d
s, d
q
he
h
*
I. NOMENCLATURE
Bhe
e
f
F6
g0
Kd, Kp
Kd,h, Kp,h
lS
Lk
L(q)
M
n
nE
Nslot
Nturn
P
rm
RSS,LSS
RS
SCR
vS, iS
v(q), i(q)
VLL
Xs, Xl
wE
v S = R SS iS L SS
i 0
i 1
2
i = 1
i 3 6
i 4
5
i
1 1
1
1 2
1
2
4
1
3
6
1
4
8
1
5
10
1 3 6 9 12 15
1 4 8 12 16 20
1 5 10 15 20 25
i1
i2
i3
i4
i5
i6
(2)
(3)
L60
A'
e1 Rs L0
i1
v1
POLE-PHASE-GROUP
CURRENT PROBE
PHASE CURRENT
PROBE
(1)
d
i e .
dt S
POLE-PHASE-GROUP 6
ELEMENTARY CIRCUIT
v = Rsi L
di
q
e , q=0,...,5.
dt
(4)
The q-th circuit in (4) is complex conjugate of the (6-q)th one, so the latter is redundant. The circuit for q=1 is
responsible of the main electromechanical energy
conversion, and it is actually a per-pole per-phase machine
equivalent circuit. In fact, the sequence inductance L(1) is
twice the machine synchronous inductance, i.e. L(1)=2Xs/.
The generic q-th circuit is sensitive to eventual 2q-pole air
gap flux density waves. The following steps calculate the
sequence voltages e(q) in (4), for both healthy and eccentric
rotor case. Note finally that LSS in (1) is influenced by REs
due to a first-order space-harmonic in the air-gap
distribution. The additional first harmonic in LSS can be
neglected in practice.
i
(0)
(0)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Rs
(0)
(2)
Rs
Rs
(2)
(1)
(3)
he =
2
B l N z K d K p .
he S turn
5
S '= F 6 S = 0 1
0 0 0 .
6 e j t .
he
(10)
e =
(3)
d 1
.
dt
(11)
Rs
(2)
(9)
L
(3)
(8)
(3)
k
symmetrical, phase = (k-1)
possibly
excited by
homopolar
fluxes
main 2-pole
circuit (idle for
no-load machine)
possibly
excited by
eccentricities
PPG
M = M 0 cos R .
(5)
(6)
(7)
v1
=60
(12)
p=1
50Hz
(oscillating
amplitude)
50Hz
S
S
t=0ms
S
N
S
(14)
25Hz
p+1=2
B= Bhe cos t S
0.5 s B he cos t s
0.5 s B he cos t2 S s
0.5 d B he cos d
0.5 d B he cos 2 t2 S d
p-1=0
t=10ms
Fig. 6. Virtual rotors, case of static eccentricity.
p-1=0
p=1
0Hz
(constant
amplitude)
50Hz
p+1=2
50Hz
t=0ms
t=10ms
Fig. 7. Virtual rotors, case of dynamic eccentricity.
'
q'
d=CR/g0
g0(1-s-d)
R
N
axis of PPG#1
contour C
p=1
p-1=0
axial flux
p+1=2
circunferential
ribs
frame
cover
generic radial
axis
keybars
N conductors
sinusoidally
distributed
bearing
STATOR
ROTOR
S
STATOR
PPG#1 axis
xx x
N conductors
sinusoidally
distributed
(15)
(16)
stator bore
. (21)
wE=
nE g
n E .
g1
(17)
s
d
cos t s cosd
2
2
(18)
where M0=N iE/2 is posed. The MMF (18) differs from (5)
due to two subctractive terms, which actually lead to
cancellation of the homopolar fluxes. In fact, the air-gap flux
density distribution is obtained by multiplying (13) and (18),
and, also neglecting higher-order small terms, we obtain:
B= B he cos t S
0.5 s Bhe cos t 2S s
0.5 d Bhe cos 2 t 2 S d
2 s / d B he
2 l S N turn z K d , 2 K p , 2
where 2, Kd,2, and Kp,2 are pole pitch, distribution factor, and
pitch factor for the second harmonic (see Appendix B). By
using (8) in (22), we obtain:
s / d =
(19)
(22)
s / d he
K2
2
(23)
K d ,2 K p,2
2
0.866 1K p .
2 Kd K p
(24)
=
2
6 e j t
s
2 =
6 e j 2 t .
d
d
(25)
(26)
e =
d 2
22 .
dt
(27)
i =i i2 =
6 he / 4
j t
j 2 t
s e
d e
[
]
2
L /K 2
S
(28)
Rs
(1)
Rs
main 2-pole
circuit
(idle for
no-load machine)
possibly
excited by
static
eccentricities
(2)
(2)
()
(1)
v
N
(2)
/2
Rs
(2)
(2)
i (2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
i ()
possibly
excited by
dynamic
eccentricities
i =S 2 e
j t S
D 2 e
j 2td
(29)
s =
2 L /K 2
S
V L L / 2
d =
2L /K2
D
V L L/ 2
(30)
(31)
REDUCED GAP
ZETA
a)
a)
CURRENT(A)
PPG CURRENTS
CURRENT(A)
PPG CURRENTS
b)
50Hz-ROTATING VECTOR
b)
TW O 50Hz- AND 100HzROTATING VECTORS
50Hz-ROTATING VECTOR
S2 +D2 =969A
S2 +D2 =837A
c)
d)
50Hz
1.7A
c)
d)
50Hz
14.5kA
e)
e)
50Hz
S2 =418A
100Hz
D2 =419A
f)
Fig. 11. a)-f): 500MVA TG in no-load condition. 5% SRE and 5% DRE.
50Hz
S2 =483A
100Hz
D2 =486A
f)
Fig. 12. a)-f): 500MVA TG in full-load condition. 5% SRE and 5% DRE.
VI. APPENDIX A
Machine data as used in the paper are reported in Table I.
The winding scheme for one phase is shown in Fig. 13.
TABLE I
500MVA TURBO-GENERATOR RATINGS
(C3)
(C4)
L = L 0 L 60 L 120 L 180
Apparent power
500MVA
Voltage/current
18kV/16kA
Active power
450MW
Frequency
50Hz
Speed
3000rpm
cosphi
0.9
SCR
0.6
Rotor current
1425A
Xs (unsat.)
1.19 (1.83p.u.)
Xl
59.5m (0.09p.u.)
air gap
7mm
core lenght
7.21m
Armature winding: three-phase, double layer, lap-wound, two-pole, whole
coiled winding with 36 slots, 6 slots per-pole and per-phase, step
reduction=4 slots, and two parallel pole-phase-groups per phase.
L = 2 X s /
(C5)
PPG#1
PPG#4
PPG#1
where L1,1 is the PPG self inductance due to the air gap flux
linkage. The problem of calculating L(2) starting from (C3)(C6) is solved as follows. From the WFA theory, the winding
function of a single coil with Nturn turns spanning radians in
the stator bore is (Fig. 14):
1 2 3
w coil =
36
u=1
i4
A'
iA=i1-i4
2 N turn
u
sin
cos u .
u
2
(C7)
i1
parallel
connection
(C6)
current
probes
Fig. 13. Phase A winding scheme. The phases B and C are identical, only
displaced of 120 and 240 degrees.
w k = N turn wk '
(C8)
APPENDIX B
z1
w k '=
h=0 u=1
2
u
sin
cos u hk 1
. (C9)
u
2
3
K p , h=sin h /2
(B2)
h= / h .
(B3)
L 1, k = K WFA L 1, k '
K d , h=
sin z h / 2
z sin h / 2
(B1)
(C10)
The calculation of L(2) is carried out here for a generic 2pole TG. The stator inductances are transformed by [10]:
L SS '= F n L SS F n=diag {L }
(C1)
K WFA =
2 0 r m l s N turn
g0
n1
= L u cos qu .
n q
L =L
u =0
(C2)
(C11)
(C12)
(C13)
(C14)
(C15)
(C16)
L =
. (C17)
-180
stator angular
abscissa
Nturn/2
Nturn
-90
-/2
+/2
+90
(1-/2)Nturn
+180
Fig. 14. Winding function wcoil of a single coil with Nturn turns, centered with
respect to a proper stator angular abscissa .
IX.REFERENCES
[1] G. Klempner and I. Kerszenbaum, Handbook of Large TurboGenerator Operation and Maintenance, IEEE Power Engineering
Series, Wiley Inc., New York, 2008.
[2] M. Biet, Rotor faults diagnosis using features selection and nearest
neighbors rule: Application to a turbogenerator, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., IEEE early access.
[3] D. Zarko, D. Ban, I. Vazdar, and V. Jaric, Calculation of unbalanced
magnetic pull in a salient-pole synchronous generator using finiteelement method and measured shaft orbit, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2536-2549, Jun. 2012.
[4] J. J. Simond, M. Tu Xuan, and R. Wetter, An innovative inductive airgap monitoring for large low speed hydro-generators, in Proc. ICEM
Conf., Vilamoura, Portugal, Sep. 6-9, 2008, paper ID 760.
[5] L. Romeral, J. C. Urresty, J. R. R. Ruiz, and A. G. Espinosa, Modeling
of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors with stator
winding interturn faults, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 5, pp.
1576-1585, May 2011.
[6] P. Neti and S. Nandi, Stator interturn fault detection of synchronous
machines using field current and rotor search-coil voltage signature
analysis, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 911-920,
May/Jun. 2009.
[7] T. C. Ilamparithi, and S. Nandi, Detection of eccentricity faults in
three-phase reluctance synchronous motor, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1307-1317, Jul./Aug. 2012.
[8] C. Bruzzese and G. Joksimovic, Harmonic signatures of static
eccentricities in the stator voltages and in the rotor current of no-load
salient pole synchronous generators, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
58, no. 5, pp. 1606-1624, May 2011.
X. BIOGRAPHY
Claudio Bruzzese (S'05-M'08) received the M.Sc. (cum laude) and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy, in 2002 and
2008, respectively.
He worked as designer of electric plants between 1998 and 2002. After
graduation, he was with the National Power System Management Company.
Since September 2002, he has been with the Dept. of Electrical Eng.,
University of Rome Sapienza, as Researcher Associate, and from 2011 as
Assistant Professor. He is consultant for the Italian Ministry of Defence, and
has developed projects in the framework of the Military Research National
Program. He was visiting researcher with the University of Victoria,
Victoria, Canada, in 2012. His interests cover fault diagnosis of power
induction and synchronous machines, railway and naval power systems,
linear drives, and electromechanical design and advanced modeling. He is
author or coauthor of about 50 technical papers, and holds four patents.
Dr. Bruzzese is a Registered Professional Engineer in Italy. He is
member of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.