HOMEOSTASIS

& CONTROL SYSTEM

By
Dr.M.Anthony David MD
Professor of Physiology
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HISTORICAL
In the 19th Century, Claude Bernard
introduced the concept of milieu
interieur
Meaning the internal environment of
the body.
He said that the volume and
composition of this fluid is maintained
constant.
What is the internal environment of the
body?
It is the Extra Cellular Fluid (ECF)
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HOMEOSTASIS
In 1929, an American Physiologist,
Walter B Cannon coined this term
Homeostasis, to describe
"the various physiologic arrangements
which serve to restore the normal
state, once it has been disturbed

HOMEOSTASIS
The single most important
function, of all the systems
in the body is
Homeostasis.
What is Homeostasis?
The maintainence of the
relative constancy of the
internal environment is
Homeostasis.

HOMEOSTASIS
homeo = same; stasis = standing
still.
Homeostasis is the term we use to
describe the constant state of the
internal environment.
Homeostasis is a state of
balance in the body.
The processes and activities
that help to maintain homeostasis
are referred to as homeostatic
mechanisms.

What is the internal

environment?

The internal environment is

the sea in which all the
cells of the body float.
It is also called as the Extra
Cellular Fluid (ECF) as it is
outside the cells.
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THE HUMAN BODY

An average adult man is 70 kg in
body weight
He is made up of 100 Trillion
cells.
The cells are organized into
tissues.
Tissues complementing each other
fuse to form organs.
Organs with commonality of
function, group into Organ
systems.
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UNIVERSE

ORGAN SYSTEMS

MILKY WAY
SOLAR SYSTEM
PLANET EARTH
HUMAN
POPULATION
NATION-STATE
FAMILY
MAN/WOMAN
MIND, SOUL & BODY
BODY

ORGANS
TISSUES

CELLS

Our
focus
is
here

SUBCELLULAR
ORGANELLES
MOLECULES

ATOMS

SUBATOMIC
8 PARTICLES

T
H
E
H
E
I
R
A
R
C
H
Y
O
F
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S

THE ORGAN SYSTEMS

BLOOD

MUSCULOSKELET

AL SYSTEM
RENAL SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
GASTROINTESTIN
AL SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
SPECIAL SENSORY
SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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The overall
function
ofHOMEOSTASIS
all systems is

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How is Homeostasis done?

ECF : Transported in two
stages:
Intravascular movement:
Through the Blood vessels
Extravascular movement :
From the capillaries into the
Intercellular spaces

Most of the ECF is constantly

being mixed
This helps it to maintain its
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Contribution of the
Systems
Blood
Is the fluid medium of transport

Cardio Vascular System (CVS)

Provides the pump for the blood

Respiratory System
Replenishes Oxygen from the
atmosphere
Excretes waste gas Carbon dioxide
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Contribution of the
Systems
Gastro Intestinal System :
Provides nutrients like glucose to
the circulation

Musculoskeletal System :
Moves the body to sources of
nutrition

Kidneys: Renal System :

Remove all wastes from the blood
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NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sensory Input
Integration
Motor Output
Autonomic System
Sympathetic : Fight or
Flight
Para Sympathetic :
Rest &
Digest

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Eight Major Endocrine glands
secrete hormones
Hormones go to target tissues
through blood
They maintain the homeostasis of
metabolism:
Glucose
Fat
Protein
Mineral

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
How does it contribute to
Homeostasis?
Maintains the homeostasis of
the race.
Replenishes people who are
dying
The genome is eternal
It continues through the
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Homeostasis of the race

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Cell level Homeostasis

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HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Negative feedback control system
The variable which has become more
is reduced by the system.
Example : Thyroxine TSH
Thyroxine (Center: Pituitary Gland)

Positive feedback control system :

Vicious Cycle:
Initiating stimulus causes more of the
same!
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CONTROL SYSTEM

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23

DISEASE
FAILURE OF HOMEOSTATIC
MECHANISM
EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL STIMULI
DISTURBING HOMEOSTASIS
EQUILIBRIUM OF THE INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT

DISE
ASE
FAIL
URE
DISTUR
BANCE

HOMEO
STASIS

HOMEOSTASIS - DISEASE

STIMULI OR STRESS

CHANGE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE

DETECTED BY THE SENSOR

FEEDBACK SYSTEM ACTIVATED

EFFECTS OR RESPONSE

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RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS

-VE FEEDBACK CONTROL

STIMULI OR STRESS
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE RISES ABOVE SET POINT
DETECTED BY THE SENSOR
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM ACTIVATED
INHIBITION OF PRODUCTION OF VARIABLE
VARIABLE RETURNS TO NORMAL
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HOMEOSTASIS
DISRUPTION
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
MECHANISM

SENSOR INPUTS
SIGNAL

CONTROL CENTER
OUTPUTS SIGNAL
EFFECTOR MEDIATES
RESPONSE

RETURNS TO HOMEOSTASIS
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A POSITIVE FEEDBACK
CONTROL
INFANT SUCKLES
NIPPLE :STIMULATION

MILK ENTERS INTO

INFANTS MOUTH

INCREASES
OXYTOCIN

MILK EJECTION
OCCURS
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HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
SYSTEMS: EXAMPLES
BODY THERMO-REGULATION:
Core B.Temp between 960 to 98.40 F

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION

WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS

REGULATION OF HORMONES:
Neither Hypo nor Hyper, but Eu

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Body cooling
mechanisms

1. Sweating
. When the body is hot, sweat
glands are stimulated to release
sweat.
. The liquid sweat evaporates.
. To do this, it needs heat.
. It gets that heat from your skin.
. As your skin loses heat, it cools

Sweating
The
skin

2.
.

Body Cooling
mechanisms...
Vasodilation
Blood carries most of the heat
energy around the body.
There are cutaneous capillaries
underneath the skin
They are full of blood if the body is
too hot.
This brings the blood closer to the
skin so more heat can be lost.

MORE HEAT LOSS FROM SKIN

If the temperature rises, the blood

vessel dilates (gets bigger).

Body Warming
Mechanisms
1.

Vasoconstriction

This is the opposite of

vasodilation
The capillaries underneath the
skin get constricted (shut off).
This takes the blood away from
the surface of the skin so less
heat can be lost.

LESS HEAT LOSS FROM SKIN

If the temperature falls, the blood

vessel constricts (gets shut off).

Body Warming
Mechanisms
2.

Piloerection

This is when the hairs on the skin

stand up .
It is sometimes called goose
bumps!
The hair trap a layer of air next to
the skin which is then warmed by
the body heat

BP Regulation

CONTROLLER

EFFECTORS
SENSOR

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THYROID HORMONES: A NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK REGULATION
HYPOTHALAMUS

TRH
ANT
PIT
TSH

TARGET
TISSUES

T3 & T4 THYROID GLAND

STIMULATING
INHIBITORY

REVIEW

Homeostasis : the
maintainance of the relative
constancy of the internal
environment
Overall Goal of all organ
systems is homeostasis
Control Systems:
Negative Feedback

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Thanks for listening

Go now and read up !

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