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si2r20%6 Watershed Hydrology 3(2+1) WH: Lesson 7 Estinaton of Missing Raia Data You securely tng gu scea09 n) Home P Courses b Existing Courses ® UG Courses - Agricultural Engineering ® Agricultural Engineering B WH P Modul. 2 Precipitation Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Raina Data Navigation Home: Site pages Curent course WH ® Participants General Modul. irodction of Water Resources and Hydro Module.2 Precipitation Lesson 4 Forms ‘and Types of Precipitation FP) Lesson § Raina Measurement BP Lesson 6 Presentation of Rainfall Data 1) Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data B Lesson 8 Consistency of Rainfall Record BP Lesson 9 Estimation of Mean Areal Rainfall B Lesson 10 Froqueney Analysis of Plnt Rainfall Module.3 Hydrological Abstractions Moule.4 Types ana Geomorphology of Watersheds. Module 5. Runot Module 6 Hydrograph Module 7. Flood Routing Module 8. rought and Flood Management Courses Ihipdlecoursesontinejastresinireaipageew prot Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data 7.1 Estimating Missing Data ‘The point observation from a precipitation gage may have a short break in the record by ie of instrument failure or absence of the observer. Thus, itis often necessary to estimate the missing record using data from the neighboring station. ‘The following methods are most commonly used for estimating the missing records, +. Simple Arithmetic Method 2, Normal Ratio Method 3. Modified normal ratio method 4. Inverse distance method 65. Linear programming method For m stations, 1, 2, 3, ....m, the annual precipitation values are P1, P2, P3, .... Pm, respectively, At station x (not included in the above m stations), the missing annual precipitation (Px) should be found out. The normal annual precipitation N1, N2, N3, Ni at each of the above (m+!) stations including the station x is known, 7.1.1 Normal Precipitation - It is the average value of precipitation at a particular date, ‘month or year over a specified 30 year period. Thus, the term normal annual precipitation at station A means the average annual precipitation at A based on a specified 30 y record. of 7.1.2 Simple Arithmetic Average - The missing precipitation Px can be determined using simple arithmetic average, if the normal annual precipitation at vatious stations are within 10% of the normal precipitation at station, x, as follow: Peel [pu parte] m a) 7.1.3 Normal Ratio Method - If the normal precipitations vary considerably then Px is estimated by weighting the precipitation at various stations by the ratios of normal annual precipitation. The normal ration method gives Px as: MPP hel wit wa ae a (7.2) This method is based selecting m (m is usually 3) stations that are near and 10 w si2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Raia Data approximately evenly spaced around the station with the missing record, Example 7.1 The normal annual rainfall at stations A, B, C and D in a basin are 80.97, 67.59, 76.28, and 92.01 em, respectively. In the year 1975, the station D was inoperative and the stations A, B, and C recorded annual rainfall of 91.11, 72.23, and 79.89 cm, respectively. Estimate the rainfall at station D in that year. Solution: As the normal rainfall values vary by more than 10%, the ration method is adopted. Be mL Nl ND ae Pa pee ees paca z pe 2.23 Be ps 8097 8759 76.28, 1 .4 Modified Normal Ratio Method Normal ratio method is modified to incorporate the effect of distance in the estimation of missing rainfall. SED" )s = pl (73) ‘Where is normal rainfall, is the distance between the index station i and the gauge station with missing data or ungaged station, n is the number of index stations and b is ‘the constant by which the distance is weighted (normally 1,5-2.0) commonly used D°S 7.1.SInverse Distance Method The inverse distance method has been advocated to be the most accurate method as compare to other two methods discussed above. Amount of rainfall o be estimated at a location is a function of +. rainfall measured at the surrounding index stations 2. distance to each index station from the ungauged location Rainfall ry at station x is given by; =) ay b=2 is commonly used, As in inverse distance method the weighting is strictly based on distance, hence this ipdlecoursesontine ast res inmeaipageNewmphaid=2210 si2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estinaton of Missing Raia Data method is not satisfactory for hilly regions. Example 7.2 Data for the base station and 5 surrounding stations are tabulated below. Find missing data at “A’ using (j) modified normal ratio method and (ii) inverse distance method, Station Distance (D) from the base station | Rainfall Normal Rainfall (sm) (emp (em sss 7 fin B 1s 25 14 Cc 121 3.4 122 D 0.85 1s 95 E 13 22 106 F 211 18 104 Solution: (i) Using modified normal ratio method following table, using b = 2 ‘Weight calculation for different stations other than the base station is shown in Station Weight (@) B 12 c 1 D 0.92 E Lia F 145 Sum 5.83 10 Hence, ipdlecoursesontine ast res inmeaipageNewmphaid=2210 ar si2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Raia Data es ets +E Trar ip 102 “14 50.15) 7 = 2: 2(0.20) 2.50.21, i aa 8(0.25) =2.12em (i) Using Inverse Distance Method Station ‘Weight (a) B 0.44 c 0.68 D 1.38 0.59 0.22 Sum 331 1.0 Hence, Tpag + Teac + pap + rede + Tap = 2,5(0.13) + 3.4(0.21) + 1.5(041) + 2.2(0.18) + 1.8(0.07) =2.18em 7.1.6Linear Programming Method Linear programming (LP) method selects a base station and several surrounding index stations and determines optimal weighting factor by minimizing the deviation between observed and computed rainfall at a base station for a number of rainfall events, Thus it determines optimal weighting factors for the base station and associated index stations, This method can be formulated as,Objective isto minimize sum of deviation for saul; +4) kovents ie, Minimize Subjected to ipdlecoursesontine ast res inmeaipageNewmphaid=2210 si2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Rail Data = Mair —U; + Vj = rail ) Tha, = 10 (sum of weights is 1) a20, U,20, 420 (Non-negativity constraints) Where, i= index for “index station” j= index for rainfall events observed rainfall at base station ‘b’ for event ‘j” ‘computed rainfall at base station for event *j* For any event, computed rain — observed rain = deviation Deviation could be either positive or negative value (unrestricted in sign), such variables are replaced by the difference of two non-negative variables (LP requirement) ice., U. Solved Example Assume that rainfall is not known at the station D. The normal precipitations of the three neighbouring gauging stations are as follows: Station | Station co-ordinate | Normal Annual Precipitation (cm) | Precipitation (cm) A |a2s) 28 25 Bap 15 10 ce [65 30 25 D 6,3) 25 2 Compute the rainfall at this point using Simple Arithmetic Method bb. Normal Ratio Method Modified Normal Ratio Method d. Inverse Distance Method Answer a. Simple Arithmetic Method ipdlecoursesontine ast res inmeaipageNewmphaid=2210 ser20%6 ‘WH: Lesson 7Estinaton of Missing Raia Data 1 Po =z [Pat Pa + Pel 1 Py = 3[25+ 10+ 25] Py = 20cm b. Normal Ratio Method Pr M22. 2] mm LBL W2 Bi B Naf Pa e's I Ns 7 aaa, a0 Z| i 28° 15° 30. Py = 19.94 cm ¢. Modified Normal Ratio Method % foe DvP ED, 4D 2.06"? (22) 25+ 2.247 (22) 10+ 2777 (2) 25 Py = Spat azeta a - 2.06? (22) 25 + 2.2407 ( 2 2.067? + 2.2408 + 2172 2) 25 + 2.2412 (28) 10 + 29/2 22) a5 2.0687 + 2.2408 + 2172 d. Inverse Distance Method ipdlecoursesontine ast res inmeaipageNewmphaid=2210 si2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estiraton of Missing Rafal Data _ GS)+GS)+G5) P, = 20.63 cm References Singh, V. P. (1994), Elementary Hydrology.Prentice Hall of India Private Limited,New Deh. Suggested Reading Subramanya, K. (1994), Engineering Hydrology. Third edition, Tata MeGraw Hill, New Delhi, You are cunsntyusing guest access (Lo9 in) wit ipdlecoursesontine ast res inmecipageNewpraid=2210 am

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