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Watershed Hydrology 3(2+1)
WH: Lesson 7 Estinaton of Missing Raia Data
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Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Raina Data
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1) Lesson 7
Estimation of
Missing Rainfall
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Ihipdlecoursesontinejastresinireaipageew prot
Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data
7.1 Estimating Missing Data
‘The point observation from a precipitation gage may have a short break in the
record by
ie of instrument failure or absence of the observer. Thus, itis often
necessary to estimate the missing record using data from the neighboring station.
‘The following methods are most commonly used for estimating the missing
records,
+. Simple Arithmetic Method
2, Normal Ratio Method
3. Modified normal ratio method
4. Inverse distance method
65. Linear programming method
For m stations, 1, 2, 3, ....m, the annual precipitation values are P1, P2, P3, .... Pm,
respectively, At station x (not included in the above m stations), the missing annual
precipitation (Px) should be found out. The normal annual precipitation N1, N2, N3,
Ni at each of the above (m+!) stations including the station x is known,
7.1.1 Normal Precipitation - It is the average value of precipitation at a particular date,
‘month or year over a specified 30 year period. Thus, the term normal annual precipitation
at station A means the average annual precipitation at A based on a specified 30 y
record.
of
7.1.2 Simple Arithmetic Average - The missing precipitation Px can be determined using
simple arithmetic average, if the normal annual precipitation at vatious stations are within
10% of the normal precipitation at station, x, as follow:
Peel [pu parte]
m a)
7.1.3 Normal Ratio Method - If the normal precipitations vary considerably then Px is
estimated by weighting the precipitation at various stations by the ratios of normal annual
precipitation. The normal ration method gives Px as:
MPP hel
wit wa ae
a (7.2)
This method is based selecting m (m is usually 3) stations that are near and
10 wsi2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Raia Data
approximately evenly spaced around the station with the missing record,
Example 7.1 The normal annual rainfall at stations A, B, C and D in a basin are 80.97,
67.59, 76.28, and 92.01 em, respectively. In the year 1975, the station D was
inoperative and the stations A, B, and C recorded annual rainfall of 91.11, 72.23, and
79.89 cm, respectively. Estimate the rainfall at station D in that year.
Solution: As the normal rainfall values vary by more than 10%, the ration method is
adopted.
Be
mL Nl ND
ae Pa
pee ees
paca
z
pe 2.23 Be
ps
8097 8759 76.28,
1
.4 Modified Normal Ratio Method
Normal ratio method is modified to incorporate the effect of distance in the estimation
of missing rainfall.
SED" )s
= pl
(73)
‘Where is normal rainfall, is the distance between the index station i and the gauge
station with missing data or ungaged station, n is the number of index stations and b is
‘the constant by which the distance is weighted (normally 1,5-2.0) commonly used D°S
7.1.SInverse Distance Method
The inverse distance method has been advocated to be the most accurate method as
compare to other two methods discussed above.
Amount of rainfall o be estimated at a location is a function of
+. rainfall measured at the surrounding index stations
2. distance to each index station from the ungauged location
Rainfall ry at station x is given by;
=) ay
b=2 is commonly used,
As in inverse distance method the weighting is strictly based on distance, hence this
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WH: Lesson 7 Estinaton of Missing Raia Data
method is not satisfactory for hilly regions.
Example 7.2 Data for the base station and 5 surrounding stations are tabulated below.
Find missing data at “A’ using (j) modified normal ratio method and (ii) inverse
distance method,
Station Distance (D) from the base station | Rainfall Normal Rainfall
(sm) (emp (em
sss 7 fin
B 1s 25 14
Cc 121 3.4 122
D 0.85 1s 95
E 13 22 106
F 211 18 104
Solution: (i) Using modified normal ratio method
following table, using b = 2
‘Weight calculation for different stations other than the base station is shown in
Station Weight (@)
B 12
c 1
D 0.92
E Lia
F 145
Sum 5.83 10
Hence,
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arsi2r20%6 WH: Lesson 7 Estimation of Missing Raia Data
es
ets +E Trar
ip
102
“14
50.15) 7 = 2: 2(0.20)
2.50.21,
i
aa 8(0.25)
=2.12em
(i) Using Inverse Distance Method
Station ‘Weight (a)
B 0.44
c 0.68
D 1.38
0.59
0.22
Sum 331 1.0
Hence,
Tpag + Teac + pap + rede + Tap
= 2,5(0.13) + 3.4(0.21) + 1.5(041) + 2.2(0.18) + 1.8(0.07)
=2.18em
7.1.6Linear Programming Method
Linear programming (LP) method selects a base station and several surrounding index
stations and determines optimal weighting factor by minimizing the deviation between
observed and computed rainfall at a base station for a number of rainfall events,
Thus it determines optimal weighting factors for the base station and associated index
stations,
This method can be formulated as,Objective isto minimize sum of deviation for
saul; +4)
kovents ie, Minimize
Subjected to
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=
Mair —U; + Vj = rail )
Tha, = 10 (sum of weights is 1)
a20, U,20, 420
(Non-negativity constraints)
Where, i= index for “index station”
j= index for rainfall events
observed rainfall at base station ‘b’ for event ‘j”
‘computed rainfall at base station for event *j*
For any event, computed rain — observed rain = deviation
Deviation could be either positive or negative value (unrestricted in sign), such
variables are replaced by the difference of two non-negative variables (LP
requirement) ice., U.
Solved Example
Assume that rainfall is not known at the station D. The normal precipitations of the
three neighbouring gauging stations are as follows:
Station | Station co-ordinate | Normal Annual Precipitation (cm) | Precipitation (cm)
A |a2s) 28 25
Bap 15 10
ce [65 30 25
D 6,3) 25 2
Compute the rainfall at this point using
Simple Arithmetic Method
bb. Normal Ratio Method
Modified Normal Ratio Method
d. Inverse Distance Method
Answer
a. Simple Arithmetic Method
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1
Po =z [Pat Pa + Pel
1
Py = 3[25+ 10+ 25]
Py = 20cm
b. Normal Ratio Method
Pr M22. 2]
mm LBL W2 Bi
B Naf Pa
e's I Ns
7 aaa, a0 Z|
i 28° 15° 30.
Py = 19.94 cm
¢. Modified Normal Ratio Method
%
foe DvP ED, 4D
2.06"? (22) 25+ 2.247 (22) 10+ 2777 (2) 25
Py = Spat azeta a
- 2.06? (22) 25 + 2.2407 (
2 2.067? + 2.2408 + 2172
2) 25 + 2.2412 (28) 10 + 29/2 22) a5
2.0687 + 2.2408 + 2172
d. Inverse Distance Method
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_ GS)+GS)+G5)
P, = 20.63 cm
References
Singh, V. P. (1994), Elementary Hydrology.Prentice Hall of India Private Limited,New
Deh.
Suggested Reading
Subramanya, K. (1994), Engineering Hydrology. Third edition, Tata MeGraw Hill, New
Delhi,
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