Force Based Design

Fundamentals
Ian Buckle
Director Center
C
ffor Civil
C Engineering Earthquake Research
University of Nevada, Reno

Learning
g Outcomes
Explain difference between elastic forces,
actual forces and Modified Design Forces
Define a plastic hinge
Explain
E l i C
Capacity
it P
Protection
t ti Phil
Philosophy
h
Describe the Component Capacity/Demand
R t fit Method
Retrofit
M th d (Method
(M th d C)
Describe how P- effects are considered in
d i
design

Force vs. Displacement

Late
eral Forrce

Elastic
Response

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9
EQ

FEQ
FEQ

EQ

Displacement
p
-

Elastic Analysis & Response

Force vs. Displacement

p

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9

For moderate-large earthquakes, FEQ is a very

large force (can be > structure weight) and it is
uneconomical to design an ordinary bridge to
resist this force elastically
Inelastic behavior (damage) is therefore
accepted, provided it

does not cause collapse

is ductile in nature (not brittle), and
occurs in designated components (members)

Exceptions are made for special structures

where the higher cost of elastic (or almost
elastic) behavior can be justified

La
ateral Fo
orce

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Fmechanism
Fmechanism
Pl ti hinge
Plastic
hi

First-Order RigidPlastic Analysis

Fmechanism

Displacement -

Plastic hinge

First Order Rigid-Plastic analysis assumes all deformations take place at

discrete
d
sc ete regions,
eg o s, ca
called
ed p
plastic
ast c hinges,
ges, a
and
d tthat
at a sufficient
su c e t number
u be o
of p
plastic
ast c
hinges have formed to form a mechanism in the pier/bent.

First-Order Rigid Plastic Pier Response

Firrst-Order
Rig
gid-Plasticc
Re
esponse

Lateral Force

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Elastic Response

Idealized
Elasto-Plastic
Response

Displacement -

Idealized Elasto-Plastic Response

La
ateral Fo
orce

Force vs. Displacement

EQ

Actual Response
FEQ

Fmax
2

Plastic Hinge

Displacement -

Actual Response Milestones

1 - Pseudo-yield
P
d i ld P
Point
i t
2 Maximum Plastic Deformations
3 Onset of Collapse
4 - Collapse
p

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Force vs. Displacement

Elastic
Response

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9
EQ

FEQ

Lateral Force

Actual
Response

FEQ

EQ

Displacement
p
-

Elastic vs. Actual Response

Firrst-Order
Rig
gid-Plasticc
Re
esponse

Lateral Force

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Elastic Response
A t l Response
Actual
R

Idealized
Elasto-Plastic
Response

Displacement -

Idealized Elasto-Plastic Response

La
ateral Fo
orce

Force vs. Displacement

Elastic
Analysis

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

First-Order
Elastic-Plastic

Second-Order Elastic-Plastic (slender

column response shown- requirements are
in place to limit this type off behavior))

Displacement -
Elastic Analysis conducted using to linear methods
First-order elasto-plastic behavior includes reduced pier/bent stiffness and
strength with progressive plastic hinge formation.
Second-order elasto-plastic behavior traces formation of plastic hinges and
includes geometric non-linearities (e.g. P-)

Pier Response with Higher Order Effects

Force vs. Displacement

p

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9

Member strengths:
g
Nominal strength, Sn
Design strength, Sd = Sn
where
h
is
i th
the strength
t
th reduction
d ti ffactor
t <1.0
<1 0
(see AASHTO LRFD Specifications)
[Expected strength, Se = e Sn
where, in absence of mill certificates,
e=1.2 for steel and 1.3 for concrete members]
Over-strength, So = o Sn
where o is the over-strength factor >1.0 (1.7 2.7)

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Latera
al Force
e

Felastic
Foverstrength
Fmechanism

Design
D
i ffor llesser off
Felastic or Foverstrength
Overstrength Factor

Force Displ. Retro

1.7

2.0

Displacement -
Foverstrength = o Fmechanism where o = over-strength
g factor

Over-strength Forces

1.7

Laterral Forcce

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9

= max
yield
yield

max

Displacement -

Displacement Ductility Factor -

Force vs. Displacement

p

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9

To calculate max

Nonlinear time history analysis using software such

as SAP2000, SEISAB-NL, ADINA, ABAQUS
Elastic analysis using either ULM
ULM, SMSA
SMSA, MMSA
MMSA, TH
to find maximum elastic displacement EQ and then
assume

either: Equal displacements, i.e. max = EQ

or:
Equal work done during elasto-plastic
response as during elastic response,
and solve for max

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9

Define R =

Felastic
Fmechanism

(Response
Modification Factor)

Latteral Force

Felastic
Then:
max = EQ
Fmechanism

yield

Felastic
R

max = EQ

Displacement -

and:
= max = R
yield
( p
(Displacement
Ductility Factor)

Relationship
p between ductility
y and R
Equal Displacement Assumption

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9

Define R =

Felastic
Fmechanism

(Response
Modification Factor)

Latteral Force

Felastic
Then:
max = EQ
Fmechanism

yield

Felastic
R

max = EQ

Displacement -

and:
= max = R
yield
( p
(Displacement
Ductility Factor)

Relationship
p between ductility
y and R
Equal Displacement Assumption

Force vs. Displacement

p

Fmechanism
(Response
Modification Factor)

Lateral Force

Define R =

Then:

Felastic
Felastic

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

max= (R EQ + yield) / 2
Felastic
R

Fmechanism

yield

EQ

max

and:
= max (R2 + 1) / 2
yield
(Displacement
Ductility Factor)

Displacement -

Relationship between ductility and R

Equal Work Done Assumption

Force vs. Displacement

p

Fmechanism
(Response
Modification Factor)

Lateral Force

Define R =

Then:

Felastic
Felastic

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

max= (R EQ + yield) / 2
Felastic
R

Fmechanism

yield

EQ

max

and:
= max (R2 + 1) / 2
yield
(Displacement
Ductility Factor)

Displacement -

Relationship between ductility and R

Equal Work Done Assumption

Force vs. Displacement

= max R
yield
= R=2
= R=3
= R=5

yield

In
ncreasin
ng Ductiility

Late
eral Forrce

= R=1

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

max

Displacement -

Substructure Type

Strength and Ductility Relationship

 = max R
yield
= R=2
= R=3
= R=5

yield

In
ncreasin
ng Ductiility

Late
eral Forrce

= R=1

max

Displacement -

NOTE: Increassing flexxibility

longer period, higher EQ

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Substructure Type

Strength and Ductility Relationship

 = max R
yield
= R=2
= R=3
= R=5

yield

Displacement -

In
ncreasin
ng Ductiility

Late
eral Forrce

= R=1

max

NOTE: Increassing flexxibility

longer period, higher EQ

Force vs. Displacement

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Substructure Type

Strength and Ductility Relationship

Force vs. Displacement

Fmechanism = Fdesign
Felastic
R

Displacement -

Axial
Force

(Pn , Mn)

9
(Pn , Mn) w/
Over-strength

Pn Mn
P,Mdesign

Foverstrength

Effecct
of R

Latera
al Force
e

Felastic

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

P Melastic
P,M

Moment

Felastic & P,Melastic force effect generated from Extreme Event 1 load combination

Elastic vs. Modified Design vs.

Over-strength Forces

Capacity
p
y Protection

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

The principle of Capacity Protection Design

is that yielding in one component (or
member) will cap (or limit) the forces and
moments in an adjacent component
(member).
(member)
i.e. reaching the elastic capacity (yield) of
one member protects adjacent members
from excessive forces

Capacity
p
y Protection
Bridge Geometry
F,,

C
h1

h2

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Capacity
p
y Protection

Bending Moment Diagram

Bridge Geometry
F,,

F,,

Mp
2

h1

h2

Mp
F

4
1

VEB

Two plastic hinges in BE,

VEB max = 2 Mp / h1

VFC

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Capacity
p
y Protection

Bending Moment Diagram

Bridge Geometry
F,,

F,,

Mp
2

h1

F
2
1

h2

Mp
F

4
VFC
VEB

F = VEB +
VFC

4
1

VEB

Two plastic hinges in BE,

VEB max = 2 Mp / h1

VFC

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Capacity
p
y Protection

Bending Moment Diagram

Bridge Geometry
F,,

F,,

Mp
2

h1

F
2
1

h2

Mp
F

4
VFC
VEB

F = VEB +
VFC

4
1

VEB

Two plastic hinges in EB,

VEB max = 2 Mp / h1

VFC

Maximum shear and moment in

foundation at E is limited by yielding
in EB, i.e. the foundation is capacity
protected by column yield

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Capacity
p
y Protection

Bending Moment Diagram

Bridge Geometry
F,,

F,,

Mp
2

h1

F
2
1

h2

Mp
F

4
VFC
VEB

F = VEB +
VFC

4
1

VEB

Two plastic hinges in EB,

VEB max = 2 Mp / h1

VFC

NOTE: For design Mp = Mn, but to

calculate max
max. value of VEB, should
use the overstrength moment,
i.e. Mp=o Mn where (o > 1)

Seismic Retrofit Process

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Three step process:

Screening and Prioritization
Detailed
D t il d E
Evaluation
l ti
Retrofit strategies, approaches and
measures

Evaluation Methods

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

FHWA Manual describes 5 basic methods

for evaluation
Methods vary in rigor from no
no-analysis
analysis to
nonlinear dynamic time history analysis
Selection
S l ti / application
li ti d
depends
d on th
the
Seismic Retrofit Category A D for the
b id ((seismic
bridge
i i h
hazard
d and
d performance
f
required), and its geometry (regularity).

Evaluation Methods

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

A and B: Default capacity method

checks capacity of components due to
g
specified
p
non-seismic loads against
minima no analysis is required (e.g.
connections and support lengths)
C: Capacity/demand method compares
component capacities against force
d
demands
d ffrom an elastic
l ti analysis
l i - on a
component-by-component basis

Evaluation Methods

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

D: Capacity/spectrum method(s) use

nonlinear capacity models for individual
piers ((or complete
p
p
bridge),
g ) i.e. a p
pushover
curve, and displacement demands from an
elastic analysis
E: Nonlinear dynamic method explicitly
models nonlinear behavior of components
i a time
in
ti
hi
history
t
analysis
l i off complete
l t
bridge

Evaluation Method C

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Capacity / Demand Ratio Method

Force demands are calculated by elastic

methods, such as multi-modal spectral analysis
method (i.e. without regard to any yielding that
may occur). Elastic displacements also used
Capacities are obtained from combination of
theory (strength of materials) and engineering
jjudgment,
g
, for each major
j component
p
Gives good results for bridges that behave
elastically, or nearly so

Evaluation Method C

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Five step procedure (FHWA 2006):

1. Determine applicability of the method
2 Determine capacity
2.
capacity, Qcii for all components (i)
using theory and engineering judgement (e.g.
Appendix
pp
D,, FHWA Manual,, 2006))
3. Determine sum of non-seismic force and
displacement demands, QNSi for all
components for each load combination in
LRFD design specification

Evaluation Method C

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Procedure continued:
4. Determine seismic demand, QEQi on each
component by an elastic method of analysis
5. For each component determine
capacity/demand ratio from:
Qci QNSi
ri =
QEQi

Evaluation Method C

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

If ri > 1.0 component has adequate capacity

If 0.5 < ri < 1.0 component mayy be acceptable
without retrofitting, depending on
other deficiencies in member, if any, and
consequences off failure
f il
If 0.5 > ri component has inadequate capacity and
retrofitting is indicated

Evaluation Method C

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Note that for each component, several c/d

ratios (ri) may need to be calculated.
Example
p 1: Support
pp lengths
g
and bearings
g

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro

Evaluation Method C

Example 2: Columns
Five (5) c/d ratios should be found for
g
each column for the following:

Anchorage length of longitudinal rebar, rca

Transverse confinement, rcc
Splice length, rcs
Shear force,
force rcv
Bending moment, rec
r
rconfinement

anchorage

rsplice

P- Effects in
Bridge Columns
F,

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

F
F
h

Kpier

Kpier

Kpier

Equilibrium in deformed state requires MA = 0,

0 ii.e.
e F h + P = (Kpier
i ) h
Therefore

F = (Kpier P / h) = K'pier

P- Effects in
Elastic Bridge Columns
Elastic capacity curve for
column, slope = Kpier

Force
F

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Elastic capacity curve

with P- included,
slope = K'pier
Loss in capacity at displacement ,
due to P- effect
= P / h

Displacement

P- Effects in
Yielding Bridge Columns
Elasto-plastic capacity curve for column;
initial slope
p = Kpier, second slope
p =0

Force

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Elasto-plastic capacity curve

with P- included;
initial slope = K'pier
second slope = - P/h

F
Loss in capacity at displacement
due to P- effect
= P / h

yield

Displacement

P- Effects in
Yielding Bridge Columns
Elasto-plastic capacity curve for column;
initial slope
p = Kpier, second slope
p =0

Force

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

Elasto-plastic capacity curve

with P- included;
initial slope = K'pier
second slope = - P/h

F
Loss in capacity at displacement
due to P- effect
= P / h

yield

Displacement

P- Effects in
Yielding Bridge Columns

Topic Applicability
Force Displ. Retro
9
9
9

AASHTO LRFD Specifications and

FHWA Retrofit Manual require that if
P / h > 0
0.25
25 Mp / h
a refined analysis must be undertaken that
explicitly includes nonlinear geometric
effects (P-)
Encouraged to limit such that
max < 0.25 Mp / P

Learning
g Outcomes
Explain difference between elastic forces,
actual forces and Modified Design Forces
Define a plastic hinge
Explain
E l i C
Capacity
it P
Protection
t ti Phil
Philosophy
h
Describe the Component Capacity/Demand
R t fit Method
Retrofit
M th d (Method
(M th d C)
Describe how P- effects are considered in
d i
design

Thank you
you