Extracellular

and
Intracellular
Communication
By:
Taufiq RN

Cell in General
Nucleolus
Nuclear
Envelope

Nucleolus

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum

Chromatine
Vacuole
Micro tubulus
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
peroxisome

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Ribosom
e
Microfilament
Microvili

Plasma Membrane

Is the cell boundary

Separate one cell from
another
Permit cellular
individuality
Selective permeabilities
Protein transporter
Ion channels

Exchange material with

extracellular environment
Exocytosis
Endocytosis

Gap junction
Exchange material with

adjacent cells

Cell to cell interaction

(trans-membrane

Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Form specialized
compartment within
cell (organelles)
Element in excitation

response coupling
Energy transduction

How Cell Does

communication

Cells communicate by sending and receiving

signals.
Signals may come from the environment, or they
may come from other cells.
In order to trigger a response, these signals must
be transmitted across the cell membrane.
Sometimes the signal itself can cross the
membrane.
Other times the signal works by interacting with
receptor proteins that contact both the outside
and inside of the cell. In this case, only cells that
have the correct receptors on their surfaces will
respond to the signal.

Cellular communication

Is an umbrella term
used in biology and
more indepth in
biophysics and
biochemistry to
identify different types
of communication
methods between
living cells.
Some of the methods
include cell signaling
among others.

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/badcom/

Cell division occurs in response to external

signals (1). Enzymes repair damaged DNA (2).
Cells make connections with their neighbors (3).
If these connections suddenly change,
neighboring cells send out an alert. Cells respect
and stay within tissue boundaries (4). If a cell is
beyond repair, it initiates its own death (5)

Various Cell Signalling

Synaptic signaling

Signal Transduction

Ligand bind
Receptor activities
Signal tranducers
Efector activation
Signal attenued

Signal pass from protein to

protein
Once inside the cell, the signal
continues on its way.
Some signals traveling to the
nucleus or to other structures
inside the cell. Signals most often
move through the cell by passing
from protein to protein,
Collectively, the proteins that relay
a signal to its destination make up
a signaling pathway.

A signaling pathway can have few

or many steps.
Some signaling pathways branch
out in different directions, sending
signals to more than one place in
the cell.

By dividing and amplifying a signal,

the cell can convert a small signal
into a large response
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insidestory/

Cell comunication goes

wrong

The cells in our bodies are

constantly sending out and
receiving signals.
What if a cell fails to send out a
signal at the proper time?

A signal doesn't reach its target?

A target cell does not respond to a
signal,
or a cell responds even though it
has not received a signal?

These are just a few ways in which

cell communication can go wrong,
resulting in disease.
In fact, most diseases involve at
least one breakdown in cell
After food enters the body (1), it is broken down and
communication.
sugar enters the bloodstream (2). Sugar stimulates
cells in the pancreas to release insulin (3). Insulin
travels through the blood to other cells in the body
and signals them to take up sugar (4

Concentration of Various
Molecules
Substance

Extracellular
fluid

Intracellular
fluid

Na+
K+
Ca++ (free)
Mg2+
ClHCO3PO43Glucose
Protein

140 mmol/L
4 mmol/L
2.5 mmol/L
1.5 mol/L
100 mmol/L
27 mmol/L
2 mmol/L
5.5 mmol/L
2 g/dL

10 mmol/L
140 mmol/L
0.1 mol/L
30 mmol/L
4 mmol/L
10 mmol/L
60 mmol/L
0-1 mmol/L
16 g/dL

Death cells

Maintenance of The
Cell Balance between
intra and extra
environment is
fundamental for living

Membrane transport of small molecules

Passive

Simple diffusion

Active

Facilitated

Via various transporter

Mainly via ATP driven

Transporter (pump)

Ion channel

Saturated fatty acid/

Unsaturated fatty acid (non polar tail)

Polar head
Non polar
tail

Pl
as
m
a
Me
m
br
an
e

Co
m
po
se
d
by
:
Lip
id
me
mb
ra
ne
C/
O:

Lipid
Protein
Carbohydrate
(Non Covalent Bond)
Thermodynamically stable
Metabolically active

Phospholipid (phosphogliceride)
glicerol binding fatty acids and
phosphorilated alcohol
Glycosphyngolipid
Cholesterol

Transfer of Material and

Information across Membrane
Cross membrane movement of small
molecules
Diffusion (passive, facilitated)
active transport
Cross membrane large molecules
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Signal transduction across membranes
Cell surface Receptors
1. signal transduction
2. signal internalization ( coupled with
endocytosis;
LDL)
Movement to intracellular receptors

Passive transport electrochemical gradient

Carrier
protein
Channe
l
Protein

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Carrier
protein

Active transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

gnaling through steroid receptors

HS
P
R

HS
P

protein

Co transport System

Uniport

Symport

antiport

Active Transport
inside
ATP

outside

3 Na+

Mg2+

2 K+
ADP
+ Pi

Glucose Transport
glucose

Na+

lumen

Symport

cytosol

Glut 2

Uniport

Na+ K+ ATPase

K+

Extracellular fluid

Endocrine Model

in
s

Table 9-3. Mechanisms of Hormone Action

Adenylyl
Cyclase
Mechanism
(cAMP)

Tyrosine
Phospholipase Steroid
Kinase
C Mechanism Hormone
Mechanis
(IP 3/Ca 2+)
Mechanism
m

ACTH

GnRH

Glucocorticoi
Insulin
ds

LH

TRH

Estrogen

FSH

GHRH

Progesterone

TSH

Angiotensin II

Testosterone

ADH (V 2
receptor)

ADH (V 1
receptor)

Aldosterone

HCG

Oxytocin

MSH

CRH

Receptors

1,25Dihydroxycho
lecalciferol
Thyroid
hormones

Guanylat
e Cyclase
Mechanis
m (cGMP)
Atrial
natriuretic
peptide
(ANP)

IGF-1
Endothelial
-derived
relaxing
factor
(EDRF)

Nitric oxide
(NO)

The End