Distance Protection for

transmission lines:
part 2
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Siemens AG 2006

SIPROTEC 4
Distance Protection
for Transmission Lines
Part2

Page 2

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Method used in 7SA52 and 7SA6 to measure I and V

Using a signal model (Kalman-Filter)

Phasors
V = I Z

V
Z = R + jL

Estimate the phasors V and I using the least squares method (minimised
errors)

yk A sin 0 k TA B cos 0 k TA e

Im

kTA

C cos 0 k TA

yk is the sampled value (v or i) - by assuming

= 60 ms the following simplification results

yk a sin 0 k TA b cos 0 k TA
Page 3

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

current

voltage
a
b

Re

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors

Principle
U U e jU U e jtU

U tU

I tI

I I e j I I e jt I

Z U I

t 0

Z Z e j Z Z cos Z j sin Z
R jX

U U e jU U j U I U
U

cos

j
sin U I
U
I
j I
I
I e
I
I
I

R
Page 4

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Fast adaptive impedance measurement

Filters with different lengths
E. g. Zone Z1

Estimate 1 (n=5)
Estimate 2 (n=6)
Estimate 3 (n=8)
Estimate 4 (n=10)
Estimate 5 (n=13)
Estimate 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
Normal 3
0
10
Jump detected

20

30

40

50

60

70

80
ms

Least Square Estimate with quality control

Adaptive Zone restriction
Page 5

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Numerical filtered phasor measurement

1. Fast operation Use short data window

2. High accuracy

High selectivity

3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation

Page 6

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

SIR - Definition
SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) describes the ratio
between the source impedance and the line impedance!

If
ZL

VF

distance relay

SIR

ZS
ZL

E
Vf
1 SIR

High SIR = Small loop voltage V F

in case of a fault at the end of the line
Note: SIR trip time curves are mostly related to zone 1, i.e. ZL = Z1

Page 7

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed

The SIR gives some information about the power of infeed

and the line length!
SIR > 4
SIR < 4 and >0.5
SIR < 0.5

short line*
medium line*
long line*

For a distance relay it is more hard to operate on a short

line (large SIR)
than on a long line (small SIR)!
*Classification according IEEE-Guide

Page 8

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Trip time curves at SIR = 1

SIRSIR=1
= 1 (A-G)
(A G)
50

45

40

Other relays

trip p in g tim e (m s)

35

30

25

20

7SA522

15

10

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

% of zone s etting

Page 9

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Trip time curves at SIR = 30

SIR=30 (A-G)

SIR = 30 (A G)
50

45

40

Other relays

trip p in g tim e (m s)

35

30

25

20

7SA522
15

10

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

% of zone s etting

High SIR (low voltage) doesnt effect the tripping time in numerical relays
Page 10

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Conventional relays: limiting of the starting

characteristic area for phase-selective fault detection
UL1 - UL2
IL1

L1
L2

IL2
IL3
IE

UL1
K

L3
UL1 UL2 UL3

E
UL3

UL2
UL3 - UL1

quadrilateral

MHO

ZL3-E
ZL2-E

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

UL1
IL1 - KE IE

impedance of
healthy loops:
UL2
ZL2-E =
IL2 - KE IE
ZL3-E

ZL3-L1
ZL1-E

Page 11

ZL1-E

IL1

IE

distance relay

ZL1-L2

impedance of
faulted loop:

UL3
IL3 - KE IE

ZL1-L2 =

UL1 - UL2
IL1 - IL2

ZL2-L3 =

UL2 - UL3
IL2 - IL3

ZL3-L1 =

UL3 - UL1
IL3 - IL1

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Distance protection
Stepped process of phase selection
fault

n = number of detected fault loops

Impedance comparison N
of fault loop impedances
Comparison of
I2 and I0 components
comparison of Load
compensated currents

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=1

N
Trip three-phase

Page 12

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Trip single-phase

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Earth loop elimination with virtual impedance

ZL-E loops outside
circle are eliminated

Calculation of virtual earth

loop impedances with
phase earth voltage and
phase current:

Z L-E min

Z = Vph-e / Iph

ZL-E min * 1.5 = radius

Advantage is that earth current does not result in small unfaulted

loops. Only the faulted loop is calculated with fault current

Page 13

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Distance protection
Modern methods of phase selection
Intelligent phase selection:

X
Z

Z
Z

Impedance comparison

quadrilateral

L1-L2

Symmetrical component analysis

L3 - L1

Load compensation

MHO

L1-E

Pattern recognition
R
Z

G
L3-E

L1
I2

L2-E

I0

I1
I2

L3

Page 14

L2

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

IF/3

I0

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Phase selection
Differenciating between single and double Ph-E fault

Sector A

I 0 1 I L1 I L2 I L3
3
I 2 1 I L1 a2 I L2 a I L3

3
I0 I2
I 0 a2 I 2
I0 a I2

: L -E or L -L -E fault
: L -E or L -L -E fault
: L -E or L -L -E fault
1

gin
r
ma

I2

Sector C

a I2

a2 I 2

Sector B

1-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in the healthy
phases are zero or have opposite phase position
Ph-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in faulted phases have same amplitude and
show a phase difference of 120 to 180 degree dependent on earthing conditions
Page 15

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution