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Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures Library

Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel

Structures

7-18-2011

Buckling of profiled steel diaphragms

Rao V. Nunna

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-library

Part of the Structural Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation
Nunna, Rao V., "Buckling of profiled steel diaphragms" (2011). Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures Library. Paper 163.
http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-library/163

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information, please contact weaverjr@mst.edu.

REPORT NO. 11-03

BUCKLING OF
PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGMS

By

Rao V.Nunna
S.B. BARNES ASSOCIATES
July 18, 2011
Revised October 21,2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
A

PAGE
NOTATION
A-ito A-ii

Notation

REPORT

References
Report

B-i
B-1 to B-10

HISTORICAL BUCKLING DATA

C-1

SECTION A

NOTATION

NOTATION
NOTATION
b

Vertical load span of deck (in).

Easley's (Ref. 1) bending stiffness per unit length of the diaphragm
(lb-in2 /in), see Figure 2.
Easley's (Ref. 1) bending stiffness per unit length of the diaphragm
(lb-in2 /in), see Figure 2.

Dxy

Easley's (Ref. 1) twisting stiffness per unit length of the diaphragm

2
(lb-in /in) see Figure 2.

Steel deck corrugation pitch (in), see Figure 1.

:tv1odulus of elasticity of diaphragm material.

Tested tensile strength of steel deck (ksi).
Specified yield stress of steel deck (ksi).

Fyt

Tested yield stress of steel deck (ksi).

I,Ix

Gross (Full) Moment of Inertia of steel deck per foot of width (in4 /ft), see
Figure 1.
Easley's (Ref. 1) Moment of Inertia of deck per width q (in
Figure 2.
Vertical load span of steel deck (ft).

Vertical load span of deck (in).

Buckling shear load per unit length (lbs/in).

Number of tests.
Maximum test load (lbs ).

A-i

),

see

NOTATION (continued)
NOTATION
q

Deck corrugation pitch (in), see Figure 2.

Calculated allowable shear (ASD), per unit length of the diaphragm
(lbs/ft).
Calculated nominal shear strength (resistance) per unit length of the
diaphragm, controlled by deck "out of plane buckling", (lbs/ft).
Maximum tested nominal shear strength (resistance) per unit length of the
diaphragm, controlled by deck "out of plane buckling", (lbs/ft).

Developed flute width per width d (in), see Figure 1. or

Developed flute width per width q (in), see Figure 2.

Base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of steel deck (in).

Poisson's ratio for steel= 0.30.

1, For U.S. customary units,

1826, For SI units.
Resistance factor.
Safety factor.

A-ii

SECTIONB

REPORT

REFERENCES

1.

Buckling Formulas for Corrugated Metal Shear Diaphragms, by John T. Easley,

Journal ofthe Structural Division, ASCE Volume 101, July 1975, pp. 1403-1417.

2.

Strength and Stiffness of Corrugated Metal Shear Diaphragms, by John T.

Easley, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE Volume 103, January 1977, pp.
169-180.

3.

TM 5-809-10 (Tri-Service Manual), Seismic Design for Buildings, Departments

of the Army, Navy and Air Force, 1982.

4.

Diaphragm Design Manual, Third Edition, No. DDM03, 2004.

5.

2009 International Building Code, International Code Council.

6.

AISI S 100; }Jorth American Specification for the Design of Cold-Forn1ed Steel
Structural Members, 2007 Edition.

7.

Acceptance Criteria for Steel Deck Roof and Floor Systems, AC43, ICC
Evaluation Service, Inc., October 2010.

8.

ASTM E455, Standard Method for Static Load Testing of Framed Floor or Roof
Diaphragm Constructions for Buildings.

9.

AISI S907-08, Test Standard for Cantilever Test Method for Cold-Formed Steel
Diaphragms.

10.

AISI S905-08, Test Methods for Mechanically Fastened Cold-Formed Steel

Connections.

11.

Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
(ASTM A 370).

B-i

REPORT ON BUCKLING OF
PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGMS
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this report is to check the validity of the widely used buckling* equations
by the steel deck manufacturers, based on the historic diaphragm buckling test data and
provide recommendations.

WIDELY USED DIAPHRAGM BUCKLING EQUATIONS:

ly
x--p-+.,---,---~Lfl+.. +,---,---.
~Lfl-+-+-,_--,
___

"""'l:_...,_r=---t
___~LJ-.+r=--\---
-4-LJ-+,---,---~w~---x

II

I.

.I

WIDTH Y "w"

..

FIGURE 1 - TRI-SERVICE/SDI REFERENCE AXES

1) TM 5-809-10 (Tri -Service Manual; Ref. 3):

The following buckling equation is given in the Tri-Service Manual;
(5-9)
where,
qn=
lx =

Lv =

Calculated allowable shear (ASD), per unit length of the diaphragm

(lbs/ft).
Gross (Full) moment of inertia of steel deck about the horizontal neutral axis of
the deck cross section per foot of width, see Figure 1 (in4 /ft).
Vertical load span of steel deck (ft).

This equation has been used for both single span and two or more span conditions.
The above equation was derived from the analysis of product manufacturer's propriety
(non-public) full scale diaphragm testing data made available to initial Tri-Service
Manual authors, "S. B. Barnes and Associates".

The term "buckling" (out-of-plane buckling) is used to describe a system behavior at a strength limit
state that is different from a fastener failure based strength limit state or a localized distortion I buckling
based strength limit state.

B-1

2) SDI DDM03 (Ref. 4):

The following buckling equation is given in DDM03:
(Eq. 2.3-1)
where,
E =Modulus of elasticity of steel (ksi) 29,500 ksi
d = Steel deck corrugation pitch (in), see Figure 1
I= Panel moment of inertia, per inch of width (in4/in), see Figure 1
l =Panel length (in)
s =Developed flute width per width d (in) (see Figure 1), s = 2(a +b)+ c (see Figure 3)
t =Base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of steel deck (in)
~ =Panel buckling factor= 1. 75

Eq. 2.3-1 above, is modified for multi span condition in DDM03 and is shown below,
(Eq. 2.3-3)
where,
d =Steel deck corrugation pitch (in), see Figure 1
I = Gross (Full) moment of inertia of steel deck about the horizontal neutral axis of the
deck cross section per foot of width, see Figure 1 (in4/ft).
l v =Load span of steel deck (Purlin or Joist spacing) (ft).
s =Developed flute width per width d (in) (see Figure 1), s = 2(a +b)+ c (see Figure 3)
t = Base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of steel deck (in)
The equation "(Eq. 2.3-1 )" above is a modified equation given by Easley (Ref. 1), \XJhich
is shown on the next page.

B-2

EASLEY'S BUCKLING EQUATIONS

cF1:fl -

I.

FIGURE 2 - EASLEY .REFERENCE AXES

The following buckling equation is given by Easley (Ref. 1) for simply supported
diaphragms.
Ncr= 36( (Dx)0.25 (Dy)0.75 )/b2

(7)

Dx = E eq/(12 s)

(19)

Dy = E Iylq

(20)

Equation (7) was generalized as shown below:

(22)
1 :S r3 :S 1.90, r3 is diaphragm end restraint coefficient
where,
b =Length of diaphragm parallel to corrugations (in)
E = Modulus of elasticity of diaphragm material (psi)
ly = Moment of inerti~ one repeating corrugation cross section (in4), see Figure 2
Ncr= Buckling shear load per unit length (lbs/in)
q =Deck corrugation pitch (in), see Figure 2
s =Developed flute width per widfh q (in) (see Figure 2), s 2(a +b)+ c (see Figure 3)
t =Base metal thickness (exclusive of coatings) of deck (in)

FIGURE 3 - STEEL DECK CORRUGATION DIMENSIONS

B-3

HISTORIC DIAPHRAGM BUCKLING TEST DATA:

AISI Subcommittee 33-Diaphragm Design was formed to develop S31 0 North American
Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragms. From Subcommittee 33,
"Buckling Task Group" was formed, and its member's names and their affiliation are
shown below in "Acknowledgements".
The diaphragm buckling test data was provided by the members of"Buckling Task
Group", and these tests were based on either ASTM E455 Standard (Ref. 8, cantilever or
simple span setup) or AISI S907 (Ref. 9) Test Standard (cantilever set up). The test data
consisted of 28 full scale diaphragm tests, where the failure mode was deck "out of plane
buckling", and localized failure at the fasteners did not occur first.
The above test data included the following significant variables:
1. Deck nominal depths: 1 test - 5/8", 26 tests - 1-1 /2" and 1 test 2"
2.~ Deck

gages: 29, 22, 20, 18 and 16.

3. Number of spans: 22 tests single span, 4 tests two span, 1 test a combination of two
span & single span and 1 test four span.
4. Deck span length: 6' -0" minimum to 16' -0" maximum.
5. Decks with end lap: 14 tests with end lap (Tests 5, 7 thru 15 and 25 thru 28).

ANALYSES:
The test data was evaluated in three spreadsheets. The tests were evaluated in accordance
with the performance procedure specified in Section F1 of AISI S100-2007 (Ref. 6) with
the following revisions per proposed AISI S310, December 2010 draft, except ~o used is
for structural members (Ref. 6):

Cw = 1.6 (LRFD), 1.5 (LSD); Pm = 1/n I;(Sint!Sinc), i = 1 to n

~0

= 2.5 for structural members LRFD; 3.0 for structural members LSD

V Q = 0.25 for LRFD and LSD

The summary evaluations are shown below.
1. First spreadsheet (sheet B-7) provides Sn (nominal shear strength), as a modified TriService Manual (Ref. 3) buckling equation, and shown below as equation 1.
Sn = 480

lx X t X Fy I Lv

(Eq. 1)
B-4

Average of all tests Rm = 1.006; Correlation Coefficient= 0.950;

<D 0.73 (LRFD); <D = 0.57 (LSD); n = 2.20 (ASD)
2. Second spreadsheet (sheet B-8) provides Sn (nominal shear strength), as a modified
Easley's (Ref. 1) buckling equation, and shown below as equation 2.
(Eq. 2)
Average of all tests Rm = 1.006; Correlation Coefficient= 0.950;
<D = 0. 73 (LRFD); <D = 0.57 (LSD); n = 2.20 (ASD)
3. Third spreadsheet (sheet B-9) provides a comparison of various buckling equations and
how they fit the diaphragm buckling test data are shown below.
a) Repeat of above Eq.1 and Eq. 2 (Best Fit), which gave the same results are given in
first and second spreadsheets respectively.
b) SDI DDiv103, Eq. 2.3-3 (Multi span) & AISI S310 (December 2010 draft), Eq. D2.1-1
(Multi Span) is shown below:

Average of all tests Rm = 2.432; Correlation Coefficient= 0.91 0;

<D (LRFD) = 1.71; <D (LSD)= 1.33; n = 0.94
c) AISI S310 (December 2010 draft) Eq. D2.1-2:
Snb = [8480/(a Lv2)] [I3t 3d/s] 114
Average of all tests Rm = 0.932; Correlation Coefficient= 0.91 0;
<D (LRFD) 0.66; <D (LSD) = 0.51; n = 2.44
d) TSM 5-809-10 (1982) Eq. 5-9 (ASD)

n en= 2);

Average of all tests Rm = 0.904; Correlation Coefficient= 0.876;

<D (LRFD) 0.61; <D (LSD)= 0.47; n = 2.63

B-5

e) Proposed AISI S310 (July 2011 draft), Eq. D2.1-1;

Snb

[7890/(a Lv

)]

[I3ed/s]

114

(Eq. 3)

Average of all tests Rm = 1.002; Correlation Coefficient= 0.910;

cD (LRFD) 0.70; cD (LSD)= 0.55; Q = 2.27

CONCLUSIONS:
Comparison of various buckling equations is shown on page B-10. Based on the available
diaphragm buckling data it is recommended to use any of the following buckling
equations.
Modified Tri-Service Manual buckling equation (Eq. 1) or Modified Easley's buckling
equation (Eq. 2) or Proposed AISI S310 (July 2011 draft), Eq. D2.1-1 (Eq. 3)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
In addition to the author, the "Buckling Task Group" consisted of:
Patrick Bodwell
William Gould
Keith Cullum
Jeffrey Martin
Dave Boltz

ASC Steel Deck

Hilti, Inc.
V erco Decking, Inc.
V erco Decking, Inc.
Wheeling Corrugating Company

The "Buckling Task Group" would also like to thank John Mattingly for his guidance and
assistance in the completion of this report.
Respectfully submitted,
S. B. Barnes Associates
C~SULTING STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS

;11/A-1.'7\I)W-

Rao V. Nunna, S.E.

B-6

Out-of-Plane Buckling Study

AISI Buckling Task Group

Diaphragm Shear Buckling Modified TRI-Services Equation (All Tests)

Test No. Gage

Deck Type

Full
Panel
Measured
Moment of Corrugation
Thickness
Inertia
Pitch

Developed
Flute Width

Yield

Tensile

Deck
Span

Number
of
Spans

Stiffnesses per unit length

Maximium
Test Load

Maximum Calculated
Uniform
Nominal
Test Shear
shear

lx

Fy

Fu

Lv

Ox

Dy

Dxy

p;

Snt

Snc

(in)

(in 4/ft)

(in)

(in)

ksi

ksi

ft

(in-lb)

(in-lb)

(in-lb)

lbs

(lbs/ft)

(lbs/ft)

Sn/Snc
Ri

1
2
3
4
5

22
20
18
22
20

1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

0.0300
0.0360
0.0470
0.0290
0.0336

0.1925
0.2312
0.3026
0.1861
0.2158

6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233

53767
52433
56467
55700
42960

67233
65967
69033
68233
61820

10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
6.67

2
2
2
2
2+1

47.74
82.49
183.57
43.12
67.07

473229
568367
743892
457496
530582

141.98
245.34
545.96
128.25
199.47

30572
45447
72479
44487
58853

1274
1894
3020
1854
3270

1490
2095
3855
1443
3361

0.855
0.904
0.783
1.285
0.973

29

5/8"

0.0132

0.0220

9.00

9.59000

115000

118000

6.00.

5.31

54083

9.27

5270

293

445

0.658

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

16
22
20
16
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
18
18
16
16
16
16
16
22
20
16
22

1-1/2"
1-112''
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2''
2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

0.0570
0.0287
0.0345
0.0562
0.0360
0.0317
0.0310
0.0310
0.0310
0.0285
0.0290
0.0470
0.0470
0.0590
0.0590
0.0590
0.0590
0.0559
0.0281
0.0338
0.0560
0.0282

0.3632
0.1842
0.2216
0.3581
0.2370
0.2090
0.2040
0.2090
0.2090
0.1829
0.1861
0.3026
0.3026
0.3759
0.3759
0.3759
0.3759
0.6571
0.18035
0.21711
0.35679
0.18099

6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
12.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
7.99680
7.99680
7.99680
7.99680
7.99680
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
14.58428
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233

54025
45210
48500
45490
67320
50210
53890
51670
49790
49500
48800
42700
42700
36900
36900
36900
36900
46210
46820
44220
57280
47060

67737
56960
58260
56390
75740
69900
72550
70100
68960
54900
55900
60800
60800
49700
49700
49700
49700
56191
63660
61560
65930
65530

10.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
16.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
8.00

1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1

892867
452825
544767
880329
582625
513792
501500
513792
513792
449629
457496
743892
743892
924088
924088
924088
924088
1615273
443360
533729
877109
444934

973.84
124.31
215.93
933.41
235.18
160.57
150.17
150.17
150.17
119.10
125.48
534.17
534.17
1056.68
1056.68
1056.68
1056.68
802.91
116.68
203.05
923.48
117.93

84813
28910
41300
74340
56483
32426
53122
48354
31642
27000
31000
64200
71640
71500
70400
93200
90000
63550
37925
35363
78470
45100

4712
1606
2294
4130
2824
1621
3320
2418
1582
1682
1932
4076
4549
4540
4470
5918
5714
3531
2107
1965
4359
2506

5369
1793
1780
4394
2757
1597
2556
1607
1548
1935
1975
4555
4555
6138
6138
6138
6138
3182
1780
1558
5493
1801

0.878
0.896
1.289
0.940
1.024
1.015
1.299
1.505
1.022
0.869
0.978
0.895
0.999
0.740
0.728
0.964
0.931
1.110
1.184
1.262
0.793
1.391

Snc

= 480 X p X (Ix)n 2 X t

n!

Average, Rm =
1.006
Power of Span Correction
n3 =
2
Correlation Coeff =
0.950
Method
AlSI
Power of Thickness Correction
1
n1 =
Power of lx Correction
1
n2 =
Standard Deviation of Sn/Snc
a=
n=
Number of Tests
28
= n-1
m=
27
Ccp=
Calibration Coefficient
(LRFD)
1.6
1.5
(LSD)
Material Factor
Mm = 1.10
Fabrication Factor
Fm = 1.00

(Fy )n 4 /(Lv )n 3

Equation proposed by:

Rao Nunna, S.E.
S. B. Barnes Associates
Poisson's ratio for steel

j.J=

Modulus of elsticity of steel (psi)

E=

29500000

13 =

1.000

Panel Buckling factor

Power of Fy Correction

327.44
41.80
72.60
313.84
86.06
58.76
54.95
54.95
54.95
41.83
44.07
187.62
187.62
371.14
371.14
371.14
371.14
353.32
39.23
68.27
310.51
39.65

0.30

Average of Sn/Snc Pm=

n4 =

Coefficient of Variation for Material

Vm =

0.10

Coefficient of Variation for Fabrication

VF =

0.05

Number of Samples Factor

CP =

1.12

Coefficient of Variation for Test Resulte

vp =

Coefficient of Variation for Load Effect

Vo =

0.25

Cumulative Coefficient of Variation

VR =

0.35

cp=
cp=

0.73
0.57

(LRFD)
(LSD)

Factor of safety n =

2.20

(ASD)

Resistance factor for connections for LRFD with a target reliability index of
Resistance factor for connections for LSD with a target reliability index of

B-7

1.00

2.5
3.0

Out-of-Plane Buckling Study

AISI Buckling Task Group

Diaphragm Shear Buckling- Modified Easley's Equation (All Tests)

Test No. Gage

Deck Type

Panel
Full
Measured
Moment of Corrugation
Thickness
Inertia
Pitch

Developed
Flute Width

Yield

Tensile

Deck
Span

Number
of
Spans

Stiffnesses per unit length

Maximium
Test Load

Maximum Calculated
Nominal
Uniform
shear
Test Shear

Sn/Snc

lx

Fy

Fu

Lv

Ox

Dy

Dxy

p;

Snt

Snc

(in)

(in 4/ft)

(in)

(in)

ksi

ksi

ft

(in-lb)

(in-lb)

(in-lb)

lbs

(lbs/ft)

(lbsfft)

473229
568367
743892
457496
530582

141.98
245.34
545.96
128.25
199.47

30572
45447
72479
44487
58853

1274
1894
3020
1854
3270

1490
2095
3855
1443
3361

0.855
0.904
0.783
1.285
0.973

54083

9.27

5270

293

445

0.658

973.84
124.31
215.93
933.41
235.18
160.57
150.17
150.'17
150.17
119.10
125.48
534.17
534.17
1056.68
1056.68
1056.68
1056.68
802.91
116.68
203.05
923.48
117.93

84813
28910
41300
74340
56483
32426
53122
48354
31642
27000
31000
64200
71640
71500
70400
93200
90000
63550
37925
35363
78470
45100

4712
1606
2294
4130
2824
1621
3320
2418
1582
1682
1932
4076
4549
4540
4470
5918
5714
3531
2107
1965
4359
2506

5369
1793
1780
4394
2757
1597
2556
1607
1548
1935
1975
4555
4555
6138
6138
6138
6138
3182
1780
1558
5493
1801

0.878
0.896
1.289
0.940
1.024
1.015
1.299
1.505
1.022
0.869
0.978
0.895
0.999
0.740
0.728
0.964
0.931
1.110
1.184
1.262
0.793
1.391

1
2
3
4
5

22
20
18
22
20

1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

0.0300
0.0360
0.0470
0.0290
0.0336

0.1925
0.2312
0.3026
0.1861
0.2158

6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233

53767
52433
56467
55700
42960

67233
65967
69033
68233
61820

10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
6.67

2
2
2
2
2+1

47.74
82.49
183.57
43.12
67.07

29

5/8"

0.0132

0.0220

9.00

9.59000

115000

118000

6.00

5.31

Ri

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

16
22
20
16
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
18
18
16
16
16
16
16
22
20
16
22

1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

0.0570
0.0287
0.0345
0.0562
0.0360
0.0317
0.0310
0.0310
0.0310
0.0285
0.0290
0.0470
0.0470
0.0590
0.0590
0.0590
0.0590
0.0559
0.0281
0.0338
0.0560
0.0282

0.3632
0.1842
0.2216
0.3581
0.2370
0.2090
0.2040
0.2090
0.2090
0.1829
0.1861
0.3026
0.3026
0.3759
0.3759
0.3759
0.3759
0.6571
0.18035
0.21711
0.35679
0.18099

Snc = 5760x p X (DyY 2 X t nl

6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
12.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
7.99680
7.99680
7.99680
7.99680
7.99680
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
14.58428
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233

54025
45210
48500
45490
67320
50210
53890
51670
49790
49500
48800
42700
42700
36900
36900
36900
36900
46210
46820
44220
57280
47060

67737
56960
58260
56390
75740
69900
72550
70100
68960
54900
55900
60800
60800
49700
49700
49700
49700
56191
63660
61560
65930
65530

(FyY 4 /(EX (LvY 3 )

Modulus of elsticity of steel (psi)

Panel Buckling factor

Power of Fy Correction

1-1

E=
13

1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1

327.44 892867
41.80 452825
72.60 544767
313.84 880329
86.06 582625
58.76 513792
54.95 501500
54.95 513792
54.95 513792
41.83 449629
44.07 457496
187.62 743892
187.62 743892
371.14 924088
371.14 924088
371.14 924088
371.14 924088
353.32 1615273
39.23 443360
68.27 533729
310.51 877109
39.65 444934

Average, Rm =
1.006
Power of Span Correction
2
n3 =
Correlation Coeff =
0.950
Method
AlSI
Power of Thickness Correction
1
n1 =
Power of lx Correction
1
n2 =
Standard Deviation of Sn/Snc
a=
0.213
Number of Tests
n=
28
= n-1
m=
27
Calibration Coefficient
C<ll=
1.6
(LRFD)
1.5
(LSD)
Mm=
Material Factor
1.10
Fm=
Fabrication Factor
1.00

Equation proposed by:

Rao Nunna, S.E.
S. B. Barnes Associates
Poisson's ratio for steel

10.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
16.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
8.00

0.30
29500000

Average of Sn/Snc Pm=

1.000

n4 =

Coefficient of Variation for Material

vm=

0.10

Coefficient of Variation for Fabrication

VF =

0.05

Number of Samples Factor

Coefficient of Variation for Test Resulte

cp =
vp =

0.211

Coefficient of Variation for Load Effect

Vo=

0.25

Cumulative Coefficient of Variation

VR =

0.35

Ci:>=
Ci:>=

0.73
0.57

(LRFD)
(LSD)

Factor of safety n =

2.20

(ASD)

Resistance factor for connections for LRFD with a target reliability index of
Resistance factor for connections for LSD with a target reliability index of

B-8

1.00

2.5
3.0

1.12

Out-of-Plane Buckling Study

AISI Buckling Task Group

Diaphragm Shear Buckling- Comparison of Various Buckling Equations (All Tests)

Test No. Gage

Deck Type

Number Maximum (a) Eq.1 &

Uniform Eq. 2 (Best
of
Fit)
Test
Shear
Spans
Snt

Snc

(lbslft)

(lbs/ft)

Sn/Snc
Ri

(b) SOl DDM03 Eq. 2.3

3 (Multi Span) &AISI
Sn/Snc
S310 (December 2010,
draft) Eq. D2.1-1 (Multi
Ri
Span)

(c)AISI 8310
(December 2010,
draft) Eq. D2.1-2
(Single Span)

Ri

(d) TSM 5-809-1 0

(1982) Eq. 5-9 (x2
for Nominal
Strength)

Sn/Snc

Sn/Snc
Ri

(e) Proposed AISI

8310 Eq. D2.1-1
(July 2011, draft)
Single Span and
Multiple Span

Sn/Snc
Ri

1
2
3
4
5

22
20
18
22
20

1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

2
2
2
2
2+1

1274
1894
3020
1854
3270

1490
2095
3855
1443
3361

0.855
0.904
0.783
1.285
0.973

627
825
1233
596
1672

2.03
2.30
2.45
3.11
1.96

1636
2152
32'16
1555
4362

0.78
0.88
0.94
1.19
0.75

1925
2312
3026
1861
4851

0.66
0.82
1.00
1.00
0.67

1522
2002
2992
1447
4059

0.84
0.95
1.01
1.28
0.81

29

5/8"

293

445

0.658

198

1.48

516

0.57

611

0.48

480

0.61

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

16
22
20
16
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
18
18
16
16
16
16
16
22
20
16
22

1-1/2"
1-112''
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-112''
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1

4712
1606
2294
4130
2824
1621
3320
2418
1582
1682
1932
4076
4549
4540
4470
5918
5714
3531
2107
1965
4359
2506

5369
1793
1780
4394
2757
1597
2556
1607
1548
1935
1975
4555
4555
6138
6138
6138
6138
3182
1780
1558
5493
1801

0.878
0.896
1.289
0.940
1.024
1.015
1.299
1.505
1.022
0.869
0.978
0.895
0.999
0.740
0.728
0.964
0.931
1.110
1.184
1.262
0.793
1.391

1633
917
774
1599
849
702
1060
691
691
912
936
1936
1936
2702
2702
2702
2702
1014
888
750
1591
893

2.88
1.75
2.96
2.58
3.33
2.31
3.13
3.50
2.29
1.84
2.06
2.10
2.35
1.68
1.65
2.19
2.11
3.48
2.37
2.62
2.74
2.81

4262
2392
2019
4173
22'16

1.11
0.67
1.14
0.99
1.27
0.88
1.20
1.34
0.88
0.71
0.79
0.81
0.90
0.64
0.63
0.84
0.81
1.33
0.91
1.00
1.05
1.08

3632
2878
2216
3581
2370
2090
3188
2090
2090
2858
2908
4728
4728
5873
5873
5873
5873
2567
2818
2171
3568
2828

1.30
0.56
1.04
1.15
1.19
0.78
1.04
1.16
0.76
0.59
0.66
0.86
0.96
0.77
0.76
1.01
0.97
1.38
0.75
0.91
1.22
0.89

3966
2226
1879
3882
2061
1705
2573
1677
1677
2215
2273
4701
4701
6560
6560
6560
6560
2463
2156
1822
3861
2168

1.19
0.72
1.22
1.06
1.37
0.95
1.29
1.44
0.94
0.76
0.85
0.87
0.97
0.69
0.68
0.90
0.87
1.43
0.98
1.08
1.13
1.16

Average, Rm =
Power of Span Correction
Correlation

n3 =

1.006
2
0.950

2.432

0.932

0.904

1.002

0.910

0.910

0.876

0.910

AlSI
1
1

Power of Thickness Correction

Power of Dy Correction
Standard Deviation of Sn/Snc
Number ofTests
= n-1
Calibration Coefficient

n1 =
n2 =
a=
n=
m=
CCI>=

Material Factor

Mm =

28
27
1.6
1.5
1.10

Fabrication Factor

Fm=

Average of Sn/Snc Pm=

18~13

2765
1802
1802
2380
2443
5053
5053
7051
7051
7051
7051
2647
2318
1958
4150
2330

28
27
1.6
1.5
1.10

28
27
1.6
1.5
1.10

0.231
28
27
1.6
1.5
1.10

0.231
28
27
1.6
1.5
1.10

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.01

2.43

0.93

0.90

1.00

(LRFD)
(LSD)

Coefficient of Variation for Material

vm=

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Coefficient of Variation for Fabrication

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

Number of Samples Factor

VF=
cp =

1.12

1.12

1.12

vp =

1.12
0.231

1.12

Coefficient of Variation for Test Resulte

Coefficient of Variation for Load Effect

Va=

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Cumulative Coefficient of Variation

VR =

0.35

0.37

0.37

0.38

0.37

2.5
3.0

cD=
cD=

0.73
0.61

(LRFD)
(LSD)

1.71
1.33

0.66
0.51

0.61
0.47

0.70
0.55

Factor of safety Q =

2.19

(ASD)

0.94

2.44

2.63

2.27

B-9

Comparison of Buckling Equations

8,000

r Item (a)- Eq. 1 & Eq. 2 (Best Fit)

A ltern (b)- S310 Eq. 02.1-1 (Multi)

........

+ Item (c)- S310 Eq. 02.1-2 (Single)

7,000

e ltem (d)- TSM Eq. 5-9 (x2)

A ltern (e)- Proposed S31 0 Eq. 02.1-1

I:IJ

6,000
~

-en

Q.

. 5,000
C)

cG)

,en
~

..

.c
G)

..

4,000

G)

....

. .

....

...ca

-- .

[]

....en...

..

3,000

:::::1
(J

ca

:t

2,000

A
A A

1,000

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Tested Shear Strength, Sn (plf)

B-10

6,000

7,000

8,000

SECTIONC

HISTORIC DIAPHRAGM BUCKLING TEST DATA

HISTORIC DIAPHRAGM BUCKLING TEST DATA

Test No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Deck Type
1-1 /2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
5/8"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
2"
1-1/2"
1-1 /2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"

Support
Fastening 1

End
Lap

Side Lap

36/7
36/9
36/9
36/9
36/7
36/4
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/4
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/4
36/7
36/7
36/7
36/7

none
none
none
none
2"
none
2"
2"
2"
2"
4"
4"
4''
4"
4"
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
2"
2"
2"
2"

6" o.c.
6" o.c.
3" o.c.
3" o.c.
9 per span
24" o.c.
19 per span
7 per span
9 per span
9 per span
24" o.c.
24" o.c.
12" o.c.
12" o.c.
24" o.c.
24" o.c.
12" o.c.
24" o.c.
12" o.c.
24" o.c.
24" o.c.
12" o.c.
12" o.c.
15 per span
8 per span
4 per span
4 per span
8 per span

Deck Gage
(Measured
Thickness)

Full Moment
of Inertia lx

22(0.0300)
20(0.0360)
18(0.0470)
22(0.029)
20(0.0336)
29(0.0132)
16(0.0570)
22(0.0287)
20(0.0345)
16(0.0562)
20(0.0360)
22(0.0317)
22(0.0310)
22(0.031 0)
22(0.0310)
22(0.0285)
22(0.0290)
18(0.0470)
18(0.0470)
16(0.0590)
16(0.0590)
16(0.0590)
16(0.0590)
16(0.0559)
22(0.0281)
20(0.0338)
16(0.0560)
22(0.0282)

0.1925
0.2312
0.3026
0.1861
0.21583
0.0220
0.3632
0.1842
0.2216
0.3581
0.237
0.209
0.204
0.209
0.209
0.1829
0.1861
0.3026
0.3026
0.3759
0.3759
0.3759
0.3759
0.65706
0.18035
0.21711
0.35679
0.18099

(in 4/ft}

s
developed
flute width
Jinl

Panel
corrugation
_o_itchiinl

8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
9.590
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
7.9968
7.9968
7.9968
7.9968
7.9968
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
8.16228
14.58428
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233
8.34233

6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
9.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
12.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

53767
52433
56467
55700
42,960
115000
54,025
45,210
48,500
45,490
67,320
50,210
53,890
51,670
49,790
49,500
48,800
42,700
42,700
36,900
36,900
36,900
36,900
46,210
46,820
44,220
57,280
47,060

C-1

Deck
Span

Number
of Spans

Ultimate
Load

Test
Frame
(Length x
Width)

Ultimate
Load
{lbs/ft}

67233
65967
69033
68233
61,820
118000
67737
56,960
58,260
56,390
75,740
69,900
72,550
70,100
68,960
54,900
55,900
60,800
60,800
49,700
49,700
49,700
49,700
56191
63,660
61,560
65,930
65,530

10'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
6'-8"
6'-0"
10'-0"
8'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
8'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
16'-0"
8'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
8'-0"

2
2
2
2
2+1
4
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1
1+1
1+1
1+1
1+1

30572
45447
72479
44487
58853
5270
84813
28910
41300
74340
56483
32426
53122
48354
31642
27000
31000
64200
71640
71500
70400
93200
90000
63550
37925
35363
78470
45100

20'x24'
20'x24'
20'x24'
20'x24'
20'x18'
24'x18'
20' X 18'
16'x18'
20'x18'
20'x18'
20'x21'
20'x21'
16'x18'
20'x21'
20'x21'
16.30'x16.05'
16.30'x16.05'
16.00'x15. 75'
16.00'x15. 75'
16.00'x15. 75'
16.00'x15. 75'
16.00'x15. 75'
16.00'x15. 75'
16' X 18'
16'x18'
20'x18'
20'x18'
16'x18'

1274
1894
3020
1854
3270
293
4712
1606
2294
4130
2824
1621
3320
2418
1582
1682
1932
4076
4549
4540
4470
5918
5714
3531
2107
1965
4359
2506

'

Fy
(psi}

Notes:
1. Arc Spot Welds or PAF or Bolts or Screws.
2. Top Seam Welds or Fillet Welds or Button Punch or Screws or Proprietary fastening

Fu
(psi}