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RI s Analsis in
I. INTRODUCTION
_
.
mechanincrtio foarampaitci calcuti Ite
t
lmo tednby
mytehanical
carcermisticlesaofcondutor materesiaoromor othen
bytemxalprisleagnthlneeutngfo te
Tem-perature in 'C
Country
50115
USA
Ca0da75
a tightly
50 790
Scndnai
Iregulated and predictable environment where investments
in transmission system were planned many years in advance.
Poland.
4080
Changes of the loads of transmission network caused by the
of the
market
can be now more frequent
development ise
energy inmls1l
Weather conditions are another essential parameters
calculationst
presente
[1]uo
Theeatr mahmaia mode
In
and
faster.
a
modern
access"~
circuit
environment,
'open
lines are
influencing
ampacity calculations.
The overhead
sinlifcaludes
o weather
ctacondtinsad thineload inlunc on
Asueddffretvaus
of mentione
abv parameters
in
load
and large
uncertain
changes
capital expenditures
for
of
maximum
usually
average
daily
evlationg
rated.
expected.
oflr are
conducto
ri tempratures
in
thsriedsthead
pandqai
The
edtosgiiatdifrnenraigrsls
calulte
adthelreulating
ditribtionsystms
ae usallynottemperature
of the hottest
month. used
The solar
of 1000
stlreadytranmisson
state Buacty
ampaityL dependis
stronglyo has
on mpClaciltyforcthretypical
conducotor
in Pls
tranmissiottn
heating
of load capacity
of the etwr
acceptable. Therefore
making the omost
______________________
opliol
laiill
ehd.T
W/M2
is isusually
taken into
nausir
phe
resented
There
are
plin
Tableconsideration.
IIIg r the lreresults
rl different
shwtesrongth
and. tersityo
distribution
is ofEectrical
of great values
existing
of aofdferlsben
wind speedpisarametr
a wind angle
used in
U.Sciwy transmission
15rwth Seslane Unbivll
Teholglines
Eacualty
influence
theoerhea
linfaerating
(see TablefolnII) and
importance.
calculations.
Most
of
utilities
seasonal
distinguish
ratings.
EnieernInslw.TitueilLorretl
PoweruSytems Eninete
raing candLcas
so r rT l
Cotrol
The realStvalue
thee load
an
line Some of them calculate night and. day ampacity.
capacity
2 KzywusLtego
44 - of
100 Gliwc
Polrand
(e-mal:ofdwarcLsi
a overhead.
u polsl)
depends significantly on actual weather conditions. It is
therefore a dynamic value which can change in a wide range.
TABLE II
WIND
SPEED
AsSUMED
FOR
OVERHEAD
LINE RATING CALCULATIONS
use
different
methods
to
Nowadays many of system operators
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Copyright =KTH.2006
increase the transmission capacity. Most of them calculate the
Wind speed in rn/s
Country
overhead. lines ampacity using less conservative assumpsions.
0 ,5
JSApa
But the real risk of exceeding conductor temperature limit is
h
usually not explicitly determined by the calculations.
UK
0,5 0,7
France
Scandinavia
Germany
Poland
0r6
1 0
0,6
0,5
2
TABLE III
temperature
Wind speed
40
0,0
0,5
limit in C
0,6
___
1 0_
00
50
0,5
0,6
1,0
0,0
05
0,6
10
0,0
0,5
0,6
80
i,0
0,0
100
0,5
0,6
10
Ambient temperature in C
10
20
443/804
569/879
407/807
716/998
758/1028
883/1122
0/420
0/557
0/574
0/627
0/650
436/822
482/847
608/923
1006/1193
1049/1229
863/1076
903/1109
685/941
723/968
765/1000
0/612
30
361/762
670/947
712/976
834/1068
634/940
908/1142
952/1177
1085/1286
398/780
6 13/890
1179/1341
1024/1208
1239/1385
1284/1425
1135/1293
1177/1330
1018/1192
1423/1551
1397/1557
1634/1772
1689/1822
1856/1977
911/1103
408/765
836/1055
789/1005
1016/1190
1056/1224
1308/1446
1299/1470
1177/1330
1192/1377
1539/1685
1434/1590
1590/1732
1749/1877
1483/1634
where:
(2)
(3)
(4
where:
nR
temperature,
a-Nbsent tenperature,
Nu- Nusselto diuamber,
Nu
D - conductor diameter
- conductor
emissivity,
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant.
5B
-
1632/1770B
P = PI + P
/
9A )Nu
f9ANRS
2
-('9 l'273 )4
B,9
/}/A
(5)
(6)
where:
p, - air density,
V- wind speed,
v - kinematic viscosity of the air.
-Effective -Measured
oa
bin
em eatrsar
wni
Fg
su in
..................................................................................................................................
01-06-20
01-06-20
01-06-2001-06-20 01-06-20
01-06-25. . . . . .
M
speedo
Fi7 .0 asrd0n
calculated................................................ effectivew
windliy
du
0,02............................................
to
lmi
tmp
raur
....0....100......200.......300......400.......00
comparison....between..the..rating...and..real..line..ampacity..is..only..the..probability...of.
the..conductor...temperature...limit.
sh wn
inFi.~...exceedng........but....also....ifs....statisti.cal.........di...tr...button......(see....Fg.....4)...
ac........................i.......................................
.......................0...2
02 ,1
00:00
00:00 00:00..00:00.00:00.00:00..00:00.00:00
02 0 2 02~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00~~~~~00 02 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~07 02 003
5 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 02~~~~~~~~~00~~~~~~12 02 0~~~~~~~~....15*...........*......i......iihhh.i ...............
Fig.2.Summerratinganduverhead
realampaciuftany line withA240
CRS
The
minicunductur
'
00 '(T
.................0,5.1,5..2,5..2,5.4,5..5,5..6,5.7,5..5,5.
0,5.10,5..11,5..12,5
temperature
exce dinIgCl~ ~Conductor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..............................
Fig.4.Cunductur
temperaturelimit
exce ding distrihutituruntwuambient~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........................................................
ampacity calculated
monitoring datafromcan
be~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......................................
alsoaasstocastic t parameters
Onetreatedof
process.
e
is
As the results showt excedisdtirnigblimit
utioen atte~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
value.
thenasruaasmnaedcan
otomIt
bethe time (a lower ambient temperature rating(higher
)ismuch more~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
statisticvariabilispecified
toytfhelineampaincity hours of dangerous.
Although
oftprobability
theexce eding isequal,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
more or analyzed)
thedayisthen often ambient
the
values
it's
could bemuch
higher.
aTphroemprearfsoure~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
temperatur(e astatiampacity
stivcariabilioftlyihene caused of the real riskincurred
bynetwork operator can be he.a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
byotherweathcoenrdthenitisionsAs
analyzed).
result
a the specified percentile ofconductor
temperature limitexce ding.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
line
random
ampaciastyasnot
tatiofstfuincatlion parameter
The ampacity of different
conductors havebeencalculated~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
is gien whre th.rsk (pob bliy) of th .cctr.sig
nd
ab vedecrbe.rle..t.une.ot.ha.te eltinsi
temperature
limit exceeding is equal for every value of the not between the ambient temperature
and
thealmost~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......
lineratingis
random parameter.
faorinom afbandlinear.
ratingispresented
The in Fig. 5.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Copyright KTH 2006....
'possible.
1600
1400
ACSR525
1200
1000
8000-
6
00~
600
*:
ACSR 240
///1
used.
400
1300
200
1200
1100
-6
-10
10
16
20
Ambient temperature (C)1
26
30
36
___
4100___-
_=w____
2
800
Similarly
daily
profitable
It is
is profitable
load load
is high.
thetime
network
timewhensame
when the network
is high. It
7001
Average ampacity
10
15
20
Ambient temperature (C)
25
30
35
risk
levels)
800
700
-5
curve
same
900
700
600
500
Line rating
600
500
400
400
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time
Fig. 6. Daily curve of the overhead line rating in winter (ACSR 240)
wind
s-
0.6
TABLE IV
A9AL
A9AL
0.08
0.05
0.83
0.36
Ambient, Rating
ImA
9A=10 C IR=I049A
dA=30 C JR=723A
I/e
A9AV
K/mis
-33.0
19.0
A9A
K!
-0.14
0.08
TABLE V
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE EXCEEDING CAUSED BY SMALL LINE OVERLOAD
OR WEATHER CONDITIONS CHANGES (ACSR)
Wined
Wind
speed
Wind
ion
direction
Eine load
90
IR
1.05IR
misc,
0.6
0.5
A= I C =I1 049A
9A-C,
I__
45
9,=30 C IR=723A
Temperature
excedng
I exceedinrg
K
0.0
4.0
8.3
1.1II
I IR
Fie load
IR
1 05IR
1,IIR
IR
10.0
105IR
1.05IR
14.7
1_
l.l1/R 19.8
9.8 IR ._I_
Temperature
exceeding
K
0.0
1.8
3.6
5.6
7.6
[1]
"Thermal
[5]
[6]
TABLE VI
A=10 C I1R=049A
speed |direction
dietoWinedoa
ecedig
Line load excedig
|speed
m/s
0.6
90
0.5
45
IR
1.05IR
I
I1.1I
IR
|
1.05IR
-I "R
cm
0.0
16 24
33 50
|40 60
59 88
79
119
A-=30 C, IR=723A
Fiela
Line
load
IR
R05IR
.lIR
R
1.05IR
1 .l1R
Sag
exceeding
cm
0.0
7 11
14 22
22 34
30 46
39
22.12
August 2002.
[2] "Survey on future use of conductors" CIGRE SC22 TF 12-1 1998
[3] G. Biedenbach, H.L.M. Boot, A.H. Wey, F.H. Wild, "Overhead line
local and distributed conductor temperature measurement techniques7
imodels and experience at TZH". CIGRE Session 22-205, 2002
[4] R. Stephen, "Description of state of the art methods to determine thermal
Wi
VII. REFERENCES
behavior of overhead conductors" CIGRE 207 WG
59
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Nowadays most of utilities use the traditionally calculated
line rating. It is the seasonal or more and more often dynamic
rating calculated as a function of the ambient temperature. As
VIII. BIOGRAPHY
Engineering,