ASD/LRFD EXAMPLES STRUCTURAL WOOD DESIGN SOLVED EXAMPLE PROBLEMS American Forest & Paper Association American Wood CouncilUpdates and Errata While every precaution has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this document, errors. may have occurred during development Updates or Errata are posted to the American Wood Council website at www.awe.org. Technical inquiries may be addressed to aweinfo@afandpa.org, The American Wood Council (AWC) is the wood products division of the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA). AF&PA is the national trade association of the forest, paper, and wood products industry, represeming member companies engaged in growing, harvesting, and processing wood and wood fiber, manufacturing pulp, paper, and paperboard products from both virgin and recycled fiber, and producing engineered and traditional wood products. For more information see www.afandpa.org.ASD/LRFD EXAMPLES Structural Wood Design Solved Example Problems By Dan L. Wheat, Ph.D., P.E. University of Texas at Austin and Steven M. Cramer, Ph.D., P.E. University of Wisconsin—Madison Copyright © 2005, 2006 American Forest & Paper Association, IncRat mann cue Structural Wood Design Solved Example Problems — ASD/LRFD Second Printing: February 2007 ISBN 0.962598. ISBN 0-962 6-9 (Volume 4) 985-8-5 (4 Volume Set) Copyright © 2005, 2006 by American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic. optical, or mechanical means (by way of example and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system) without express written permission of the American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. For information on permission to copy material, please contact Copyright Permission AF&PA American Wood Council L111 Nineteenth St. NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 email: aweinfo@afandpa org, Printed in the United States of America AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.FOREWORD Bitrate hE nc ary ‘This document is intended to aid instruction in struc tural design of wood structures using both allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD). It contains design examples and complete solu- tions calculated using ASD and LRED. Solutions have been developed hased on the 2005 National Design Spect- fication® (NDS®) for Wood Construction, ANSUAF &PA NDS-2005. Example problems range from simple to complex and cover many design scenarios. Solutions have bbeen developed using Mathead® 13 software by MathSoft, Inc. Some examples are posed as stand-alone problems, but there are several sets in which all examples in the set, are associated with a single structure. ‘The 2005 Wood Design Package consists of many parts that for clarity in notation are delineated here. Included in, its entirety is the 2005 NDS. This design standard carries, with it the confidence of a consensus document that has undergone review and deliberations by a wide range of engineers. The other parts of the Wood Design Package include introductory information, explanations of basic, design provisions, fire assemblies, and design details for different wood products and connections provided by several wood industry cooperators. In the solutions where a particular provision of the NDS is cited, reference is made to the NDS and the cor- responding provision number, e.g., NDS 1.4.3. The Wood Design Package includes information for nonproprietary materials such as lumber, structural glued laminated tim- ber, wood structural panels, timber poles and piles, and shear walls and diaphragms; and proprietary materials, such as wood joists, structural composite lumber, metal plate connected wood trusses, and pre-engineered metal connectors. Itis intended that this document be used in conjunetion with competent engineering design, accurate fabrication, and adequate supervision of construction. Neither AF&PA nor the authors assume any responsibility for errors or omissions in the document, nor for engineering designs, plans, or construction prepared from it. ose using this document assume all liability from its use. The design of engincered structures is within the scope of expertise of licensed engineers, architects, or other licensed professionals for applications toa particular structure. American Forest & Paper Association -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONDNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue TABLE OF CONTENTS Characteristic Problem Set.. 1, Wall Column Design 2, Solid Sawn Column Check 3. Bearing Check 4. Column Live Load Capacity 5. Floor Joist Check 6, Span of Floor Joist 7. Structural Glued Laminated Timber Beam Check 8, Section Properties for SCL Beam 9, Walkway Plank Check 10. Cantilevered Glulam Beam D 1, OSB Floor Pane! Design 12, OSB Tension Splice 13. Beam Column Cheek 14, Biaxial Beam Column Check 15. Tension-Bending Member Design 16, Nailed Splice Joint Check 17, Lateral Load on Nails Design 18. Toe-Nailing Design Check 19, Bolted Splice Joint Check 20, Bolted Connection Design Knee Brace Problem Set. 21, Knee Brace Bolted Connection Design 22. Knee Brace Member Design Beam and Column Problem Set... 23. Glued Laminated Timber Beam Design 24, Glued Laminated Timber Beam Design 25, Glued Laminated Timber Beam-Column Design Problem Page Concrete Formwork Problem Set 26. Formwork Sheathing Check 301 27. Formwork Stud Check 31 28. Formwork Wale Design 319 Long Span Heavy Timber Truss Problem Set 29. Heavy Timber Truss Top Chord Design 331 30. Truss Tension Web Connection Design 31. Truss Tension Web Design Glulam Light Pole Problem Set.375 32. Light Pole ~ Curved Section Check 375 33. Light Pole ~ Straight Section Check 383 Two-Story House Problem Set. 394 34, Roof Diaphragm Sheathing and Nai Design 395 35. Tension Chord Check 309 36. Hold Down Forces for Segmented Shear Walls ~ Top Story aul 37. Hold Down Forces for Perforated Shear Walls ~ Top Story 38. Minimum Required Shear Wall Length 39, Shear Wall Hold Down Foree ~ Bottom Story 3 40. Steps for Wind Load Design 440 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONDNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Problem 1. Wall Column De: Pick the appropriate size and grade of the 2-in, by __ Souther Pine column used in a dry environment, The column is 12-ft long, simply supported and supports unfactored axial loads of 1500-Ib dead, 1700-Ib live and 2200-Ib snow Full lateral support is provided by sheathing preventing buckling about the nominal 2-in, dir NoIs3q NWNT09 TIYM, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPE ca) ASD ASD Solution Problem 1 Loads Pgegg = 1500-1bE Phive = 170041 00-168 09 ‘See NDS Appendix B for a sample ofa set of load combinations for ASD. Note that these son may vary, depending on which building code is To tab used. This process is simple for a concentrically loaded column. The controlling combination is the one with the highest rato of axial force to duration of load factor. D+L+S controls toad = Paced * Proad = 54001bE Try 82 by 6, No. 2, Southern Phe Many stud walls consist of 2x4 studs, but the height of this wallis 12 ft. Thus, we will begin by trying a 2x6 wall stud. Member Information Section Properties Reference Design Values Length := 12-128 Depih-= 55in = 1600psi y 5 600000psi Wide = 1 Sin Area = Depth: Wid Sm = 580000psi AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 1 Loads Pca = 1500-1 Pie = 1700-1bP Determine the critical load combination L4Paas = 7025 1b¢ Praag = 7020bf Try a2 by 6, No. 2, Southern Pine Member Information Section Properties Wid = 1 Sin Area = Depth: Width Area = 825i! LRFD NoIs3q NWNT09 TIYM, Determining the controlling load combination for a concentrically loaded column is a straight forward process, The controlling combination is the one with the highest ratio of axial force to time effect factor. Live load is assumed to be an occupancy load. 4,2D+1,65¢L controls Many stud walls consist of 2x4 studs, but the height of this wallis 12 ft. Thus, we will begin by trying a 2x6 wall stud. Reference Design Values 6000p E:= 1600000ps -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPE ca) ASD Known Adjustment Factors NDS 4.3.1 p= Lo Size factor Cy 1.0 Wetsenice factor Cy= Lo Temperature factor Gj= Lo Indising factor Cys Lo Buckling stiffness factor for truss members. NDS 4.4,2 Cj 115 Lead duration factor Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.4 Kei= 10 Table G1 (Appendix) Je '= KeLength Effectve length Curceeye NDS 3.7.1 = 696 psi star = FeCp Oye Ce Cpe = 1840psi F*,, the reference compression value having been multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except for C star For sawn lumber AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Known Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Cys 10 Size factor 2.:= 0.8 Time effect factor Cys LO Wet service factor }.i= 90 Compression y= LO Temperature factor b= 85 Stability C= LO Incising factor NoIs3q NWNT09 TIYM, Cy 10 Buckling stiffness factor for truss members. NDS 4.4.2 216 Table N1 (Appendix N) Kee Table N1 (Appendix N) Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.1 K ‘Table G1 (Appendix G) 44in Effective length NDS3.7.4 \ Depth eatas = MRE KRG Cae CeCe Cy F*., the reference compression value = 2765p having been multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except for Cp. For sawn lumber -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONCalculate Adjusted Design Values Adjusted Axial Stress ep eM eer op Use 2.in by 8-in, No. 2, Southern Pine PE ca) ASD Note that «is not a symbol in the NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, it is the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity. The smaller, the lower the value of NDS Eq. 3.74 ‘The adjusted design value, or the allowable stress, is lower than the actual stress due to the applied loads. Thus, the next size, a 2x8, or a higher grade must be used. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Note that u, is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity tothe non-buckling capacity. The smaller o,, s m= the lower the value of C. Ee 8 8 E z 2 NOSEg 374 5 ‘ o 2 Calculate Adjusted Design Values Adjusted Axial Stress (eo Behe Kp oFeCyeCr Cp Cy Cp = MS psi = 851 ps Use 2-in by 6-in, No. 2, Inthe ASD sohition, a 2x8 is Southern Pine required. The difference in required size comes from LRFD load combinations, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONRat mann cue IN AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Problem 2. Solid Sawn Column Check What is the largest axial force that can be applied to a nominal 6-in, by 6-in., No, 1 Hem-fir column? Environmental conditions result in an equilibrium moisture content of 25% and room temperature conditions, Axial load, P, 8 (D+8) 2 5 g g ' 3 3 j 8 € 2 6" by 6", 2 No.1 8 Hem-fir 15 1 1 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONEt) ASD Solution Problem 2 Member information Section Properties Length := 15-12in Depth = 5 in Width = 5.5in Area = Depth: Wid Area = 30.25in" Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 eps Lis Load duration factor Cyy pei 091 Wet service factor s for F. Cy c= LO Wet service factor for € ize factor Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.4 engi, 64 Width BOR Neer ts ASD Reference Design Values for 6-in by 6-in, No. 1 Hem-fir column (Posts and Timbers) 850psi min = 470000pst y= 1.0 Temperature factor C= 10 Incising factor Cp 10 Buckling stiffness factor for truss members. NDS 4.4.2 Comments NDS Table G1 (Appendix). Most wood colurms are pinned-pinned and have an effective length factor of 1.0, but a fxed-fixed column is used to illustrate the use of K,. Effective length Slendemess ratio < 50, OK, NDS 3.7.1.4 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Solution Problem 2 Member information Section Properties Length := 15-12in Depth = 5 in Width = 5.5in Area = Depth: Wid Area = 30.25in" Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 08 Time effect factor 085 — Stability b.:=.0.90 Compression Cy= 10 Size factor Table N1 (Appendix N) Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.1 Length 1, = 90in 65 wiath LRFD Reference Design Values for 6-in by 6-in, No. 1 Hem-fir column (Posts and Timbers) B= 1300000psi 470000ps cus 10 Temperature factor custo Incising factor Cyrpe= 091 Wet senvice factor for F, Cure: 10 Wet service factor for E Keg +3 Table B1 (Appendix) Comments NDS Table G1 (Appendix). Most wood columns are pinned-pinned and have an effective length factor of 1.0, but a fxed-fxed Column is used to illustrate the use of K,. Effective length Slendemess ratio < 50, OK, NDS 3.7.1.4 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rey OHO NIWM109 NMVS arT0s‘min = "min ME CeC 470000 psi \ Depth = 1443 pai Calculate Adjusted Stresses Adjusted Axial Stress M Fey Cr ep ‘_ Atea = 22269 Ibf Axial Force Capacity = 22,270 Ibs BOR Neer ts ASD NDS 3.7.1 ‘¢ Reference compression value having been ‘multiplied by all appicable adjustment factors, except for Cp. For sawn lumber Note that ais not a symbol inthe NDS. Itis used here to represent a physical quantity, thatis, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity tothe non-buckiing capacty. The smaller u, the lower the value of Cp NDS Eq. 3.74 This represents the allowable axial force capacity of the column according to ASD. Itis the highest value of the service load allowed on the column: AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD ‘ain Ke gEmia Cu Cr NDS 3.7.4 (4 \ Depth tar = heb Kp ol Reference compression value having been multipied by all applicable adjustment factors, tar = 1337 ps except for Cp. For sawn lumber Note that a, is not a symbol in the NDS. It is sed here to represent a physical quantity; that, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity tothe non-buckiing capacity, The smaller «i, the lower the value of Cp cp=(—— NDS Eq. 3.74 cp= 0827 Calculate Adjusted Stress Adjusted Axial Stress Fs bbe FeO pe Ce Cp Ibe Factored Axial Force This is the factored capacity Capacity = 33,450 Ibs governed by the stability limit state according to LRFD. Itis the highest, value of factored load allowed on the column, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Fry OHO NIWM109 NMVS arT0scry DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd Problem 3. Bearing Check Check the adequacy of the truss top chord bearing on the nominal 2-in, by 4-in, top plate in the wall not exposed to weather or unustual temp load and 7875 Ibf of wind load. The truss top chord is top plate is a nominal 2-in, by 4-in. Southern Pine No, 3 Chord S-P-F Sel. Str., 3x6 ey a 30° \ Top Plates, S.P. No. 3, 2x4 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rT The structure is tures. The axial compressive force in the top chord is based on 2000 Ibf of nch by 6-in, S-P-F Select Structural and # MO3HO ONIEVIEety Eo Rar org ASD ASD Solution Problem 3 Equilibrium Calculations D:= 2000IbE W:= 787SIDt P= D+W ASD unfactored loads P = 9875 bf P-sin(30-deg) = 4937 Int Vertical component of axial force in chord. This is carried by bearing against the top plate, 8552 Horizontal component of the axial force in the chord. This is carried by the nails and then transmitted to the bottom chord. 11> P-sin(o-dep Bearing load tobe used in checking both the 3x6 S-P-F top chord and the 2x4 Southern Pine top plate Progg = 4937 Ibt Member Information Reference Design Values Section Properties S-PF Seledt Structural thicke. 2 i= L4OQpsi " I Southern Pine No. 3 Fe yep ap = 565psi Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Gel Incising factor Cp geri 1 Size factor for SPF Cys LO Wetservice factor Cp spi= 1.0. Size factor for SP Cost Temperature factor y= 16 Load duration factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Fry LRED Solution Problem 3 Equilibrium Calculations NOlbE Ws 87S Pi 12D+16W P = 150001bF P-sing30-deg) = 7500 Ibt Preos( 3 = P-sin(30-deg) P oad 75001bf Member Information Reference Design Values S-P-F Seleat Structural Fe pep _sp Southern Pine No. 3 F = 565psi ‘e_pep_sp Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 p= 10 Incising factor Wet service factor Cp= 10 Temperature factor Cp sppo= 1) Size factor for SPF Gp sp 10. Size factor for SP LRFD LRFD factored loads Vertical component of axial force in chord. This is carried by bearing against the top plate. MO3HO ONIEVIE Horizontal component of the axial force in the cchord. This is carried by the nails and then transmitted to the bottom chord. Factoted bearing load to be used in checking both the 3x6 S-P-F top chord and the 2x4 Southern Pine top plate Section Properties Widthy,y 4 = 35in thick3pgg2= 2.540 Time effect factor Compression resistance factor Table N1 (Appendix N) Table N1 (Appendix N) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONFy Eo Rar org ASD Need to check two bearing conditions: 1) 3 by 6 SPF top chord, 60 degree angle to grain 2) 2 by 4SP top plate, perpendicular to grain Design Calculations Calculations Comments Condition 1: Bearing on SPF member Ane = Widths ticks Bearing area for condition 1 Cy sor = 10 Bearing length adjustment for SPF member Fy oar = FeCpCr Cyr Cr sor Cry soe sor = 2464 pi : , The size factor and load duration factor do not re-sot = Fe pap apt CeCrCrCo er apply to beating perpendicular to grain. Ps gee spt = 425 psi Oy = WO.deg Angle between direction of oad and and direction of grain for the SPF chord NDS Eq, 3.104 Kaa sit( 5)” + Fs peop spr 205(0y Bearing in the SPF member does not check. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Need to check two bearing conditions: 1) 3 by 6 SPF top chord, 60 degree angle to grain 2) 2 by 4SP top plate, perpendicular to grain Design Calculations Calculations Comments Condition 1: Bearing on SPF member net = Widlhypy 4 thickspy Bearing area for condition 1 net = 875i Bearing length adjustment for SPF member Cp spre estar = deKy oC CoC Ce spr Cb spr Fe Fe star = 3326 psi Fe perp spt = *4oK} ¢ perp te perp spt'Crm Crh spr The size factor does not apply to bearing perpendicular to grain 2701 pi Fe perp spt = 797P ip i= Odes ‘Angle between direction of load and and direction of grain for the SPF chord perp spre") NDS Eq. 3.10-41 star sin(,) (9 = 984 psi

= 150psi Area = 16 9in? = 405psi pep \ = 1300000psi Width-Depth™ 3 31.6in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.LRED Solution Problem 6 Structural Analysis Bo =10 wis 12D + Lal Member Information Section Properties Width = 1.Sin Deplh:= 1125in Area = Width: Depth Widh-Depih 3 31.6in DNR are cd LRFD Unfactored loads Factored uniform load Reference Design Values No. 2, Hem-fir Fe pesp = 405psi ‘cpp E:= 1300000psi -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cre ASIOF HOOT 40 NVdS:cry SO Recs ASD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.4 1.0 Load duration factor C= 10 Beam stability factor 0 Wet service factor Repetitive member factor Lo Temperature factor Chaim LO Flat use facto Cp= 10 Size factor Cy= 10 Bearing area factor, NDS 3.10.4 and NDS 4.3.12 Lo Indising fact Design Calculations Calculations Comments Allowable Moment Fy Hy ep emer CCL -Cr Ca Find Maximum Span of the Beam Set the mament caused by the applied loads equal to the moment capacty M f loud = AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.4 C= 10 Beam stability factor service factor Repetitive member factor y= 1.0. Temperature factor Cp lo Set Cfyie LO Flat use factor j= 10. Incising factor Cy = 10. Bearing area factor, NDS 3.10.4 and NDS 4.3.12 208 pancy Time effect factor Resistance factors Format conversion factors Mt Fe pee $Fe_perp Design Calculations Calculations Comments Moment capacity Py Kp py by Fy Cer Cr Sy Py = 1689 psi b P M= SOP 4454 tebe Find Maximum Length of Beam Set the moment caused by the applied loads M, equal to the moment capa loud = -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 43 ASIOF HOOT 40 NVdS:ry SO Recs ASD This expression allows for the span that causes the applied load to equal the moment capacity pan == 120 Provide a guess ofthe span for MathCAD S87 ft Solve for span using MathCAD Maximum permissable span from bending resistance is 177" [17.583 f.] ‘This sets the span in subsequent caloulations equal to the calculated value of 17-7" expressed as a decimal Check shear, deflection, and bearing with a span of 17° Check Shear Viooa = (2 Maximum shear with 17°7" span This is the shear at the support caused by the applied loads NDS Equation 3.4.2 Check Deflection Waetl?= 1 Since both the dead and live loads are uniformiy distributed, the effect of creep on the long-term deflecton is included by including a aya ll 50 percent increase in the dead|oad and Wael = B35 adding the live load. This is called Wy,y herein. See NDS 3.5.2, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Check shear, deflection, and bearing with a span of 183" Check Shear y, tht load PY KE ppb Fy uC 1, Ateipoaring = Required bearing area «pe Lengthy = bearing Required bearing length Lenglhpegring = 1 O4in ‘The minimum bearing length should be 4 Maximum span = 18'-9" Minimum bearing length = 1 in Deflection checks -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ro ASIOF HOOT 40 NVdS:48 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 49 Problem 7. Structural Glued Laminated Timber Beam Check The structural glued laminated timber roof purlin is subjected to dead and roof live loads as shown; these include the beam dead load. The 24-Ft beam is laterally supported at its ends only and there is no intermediate lateral support. The rade and has a 6-3/4-in, by 24-in. cross section, Ignore the torsion produced by the minor axis loads and determine if the beam is adequate in bending and shear Major axis loads D = 0.264 kift 4,053 kift =] Minor axis loads D=0.014 Wit Lr = 0.052 kift 2 1 Sn Le. - 6 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO INV38 Y3GWLL G3LYNINVT G3n79Re ASD ASD Solution Problem 7 Section Properties Reference Design Values Length := 24-12.in 24F-V10 Depth = 240 Figg = 2400psi Width := 6 75:0 Pog = 25 Area = Depth: Wilh Bgs= 1800000.psi gia != 930000 ps Fy = 1450 pst Fyys= 190.psi Fy := 1500000.psi I 780000 psi 648 in® Depth Width? Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 Cy= 125 Load duration factor C4qc= 107 Flat use factor for 6-3/4" width Cye= LO Wet sevice factor Cos 10 Temperature factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 7 Section Properties Length = 24-12in Depth := 24.40 Width := 6 75-n Area = Depth: Width 648 in® Depth Width? Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 C4q'= 107. Flat use factor for 6-3/4" width Cye= 10 Wet sence factor c= 10 Temperature factor LRFD Reference Design Values 24F-V10 = 200psi ‘ye = 2Spsi “= 100000. pst ‘930000. psi Fyy = 1MS0-psi iy = LON pS = 1500000. min = 780000. psi 216 oss Ker 16 = 085 Key 2 hos Kpe -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION sa O3HO INV38 Y3GWLL G3LYNINVT G3n79cy Re ASD Other adjustment factors will be calculated below. This problem involves biaxial bending and the later use of the interaction equation in NDS 3.9.2. In this equation, a "1" subscript is associated with major axis bending and a "2" subscript is associated with minor axis bending. As a consequence, we will use the same designations for computed and adjusted stresses, Beam bending stresses My 5 gatos M, = 1137888intbe Ma 57024 in dbt M My f= Mt fa x Ss fy, = 1756ps1 fa = 313 psi ‘The basis for the subsequent analysis is that the maximum major and minor axis bending stresses occur at midspan. Design Calculations Calculations ‘Comments Volume Factor Nos 5.3.6 2a d= Depl b= Width Beam Stability Factor NDS3.3.3 Luc Length Unbraced buckling length for lateraltorsional buckling equals span since bracing exists at 1 ends only Depth Determine the effective bucking length for lateraHtorsional buckling, NDS Table 3.3.3. The beamis uniformly loaded with bracing at the ends only. 163-Lyy + 3-Depth 541.44in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Other adjustment factors will be calculated below. This problem involves biaxial bending and the later use of the interaction ‘equation in NDS 3.9.2, In this equation, a "1" subscript is associated with major axis bending anda "2" subscript is associated with minor axis bending. As a consequence, we will use the same designations for computed and adjusted stresses. Beam bending stresses My = 86400 instbf The basis for the subsequent analysis is that the maximum major and minor axis bending stresses occur at midspan. Design Calculations Calculations Comments Volume Factor Nos5.26 = Depth Beam Stability Factor NDS 3.3.3 sox = Length Unbraced bucking length for lateraHtorsional buckling equals span since bracing exists at ends only. Depth Determine the effective buckling length for lateral-torsional buckling. NDS Table 3.3.3, ‘The beamis uniformly loaded with bracing at the ends only. 631 + 3.Depth = 541.44in -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cy O3HO INV38 Y3GWLL G3LYNINVT G3n79Re ASD ‘min = Eymin Car © Resistance to lateral torsional bucking is related to the minor axis section properties as Ops! well as the minor axis E, or E,, The lower 5 percent exclusion value of E,, Of Eyrin, iS used in stability calculations, NDS 5.4.2.1 NDS Eq.3235 Rg must be less than or equal to 50. NDS 3.3.37 br ar = Foe Carley '» in the NDS Note that ci,is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; thatis, itis the ratio of the lateral-torsional buckling capacity to the non-buckling bending capacity. The smaller c,, the lower the value ofc, NDS Eq.3.26 Use smaller of C, and C, when cy = 08s c= 0896 computing bending resistances. ‘ NDS 5.3.5 Find Adjusted Stresses Major axis n= Fue yeC-Cpmin(C,.C,) fyi Member embedtted below grade (not to scale) Loading about major bending axis Bracing about minor bending axis. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,ery CMV Ree Rar sorg ASD ASD Solu in Problem 14 This problem involves the use of the interaction equation for bending and compression in NDS 15.4.1 since the axial force is eccentric. The numerators of this equation are evaluated in the Structural Analysis section and the denominators in the Member Capacities section. +0234 (ey fn tho Feel Vay L Faz) Fe J Member Information Section Properties Reference Design Values Length = 12-12-in 5 ‘Southern Pine, No. 1 Dei Depth == 11.25sin Width = 3.5.in Fy = 1350psi Area = Depth: Width Area = 39:38 in? ; Fy 175psi L 3 Fp Widih Depth : 800000psi 4153in’ Engin = 660000-psi Depth: Width® 4 ly = 40.20 in Width Depth” = 73.830" __ Depth Width? . 6 sy =22.97in* AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue ere LRFD LRED Solution Problem 14 This problem involves the use of the interaction equation for bending and compression in NDS 15.4.1 since the axial force is eccentric. The numerators of this equation are evaluated in the Structural Analysis section and the denominators in the Member Capacities section. +0234 (ey fn tho Fil A Lea) Fur J Member Information Section Properties Length = 12-12:in Southern Pine, No. 1 Dense Depth == 11.25sin Width == 3.5.in Fes BStpst Area = Depth: Width Fes 1700psi Area = 39.38 in? By = 175psi Width Depa? B= 1800000psi Lo atsain! Ein = 660000-psi 3 Depth: Width 4 1, = 40.20%0 Width-Depih™ * 6 S.=73.83in? _ Depih- Width” J 6 sy = 2297in* -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,122 CMa Reh Rearend ASD Adjustment Factors NDS 4.3.4 Cys 16 Load duration factor c LO Size factor for compression c Size factor for bending c Temperature factor Cape 08 See NDS 4.39 Cyr re = 085 Cues 09 Loads Load combination is D+ $+ W D = sooIbt Axial oad S:= 42001 Axial load w Je Lateral wind load fi Structural Analysis comments Major axis bending lat use factor See NDS 4.4.2 Incising factor Wet service factors ‘The figure below shows the column, which is fxed at one end and with a spring at the other end. This is the problem associated with major axis bending. The spring represents the approximate stifmress imparted by the building on a representative post. The resuking spring force is approximately 300 pounds and the moment diagram for the member is consistent with this reaction on the top of the column, 500 bf Dead 4200 of Sr | ww AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Fer) LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS 4.3.4 Cp pes 10 Size factor for compression es = 0.85 Wet service factors Cp mes LI Size factor for bending C= 10 Temperature factor by O85 = 0.90 =10 See NDS 4.3.9 Kegw 2 yp 2 yy IS Case LL Flatuse factor aaa nea Cr=10 SeeNDS4.4.2 =08 c= Lo Indsing factor Loads Load combination is D +S + W Ds s00ibr Axial load Unfactored loads Si=4200IbY Axial load We Lateral wind load Structural Analysis comments Major axis bending The figure below shows the column, which is fxed at one end and with a spring at the other end. This is the problem associated with major axis bending. The spring represents the approximate stiffness imparted by the building on a representative post. The resulting spring force is approximately 300 pounds and the moment diagram for the member is consistent with this reaction on the top of the column 500 ef Dead ai its ae 4200 nf Snow Lateral Bracing ay ; wind | seam | i -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,Ferd 920: = 01,051 Moment(Height) = 300-1 Numerator terms 1 = 1287ps Minor axis bending Loin Axial load Pat = D+ S P Pasi f= M9psi CMa Reh Rearend ASD This moment is obtained from the moment diagram of the member. See figure. (124 Height Plotted Moment Values Momment(Heighe) = 7920) tite 7130 6380 5670 5000 4370] 3780 73230) 2720 2250 1820 1430 1080) 70] 500] 270] There is no axial force applied with an eccentricity, There are no side loads causing minor axis bending. Tho axial force is applied with a tin, eccentricity causing minor axis bending. All of the numerator terms in the interaction equation are now calculated AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 125 LRFD Mg mas 087920400 ‘This momentis obtained from the moment diagram of the member and it is factored by Height = 04,0 u 0.8, the load factor for wind in this combination See figure Moment(Height) := 300-Ibf-(12-ft — Height 12-8 Height)” Plotted Moment Values, Moment( Height) = 7920] IFA 7130 6380 5670 5000 4370) 3780 3230 2720 2250 1820] 1430) 1080) 500 “770 Moment(Height) 500 — 270} 8000-6300 —4600 m0 Numerator terms M, 1030 psi ey in ‘There is no axial force applied with an eccentricity Minor axis bending ‘There are no side loads causing minor axis, fa Ops bending ey LOin The axial force is applied with a tn eccentricity causing minor axis bending, Axial load Py = L2D+ LES Factored axial dead and snow loads, _ Allof the numerator terms in the interaction ‘equation are now calculated 86 psi -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,ery CMa Reh Rearend ASD Member Capacities Axial capacity, F’, Alllof these quantities are known except Cp. In order to calculate Cp, we need first to calculate Evpin Fee and F* Pos FoCy Cu pe Cr Cr pe Evin = Emin’ CeCe Cyr Evin = 594000 psi Es Iss Min The effective length factor is taken as 2.11 for the major axis stablity calculation. Ifitwere a = 10 free-standing column with one end fixed and the other free, the theoretical effective length ‘would be 2.0. If the member is part of @ post-frame stucture, as posed in this problem, the actual effective length could and should be calculated, pethaps using commercial software. The effective length considering partial fixity at the bottom was estimated and an effective length factor of approximately 2.11 was calculated. For the minor axis stabilty calculation, K, of 1.0 is conservative. Ifthe bottom were pinned, K, would be 1.0, but with ‘some partial fixity at the bottom, it ikely would be slightly less than 1.0. 1 Slendemess for major and minor axes < 50. i80in Depth The larger value controls in the Fa. calculation, controled controls ma) Controlling siendemess E Fag 8 controlled by the major axis, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Member Capacities Axial capacity, F', Kp re dePeCp Cur per pe Cre Enin Epuin = Kp p65 Emin Cu Ce CC Elgin = 891000 psi Eos Iau Min = 48-in Depth control andenes Fp = 082 LRFD Alllof these quantities are known except Cp. In order to calculate C,, we need first to calculate Elgin: Fee and F*, The effective length factor is taken as 2.11 for the major axis stabilty calculation. Ifitwore a froe-standing column with one ond fixed and the other free, the theoretical effective length would be 2.0. If the member is part of a post-frame structure, as posed in this problem, the actual effective length could and should be calculated, perhaps using cormmercial software. The effective length considering arial fixity at the bottom was estimated and an effective length factor of approximately 2.11 was calculated. For the minor axis stabifty calculation, K, of 1.0 is conservative. Ifthe bottom were pinned, K, would be 1.0, but with some partial fxty at the bottom: it likely would be slightly less than 1.0. Slendemess for major and minor axes < 50. The larger value controls in the F.¢ calculation, Controling siendemess. Fg 8 contolled by the major axis, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ery O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,128 \ Wie) = 2596 psi sta = Foy Cu pe CeCe re Fe star = 2176pst 4, = 0308 = 08 lumber Flexural Capacities, F',, and F',. Cy Cue CeCy Ce Cw CeCe P Depth CMa Reh Rearend ASD f. 767* (DHL) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLPEL SNe Re ASD ASD Solution Problem 15 Loads Dealpeigt = 10000TDE Dead yt = 770016 Root liven != 690001bf T= Deady + Root live, 1 = 76700 to Member Information Try 5 by 22-inch member This determination may be based on a variety of so-called "back-of-the-envelope" calculations, Section Properties Reference Design Values Length " Southern Pine, 24F-E1 Depth := 22in ‘gq = 2400psi_ Tension zone stressed in tension Width = $0. a Depth- Width Fg 300psi Livin? = Noopsi i ith: Depth* Eq:= 1800000 psi 1700000 Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 y= 125 Load duration factor yes 10 Wet semvice factor for all reference stresses Co= 10 Temperature factor for all reference stresses co=10 The members not curved. sind Cus lo SeeNDS5.3.7 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 15 Loads w= 10000TbF ‘0 Unfactored loads Roof vey = 690001bf T= L2-Detdasn* 1.GROOf_Hiveyxat Factored axial force T= 119640 1bf Member Information Try 5 by 22-inch member ‘This determination may be based on a variety of so-called "back-of-the-envelope" calculations, Section Properties Reference Design Values " Southern Pine, 24F-E1 Depth = 22-in = 2400psi_ Tension zone stressed in tension Width = $.0.in es Area = Depth: Width ‘= 300psi 10 in OOpsi y= 1800000:psi 1600000-psi_ Ey gag = 830000-psi = 1700000: Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 v= 10 Wet service factor for all reference stresses ‘ Temperature factor for all reference stresses, c= 10 ‘The member is not curved. Cas 10 See NDS5.37 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ped NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLFey SNe Re ASD ‘The 0.252is a weight factor from ASD/LRFD Self Weigh = 02: Dep Width Manual Table MS.4-1.Itis assumed that the moisture content ofthe Souther Pine woodis ws 12 percent Sell Weight = 27.7 n Design Calculations Comments Member Forces , These equations, from NDS 3.9.1, must be a evaluated in the solution to this problem. Fy star INote: Fy star = Fy" AND Fy, star star = Fy") ‘The first equation is a combined stress check, the second equation is a check of lateral bs ae stabilty when there is residual compression. Considering compression to be positive, if the numerator is positive, then thereis net compression on the cross section; fits negative, the relationship is satisfied and there is no net compression, If a member is fully braced to prevent Numerator terms laterattorsional bucking, then a check ofthe second equation is unnecessary \ ge = 607psi fy M = Dead 48:in + Simple beam maximum moment SOR8in bt Beam self-weight is only about 1 percent of total moment Denominator terms F;, calculation Fiyi= Fy Cy Cyr Cemin(Cy,C,) Cece AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Self_ Weight := 02: Depth: Width Self_Weight = 27.7 Design Calculations Member Forces Numerator terms h ff f= 1088psi fy M2 12 Deadpigg 48:0 + SOR8in bt Ibe ies fy = 1446p Denominator terms 'y calculation Ky nb FCarComin(C, C1) Ca LRFD ‘The 0.252is a weight factor from ASD/LRFD Manual Table M5.4-1. Itis assumed that the moisture content of the Souther Pine woods, 12 percent. Comments ‘These equations, from NDS 3.9.1, must be evaluated in the solution to this problem, INote: Fy, star = Fp” AMG FL, star star = Fy"“] ‘The first equation is a combined stress check; the second equation is a check of lateral stabilty when there is residual compression. Considering compression to be positive, if the numerator is positive, then thereis net compression on the cross section; fits negative, the relationship is salisfied and there is no net compression, Ifa member is fully braced to prevent lateral-torsional buckling, then a check of the ‘second equation is unnecessary. Simple beam maximum moment factored by 1.2 since itis all dead load Beam selfaveight is only about 1 percent of total moment -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 139 NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLErL SNe Re Volume Factor d= Dep bs= Width c Cy: min(1.0,C,) Beam Stability Factor E nin = Fy mine Car-Ce ASD Unbraced length for lateral-torsional buckling Determine the effective buckling length for lateraltorsional buckling. See NDS Table 3.3.3, [Two equal concentrated loads at 1/3 points] See NDS 5.4.2.1. The minor axis E is used in lateral stability calculations, Fq.335 p MOC, C,, Gy, NDS 3.3.3.8 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Volume Factor L= 12 d= Dep bs= Width Cy: min(1.0,C,) Beam Stability Factor Fc air = 2-Ky pba Cae Ce LRFD Unbraced length for lateral-torsional buckling Determine the effective buckling length for lateral-torsional buckling. See NDS Table 3.3.3, [Two equal concentrated loads at 1/3 points] See NDS 5.4.2.1. The minor axis E is used in lateral stabilty calculations. Eq. 335 Fe, no, CG, NDS 3.3.3.8 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pere NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLery f,< Fy OK Pus FeCpCeOy, Fy = 1375 psi i= 697 psi 1 P (D+S) 18—8d common nails per side 15/32-in OSB Sheathin (24/0 sheathing) 4 < Pp -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPty ASD Solution Problem 16 Wood Properties Dowel bearing strengths Fem = SOs Wood Reference Design Values Southern Fine Fy s= 900psi ose. Kya = 730-8 Dimensions Depllygain = 55in Widtpygig = Sin Aredpnain = DePtgg ain’ Widen gin OSBipickness'= 33 8d Nail Properties Des 13hin Fy = 100000-psi yb nail Hength Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.4 p= 115 c=10 Cys 10 DSSS od ASD Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine [Table 11.3.2) Specific gravity = 0.55 [Table 11.3.2A] Dowel bearing strength for OSB. Table 11.3.28 Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 2 by 6 ASD/LRFD Manual Table M9.2-2 for 24/0 span rating. Since itis uncertain whether or not the panel is applied so its stronger direction is parallel to the load, assume the smaller axial value for FA The Southem Pine is the main member Note that this is an available thickness for the 24/0 span rating 8d common nail diameter Bending yield strength of Bd nail. See NDS Table I1, Appendix | NDS Table La Load duration factor Temperature factor Wet service factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.LRED Solution Problem 16 Wood Properties Dowel bearing strengths E 4650:psi Wood reference design values Southern Pine Fy = 900psi Dimensions Deplbgsin = 5.5:in Widthyggig = 1-Sin Aegan = Depth Wid ain Arepain = 823.0 OSB isctncae = 8d Nail Properties Ds 1hin Fy4:= 100000-psi atlas Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 es 10 Oye LO DNR are cd LRFD Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine [Table 11.3.2) Specific gravity = 0.55 [Table 11.3.2A] Dowel bearing strength for OSB. Table 11.3.28 Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 2 by 6 Table M9.2-2 in ASD/LRFD Manual for 24/0 span rating, Since itis uncertain whether or not the panel is applied so its stronger direction is parallel to the load, assume the smaller axial value for FA. ‘The Southem Pine is the main member Note that this is an available thickness for the 240 span rating 8d common nail diameter Bending yield strength of 8d nail. See NDS Table I1, Appendix | NDS Table L4 Temperature factor Wet service factor -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pty MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPry DSSS od ©, =C, = C,g= Cy =O, = 1.0. These factors do not appWy in this problem and will not be shown in later equations Southern Pine Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint ichnessgyjigg = Width, 2-088, splice ‘main thickness hicknessyjigg = 2438in 6.D=079in 6D > OSPinickness Prnain = Wilton Prmain = 1-Sia to = OSBihickness t= 0.469 in = OSBipickness m= Widthasin ASD Size factor, Table 4B NDS. Supplement Comments, Is the connection a double shear or single shear connection? Total thickness of splice equals length of nail sothe nail penetrates all three members NDS 11.1.5.5, To qualify for double shear, penetration into third member must be at least 6D, This is not the case here, so the nails are in single shear. Penetrationin main member Single shear because of inadequate penetration in third member ‘Side member dowel bearing length Main member dowel bearing length. Since the nail provudes through the third member, the thickness of which is < 6D, the I,, equals the thickness of the 2x6. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Cy = C,= Cyg=C, factors do not apply in this problem and wil not be shown in later equations Southern Pine Cys 10 Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint icknesspicc = Widlhain + 2-OSBuishnase ThicknesSpige = 2438in 6.D= 0.79in 6.1 > OSB icine Prnsin® Widthingn = OSH ts sk 2 OSBpistnens os = Wit gin LRFD Size factor, Table 48 NDS Supplement Comments Is the connection a double shear or single shear connection? Total thickness of splice equals length of nail sothe nail penetrates all three members NDS 11.1.5.5. To qualify for double shear, penetration into third member must be at least 6D. This Is not the case here, sothe nails are in single sheer. Penetrationin main member Single shear because of inadequate penetration in third member ‘Side member dowel bearing length Main member dowel bearing length, Since the nail protrudes through the third member, the thickness of which is < 6D, the |, equals the thickness of the 2 «6. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prd MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPy DSSS od ASD Yield mode calculations ‘The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B, 1.00 See Table 11.3.18 (notes) AD) := [22 if D<0.17in The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. -— yor(! + 2 Re) kyl + poeng 3 Fen ln q cen In See Table 11.318. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Yield mode calculations ‘The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B. = 100 See Table 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the dD quantity 10D dimensionless Re(I + See Table 11.318. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pec MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNet DSSS od ASD Mode |, >on Fem Ru Zhq = 49614 Mode, 2yy= 161 Zpy = 101 Zeontrat = ™it(Ztny Zisr2t1-Ztttow2i01»21V) Zeontsol = 771bE Mode ill, controls AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.2 = lst Ibe Mode tl, ke Digt R(t aR) Zag = 7 Mode tl, DNR are cd LRFD Mode lil, controls -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etre MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNrd DSSS od 2 Leonrot CDM et 2! = 88IbE Py 182! Py = 1589Ibt 1589 Ib is the capacity of the connection in terms of the ability of the nails to carry load. Check Capacity of 2 by 6 f= 198pst Fy = 1035p Pension = F'y-At %nain Prension = 85391bi Check Capacity of OSB side plates NDS. Arey je = OSB, 5sin Khickness ASD Capacity per nail There are 18 nails on each side of the splice, Actual tensile stress in rain member due to P,. Tensile stress in the 2 by 6 is much less than the material capacity. 8539 Ib is the maximum force that can be transmitted based on the material capacity of the Southern Pine main member. It is, much greater than P,. Orientation of OSB may not be known, Assume a worst-case scenario, that is, that the secondary direction is parallel to load. Grade and Construction Factors. See NDS 9.3. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 2388 Ib is the factored load that the connection can carry based on nail capacity in single shear. Check Capacity of 2 by 6 Po ‘PAPC pin Prcasion = 12830 IDE Check Capacity of OSB side plates NDS LRFD Capacity per nail There are 18 nails on each side of the splice. Actual tensile stress in main member due to P, Tensile stress in the 2 by 6 is much less than the material capacity, 12830 Ib is the maximum factored force that can be transmitted based on the material capacity of the Southern Pine main member. It is much greater than P,. Orientation of OSB may not be known. Assume a worst-case scenario, that is, that the secondaty direction is patalle! to load. Grade and Construction Factors. See NDS 8.3. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pty MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPty DSSS od ASD Panel width factor is given in NDS Commentary Cy 05 Table C9.3.4. This factor is 0.5 for panels less than or equal to 8 inches wide. Fg 780 8% ‘This is F,Ain ASD/LRFD Manual Table wey M9.2-2. Ths value is based on a 1-foot width Since the panel is §.5 in. in width, the actual sf width of the 2 x 6, this value also must be wenn multiplied by §.5/12. This reduction is independent of the C, calculation ‘This is the force that can be transmitted by the (OSB per side. 411 bE Posp= Connection will be controlled by the OSB if itis, not oriented in the primary direction. Prac = 411 Ibf If the OSB is oriented in the primary direction and the designer knows that he/she can control its orientation, then the following applies. cq 10 bs Fa = 200 fe Fas Fush5 ya = LOsd bt Fas Futptw Coes Piyq = 606 bt Posp= Fa, Posy = 1212Ibf If itis known that the OSB is oriented so that the primary direction is, parallel to the applied load, then the OSB capacity is 1212 Ibf. Thus, the OSB capacity of P,,,,= 1212 Ibf would control. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd Pty LRFD Cs 05 Panel width factor is given in Table C9.2.4 of the NDS Commentary. This factor is 0.5 for panels less than or equal to 8 inches wide. Tt This is F,Ain Table M9.2-2. This value is based on a 1-foot width. Since the panel is 5.5, In. In width, the actual width of the 2 x 6, this 2 value also must be multiplied by §.5/12. This reduction is independent of the C, calculation Puss Kp wrbeFur CeCe Cas This is the force that can be transrnitted by the OSB per side. = 3091bI Po Pose = 2 Fa Pan = 618 Ib Connection will be controlled by the OSB if itis not oriented in the primary direction. Prac = 618 Ibf = factored load If the OSB is oriented in the primary direction and the designer knows that he/she can control its orientation, then the following applies. gis lo ia = 1OS4Ibt Faas Ky pebrFayCyeCeCo€ Fy = 911 Pose = Fea Pose = 1822, If itis known that the OSB is oriented so that the primary direction is parallel to the applied load, then the OSB factored load capacity is 1822 Ibf. Thus, the OSB capacity of P,,.,= 1822 Ibf would control. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPty DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Problem 17. Lateral Load on Nails De: DNR are cd Pd Determine the size, number, and placement of common nails to transfer the unfactored 1.2 kip wind load from the diagonal to the vertical, Assume two rows of faste nominal 2-in. by 6-in, member forms a 45 d =— 91/4" —+! Wood is No. 1 Souther Pine that will remain dry. The ith the 4-in, by 10-in. member. ‘ 4.2 kips Wind Load 51/2" Use 2 rows of fasteners -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1cry TYME ASD ASD Solution Problem 17 Loading Lolly igs = 120018 Assume that this isthe unfactored load due to wind oniy Try 30 penny common nails. Seek a symmetrical connection with two rows of 2 or 3 nails each as the target design. Member / Connection Information Wood Properties 1= 5550psi om NDS Table 11.3.2, k = 900psi Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 26 1700000.psi Modulus of elasticity for No. 1 Southern pine Diameter of 30d common wire nail (Table L4) knath = 4.S3in NDS Table La 80000 psi NDS Table It I= 1Ssn Length of nailin side member i= nalts ~ be p=3in Penetration of nail in the member holding the tip I= P y= 3in Length of nail in main member Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.1 Cys 10 Wet senvice factor Cy= 16 Load duration factor Cys 10 Size factor Ces 10 Temperature factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd tc LRFD LRED Solution Problem 17 Loading Lolly igs = 120018 Assume that this isthe unfactored load due to wind oniy Try 30 penny common nails. Seek a symmetrical connection with two rows of 2 or 3 nails each as the target design. Member / Connection Informa! Wood Properties ' n= 55508 NDS Table 11.3.2, k = 900psi Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 26 gain >= 1700000:psi Modulus of elasticity for No. 1 Southern Pine D:= 0.207.in Diameter of 30d common wire nail (Table L4) Dailngth = 4.S-in NDS Table La Fy = 80000psi NDS Table It I= 1Ssn Length of nail in side member p=3in Penetration of nail in the member holding the tip I= P y= Bin Length of nail in main member Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.4 cos Leo Cys= LO Wet senice factor “ gy= 065 y= 10 Size factor “ c= 10 Temperature factor ve -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Pury TYME ASD Design Calculations Calculations Comments Lateral capacity of the joint NDS Standard Section 1.1.5.5. Minimum penetration into side member = 6D. In this case, the penetration is 3 in., so OK for single shear. D=1.24in Yield mode calculations The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.18. in See Table 11.3.1B (notes) Ds 0.174n The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Design Calculations Calculations Comments Lateral capacity of the joint NDS Standard Section 11.1.5.5. OD= 124in Minimum penetration into side member = 6D. Inthis case, the penetration is 3 in., soOK for single shear. Yield mode calculations The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B. See Table 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. R(1+R) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etze NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Fry TYME ASD Ry= kp See Table 11.3.18. Model, DaFen Zam = 1341 IOP 2y = 456 Mode tt, KD Pog Zam = ae) Re(1+2R) Zari = 462 tbE Mode tl, ky Dl Fen “RR ERY AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Mode tt, ky DA, 2a a(t 2k) Zinm = 462 Mode tl, ~ RVQ=R) See Table 11.3.18. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Fer) NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Ferd TYME ay = 203 Ibi Fess = (ZZ Zar» Zam Zs 20) 2031 = 1298IbE Check Capacity of 2 by 6 [net section] Assume 2 rows of 2 nails = LSin Arey = ASD Mode IV controls. Need 4-30¢ nails This is the actual capacity of the connection with 4-30d nails Section 11.1.5.3 says thatif holes are bored. when Gis less than or equal to 0.60 [SP has a G of 0.55], then the hole diameter should not exceed 75% of the nail diameter. In this case, the bored hole diameter would be 0.75 x 0.207 0.155in, Assume a bored hole diameter of /8" or 0.125in. Appendix E, Section E.1.2, does not explicitly say that net section must be checked for a 30d nail, but that check is made here with the assumption that there are two rows with hwo nals each Z,is the capacity of the connection based on nail capacity AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD ay = 203 Ibi Fess = (ZZ Zar» Zam Zs 20) Mode IV controls. Determine number of nails needed oadyina = 16L0%¢ying Loading = 1920100 “This is the factored wind load NoNails:= Z NoNails = 44 Need 5-304 nails - This is the actual capacity of the connection 2, = 2191 Ib with 5-20d nails, See if the number of nails can be reduced by using 40d common wire nails. D = 0.225 in. The calculations (not shown) are nearly identical to those above, but with D = 0.225in. [Note that the ASD solution worked with 4-30d common nails.] anal = 2246 Mode IV controls (not shown) 2 = 484 bf Determine number of nails needed = 19201b¢ This is the factored wind load Need 4-404 nails This is the actual capacity of the connection with 4-40d nails -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Per NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Fry TYME ASD Fs Fr€p Cr Oyr Cp Py = Mao psi ' The allowable tension stress of the 2 by 6 is Pye much greater than the actual tension stress calculated using the capacity of the 4 nails. Net section does not control. Use four 30d common wire nails with 1/8" diameter bored holes. NDS 11.1.5.6 says that edge distances, end distances, and spacings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. The spacings in the attached design sketch should be adequate to prevent splitting. Note the symmetry of the fastener layout. Lp 44s +! 4-30d common nails AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Check Capacity of 2 by 6 [net section] Assume 2 rows of 2 nails Section 1.1.5.3 says that if holes are bored, when G is less than or equal to 0.60 [SP has a G of 0.55}, then the hole diameter should not exceed 75% of the nail diameter, In this case, the bored hole diameter would be 0.75 x 0.225 0.169in. Assume a bored hole diameter of 1/8" oF 0.125in. 4 Appendix E, Section E.1.2, does not explicitly say that net section must be checked for a 30d nail, but that check is made here with the assumption that there are two rows with two peFeCeCye Cs nals each. 2, s the capacity of the connection based on nail capacity The allowable tension stress of the 2 by 6 is Fue much greater than the actual tension stress calculated using the capacity of the 4 nails. Net section does not control, Use four 40d common wire nails with 1/8" diameter bored holes. Note that 5/32" bored holes obviously also work. [ASD worked with four 30d nails.] NDS 11.1.5.6 says that edge distances, end distances, and spacings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. The spacings in the attached design sketch should be adequate to prevent splitting. Note the symmetry of the fastener layout. Lona < Sar ta . aie ON x Ss YM « ane y - . 47/8" 4-404 common nails -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ped NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Fry DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd ery Problem 18. Toe-Nai if De: Determine if the nails provide adequate lateral resistance to hold the wall stud in place when subject to a wind load acting perpendicular to the wall. The 10-ft Southern Pine stud is toe nailed into Southern Pine top and bottom pl with two 10 penny box nails at the bottom and the same arrang and the studs are spaced 16-in. on center, The connections are ment at the top. The unfactored wind load is 3: and the nails are adequately spaced -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOL180 BCL cn Re eg ASD ASD Solution Problem 18 Loads Wind load is 22 psf acting over a tributary width mya of 1.33 ft over the length of 10 feet. The four . ‘ nails (two on top and two on bottom) are 0 107 assumed to equally resist the ota lateral load on the stud Zao = milla Zao = 107 I Load per nail Member information Wood Properties Fag = 5550p Fag = 5550psi Des 0.128:in Appendix L Fyy:= 100000ps1 NDS Table It naiheneh NDS 11.1.5.4 Toe nails (30 degree angle with nail penetration beginning approx. 1/31d of the nail length from the stud end, See Figure 11 Nail penetration is the lesser of the remaining length of the nail or the 30 degree penetration of the nail in the 1.Sinch sill plate Maximum penetration in the 1.nch sil plate cconttols, J, = length of nail in side member 1155 in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 18 Loads Wind load is 22 psf acting over a tributary width of 1.33 ft over the length of 10 feet. The 1.6 is, the load factor for wind. The four nails (two on IT top and two on bottom) are assumed to equally resist the total lateral load on the stud. x, Zaait = 17LIbt Load per nail Member information Wood Properties Fag = 5550p Fag = 5550psi Des 0.128:in Appendix L Fyy:= 100000ps1 NDS Table It naiheneh NDS 11.1.5.4 Toe nails (20 degree angle with nail penetration beginning approx. 4/9 of the nail length from the stud end. instal See Figure 11A) Pina ‘Nail penetration is the lesser of the remaining length of the nail or the 30 degree penetration of the nailin the 1.5-nch sill plate Pingu = 1-845 in Maximum penetration in the 1.S:inch sil plate controls, length of nail in side member cost 0-deg) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ere OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOLErr Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 Cy= 16 Load duration factor Cyc= Lo Wetsenvice factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint 6D=0 Yield mode calculations BCL cn Re eg ASD cos 1 Temperature factor Comments. Minimum penetration must be at least 6D Penetrationin main member Toe nail factor from NDS 11.5.4.2 The following equations are based on the assumption thatthe dowel diameter is less. than 0.25 inches. See NDS Table 11.3.1B, See Table NDS 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 Cys 10 Wet service factor C= 10 Temperature factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint 5D =. Yield mode calculations LRFD Comments Minimum penetration must be at least 6D Penetrationin main member Toe nail factor from NDS 11.5.4.2 The following equations are based on the assumption thatthe dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See NDS Table 11.3.1B. See Table NDS 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pry OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOLPry BCL cn Re eg ky = 1.108, ‘See NDS Table 11.3.18, Zpg = 559 Model ky DlpFe Ry 2 = 2008 Mode tt, kyDly Fon ie Re RD) Zanm = 138Ibt AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 185 LRFD ky CD ‘See NDS Table 1.3.18, Mode tl, kyDiy ~ Rell aR) Zatig = 1386 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOL186 BCL cn Re eg ASD Mode il, ks De Fen fae Re(2 +R) 2m, sr +R) = 101 be Zaonteot = MDZ Zt Za 2, 1 Ibe Mode IV controls 2 Locteor Cw Cp- Ce C 2) = 135 1b This is the allowable capacity per nail Z'> Znail = 107 tb Two 10d box nails placed as toe nails on the top and two nails on the bottom provide sufficient lateral resistance. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Mode tl, ky Diy Zany = 195d 7 Zay = 101 Ibe Leonie = WOE Mode IV controls, Des Ky ybe7, 2) = 1821br This is the capacity per nail Z'> Znail = 171 Ib Two 10d box nails placed as toe nails on the top and two nails on the bottom provide sufficient lateral resistance. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rd OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOL188 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd rc Problem 19. Bolted Splice Joint Check The bolted splice joint consisting of 1-in. diameter bolts and nominal 2-in. by 12-in. No, 2 Southern Pine lumber is fabricated wet and used where exposed to weather. Assuming the appropriate load combination of dead load and snow load controls, determine the y of the joint 36/8" 4 P q Pp + 4 — 5/5" 3-6/8" 4 _ ana" ana" gn gn gv gran gan gh 7" 62" - P P < > -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108PCy Erne ad ASD Solution Problem 19 Wood Properties og = 6150p = 6150psi y= 550psi By 11S.psi E = 1600000psi Wid := 11.25:in Thickness = 1.5in Area = Thickness: Width Area = 16.88in" Bolt properties Dis bin F Connection geometry Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 LO Wet service factor for tension, Table 4B Wet service factor for E, Table 48 Cy p= 0.90 Wet service factor for shear Table 4B Ct sear = Cues Wet service factor for connections, NDS Table 10.3.3 ASD Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine Reference design values for No. 2 Southern Pine Bolt diameter ‘Table I1 Bolt bending yield strength Main and side member thicknesses Lengths of bolt in main and side membe: Connection is fabricated wet and used where exposed to weather. ces Le Temperature factor cp 10 Size factor Cp Ls Load duration factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 19 Wood Properties og = 6150p Dowel bearing strength for Souther Pine = 6150psi y= 550psi bos Spsi Reference design values for No. 2 Southern E = 1600000psi Pine Wid := 11.25:in Thickness = 1.5in Area = Thickness: Width Area = 16.88in" Bolt properties Dis bin Bolt diameter yp = 45000psi Table |1 Bolt bending yield strength Connection geometry Main and side member thicknesses Lengths of bolt in main and side membe: Adjustment Factors NDS tebe 4.27 Connection is fabricated wet and used where exposed to weather. Cy tension #10 Wet service factor for c= 10 Temperature factor tension, Table 4B Cyrn:= 090 Wet service factor for E, Ce 10 Size factor Table 4B, Time effect factor C46 ster Wet service factor for shear, Table 48 be bere 06s Cye= 07 Wetsenvice factor for Ke Ker connections, NDS é Table 10.3.3 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etre O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108PCy Erne ad ASD Design Calculations Calculations Comments ‘Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 ns6 Number of fasteners in a row = 40in ‘Spacing of fasteners in a row The E values here are not to be modified by ‘adjustment factors in the C, calculation NDS 10.3.6. A, is tho: members, tal area of both side = 180000 (2) ° dex For bolts in wood-to-wood connections ib = 1x00 2 1 EA, w(t ~ m2") (1+Res) NDS Eq, 10.341 ya). m)— 1 +m Group action factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Design Calculations Calculations Comments, Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 Ayy = 27000000 Ibe A, = 54000000 Ib = 1800002 Number of fasteners in a row ‘Spacing of fasteners in a row The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors in the C,, calculation, NDS 10.3.6. A, isthe total area of both side members, For bolts in wood-to-wood connections mi =m") (1+ Rey) NDS Eq, 10.34 Group action factor -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etry O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108try Ponts Check Fastener Spacings NDS 11.5 Edge distance check, NDS Table 11.5.1 Miicige sist Mingige gia = 1 5in Actas ai '= 3.625-in End distance check, NDS Table 11.5.18 Engg '= in End fat = 77D Fong fut = 7 in Bnd staat = 35D Enda staat = 3.5in Eadie a ext = ind ga In-row spacing actttlpacing = 8 actualyyacing = 4 spacinggy = 4-D spacing = spacing © sow = C4 inf, Cs, 057 ASD ‘The smaller of the length of fastener in the main member, or the total length in the side members, divided by the diameteris used to find the required edge spacing. Since /D <6, use 1.5), Required edge distance is less than actual edge distance of 3.625: Edge distance OK Actual end distance in main member. The end distance in the side member is 7D. Required end distance, 7D, for C, more than actual end distance of 4in., therefore, the lateral resistance must be reduced by a geometry factor, C,. End distances in side members are OK, The absolute minimum edge distance is 3.5D = 3.5in, NDS Standard 11.5.1.2 Geometry factor for end distance Table 11.5.1C. The minimum in-row spacing for C, = 118 4D, or 4 in. The absolute minimum is 3D, or 3 in, The controlling group action factor is the sivaller of C, jyq aNd Co yyy AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Check Fastener Spacings NDS 11.5 Edge distance check, NDS Table 11.5.1 Miicige sist Mingige gia = 1 5in Actas ai '= 3.625-in End distance check, NDS Table 11.5.18 Enda = 4in Enda pan = 7D End pat = 70 End rtneod = 35D Endo sedact= End Ca eat = FE a Ca ent = 0.57 Inrow spacing Aetalacing = S aetUagacng = 4 spacing '= 4D spacing = 4in spacing Cason = a= min(Cs cass Ca son) =0s7 LRFD ‘The smaller of the length of fastener in the main ‘member, or the total length in the side members, divided by the diameteris used to find the required edge spacing. Since /D <6, use 1.5), Required edge distance is less than actual edge distance of 3.625: Edge distance OK Actual end distance in main member. The end distance in the side member is 7D. Required end distance, 7D, for C,= 1, is more than actual end distance of 4 in., therefore, the lateral resistance must be reduced by a geometry factor, C,. End distances in side members are OK. The absolute minimum edge distance is 3.5D = 3.5 in NDS Standard 11.5.1.2 Geometry factor for end distance Table 11.5.1C. The minimum in-row spacing for ©, =1 is 4D, or 4 in, The absolute minimum is 3D, o 3 in The controlling group action factor is the siraller of Cong 894 Co soy -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pty O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108PCy Between-row Spacing spacingpaayaan'= in Tequiredgacing hasan = LSD Fequiredacing teowosn = 1530 Lateral Resistance Yield Limit equations = Odeg Kye 1+ Ky = 1.00 R= 1.00 Erne ad ASD NDS Table 11.5.1D The actual spacing is greater than the spacing. OK quired Bolts are in double shear |, is length of bolt in side member and |, is length of bolt in main member. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Between-row Spacing SpaCiMgey oan = in Rat mann cue LRFD NDS Table 11.5.1D Tequiredypacing brwoan = 1.S-D Fequiredypsing ernoe Lateral Resistance Yield Limit equations = Odeg Kyl Ky= 100 The actual spacing is greater than the spacing. OK quired Bolts are in double shear |, §s length of bolt in side member and |, is length of bolt in main member -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ped O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108198 Erne ad 1 min( Zan 255s ZanesZ0y) Cy Cy CeCe pttumbeaie 2: = 11050 1b Local stress checks. NDS Appendix E Net Section Check, NDS E.2 12) thickness Area != Area Arey Row Tear-Out Check, NDS E.3 ASD Lateral resistance for one bolt There are 12 bolts on each side of the splice. Adjusted lateral resistance NDS 11.14.22 The bolt capacity is checked using the net area of the main [center] member. ,> Fiy thus net section controls. The highest load that can be cartied by the bolts is 11,050 Ibs, but the highest load that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 8,857 Ibs Scigcai 8 the minimum of the end distance and the in-row bolt spacing AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Zay = 608 1bE Zeist = 2:9(Ziy %, 16 Mode |,, controls Dm Ky ge Lantat Cy Cx CoC, g MUMbET ag 2 = 16604 bt Local stress checks. NDS Appendix E Net Section Check, NDS E.2 Lin) Areaye = Area ~ 2D act Thicknes: Area = 13.69 in = 12S psi Pos 0K peOvFeOn touiow Cr € P= 950 pst Row Tear-Out Check, NDS E.3 Zyrr = BYP yt Srtical Swritcat = min(End yi Act snacing) DNR are cd LRFD Lateral resistance for one bolt There are 12 bolts on each side of the splice. Adjusted lateral resistance NDS 11.14.22 The bolt capacity is checked using the net area of the main [center] member. {,> Fiy thus net section contrls. The highest load that can be cartied by the bolts is 16,604 Ibs, but the highest load that can be cattied by the net section of the main member is 13,000 Ibs. s. the in-row bolt spacing. citca ® the minimum of the end distance and -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION PCr O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108Pry Zee z Fey uy 70281 22 ian = 14055 tbe Group Tear-Out Check, NDS E.4 Fg a CB : Zen Zen lin psp 16 Dy = 1.063 in Syow = SPS been Agrouy not = Thickness (Mog A, satin? 1} (Siow Erne ad DJ} ASD Numer of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row The total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of bolts. The capacity of 14 490 Ibs > 8,657-Ib capacity due to net section, Thus, at this point, net section controls. 2 since there are only two rows. D,, is the actual bolt hole diameter. See NDSES AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Py Kp mde FC F F ‘y Thickness Sica Zen = 21120108 Group Tear-Out Check, NDS E.4 = Thickness [(n w~ 1) (Sow ~ Pa] LRFD Number of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row The total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of bolts. The capacity of 21,120 tbs > 13,0084b capacity due to net section. Thus, at this point, net section controls. 2 since there are only two rows. D,, is the actual bolt hole diameter See NOSES -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pree O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108Pred Erne ad ASD Bolt capacity = 14,050 Ibf [Mode I Net section capacity = 8,657 Ibf Row-tear-out capacity = 14,055 Ibf Group tear out capacity = 9,815 Ibf The controlling capacity is net section in the main member of 8,657 Ibf The beneficial effects of using smaller bolts may be seen in this problem if the bolt diameter is decreased fo 1/2 in, but leaving all other parameters the same. The effect of this change is that y= 63,640 Ib/in., C, = 0.946, and C.,= 1.0. Bolt capacity = 10,539 Ibt Net section capacity = 9,606 Ibf Row tear out capacity = 14,055 bf Group tear out capacity = 10,289 Ibt In this case, the controlling capacity is still net section in the main member of 9,606 Ibf nearly 1000 Ibf higher than with the 1-in diameter bolts. It is seen that C, and C , have a deleterious effect in the case of the larger diameter bolts in this case. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Bolt capacity = 16,604 Ibf [Mode I Net section capacity = 13,009 Ibf Row-tear-out capacity = 21,120 Ibf Group tear out capacity = 14,748 Ibf The controlling capacity is net section in the main member of 13,009 Ibf The beneficial effects of using smaller bolts may be seen in this problem if the bolt diameter is decreased to 1/2 in, but leaving all other parameters the same. The effect of this change is that y= 63,640 /bf/in., C, = 0.946, and C,,= 1.0. Bolt capacity = 15,836 bt Net section capacity = 14,434 Ibf Row tear out capacity = 21,120 Ibf Group tear out capacity = 15,460 Ibt {In this case, the controlling capacity is stil net section in the main member of 14,424 Ibt approximately 1400 Ibf higher than with the 1-in diameter bolts. It is seen that C, and C., have a deleterious effect in the case of the larger diameter bolts in this case. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prey O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108ayy DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Problem 20. Bolted Connection Design Determine the size, number he joint shown. The nomin 2-in, by 6-in. memb 6 by 10 Hem-fir and placement of bolts 6-in, by 10-in, Hem-fir No. 1 seasons in pla kiln-dried Southern Pine No. 1 9 1/2" 1 ! 2 Southern Pine 2 by 6's ' 2.8 kip (Unfactored) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION DNR are cd Pr eeded to transfer an unfactored 2.8-kip snow load only through but remains dry in service. The nominal ' ' Two at 1.4 kips each wetsaq Nousannoa aait08 8 |Pry eS a ASD ASD Solution Problem 20 Load SOOTb Load due toD +S Wood properties = 1900p Dowel bearing strength for main member (Hemi) is a perpendicutar-to-grain value and it depends on bot size. Assume 7/84n, dia, bots. Since the main member fs loaded perpendicular to grain, some engineers believe that the E value here should be @ perpendicular-to-grain value, However, consultation with the Commentary indicates that the parallel-to-grain value should be used because there is more redistribution of bolt forces when E is higher. This results in a more conservative, or smaller, value for C, 1g == 1300000psi 6150psi Dowel bearing strength forside members (Gouthern pine) is a parallel-to-grain value, S00 Reference tensile design value for No. 1 Fes 00psi southern pine Reference modulus of elasticity for No. 1 southern pine side members, 1000-9 Fy spi= 175.psi Ky ue i= L0-ps Wikkthayyg = 5.5m Widthpyy9 = 9.5m Thicknessiyyq = 1Ssn Thicknesseny idthzyyq-Thicknessnyq AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 20 Load P:= 1,6.28001bf Load due to 1.20 + 1.68. Assume D may be neglected. P = 4480 br Wood properties = 1900p Dowel bearing strength fo (Hemi) is a perpendicular-to-grain value andit depends on bolt size. Assume 7/Bin, dia. boks. Since the main member fs loaded lar to grain, some engineers beleve thal the E value here should be @ perpendicular-to-grain value, However, consultation with the Commentary indicates that the parallelto-grain value should be used because there is more redistribution of bolt forces when E is higher. This results in a more conservative. 1g == 1300000psi perpendi ‘or smaller, value for C,, Reference tensile design value for No. 1 Fq= 900psi Southern Pine Fy spi= 175.psi Ky ue i= L0-ps Widthayys Widthgpy == 9-5:in Thickness, = 1.S4n hicknessgyyiq = 5.5:in Areagyyg = Widthzyyg Thickness -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 6150psi Dowel bearing strength forside members (Southern Pine) is a parallel-to-grain value. 000. Reference modulus of elasticity for No. 1 ‘Southern Pine side members Prd NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.4 Cp Ls Load duration factor C= 1.0 Temperature factor Cycemin spi= LO Wet senvice factorfor SPin tension C= 1.0 Size factor for SP « spi= 09 Wet service factor for E on SP Cyi= LO Geometry factor. Assume 1 Mest for entire design process. Cuts sp= 097 Wet senvice factor for SP shear C\canue ne= 10. Wet senvice factor for HF shear 10 Group action factor. This could change tater Cua 04 Cy = 1.0 for one bolt, or Cy =0.7 for two or more bots in one row parallel to grain, See NDS Table 10.3.3, Changes in Cy will be addressed lator, if necessary Bolt properties Try 7/84n. bolts D:= 0875in 7/84n. tial bolt diameter I, Thickness Length of bolt in side member Sanyo Length of bolt in main member Fy,2= 45000psi NDS Table It Lateral Resistance The Hemfir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain, R,= 0309 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 209 LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.1 Cyremion sp= LO Wet service factor for SP intension y= 1,0. Temperature Factor Cyn spi= 09 Wet sence factor for € on SP Crm 10 Size factor for SP Cyt ase sp:= 0.97 Wet service factor for SP shear Cy:= LO Geometry factor. Assume 1 M shar SP for entire design process. Cytaar ne‘ 1.0 Wet service factor for HF shear hss 08 = 10 Group action factor. This could 4.5 080 = 065 change later , C= 04 Cy = 1.0 for one bolt, or Cy, = 0.7 x6 vk for two or mote bots in one row Kens Krae parallel to grain, See NDS Table a oe 40.3.3. Changes in Cy, vill be Kp wn 2tS addressed later, if necessary Bolt properties Try 7/84. bolts D= 0875.in 7/8:n. tial bolt diameter = Thickness Length of bottin side member l= 1Sia Igy i= Thickness 19 Length of bolt in main member NDS Table It 6 = 90, The Hemfir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD Bolts are in double shear Diy Pag = Mode ty Zag, = 182910 Mode |, whe ky = 3500 ky DIL “33K GR Mode Il, Zi, = 192BIE Z Mode IV toot = MiN( Ziq, Zhe, Zinte-Z1y) 829 bE Mode |, controls Bs ricor CCM 2CeCyC Adjusted lateral resistance 2) = 841 Ib Capacity per bolt Determine number of bolts needed o bolts 4 bots should be adequate, but may be able to down size bolt diameter nio_bolls AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Bolts are in double shear Pam = Mode |, Zag, = 18291bE Mode |, Mode Il = 128i ig Ly a Mode IV nil = MiN( Zig Zio, ZittrZay) Mode |, controls 829 bt ™ . Adjusted lateral resistance 2 = 126 Capacity per bott Determine number of bolts needed nio_bolts 4 bots should be adequate, but may be able no bolts = 3.5 to down size bot diameter -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 24a. NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prey Try four 7/8-in bolts Assume 2 rows of 2 bolts Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 EX = Ear Arent Aedjin = Thickness eS a ASD Number of fasteners in a row ‘Assume 4in spacing The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors for the C, calculation, The area of the HF 6x10 main memb taken as the thickness of the 6x10 multiplied by the width of the SP 2x6. This decision belongs to the designer. Some ‘would use the width of the bolt group, others would draw a 45-degree line from the canter of each topmost bolt and where this intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width. NDS 10.3.6. A, is the fotal area of both side members. For bolts in wood-to-wood connections NDS Eq. 10.34 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Try four 7/8-in bolts Assume 2 rows of 2 bolts Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 n=2 Number of fasteners in a row ss=40%in ‘Assume 4in spacing EA != Em’ Ate pai The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors for the C, calculation, AfCagain = Thickness; The area of the HF 6x10 main member is > taken as the thickness of the 6x10 Aegan = 30.25 in multiplied by the width of the SP 2x6. This decision belongs to the designer. Some ‘would use the width of the bolt group, others would draw a 45-degree line from the canter of each topmost bolt and where this intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width. NDS 10.3.6. A, is the fotal area of both side members. For bolts in wood-to-wood connections NDS Eq. 10.34 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 213 NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G3110824 0997 Revised Lateral Resistance 2 Lesowot Co Out erly Ca w= 89 bE p z Ojai = 3.338 Rots Establish a tentative joint detail twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C, = 1 Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Distegge = 15D. Distoage = 13130 Hemfir, loaded perpendicualr to grain = 4) Distioad Distanonted ies Distipades se = 3.5in Distanoated elge = 1313 in Try 5/8in. bolts D:= 0625+in Fy 2= 2250p Lateral Resistance eS a ASD Group action factor. The C, value calculated with the latest estimate of the number and arrangement of bots is calculated Four botts stil will be required when C, is taken into account, NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge distance = 1.50 The required end distance will be 7D 6.125.in, Thus, the 8.5.in deep Hem-fir main member has insufficient depth to accomodate the bolts spaced at 4-In. The dowel bearing strength perpendicularto grain depends on the bolt diameter. NDS. Table 11.3.2 The hem-fir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue = 0.997 Revised Lateral Resistance B= Ky 6-Zeontot ot CeCe € ‘olbt Establish a tentative joint detail twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C, = 1 Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Distgage = 1313 in Hermfir, loaded perpendicualr to grain Distoases “D Dist, Disy Dist 1313in Try 5/84in, bolts D:= 0.625-in F cm = 2250-91 Lateral Resistance LRFD Group action factor. The C, value calculated with the latest estimate of the number and arrangement of bots is calculated, Four bolts stil will be required when C, is taken into account. NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge distance = 1.5D ‘The required end distance will be 7D = 6.1254n. Thus, the 9.5-in deep Hem-fir main member has insufficient depth to accomodate the bolts spaced at 44n. ‘The dowel bearing strength perpendicular to grain depends on the bolt diameter. NDS. Table 11.3.2 The hem-fir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prey NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prey eS a ASD Mode |, Mode |, Mode Il, = 19731be Mode IV cont = min contol = 1158 ID Mode Ml, controls 5 Assume this value since likely a row may have three or more boits. This must be re-checked later. Adjusted lat I resistance AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.= 2598 DkyDIeF Ko Zig = 1158160 its cont = min( 2K, +R) us Zs Rat mann cue LRFD Mode |, Mode |, Mode Il, Mode IV Mode Il, controls Assume this value since likely a row may have three or more bolts, This must be re-checked later. Adjusted lat I resistance -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pred NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prey eS a ASD opens = 5.533 Try 6 S/8.in. bolts, two rows of three bolts each. Since more bolts are required, an in-row spacing of 4D = 2.S:n [see Table11.5.1C] will be tried Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 nd Number of fasteners in a row 25in Assume 24n spacing now instead of 4n since more bolts are required = Ey Atta” The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C, calculation. The area ofthe HF 6x10 main member & taken asthe thickness ofthe Aretgaig = 30.25; 6x10 multipied by the width ofthe SP 218. This decision belongs to the designer. Some would use the width of the bot group, others would draw a 45-degree fine from the center of each topmost bolt and where ths intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width Aegan Thickness 9: Width Egy = Hoy ATE gin Arye 2 NDS 10.3.6. A, is the total atea of both side members, BA, = 280Son001b¢ BA Y= 1402 c For bolts in wood-towoad connections AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Hops = 58 Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 Ai Aegan Thickness 9: Width Aredquin = 30.25 in EA = Ey Are 1 Area EA, = 280S00001ht LRFD Try 6 5/8.in. bots, two rows of three bolts ‘each. Since more balls are required, an in-row spacing of 4D = 2.Sin [see Table 11.5.1C] will be tied. Number of fasteners in a row ‘Assume 24n spacing now instead of 4n since more bolts are required, ‘The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C, calculation, The area of the HF 6x10 main member is taken as the thickness of the 6x10 multiplied by the width of the SP 2x6. This decision belongs to the designer. Some would use the width of the bok group, others would draw a 45-degree line from the center of each topmost bolt andwhere this intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width of both NDS 10.3.6., isthe tolal ar side members, For bolts in wood-to-wood connections -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 219 NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD | ‘ c=] NOS Ea. 10.21 [ 1 c= 0994 Group action factor. yas = 5.286 Still require 6 5/84n, bolts Bola = 317816 Bolt capacity > P Establish a new tentative joint detail for Itwlbe asumed inthe bolt deta SiB-n, bots. determination thatC, = 1 Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controling VD is for the ta48 side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge D distance = 1.5D_ Distoage sp = 1D gp = 0.9380 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD NDS Eq. 10.31 C,= 0.994 Group action factor. Still require 6 5/8-in. bolts. 6 Ibi Bolt capacity > P = 4480 Ib. twill be asumed in the bolt detail Establish a new tentative joint detail for Hotermination that Ct 5i8-in, bolts. Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain NDS Table 11.5.1. The controlling I/D is for the ‘side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge distance = 1.5D Distaage sp = 0.938 in -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pore NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prd eS a ASD Hemefir, loaded perpendicular to grain Distoadeé sige ne = 4D Distunoaded edge ne != 15D Distoadeé sige ne = 2:5in Disttoa ie = 0938in End Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Distanceaga sp!= 7-D Dista 4375in Hem-fir loaded perpendicular to grain—end distance does nat apply here. Spacing in a row Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain posing Sb= 4D) Hem-fir, loaded perpendicular to grain, controlled by SP spacing, Spacing between rows Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Bovnrow = 15D BiwnroW acing sp = 0.938 in Hem-fir, loaded perpendicular to grain This is the length of bolt that controls YD [See footnote to tables 11.5.1A and 1.5.10). Controling VD is 4.8, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Hemefir, loaded perpendicular to grain Distioadst tgs HF = +D Dist =15D Disthogds otge HF = 2.Si0 Dist = 0.938in End Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain D Distancesga sp = Distancesea sp = 4 Hem-fir loaded perpendicular to grain—end distance does not apply here. Spacing in a row Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain InPOWepacin Inr0W spacing $P Herfir, loaded perpendicular to grain, controlled by SP spacing. Spacing between rows Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Bownnowy 18D BiwnroW pacing sp = 0.938 in Herfir, loaded perpendicular to grain b= 24 This is the length of bolt that controls V/D [See footnote to tables 11.5.1 and 1.5.10} I=3in D=0625:in _ Conttoling VD is 4.8, BownroWspaciag HF = -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD TENTATIVE SUMMARY OF SPACING REQUIREMENTS Southern Pine: ‘Min, edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/4 in Min, end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in ‘Min. spacing ina row = 2.5 in USE 2-3/4 in Min, spacing btwn rows = 0.938 in USE 3in Hemsir Min, loaded edge distance = 2,5 in USE 2-4/2 in Min, unloaded edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/2 in Min, end distance Does not apply Min, spacing ina row = controlled by SP USE 3in ‘Min, spacing btwn rows = 2,656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirements, Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 +18) tuamesng NOS 114.22 Aredgee = ATI: 6 = 6.1910" The net section is checked assuring half of the applied load is carried by each side member P= FoCM soni sh CCC = 1035psi AXilagai, net section = 2° AFC FY The highest load that can be carried by the bok is 3,180 Ibfs, but the highest load AXihagucig, net sexien = 12808 1B that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 12,808 Ibfs, Both are higher than the appied load of 2,800 Ibt Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDS E.3 Zev = FS citcalY sot = min(Distancesag sp+IN0Wepacng st) Scitea) 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 225 LRFD TENTATIVE SUMMARY OF SPACING REQUIREMENTS Southern Pine: ‘Min, edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/4 in Min, end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in ‘Min. spacing ina row = 2.5 in USE 2-3/4 in Min, spacing btwn rows = 0.938 in USE 3in Hemsir Min, loaded edge distance = 2.5 in USE 2-4/2 in Min. unloaded edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/2 in ‘Min. end distance Does not apply ‘Min. spacing ina row = controlled by SP USE 3 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 2.656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirements, Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 (+12) chatnoig, NOS 11122 Areague = Area ,6 = 619in" The net section is checked assuring half of the applied load is cantied by each side member. c= 1555p The highest load that can be cartied by the Awtal apc, ot sexi = bots is 4,776 Ibfs, but the highest load sca that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 19,246 Ibfs, Both are higher than the applied load of 4,480 Ibf Row Tear-Out Check in the SP ‘Member, NDS E.3 Zev = FS citcalY in sv) Scitcai 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing, Swritaat = 2.5 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry Group Tear-Out Check in SP Fy spCp-Ct shar ser Cr Cr Member, NDS E.4 Dy = 0.68% speci 2 Zr I}(Sou eS a ot ASD Numer of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row This is the total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of boks in one side member. This is the total row tear out capacity for both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 2,800 Ib 2 since there are only two rows. ‘See NDS E.6 for this formula. D,, is the actual bolt hole diameter. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue PS Kp mde ly set Cyc F sp Cu stear CeCe Zig = 3300101 Zin = 6600Ibf Zip ta sides = 13200106 Group Tear-Out Check in SP Member, NDS E.4 2 ' Faris +P Agony 2pm Zen Zer SE Age Agroup net = Thicknespy6[(Orow — 1)-(Som ~ Pa) by=bs 2 we Pee Dy = 0.6881 Sow = spacing LRFD Number of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row This is the total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of boks in one side member. This is the total row tear out capacity for both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 4,480 Ib. n=2 since there are only two rows See NDS E.6 for this formula. D, is the actual bolt hole diameter. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 227 NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a 1}S.e0 ~ Ds] Zinn Pars > FreAgaup st Zier = 5786Ib Zt hath sides = 11573 bE Check shear in the Hem-fir member. See NDS 3.4.3.3{b). It is assumed that the connection is more than 5d from the end of the member. / \ v, Pybdy Py = 195psi b:= Thicknessyi0 b=5sin dge= Widtiggyrq ~ LS-in d= 8in d= Witney ASD This is the group tear out capacity considering both side members. This is greater than the apped load of 2,800 ib. Assuming that the 2800bf force is applied at the midspan of the Hem-fir member, the shear to be carried is 1400 Ib NDS Eq.3.47 Vy = 1,400 Ibf, thus it is OK on shear. vy AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 1}S.e0 ~ Ds] 7389 Ibt Check shear in the Hem-fir member. See NDS 3.4,3.(b). It is assumed that the connection is more than 5d from the end of the member. = Thicknessyiys0 b=5sin dee Widthgggrq ~ LS-in = 8in d= Wid, V, = 8604 Ibe LRFD This is the group tear out capacity considering both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 4,480 Ib ‘Assuming that the 4,480bf force the midspan of the Hem-fir mem tobe carried is 2,240 lof applied at the shear NDS Eq. 3.4-7 V,, > Vina = 2,240 Ibf, thus it is OK on shear -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION PPT NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108230 eS a ASD ‘SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS: Southern Pine: edge distance = 0,938 in USE 1-1/4 in end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in spacing ina row=2.5 in USE 2.3/4 in spacing btwn rows = 0.938in USE 3 in loaded edge distance = 2.5in USE 2-1/2 in unloaded edge distance = 0.938in USE 1-1/2 in end distance Does not apply Min. spacing ina row= controlled by SP USE 3 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 2.656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirements. 41/2" f = fe 114" 1 trie tin Lo zai" Po Lee 23/4" ‘ T e e 1 21/2" a o3na- Ot Six 5/ oy dia. bolts ' ' y 2.8 kips Two at 1.4 kips each (unfactored) WO BETAS 62¢! AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD ‘SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS: Southern Pine: edge distance = 0,938 in USE 1-1/4 in end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in spacing ina row=2.5 in USE 2.3/4 in spacing btwn rows = 0.938in USE 3 in loaded edge distance = 2.5in USE 2-1/2 in unloaded edge distance = 0.938in USE 1-1/2 in end distance Does not apply Min. spacing ina row= controlled by SP USE 3 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 2.656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirement 4112" i 11a ' tte @ 112 1 1 2 au . 4 2314" | ° t 2112" ~ 3\= Six 5/8-in dia. bolts ' y ' 2.8 kips T it 1.4 ki h (unfactored) woa Ps eact -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 231. NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108232 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 233 Problem 21. Knee Brace Bolted Connection Design The knee brace shown in the figure experiences an unfactored axial load of 4.0 kips under a wind load event, Load reversals are possible so the 4.0 kip load can be tension or compression, Determine the mumber of 5/8-in. bolts needed to resist the load. As the knee brace will be in the interior of building, it will remain dry with normal temperatures. The knee brace is 2- by 6- in., M-12 Southern Pine and is sandwiched between a double 2- by 10-in, spaced column post and a double 2- by 8-in. truss bottom chord. The post and bottom chord are also Southern Pine Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL). b—-l 9 7 *” N 5 nominal 2 by 6 Knee Brace 2by6 k Knee Brace , sy Side Members - = 11" -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPry Cea eae ME ASD Solution Problem 21 Load P= 40001 Member Information Wood Properties 2x8 main member Thicknessy)y¢ = 1.S-in Widhryy Areanyyo = Thicknesszyy6:Widlhyyy6 Aretayys = 825in0 Fem = 6150-p5i F peap = 3250psi Fe spi= 75.psi Eq = 1600000psi Fy 850.ps1 2x 10 side members Dowel bearing strength calculations for side members, ‘The vertical post and truss bottom chord act as side members in the knee brace connections. Wa, Spovioomal = ata 4 53.1dey Sportal = ASD Southern Pine M-12, Dowel bearing strength for main member parallel to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) ‘Dowel bearing strength formain member perpendicular to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) NDS Supplement Table 4C. This is for the knee brace only. Dowel bearing strength forside members is at ‘an angle to grain on both the top and bottom of the knee brace (Southern Pine) Oeste Ffets to the angle at the bottom of Kneebrace and @jninqt fferS to the angle at the top of the knee brace. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 21 Load P= 1,6-40001bF P = 6400br Member Information Wood Properties 2.x 6 main member Thicknessyqyg = 1Ssn Widthyyyg = 5.5:in Areagyys = Thi Areagys = 8. Fege= 6150-psi Fe perp = 325081 Fy sp: 175-psi 000psi Eqs 850.psi 2x 10 side n Thicknessy4y10 = Dowel bearing strength calculations for side members. ‘The vertical post and truss bottom chord act as side members in the knee brace connections. wa) deg LRFD Factored load Southern Pine M12 Dowel bearing strength for main member parallel to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) Dowel bearing strength for main member perpendicular to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) NDS Supplement Table 4C. This is for the knee brace only. Dowel bearing strength forside members is at fan angle to grain on both the top and bottom of the knee brace (Southern Pine). 6 serial Fofers to the angle at the bottom of kneebrace and Ojoinyat fefers to the angle at the top of the knee -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 235 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM236 Cea eae ME 8 hvizontat = 3915 psi Bolt properties Adjustment Factors NDS Table 43.1 Group action factor, assumed for now, Cy= Le Load duration factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral Resistance NDS 11.3.1 orzo = 1S vente = 1S. ASD Cyc LO Wet.use factor Cos Lo Temperature factor Comments, Consider the attachment of the knee brace to 1@ russ bottom chords. This will be the controlling connection because the angle of load to grain is larger than that where the knee brac intersects the post. Both the post and the trus bottom chords are M-12 grade Southern Pine. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 8 hvizontat = 3915 psi Bolt properties d= in ‘ye = 45000psi Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 C_= 10 Group action factor, assumed for now, Cyc LO Wetuse factor Ces LO Temperature factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral Resistance NDS 11.3.1 Ko = L148. LRFD Comments Consider the attachment of the knee brace to the truss bottom chords. This wil be the controlling connection because the angle of load to grain is larger than that where the knee brace intersects the post. Both the post and the truss bottom chords are M-12 grade Southern Pine. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 237 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM238 4K) ay Zyy = 18021 comeot = ml ys 25. Zt Zane = 1256 IbE C= 10 2:= 2IoIbi Zx) Cea eae ME ASD Mode |,, NDS Eq. 11.3.7 Model, NDS Eq. 11.38 Mode Ill, NOS Eq. 11.3.9 Mode IVNDS Eq, 11.310 Mode |,, controls For the connection detail and design, assume 0 that the geometry factor, C. , is still assumed to be 1.0 at this point until a connection detail is established. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD 1256 bt Mode |,, NDS Eq. 11.3.7 Mode |, NDS Eq. 11.9.8 IDS Eq. 11.3.9 2yy = 18021 Mode IV NDS Eq, 11.310 Mode |, controls For the connection detail and design, assume that the geometry factor, C, C,, is still assumed to be 1.0 at this point until a connection detail is established. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 239 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM240 Cea eae ME Determine number of 5/8-in. diameter bolts required p Naot Nowe = 19 nno_bolts = Calculation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 hicknessy.y¢-Widthayys Eg != ov AFC F, := 1600000-psi EA, == Ey Widthopy EA, = 26400000 bf = 88939 ASD Use 2 bots Assume that there will be 2 botts in one row of the knee brace. Number of fasteners in a row ‘Assume 2:n spacing now. The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C, calculation. This is the reference E of the side member. Although the memberis loaded at an angie with respect to the grain, the pubfshed E is used. The width of the side member Is taken as the Width of the 2 x 6. The area of the side member is taken as the thickness of both 2x10 side ‘members multiplied by the width of the 26 main member. There Is no unique choice in this. dedsion. For bolts in wood-towood connections AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Determine number of 5/8-in. diameter bolts required p Nita = z Nine = 2.359 rno_bolls = Ds= 075.in Calculation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 EAg = Eq Arent Agia = Thickness yy Width sys ‘Ateagyin = 825 in” Fay AFEtpain EAg = 13200000168 ‘= 1600000-psi EA, = By Widlthajyg 2-Thickness4 EA, = 26400000tbE LRFD ‘The ASD solution indicated that 2 5/8-in, bolts would work. We have two choices at this stage. One is to retain the 5/8-in. bolt and design a detail around that, and the other is to select a larger diameter bolt. Since we are now assured that the LRFD solution will require more 5/8-in bolts, we will select the larger bolt option and detail the connection accordingly. With a 3/4-in bolt, Z, cra = 1507 tb, and the number of required bolts = 1.986, or 2 bolts. We will not reproduce the calculations, but they are similar to those above, Controlling lateral resistance and number of fasteners in a row Assume 2.5:in spacing now. The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C,, calculation. This is the reference E of the side member. Although the memberis loaded at an angie with respect to the grain, the published E is used, The width of the side member is taken as the width of the 2 x 6, The area of the side member is taken as the thickness of both 2x10 side members muitiplied by the width of the 26 main member. There is no unique choice in this decision. For bolts in wood-towood connections -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pore NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPry Cea eae ME ASD [ mim NDS Eq. 10.34 0.997 Group action fact Revised Lateral Resistance 2 = Legaest CoCr CeCy€, 2! = 2008Ib¢ = 1.997 Still require two 6/84. bolts. Bolt capacity > P = 4,000 Ibf Establish a joint detail for two 5/8.in. bolts. twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C Edge Distance Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel ta grain NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controling I/D is for the side mernbers and itis less than 6, Thus, edge distance = 1,5D AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD s(t ) ee or zi R m= 08% [. mt =m? Res) ce] NDS Eq, 10.34 ” (14 Revm®).c1 +m - ms oss Group action factor Revised Lateral Resistance 2 Ky by? = 303716 r pay = 1977 Stil require two 3/44n, bolts Bolt capacity > Prursreg = 8.400 lof Establish a joint detail fortwo 3/44n. bolts. twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C Edge Distance Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel ta grain NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and its less than 6, Thus, edge distance = 1.5D -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 243 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPry Cea eae ME ASD Distaige = 15D. Distaige = 0.938in ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded 53.1 degrees with respect to grain Dist, =4D Dis, = Dist, End Distance ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain Distancegy = 7) Distance ‘Southern Pine side member loaded perpendicula grain-end distance does not apply here. Spacing in a row ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain 4D Southern Pine side member, loaded perpendicular tograin, controlled by main member spacing. SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS FOR 5/8" BOLTS. Main member Min, edge distance = 0.938 in USE 2-3/4 in Min, end distance = 4.375in USE 4-1/2 in Min. spacing in a row = 2.5 in USE 2-4/2 in Side member Min, loaded edge distance = 2.50 in USE 3-3/4 in Min, untoaded edge distance 938in USE 3 in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Py LRFD Distaige = 15D. Distaige = 1.125 in ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded 53.1 degrees with respect to grain Distysdot stye = 4D Dist, alge = Distt tye = 30 Distonoaded Lsin End Distance ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain Distance = 7D Distance = 5.25in Southern Pine side member loaded perpendicular to grain-end distance does not apply here. ‘Spacing in a row ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain OW epycing = 4D Southern Pine side member, loaded perpendicular tograin, controlied by main member spacing, ‘SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS FOR 3/4" BOLTS Main member ‘edge distance = 1.125in USE 2.5/8 in end distance = §.25 in USE 5-1/4 in Min, spacing in a row USE 3in Side member Min, loaded edge distance = 3 in USE 3in Min, unloaded edge distance = 1.125in USE 3 in -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM246 Cea eae ME ASD . ays ot 7B BAY z Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 Areage, = 6.19in) c= Fey Zyop = Fyre P< isn NOS Eq.£.24 NDS 11.14.22 Compute resistance Net jon does not contro! AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Pry LRFD olathe - 33 fe v 3. eg egy ae Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 bop =Py wseqent area Acne -2(0+ “) hts wos 11422 . \ 16 vets Netencion does not contol -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPoy Cea eae ME Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDSE.3 Distancegyg sp!= 4.5: = min(Distaneeegg sp. INOW eseCoG Fy = 280psi Zany = ny Fy Thickness 6° Sy 21008 ASD Sgugea) § the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing. Number of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row Applied load is greater than tear out capacity The proposed design fails to achieve required tear-out resistance by a large margin emphasizing the importance of this design check. A redesign is necessary that would increase the shear area of the connection. This might be achieved by increasing the spacing between bolts and/or the end spacing ‘or by adding more bolts. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDS E.3 Distanoeagg sp 4S:in Zeer = 1) Pet S ea aa sp+INFON pacing SP) S.igcat the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing, Number of bolts in the row Zigry = ny Fy Thicknessyy6 Sica Zany = 34024 Row tear out capacity of one row P> Zien Factored load is greater than the factored tear out capacity The proposed design fails to achieve required tear-out resistance by a large margin emphasizing the importance of this design check. A redesign is necessary that would increase the shear area of the connection. This might be achieved by increasing the spacing between bolts and/or the end spacing or by adding more bolts. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 249 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPra DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Problem 22. Knee Brace Member De: DNR are cd Prze As in the previous problem, the knee brace shown in the figure experiences an unfactored axial load of 4.0 kips under ‘a wind load event. Load rev the knee brace is zero under dead load only. Determi e force in race assuming two bolts conne: sals are possible so the 4.0 kip load can be tension or compression. Assume he adequi the knee brace at the top and the bottom (see Problem 21). As the knee brace will be in the interior of the building, it betw na double main dry with normal temperature The knee brace is 2- by 6-in. M-12 Southern Pine and is sandwiched column post and a double 2- by 8-in. truss bottom chord, The post and bottom y 10-in. spac chord are also Southem Pine Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL), hominal 2 by 6 Knee Brace 2by6 Knee Brace Side Members - = 1412" -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NoISaq U3GW3W 3OVES 33NHPry CNet ASD ASD Solution Problem 22 Member Information Section Properties Reference Design Values Length = $:12in Grade M-12.SP Length = 60 in Width = 55in jg = 16TSpsi thickness = 1.Sin 600000psi Area = Thickness: Width , " in = 750000-ps Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Cp 16 Load duration factor C= 10 Incising factor Cys 10 Wet service factor oes te Temperature factor Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor Kp=09 NDS Appendix G, Table G1, The connection provides some rotational resistance, 6 Slendemess < 50, OK (NDS 3.7.1.4) Thickness E Ein = 750000 psi d= Thickness J,/d, dis based on width, because this is the axis about which bending would occur, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.LRED Solution Problem 22 Member Information Section Properties Length := $:12in Length = 60in Width == 5.sin Thickness = 1 Sin Area := Thickness: Width Area = 8.25in? Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Cys LO Wet service factor c= 10 Temperature factor c= 10 Incising factor Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor hicknes E rnin = Kes ¢sF min CM Ce Gi Ejqin = 1125000 psi DNR are cd LRFD Reference Design Values Grade M-12 SP psi 600000 Comments NDS Appendix G, Table G1. The connection provides some rotational resistance, Slendemess < 50, OK (NDS 3.7.1.4) |,Jd, dis based on width, because this is the about which bending would occur -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 253 NoISaq U3GW3W 3OVES 33NHPry CNet 476 psi Fee ‘c_star Calculate the slenderness factor, Cp cp=017 Calculate Axial Capacity Axial Compression Fey Oy Gp 459 psi load = 40005 \F in| \16) | Thickness ASD F, 's the tabulated compression value muttipied by all appicable adjustment factors, except for Cp Note that « used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity, The smaller ci, js not.a symbol inthe NDS. Itis 1¢ lower the value of Cp, For sawn lumber The 2x 6 member is Insufficient to carry a compressive force of 4000 Ib in compression Area minus the area of the bolt with a 1/16-in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue « star = 3618psi ‘c_star Calculate the slenderness factor, Cp Calculate Axial Capacity Axial Compression boF Cyl Cee = 1.6-40001b¢ oF, Net section tension width -|{ LRFD F, 's the tabulated compression value muttipied by all appicable adjustment factors, except for Cp Note that «., is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantty; thatis, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity. The smaller x, the lower the value of C,, For sawn lumber Factored compression force The 2 x 6 member is insufficient to carry a factored compressive force of 6400 Ib in ‘compression Area minus the area of the bolt with a 1/16-in oversize. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pry NoISaq U3GW3W 3OVES 33NH256 CNet ASD Py = 1360psi oad = 4000In¢ {,

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