Canal Aqueduct

Design of Syphon Aqueduct
Chapter-3
Selection of type of aqueduct
The above data of hydraulic particulars, a type-3 aqueduct is designed. It is only purely from an
economical aspect that we go in for the type-3 aqueduct. For major drains it will be
uneconomical to go in for a type-3 aqueduct as the extra cost of barrel with a large number of
vents will be more than the cost of other works necessary for a type-3 aqueduct.
So, whenever an aqueduct are to be actually constructed, comparative costs are to be
worked out for a type-2 and a type-3, and whichever is economical is to be chosen and adopted.
In the case of a type-3 aqueduct, the canal will be flumed and taken through a masonry or
reinforced concrete trough supported on piers and abutments. The maximum velocity through the
trough is generally taken as twice the normal velocity or 1.5m/s whichever is less.
Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology
12
Chapter - 4
Design of canal trough
= 35 m3/s
Discharge, Q
Average velocity
= 0.83 m3/s
Design velocity = 2% average velocity = 2*0.83=1.66 m/s

But the maximum design velocity = 1.5 m/s
Adopt design velocity = 1.5 m/s
Q= A x v
35= Ax1.5
A=23.3 m2
Depth of flow, y= F.S.D= F.S.L B.L= 42.00-40.00=2m
Bottom level = Ultimate bed level of canal = 39.75
Top level = Ultimate F.S.L + 0.5 = 42.50 + 0.50 = 43.00
13
Chapter - 5
Design of drainage water way
Let us provide 3 vents of 2.5 m wide length of water way, l=3X2.50=7.5 m
Sill level of canal trough
= 39.75 m (given)
Thickness of bottom slab = 250 mm (assume)

Thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm (assume)
Bottom level of the canal trough = sill level- thickness of wearing coatThickness of bottom slab
= 39.75-0.08-0.025=39.64 m
Bottom level of slab
Average bed level of the drain
= 39.75-0.25 = 39.50
= 38.00
Since the M.F.L of the drain = ultimate bed level of the canal
Let us adopt depressed bed level of the drain = 37.00
Depth of water = y1 = Bottom level of the canal trough slab- depressed B.L
Of drain=39.45-37=2.45 m
Let the design velocity in the drain, V1= 3.25 m/s (assume)
Discharge in the drain, Q1 = 60 m3/s
Q1=A1 X V1,
60= A1 X 3.25
A1=18.46 m2
A1=L X y1
18.46 = L X 2.45
L = 7.54 m
Length of barrel = B+ 2X (thickness of side wall)
= 12 + 2X (0.3) =12.60 m
14
15
Chapter - 6
Check for loss of head in the canal due to fluming of canal
through the trough
water way
In a type-1 or type-22 aqueduct, the canal water way is not reduced and is taken over the drain as
it is. Hence, there is no loss of head in the canal.
However, in case of a type
type-3 aqueduct, the canal water-way
way is flumed or reduced,
resulting inn an increase in velocity through the trough. Unless there is a difference in water levels
before entry and after exit, attainment of increased velocity in the trough is not possible.
In aqueduct of short lengths, by limiting the velocity to twic
twicee the normal canal velocity,
the loss of head may be very small or almost negligible and hence it is generally ignored. The
assumption is that the upstream water surface will in course of time assume a flatter slope to the
extent required to drive the flow through the trough with that bit of extra velocity.
However, in large and longer aqueducts it is not so. In order to economies in cost of the canal
trough, we may be forced to increase the velocity through the trough. In addition, the length of
the trough is an additional factor. These two factors combine to indicate a significant loss of
head, which will have to be provided for, while formulating the canal hydraulic particulars.
Structures constructed ignoring this aspect will not function properly.
In the present case, to illustrate this aspect, the loss of head in the canal is computed.
Consider section A-A

Canal bed level
= +40.00
Full supply level
= +42.00
Average velocity, V1 = 0.83 m/s

Velocity head
= V12/2g = 0.832/2x9.81 = 0.037 m
16
Total energy line at A-A = F.S.L + (V12/2g) = 42.00+0.037 = 42.037

Consider section B-B
Canal width
= 20 m
Depth of water, y
=F.S.L- Bed level = 42.00 40.00 = 2.00
At B-B the canal is rectangle in cross section, area of flow a= 20x2 = 40 m2

= 35 m3/s
Discharge, Q
Velocity of flow, V2 = Q/a = 35/40 = 0.87 m/s

Head loss from A-A to B-B due to change in the velocity V1 to V2
Head loss = (V22-V12)/2g
= (0.8752-0.832)/2x9.81
= 0.004
On the U/S end the transition is abrupt and not smooth. So the entire eddy
Loss is taken in to consideration.
The T.E.L at B-B = T.E.L at A-A eddy loss = 42.035 0.004 = 42.031
Section at the entrance of trough C-C
Width of the canal
= 12 m (assume)
Depth of canal, y
A3
=2m
= 12x2 = 24 m2
Velocity, V3 =
35
=24 = 1.46 m/s
There is a gradual change in c/s from B-B to C-C. There is a loss of head from
B-B to C-C due to change in velocity.
Head loss = 0.25 x ( V32- V22)/2g = 0.25 x (1.462-0.8752)/2 x 9.81
= 0.018
T.E.L at C-C with reference to section B-B
= 42.035 0.018 = 42.017
17
Consider section D-D

From C-C to D-D, there is a uniform velocity. The loss of head in the trough is only
friction loss which manifests itself as surface fall to sustain the velocity.
This loss of head is calculated using mannings formula, using the value of 0.014 for n
Length of R.C trough = (3x 2.5) + (2x1) + (2x0.5) = 10.5 m
Sectional area in the trough A4 = 12x2 = 24 m2
35
Velocity developing
= 24 = 1.46 m/s
Wetted perimeter
= p = (2x2) + 12 = 16 m
Hydraulic mean depth
=R=
Mannings formula, V
=
1.46 =
24
= 16 = 1.5 m
(R)2/3 (S)1/2
1
(1.5)2/3 (S)1/2
0.014
1
Head loss = S x length =

T.E.L at D-D
S = 4110
1
4110
x 10.5 = 0.003 m
= T.E.L at C-C Head loss = 42.017 0.003 = 42.014 m
Consider section E-E

Neglecting the frictional loss in the exit transition the eddy loss in the transition is
calculated as follows
Q = 35 m3/s
A5 = (B +n y) y
1
Here B = 20 m, y = 2 m, n = 2
A5 = (20 +
1
2
2) 2 = 42 m2
V5 =
35
42
= 0.83 m/s
There is a gradual change in the section from D-D to E-E. There is a change in the
velocity.
18
Head loss
= 0.25 x (V42- V52)/2g = 0.25 x (1.462- 0.832)/2 x 9.81= 0.018 m
T.E.L at E-E = T.E.L at D-D Head loss = 42.014 0.018 = 41.99 m

Velocity head = V52/2g = 0.832 / 2x 9.81 = 0.0351 m/s
T.E.L at E-E = H.F.L at TEE + Velocity head
41.996 = HFL at TEE + 0.0351
HFL at TEE = 41.961 m
F.S.L at A-A
= 42.00 m
Total loss of head = loss of head from A-A to E-E

= TEL at A-A TEL at E-E
= 42.037 41.961 = 0.039 m
Total head loss from A to E = 0.004 + 0.0175 + 0.003 + 0.018 = 0.0425
The total head loss is very small. Hence it can be neglected.
19
Chapter - 7
Fixing the M.F.L of the drainage
The MFL of the drain in rear of the siphon barrel is 39.75. So, the barrel flows full under
maximum flow conditions. The necessary afflux required to push through 60 m3/s with a velocity
of 3.25 m/s is calculated by unwins inverted syphon formula,
Afflux, d = (1+f1 +f2 ) 2
Here v= velocity in the drain = 3.25 m/s

g= 9.81 m/s2
L = length of drain = 12.60 m
C/S area = 3 x 2.5 x 2.45 = 18.375 m2
Wetted perimeter = p = 3 x (2 x (2.5+2.45)) = 29.7 m
R= hydraulic radius = =
f1= 0.0505
18.375
29.7
= 0.62 m
f2 = a (1+ 0.3 ) = 0.003 (1+ 0.3

d = (1+0.505+ 0.00315
12.60
0.62
)(
0.1
0.62
3.25
2
) = 0.003145
3.25
9.81
) = 0.85 m
M.F.L on U/S = D/S M.F.L + afflux = 39.75 + 0.85 = 40.60 m
20
Afflux at the drop of bed

Bed level of drainage = 38.00
At crossing with canal, bed level of drainage = 37.00
Drop in the bed level
= 38 37 = 1
M.F.L of the drain = 39.75 m

Bottom level of the canal trough = 39.45 m
Afflux required = 39.75 39.45 = 0.3 m
Here drop is 1 m then it is treating it as a drowned weir (submerged weir)
For submerged weir, q = 3.54 y2 d10.5 + 1.77 d13/2
y2 = depth of water = 2.60 m
q=
60
= 11 = 5.45 m2/s
B2 = width of drainage b/w wing walls

5.45 = 3.45 (2.60) d10.5 + 1.77 d13/2
5.45 = 8.97 d10.5 + 1.77 d1 d10.5
5.45 = d10.5 (8.97+1.77 d1)
5.452 = d1 (8.97+1.77 d1)2
29.70 = d1 (80.46+3.14 d12+31.75 d1)
3.14 d13 + 31.75 d12 + 80.46 d1 29.70 = 0
d1= 0.326
M.F.L over the drop = U/S M.F.L + afflux = 40.60 + 0.32 = 40.92 m
21
22
Chapter - 8
Design of side walls of canal trough
Bottom level of the side wall = bottom level of the canal trough
Top level of the side wall = U/S F.S.L + 0.5 = 42.50 + 0.5 = 43.00
Depth of water h = U/S F.S.L Sill level = 42.50 39.75 = 2.75 m
Let top thickness = 2 m
It is designed as a cantilever wall
of water = 10 KN/m3
Water pressure = p = x h = 10 x 2.75 = 27.5 KN/m2
Let us consider 1 m length of side wall
Total pressure, p= Area of pressure diagram x length of wall
1
= 2 x 27.5 x 2.75 x 1 = 37.81 KN
Centre of pressure,y = 3 =
2.75
3
= 0.917 m
Bending moment, m = p x y = 37.81 x 0.917 = 35KN-m

Mu = 1.5 x 35 = 52.17 KN-m
Adopting M-20 grade concrete & Fe-415 grade steel
23
= 0.48
b = 1000 mm, d1 = 40 mm, d = D - d1
D = 300 mm,
d = 300 40 = 260 mm
bd2 fck (1 0.42
Mu, limit = 0.36
= 0.36 x 0.46 x 1000 x 2602 (1 0.42 x 0.48)x20

= 186.6 KN-m
Mu< Mu, limit (O.K)
Design of steel reinforcement
(a) Main steel :
1) Minimum area of steel,
Ast, min = 0.12% of gross area
=
0.12
100
x 1000 x 300
= 360 mm2
2) Maximum area of steel ,
Ast, max = 4% of gross area
4
= 100 x 1000 x 300

= 12,000 mm2
3) Mu1 = 0.87 fyAst d (1
52.17 x 106 = 0.87x415x260x Ast1x

(1--1000
415
260 20
555.75 = Ast1- Ast12 (7.98 x 10-6)

Ast1 = 582.86 mm2 , 11947.25 mm2
Ast1< Ast1, max (O.K)
Ast1 > Ast1, min (O.K)
For Ast1 = 11947.25 mm2

=
0.87
0.36
= 0.48
>
0.87
= 0.36
415
20
11947.25
1000
260
= 2.304
(Not O.K)
24
For Ast1 = 583 mm2

0.87
= 0.36
<
20
415
583
1000
(O.K)
260
= 0.112
Ast1 = 583 mm2

Let us adopt 12 mm dia bars, 1 = 12 mm
Area of one bar, A =
Number of bars, n1 =
Spacing, S1 =
1000
n1
3.14
4
Ast1
A
x 122 = 113 mm2

583
= 113 = 5.16
= 193.8 mm
Adopt 12 mm @ 180 mm C/C
Check for shear design

Nominal shear force, v =
37.81
1000
Percentage of steel provided =

As per IS 456 2000
For, M-20,
100
103
260
100
= 0.145 N/mm2
100
=1000
583
260
= 0.224%
= 0.224% then c = 0.81 N/mm2
v<c (O.K)
As per IS 456 2000, For M-20 grade concrete
c, max = 2.8 N/mm2
v<c, max (O.K)

Hence provide minimum shear reinforcement,
as per IS-456-2000, Sv is the least of
1)
0.4
= 0.87
Let us adopt 4 legd stirrups of 8 mm dia

Asv = 4 x
3.14
4
x 82 = 200 mm2
25

200
1000
0.4
= 0.87
415
Sv = 180 mm
2) 0.75 X d = 0.75 x 260 = 195 mm
3) 300 mm
Sv = 180 mm
Adopt 4 legd vertical stirrups @ 8 mm dia @ 150 mm C/C
Distribution steel
Providing steel on both faces
1) Area of steel , Ast2 =
360
2
= 180 mm2
2) Let us adopt dia of bar, 2 = 8 mm

Area of one bar, A 2 =
Ast2
Number of bars, n2 = A
Spacing, s2 =
3.14
1000
n2
x 82 = 50 mm2
180
= 50 = 3.6
1000
3.6
= 277.7 mm
Adopt 8mm dia @ 250 mm C/C
26
Chapter - 9
Design of bottom slab of canal trough
It is designed as a continuous slab.
Let us consider 1m wide slab
Thickness of wearing coat = 8 cm
Weight of wearing coat =
Thickness of slab = 25 cm
100
x 24 = 1.92 KN/m2
25
Weight of slab = 100 x 25 = 6.25 KN/m2

Depth of water = 2.75 m
Weight of water = 2.75 x 10 = 27.5 KN/m2

Total load on the slab = 1.92 + 6.25 + 27.5
= 35 KN/m2
Effective span (l) = clear water way + effective thickness of slab
= 2.5 + 0.26 = 2.76 m
Maximum B.M = M3 =
10
35
2.76
10
2.76
= 26.67 KN-m
Mu3 = 1.5 x M1 = 40 KN-m
Mu, limit = 0.36
bd2 fck (1 0.42
= 0.36x0.48x (1 0.42 x 0.48) x1000x260 x 20

= 186.6 KN-m
Mu3<Mu,limit (O.K)
27
Design reinforcement
a) Main steel
1) Minimum area of steel , Ast, min = 0.12% of gross area
0.12
100
x 1000 x 300
= 360 mm2
2) Maximum area of steel ,Ast, max = 4% of gross area
4
= 100 x 1000 x 300

= 12,000 mm2
3) Mu3 = 0.87 fyAst d (1
40 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast3 x 260 x (11000
426.10 = Ast3- Ast32 (7.98 x 10-5)

Ast3 = 441.66 mm2
= 12089 mm2
Ast3 = 442 mm2
Ast3<Ast, max (O.K)
Ast3 >Ast,min (O.K)
Let us adopt 12mm dia bars, 3 = 12 mm
Area of one bar, A 3 =
Spacing, s3 =
1000
n3
3.14
415
260 20
x 122 = 113 mm2
4
1000
3.91
= 255.6 mm
Adopt 12 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c
b) Distribution steels
Providing steel on both faces

Area of steel, Ast4 =
360
2
= 180 mm2
Adopt 8mm dia @ 250 mm c/c.
Check for shear design

Shear force, V =
35
2.76
Nominal shear force, v =
= 48.3 KN
=
48.3
10
10
10
10 10 10 260
= 0.185 N/mm2
As per IS-456-2000, for M-20 grade , c, max =2.8 N/mm2

v<c, max (O.K)
Percentage of steel,
100
= 10
100
442
10 10 260
= 0.17%
28
As per IS-456-2000, for M-20 grade,
100
= 0.17% then
c = 0.3 N/mm2
v<c
(O.K)
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided.
Sv is least of
1)
0.4
= 0.87
200
10 10 10
0.4
= 0.87
415
Sv = 180 mm
2) 0.75 d = 195 mm
3) 300 mm
Sv = 180 mm
Adopt 4 legd vertical stirrups @ 8 mm dia @ 180 mm c/c
29
30
Chapter -10
Design of tail channel
Tail channel will be always straight, its length will be 50 to 60m on either side of roads
Top level = M.F.L of drain
= 39.75m
Bottom level = bed level of the drain at crossing = 37.00m
Depth of flow, Y3 = 39.75-37.00 = 2.75m
Let us assume velocity of flow, V = 1.5m/sec
Q = AV
60 =1.5A
A = 40m2
1
Slope = 2H: 1V (assume)
A = (B+ny) y
40 = (B+0.52.75)2.75
B = 13.17m
Adopt B = 14m
Slope of channel,
Mannings formula, V =
(R)2/3 (S)1/2
Here, V = 1.5m/sec, N = 0.015 (assume)

A = (B+ny)y
= (14+0.52.75)
A = 42.3m2
Wetted perimeter, P = B+2 (
+ ) .y
= 14+2( ( . )2 +
)2.75
31
= 20.15m
R= =
V=
1.5 =
= 2.1m
(R)2/3 (S)1/2
(2.1)2/3 (S)1/2
S=
32

Canal Aqueduct

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Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Design velocity = 2% average velocity = 2*0.83=1.66 m/s

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Thickness of bottom slab = 250 mm (assume)

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Consider section A-A

Full supply level

Average velocity, V1 = 0.83 m/s

= V12/2g = 0.832/2x9.81 = 0.037 m

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Total energy line at A-A = F.S.L + (V12/2g) = 42.00+0.037 = 42.037

=F.S.L- Bed level = 42.00 40.00 = 2.00

At B-B the canal is rectangle in cross section, area of flow a= 20x2 = 40 m2

Velocity of flow, V2 = Q/a = 35/40 = 0.87 m/s

=24 = 1.46 m/s

= 42.035 0.018 = 42.017

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Consider section D-D

Hydraulic mean depth

Head loss = S x length =

= T.E.L at C-C Head loss = 42.017 0.003 = 42.014 m

Consider section E-E

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

= 0.25 x (V42- V52)/2g = 0.25 x (1.462- 0.832)/2 x 9.81= 0.018 m

T.E.L at E-E = T.E.L at D-D Head loss = 42.014 0.018 = 41.99 m

Total loss of head = loss of head from A-A to E-E

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Here v= velocity in the drain = 3.25 m/s

f2 = a (1+ 0.3 ) = 0.003 (1+ 0.3

M.F.L on U/S = D/S M.F.L + afflux = 39.75 + 0.85 = 40.60 m

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Afflux at the drop of bed

M.F.L of the drain = 39.75 m

B2 = width of drainage b/w wing walls

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

= 2 x 27.5 x 2.75 x 1 = 37.81 KN

Bending moment, m = p x y = 37.81 x 0.917 = 35KN-m

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

Mu, limit = 0.36

= 0.36 x 0.46 x 1000 x 2602 (1 0.42 x 0.48)x20

= 100 x 1000 x 300

3) Mu1 = 0.87 fyAst d (1

52.17 x 106 = 0.87x415x260x Ast1x

555.75 = Ast1- Ast12 (7.98 x 10-6)

For Ast1 = 11947.25 mm2

Sri Sunflower College of Engineering & technology

Design of Syphon Aqueduct

For Ast1 = 583 mm2

Ast1 = 583 mm2

x 122 = 113 mm2

Adopt 12 mm @ 180 mm C/C