Barcode

For the taxonomic method, see DNA barcoding.

(AIDC). The very rst scanning of the now ubiquitous
A barcode is an optical machine-readable representa- Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of
Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974.[3]
Other systems have made inroads in the AIDC market,
but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes
has limited the role of these other systems until technologies such as radio frequency identication (RFID) became available after 2000.

1 History
In 1948 Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
overheard the president of the local food chain, Food Fair,
asking one of the deans to research a system to automatically read product information during checkout.[4] Silver
told his friend Norman Joseph Woodland about the request, and they started working on a variety of systems.
Their rst working system used ultraviolet ink, but the ink
faded too easily and was rather expensive.[5]

A UPC-A barcode symbol

tion of data relating to the object to which it is attached.

Originally barcodes systematically represented data by
varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may
be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). Later
two-dimensional (2D) codes were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in
two dimensions, usually called barcodes although they do
not use bars as such. Barcodes originally were scanned
by special optical scanners called barcode readers. Later
applications software became available for devices that
could read images, such as smartphones with cameras.

Convinced that the system was workable with further development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his fathers
apartment in Florida, and continued working on the system. His next inspiration came from Morse code, and he
formed his rst barcode from sand on the beach. I just
extended the dots and dashes downwards and made narrow lines and wide lines out of them.[5] To read them, he
adapted technology from optical soundtracks in movies,
using a 500-watt incandescent light bulb shining through
the paper onto an RCA935 photomultiplier tube (from a
movie projector) on the far side. He later decided that the
system would work better if it were printed as a circle instead of a line, allowing it to be scanned in any direction.

An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. Developed by General Telephone
and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identication), this scheme involved placing
colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates
which were axed to the sides of railroad rolling stock.
Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with
the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership, type of equipment, and identication number.[1] The plates were read by a trackside
scanner, located for instance, at the entrance to a classication yard, while the car was moving past.[2] The project
was abandoned after about ten years because the system
proved unreliable after long-term use.[1]

On 20 October 1949 Woodland and Silver led a patent

application for Classifying Apparatus and Method, in
which they described both the linear and bullseye printing patterns, as well as the mechanical and electronic systems needed to read the code. The patent was issued on 7
October 1952 as US Patent 2,612,994. In 1951, Woodland moved to IBM and continually tried to interest IBM
in developing the system. The company eventually commissioned a report on the idea, which concluded that it
Barcodes became commercially successful when they was both feasible and interesting, but that processing the
were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a resulting information would require equipment that was
task for which they have become almost universal. Their some time o in the future.
use has spread to many other tasks that are generically IBM oered to buy the patent, but its oer was not high
referred to as automatic identication and data capture enough. Philco purchased their patent in 1962 and then
1

sold it to RCA sometime later.[5]

1.1

Collins at Sylvania

HISTORY

labels, as well, by recognizing and reading the intact portions.

Computer Identics Corporation installed one of its rst
two scanning systems in the spring of 1969 at a General
Motors (Buick) factory in Flint, Michigan.[5] The system
was used to identify a dozen types of transmissions moving on an overhead conveyor from production to shipping.
The other scanning system was installed at General Trading Companys distribution center in Carlstadt, New Jersey to direct shipments to the proper loading bay.

During his time as an undergraduate, David Collins

worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad and became aware
of the need to automatically identify railroad cars. Immediately after receiving his masters degree from MIT
in 1959, he started work at GTE Sylvania and began
addressing the problem. He developed a system called
KarTrak using blue and red reective stripes attached to
the side of the cars, encoding a six-digit company identier and a four-digit car number.[5] Light reected o the 1.3 Universal Product Code
stripes was fed into one of two photomultipliers, ltered
Main article: Universal Product Code
for blue or red.
The Boston and Maine Railroad tested the KarTrak system on their gravel cars in 1961. The tests continued until 1967, when the Association of American Railroads
(AAR) selected it as a standard, Automatic Car Identication, across the entire North American eet. The
installations began on 10 October 1967. However, the
economic downturn and rash of bankruptcies in the industry in the early 1970s greatly slowed the rollout, and
it was not until 1974 that 95% of the eet was labeled.
To add to its woes, the system was found to be easily
fooled by dirt in certain applications, which greatly affected accuracy. The AAR abandoned the system in the
late 1970s, and it was not until the mid-1980s that they introduced a similar system, this time based on radio tags.[6]

In 1966 the National Association of Food Chains

(NAFC) held a meeting on the idea of automated checkout systems. RCA, who had purchased the rights to the
original Woodland patent, attended the meeting and initiated an internal project to develop a system based on the
bullseye code. The Kroger grocery chain volunteered to
test it.
In the mid-1970s, the NAFC established the AdHoc Committee for U.S. Supermarkets on a Uniform
Grocery-Product Code to set guidelines for barcode development. In addition, it created a symbol-selection subcommittee to help standardize the approach. In cooperation with consulting rm, McKinsey & Co., they developed a standardized 11-digit code for identifying products. The committee then sent out a contract tender to
develop a barcode system to print and read the code. The
request went to Singer, National Cash Register (NCR),
Litton Industries, RCA, Pitney-Bowes, IBM and many
others.[7] A wide variety of barcode approaches were
studied, including linear codes, RCAs bullseye concentric circle code, starburst patterns and others.

The railway project had failed, but a toll bridge in New

Jersey requested a similar system so that it could quickly
scan for cars that had purchased a monthly pass. Then
the U.S. Post Oce requested a system to track trucks
entering and leaving their facilities. These applications
required special retroreector labels. Finally, Kal Kan
asked the Sylvania team for a simpler (and cheaper) version which they could put on cases of pet food for inventory control.
In the spring of 1971, RCA demonstrated their bullseye
code at another industry meeting. IBM executives at the
meeting noticed the crowds at the RCA booth and imme1.2 Computer Identics Corporation
diately developed their own system. IBM marketing specialist, Alec Jablonover, remembered that the company
In 1967, with the railway system maturing, Collins went still employed Woodland, and he established a new facilto management looking for funding for a project to de- ity in North Carolina to lead development.
velop a black-and-white version of the code for other in- In July 1972, RCA began an eighteen-month test in a
dustries. They declined, saying that the railway project Kroger store in Cincinnati. Barcodes were printed on
was large enough, and they saw no need to branch out so small pieces of adhesive paper, and attached by hand by
quickly.
store employees when they were adding price tags. The
Collins then quit Sylvania and formed the Computer Identics Corporation.[5] As its rst innovations, Computer
Identics moved from using incandescent light bulbs in its
systems, replacing them with heliumneon lasers, and incorporated a mirror as well, making it capable of locating
a barcode up to several feet in front of the scanner. This
made the entire process much simpler and more reliable,
and typically enabled these devices to deal with damaged

code proved to have a serious problem; the printers would

sometimes smear ink, rendering the code unreadable in
most orientations. However, a linear code, like the one
being developed by Woodland at IBM, was printed in the
direction of the stripes, so extra ink would simply makes
the code taller while remaining readable. So on 3 April
1973, the IBM UPC was selected as the NAFC standard.
IBM had designed ve versions of UPC symbology for

3
future industry requirements: UPC A, B, C, D, and E.[8]

2 Industrial adoption

NCR installed a testbed system at Marshs Supermarket

in Troy, Ohio, near the factory that was producing the
equipment. On 26 June 1974, Clyde Dawson pulled a
10-pack of Wrigleys Juicy Fruit gum out of his basket
and it was scanned by Sharon Buchanan at 8:01 am. The
pack of gum and the receipt are now on display in the
Smithsonian Institution. It was the rst commercial appearance of the UPC.[9]

In 1981, the United States Department of Defense

adopted the use of Code 39 for marking all products sold
to the United States military. This system, Logistics Applications of Automated Marking and Reading Symbols
(LOGMARS), is still used by DoD and is widely viewed
as the catalyst for widespread adoption of barcoding in
industrial uses.[14]

In 1971, an IBM team was assembled for an intensive

planning session, thrashing out, 12 to 18 hours a day, how
the technology would be deployed and operate cohesively
across the system, and scheduling a roll-out plan. By
1973, the team were meeting with grocery manufacturers to introduce the symbol that would need to be printed
on the packaging or labels of all of their products. There
were no cost savings for a grocery to use it, unless at least
70% of the grocerys products had the barcode printed
on the product by the manufacturer. IBM projected that
75% would be needed in 1975. Yet, although this was
achieved, there were still scanning machines in fewer than
200 grocery stores by 1977.[10]
Economic studies conducted for the grocery industry
committee projected over $40 million in savings to the industry from scanning by the mid-1970s. Those numbers
were not achieved in that time-frame and some predicted
the demise of barcode scanning. The usefulness of the
barcode required the adoption of expensive scanners by
a critical mass of retailers while manufacturers simultaneously adopted barcode labels. Neither wanted to move
rst and results were not promising for the rst couple of
years, with Business Week proclaiming The Supermarket
Scanner That Failed in a 1976 article.[9][11]
On the other hand, experience with barcode scanning
in those stores revealed additional benets. The detailed sales information acquired by the new systems allowed greater responsiveness to customer habits, needs
and preferences. This was reected in the fact that about
5 weeks after installing barcode scanners, sales in grocery stores typically started climbing and eventually leveled o at a 1012% increase in sales that never dropped
o. There was also a 12% decrease in operating cost
for those stores, and this enabled them to lower prices
and thereby to increase market share. It was shown in
the eld that the return on investment for a barcode scanner was 41.5%. By 1980, 8,000 stores per year were
converting.[10]

3 Use
Barcodes such as the UPC have become a ubiquitous element of modern civilization, as evidenced by their enthusiastic adoption by stores around the world; most items
other than fresh produce from a grocery store now have
UPC barcodes. This helps track items and also reduces
instances of shoplifting involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters can now print their own barcodes.[15]
In addition, retail chain membership cards (issued mostly
by grocery stores and specialty big box retail stores
such as sporting equipment, oce supply, or pet stores)
use barcodes to uniquely identify consumers, allowing for
customized marketing and greater understanding of individual consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale,
shoppers can get product discounts or special marketing
oers through the address or e-mail address provided at
registration.

Example of barcode on a patient identication wristband

They are widely used in the healthcare and hospital settings, ranging from patient identication (to access patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.)
to creating SOAP Notes[16] with barcodes to medication
management. They are also used to facilitate the separation and indexing of documents that have been imaged in batch scanning applications, track the organization of species in biology,[17] and integrate with in-motion
The global public launch of the barcode was greeted with checkweighers to identify the item being weighed in a
minor skepticism from conspiracy theorists, who consid- conveyor line for data collection.
ered barcodes to be an intrusive surveillance technology,
They can also be used to keep track of objects and people;
and from some Christians who thought the codes hid the
they are used to keep track of rental cars, airline luggage,
number 666, representing the number of the beast.[12]
nuclear waste, registered mail, express mail and parcels.
Television host Phil Donahue described barcodes as a
Barcoded tickets allow the holder to enter sports arenas,
corporate plot against consumers.[13]
cinemas, theatres, fairgrounds, and transportation, and
are used to record the arrival and departure of vehicles
from rental facilities etc. This can allow proprietors to

SYMBOLOGIES

identify duplicate or fraudulent tickets more easily. Bar- 4 Symbologies

codes are widely used in shop oor control applications
software where employees can scan work orders and track The mapping between messages and barcodes is called a
the time spent on a job.
symbology. The specication of a symbology includes the
encoding of the single digits/characters of the message as
well as the start and stop markers into bars and space, the
size of the quiet zone required to be before and after the
barcode as well as the computation of a checksum.
Linear symbologies can be classied mainly by two properties:
Continuous vs. discrete
Characters in discrete
symbologies are composed of n bars and n1
spaces. There is an additional space between
characters, but it does not convey information,
and may be any width as long as it is not confused with the end of the code.

Barcoded parcel

Barcodes are also used in some kinds of non-contact 1D

and 2D position sensors. A series of barcodes are used in
some kinds of absolute 1D linear encoder. The barcodes
are packed close enough together that the reader always
has one or two barcodes in its eld of view. As a kind of
ducial marker, the relative position of the barcode in the
eld of view of the reader gives incremental precise positioning, in some cases with sub-pixel resolution. The data
decoded from the barcode gives the absolute coarse position. An address carpet, such as Howells binary pattern
and the Anoto dot pattern, is a 2D barcode designed so
that a reader, even though only a tiny portion of the complete carpet is in the eld of view of the reader, can nd
its absolute X,Y position and rotation in the carpet.[18][19]
Some 2D barcodes embed a hyperlink to a web page. A
capable cellphone might be used to read the pattern and
browse the linked website, which can help a shopper nd
the best price for an item in the vicinity. Since 2005,
airlines use an IATA-standard 2D barcode on boarding
passes (Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP)), and since
2008 2D barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes.[20]
Some applications for barcodes have fallen out of use.
In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcode and printed on paper
(Cauzin Softstrip and Paperbyte[21] are barcode symbologies specically designed for this application), and the
1991 Barcode Battler computer game system used any
standard barcode to generate combat statistics.

Characters in continuous symbologies are

composed of n bars and n spaces, and usually abut, with one character ending with a
space and the next beginning with a bar, or
vice versa. A special end pattern that has bars
on both ends is required to end the code.
Two-width vs. many-width
A two-width, also
called a binary bar code, contains bars and
spaces of two widths, wide and narrow.
The precise width of the wide bars and spaces
is not critical; typically it is permitted to be
anywhere between 2 to 3 times the width of
the narrow equivalents.
Some other symbologies use bars of two different heights, or the presence or absence of
bars. These are normally also considered binary bar codes.
Bars and spaces in many-width symbologies
are all multiples of a basic width called the
module; most such codes use four widths of
1, 2, 3 and 4 modules.
Some symbologies use interleaving. The rst character
is encoded using black bars of varying width. The second character is then encoded, by varying the width of
the white spaces between these bars. Thus characters are
encoded in pairs over the same section of the barcode.
Interleaved 2 of 5 is an example of this.
Stacked symbologies repeat a given linear symbology vertically.

The most common among the many 2D symbologies are

matrix codes, which feature square or dot-shaped modules arranged on a grid pattern. 2D symbologies also
come in circular and other patterns and may employ
steganography, hiding modules within an image (for exIn the 21st century, many artists have started using bar- ample, DataGlyphs).
codes in art, such as Scott Blakes Barcode Jesus, as part Linear symbologies are optimized for laser scanners,
of the post-modernism movement.
which sweep a light beam across the barcode in a straight

5
line, reading a slice of the barcode light-dark patterns. dedicated barcode scanner or portable data terminal.
Stacked symbologies are also optimized for laser scanning, with the laser making multiple passes across the
barcode.
6 Quality control and verication
In the 1990s development of charge coupled device
(CCD) imagers to read barcodes was pioneered by Welch
Allyn. Imaging does not require moving parts, as a laser
scanner does. In 2007, linear imaging had begun to supplant laser scanning as the preferred scan engine for its
performance and durability.
2D symbologies cannot be read by a laser as there is typically no sweep pattern that can encompass the entire symbol. They must be scanned by an image-based scanner
employing a CCD or other digital camera sensor technology.

Barcode verication examines scanability and the quality of the barcode in comparison to industry standards
and specications. Barcode veriers are primarily used
by businesses that print and use barcodes. Any trading
partner in the supply chain can test barcode quality. It is
important to verify a barcode to ensure that any reader
in the supply chain can successfully interpret a barcode
with a low error rate. Retailers levy large penalties for
non-compliant barcodes. These chargebacks can reduce
a manufacturers revenue by 2% to 10%.[25]

A barcode verier works the way a reader does, but instead of simply decoding a barcode, a verier performs a
series of tests. For linear barcodes these tests are:

Scanners (barcode readers)

Main article: Barcode reader

The earliest, and still the cheapest, barcode scanners are
built from a xed light and a single photosensor that is
manually scrubbed across the barcode.
Barcode scanners can be classied into three categories
based on their connection to the computer. The older
type is the RS-232 barcode scanner. This type requires
special programming for transferring the input data to the
application program.
Keyboard interface scanners connect to a computer using a PS/2 or AT keyboardcompatible adaptor cable (a
keyboard wedge). The barcodes data is sent to the
computer as if it had been typed on the keyboard.
Like the keyboard interface scanner, USB scanners are
easy to install and do not need custom code for transferring input data to the application program. On PCs running Windows the HID interface emulates the data merging action of a hardware keyboard wedge, and the scanner automatically behaves like an additional keyboard.
Many phones are able to decode barcodes using their
built-in camera, as well. Googles mobile Android operating system uses both their own Google Goggles application or third party barcode scanners like Scan.[22] Nokias
Symbian operating system features a barcode scanner,[23]
while mbarcode[24] is a QR code reader for the Maemo
operating system. In the Apple iOS, a barcode reader is
not natively included but more than fty paid and free
apps are available with both scanning capabilities and
hard-linking to URI. With BlackBerry devices, the App
World application can natively scan barcodes and load
any recognized Web URLs on the devices Web browser.
Windows Phone 7.5 is able to scan barcodes through the
Bing search app. However, these devices are not designed
specically for the capturing of barcodes. As a result,
they do not decode nearly as quickly or accurately as a

Edge Determination
Minimum Reectance
Symbol Contrast
Minimum Edge Contrast
Modulation
Defects
Decode
Decodability
2D matrix symbols look at the parameters:
Symbol Contrast
Modulation
Decode
Unused Error Correction
Fixed (nder) Pattern Damage
Grid Non-uniformity
Axial Non-uniformity[26]
Depending on the parameter, each ANSI test is graded
from 0.0 to 4.0 (F to A), or given a pass or fail mark. Each
grade is determined by analyzing the scan reectance prole (SRP), an analog graph of a single scan line across
the entire symbol. The lowest of the 8 grades is the scan
grade and the overall ISO symbol grade is the average of
the individual scan grades. For most applications a 2.5
(C) is the minimum acceptable symbol grade.[27]

Compared with a reader, a verier measures a barcodes

optical characteristics to international and industry standards. The measurement must be repeatable and consistent. Doing so requires constant conditions such as
distance, illumination angle, sensor angle and verier
aperture. Based on the verication results, the production
process can be adjusted to print higher quality barcodes
that will scan down the supply chain.

6.1

Barcode verier standards

Barcode veriers should comply with the ISO/IEC

15426-1 (linear) or ISO/IEC 15426-2 (2D).
This standard denes the measuring accuracy of a barcode verier.
The current international barcode quality specication is ISO/IEC 15416 (linear) and ISO/IEC
15415 (2D). The European Standard EN 1635
has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO/IEC
15416. The original U.S. barcode quality specication was ANSI X3.182. (UPCs used in the US
ANSI/UCC5).
This standard denes the quality requirements for barcodes and Matrix Codes (also called Optical Codes).
As of 2011 the ISO workgroup JTC1 SC31 was developing a Direct Part Marking (DPM) quality standard : ISO/IEC TR 29158.[28]

TYPES OF BARCODES

Historical data can be used to predict seasonal uctuations very accurately.

Items may be repriced on the shelf to reect both
sale prices and price increases.
This technology also enables the proling of individual consumers, typically through a voluntary registration of discount cards. While pitched as a benet
to the consumer, this practice is considered to be
potentially dangerous by privacy advocates.
Besides sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very
useful in logistics and supply chain management.
When a manufacturer packs a box for shipment, a
Unique Identifying Number (UID) can be assigned
to the box.
A database can link the UID to relevant information
about the box; such as order number, items packed,
quantity packed, destination, etc.
The information can be transmitted through a communication system such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) so the retailer has the information
about a shipment before it arrives.
Shipments that are sent to a Distribution Center
(DC) are tracked before forwarding. When the
shipment reaches its nal destination, the UID gets
scanned, so the store knows the shipments source,
contents, and cost.

International standards are available from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[29]
Barcode scanners are relatively low cost and extremely
These standards are also available from local/national accurate compared to key-entry, with only about 1 substistandardization organizations, such as ANSI, BSI, DIN, tution error in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered.[30]
The exact error rate depends on the type of barcode.
NEN and others.

Benets

8 Types of barcodes

In point-of-sale management, barcode systems can pro8.1 Linear barcodes

vide detailed up-to-date information on the business, accelerating decisions and with more condence. For exA rst generation, one dimensional barcode that is
ample:
made up of lines and spaces of various widths that create specic patterns.
Fast-selling items can be identied quickly and automatically reordered.
Slow-selling items can be identied, preventing in- 8.2 Matrix (2D) barcodes
ventory build-up.
A matrix code, also termed a 2D barcode or simply a 2D
The eects of merchandising changes can be mon- code, is a two-dimensional way to represent information.
itored, allowing fast-moving, more protable items It is similar to a linear (1-dimensional) barcode, but can
to occupy the best space.
represent more data per unit area.

8.3

Example images

9 In popular culture

First, Second and Third Generation Barcodes

In architecture, a building in Lingang New City by GerMarg and Partners incorporates a

GTIN-12 number encoded in UPC-A barcode sym- man architects Gerkan,
[47]
barcode
design,
as
does
a shopping mall called Shtrikhbol. First and last digit are always placed outside the
(the
Russian
for
barcode)
in Narodnaya ulitsa (Peokod
symbol to indicate Quiet Zones that are necessary
ples
Street)
in
the
Nevskiy
district
of St. Petersburg,
for barcode scanners to work properly
Russia.[48]
EAN-13 (GTIN-13) number encoded in EAN-13 In media, in 2011, the National Film Board of Canada
barcode symbol. First digit is always placed outside and ARTE France launched a web documentary entitled
the symbol, additionally right quiet zone indicator Barcode.tv, which allows users to view lms about every(>) is used to indicate Quiet Zones that are neces- day objects by scanning the products barcode with their
sary for barcode scanners to work properly
iPhone camera.[49][50]
Wikipedia encoded in Code 93
"*WIKI39*" encoded in Code 39
'Wikipedia encoded in Code 128
An example of a stacked barcode. Specically a
Codablock barcode.
PDF417 sample

In professional wrestling, the WWE stable D-Generation

X incorporated a barcode into their entrance video, as
well as on a T-shirt.[51][52]
In video games, the protagonist of the Hitman video game
series has a barcode tattoo on the back of his head.
In the lms Back to the Future Part II and The Handmaids
Tale, cars in the future are depicted with barcode licence
plates.

Lorem ipsum boilerplate text as four segment Data In music, Dave Davies of The Kinks released a solo album in 1980, AFL1-3603, which featured a giant barMatrix 2D
code on the front cover in place of the musicians head.
This is an example Aztec symbol for Wikipedia The albums name was also the barcode number.
encoded in Aztec Code
The April, 1978 issue of Mad Magazine featured a giant
barcode on the cover, with the blurb "[Mad] Hopes this
Text 'EZcode'
issue jams up every computer in the country...for forc High Capacity Color Barcode of the URL for ing us to deface our covers with this yecchy UPC symbol
Wikipedias article on High Capacity Color Barcode from now on!"
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia in several languages encoded in DataGlyphs
Two dierent 2D barcodes used in lm: Dolby Digital between the sprocket holes with the Double-D
logo in the middle, and Sony Dynamic Digital Sound
in the blue area to the left of the sprocket holes
The QR Code for the Wikipedia URL. Quick Response, the most popular 2D barcode in Japan, is
promoted by Google. It is open in that the specication is disclosed and the patent is not exercised.[1]
MaxiCode example.
This encodes the string
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

10 See also
Automated identication and data capture (AIDC)
Barcode printer
Barcode scanner
Code (disambiguation)
European Article Numbering-Uniform Code Council
Global Trade Item Number

ShotCode sample

Identier

detail of Twibright Optar scan from laser printed paper, carrying 32 kbit/s Ogg Vorbis digital music (48
seconds per A4 page)

Inventory control system

A KarTrak railroad Automatic Equipment Identication label on a caboose in Florida

1. ^ ( )
Copyright

, denso-wave.com (Japanese)

ISBN
Object hyperlinking
Semacode
SMS barcode
SPARQCode

11

11

References

[1] Cranstone, Ian. A guide to ACI (Automatic Car Identication)/KarTrak. CANADIAN FREIGHT CARS A resource page for the Canadian Freight Car Enthusiast. Ian
Cranstone. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
[2] Keyes, John (22 August 2003). KarTrak. John Keyes
Boston photoblogger. Images from Boston, New England,
and beyond. John Keyes. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
[3] Fox, Margalit (15 June 2011), Alan Haberman, Who
Ushered in the Bar Code, Dies at 81, The New York Times
[4] Fishman, Charles (1 August 2001). The Killer App Bar
None. American Way. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
[5] Seideman, Tony, Barcodes Sweep the World, Wonders
of Modern Technology
[6] Graham-White, Sean (August 1999). Do You Know
Where Your Boxcar Is?". Trains (Kalmbach Publishing)
59 (8): 4853.
[7] George Laurer, Development of the U.P.C. Symbol,
bellsouthpwp.net
[8] Nelson, Benjamin (1997). From Punched Cards To Bar
Codes.
[9] Varchaver, Nicholas (31 May 2004). Scanning the
Globe. Fortune. Archived from the original on 14
November 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
[10] Selmeier, Bill (2008). Spreading the Barcode. pp. 26,
214, 236, 238, 244, 245, 236, 238, 244, 245. ISBN 9780-578-02417-2.

REFERENCES

[21] Paperbyte Bar Codes for Waduzitdo Byte magazine,

1978 September p. 172
[22] Scan.
[23] Nokia Europe Nokia N80 Support.
[24] package overview for mbarcode. Maemo.org. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
[25] Zieger, Anne (October 2003). Retailer chargebacks: is
there an upside? Retailer compliance initiatives can lead
to eciency. Frontline Solutions. Retrieved 2 August
2011.
[26] Bar Code Verication Best Practice work team (May
2010). GS1 DataMatrix: An introduction and technical overview of the most advanced GS1 Application Identiers compliant symbology (PDF). Global Standards 1
1.17: 3436. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July
2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
[27] GS1 Bar Code Verication Best Practice work team (May
2009). GS1 Bar Code Verication for Linear Symbols
(PDF). Global Standards 1 (4.3): 2332. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
[28] Technical committees JTC 1/SC 31 Automatic identication and data capture techniques. ISO. Retrieved
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[29] ISO web site. Iso.org. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
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12

Further reading

Automating Management Information Systems: Barcode Engineering and Implementation Harry E.

Burke, Thomson Learning, ISBN 0-442-20712-3
Automating Management Information Systems: Principles of Barcode Applications Harry E. Burke,
Thomson Learning, ISBN 0-442-20667-4
The Bar Code Book Roger C. Palmer, Helmers
Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-09-5, 386 pages
The Bar Code Manual Eugene F. Brighan, Thompson Learning, ISBN 0-03-016173-8
Handbook of Bar Coding Systems Harry E. Burke,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, ISBN 978-0442-21430-2, 219 pages
Information Technology for Retail:Automatic Identication & Data Capture Systems Girdhar Joshi,
Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-569796-0, 416
pages
Lines of Communication Craig K. Harmon,
Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-07-9, 425
pages
Punched Cards to Bar Codes Benjamin Nelson, Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-12-5, 434
pages
Revolution at the Checkout Counter: The Explosion
of the Bar Code Stephen A. Brown, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-76720-9

13 External links
Barcode at DMOZ
Barcode Glossary of Terms
Free Barcode database

10

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Barcode Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode?oldid=726220663 Contributors: WojPob, Brion VIBBER, Wesley, Zundark, Malcolm Farmer, Matusz, PierreAbbat, Deb, Maury Markowitz, Caltrop, Heron, Zache, Xoder, Vik-Thor, Michael Hardy, Ixfd64, Zanimum,
Delirium, Rethunk, Tregoweth, CesarB, NuclearWinner, Ahoerstemeier, Ronz, Docu, Angela, Darkwind, Andres, Raven in Orbit, Hashar,
PS4FA, Nohat, Sbwoodside, Dysprosia, Fuzheado, Timc, Radiojon, CBDunkerson, Munford, Maximus Rex, Furrykef, Elnoyola~enwiki,
Jnc, Thue, Mordomo, Denelson83, Paranoid, Noldoaran, Murray Langton, Fredrik, RedWolf, Spamhog, Rasmus Faber, Ivan~enwiki,
Mervyn, Hadal, AndreasB, Carnildo, Tea2min, Giftlite, DavidCary, BenFrantzDale, Orangemike, Fleminra, AssetBurned~enwiki, Ans,
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SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Int3h, Lbuser, DASHBot, EmausBot, Immunize, Gfoley4, Evgenior, GregZak, Machinevision~enwiki, Barcoder24, Dewritech, Grinxyz, GoingBatty, FozzTexx, Klbrain, Jackedhacker, Wikipelli, K6ka, Pix3lGeek, AvicBot,
John Cline, Checkingfax, Ida Shaw, F, Graczkowski, Azuris, , 13colec, Wayne Slam, RaptureBot, Bustertia3, 4h34d, Cow
Queen16, Keithbates51, Franckgg, ChuispastonBot, Peter Karlsen, Asanni, Kikirekov, 28bot, Spamelgoog, ClueBot NG, Ethg242, Jack
Greenmaven, Matthiaspaul, MelbourneStar, Qarakesek, Satellizer, Morgankevinj AWB, Snotbot, Dalexwats, Astronautguo, Saluki2001,
Widr, Richard.h.blaine, Helpful Pixie Bot, Carterdu, HMSSolent, BG19bot, RPT97, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, Webscan, Mark Arsten, Papoushka, Afavr007, KermitBeaufort, Writ Keeper, Alexander Petrossian (PAF), Joanneyswong, NorthCoastReader, Patchiman,
BattyBot, Davelong123, Mfaiec, Izaaz1, 16baconb, Zeroslash, Jiovanmelendez, Cyberbot II, Mande01, Bui;builb, Featuredone1two2, LiquidWater, Hmainsbot1, Fastmark, Pmalpass1, ExpressCorp, Corn cheese, Conky77, Reatlas, Ismoligy, Agarwal.mayank, JamesMoose,
Footballmadz, MarkPump, POD Plagnol, DavidLeighEllis, Smilesrfree05, Haminoon, PhoBo, My name is not dave, DD4235, Churusaa,
JaconaFrere, Prudencefong, Saectar, Mi.Thomas, AdventurousMe, Lahiiru, No Pablum, Calypso10, Firewolf7, Ryanicus Girracus, Mrs.

14.2

Images

11

Waterow, Mr. Doubtbike, Prees djfn e, Inkwell765, Quinzaki, Houseofhoofyfoot, KasparBot, Knife-in-the-drawer, Barcodegenerator,
Aida, Dutral, Prince5464, Paul Burchett, GreenC bot, Roslee lee and Anonymous: 844

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File:Address_with_RM4SCC_barcode.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Address_with_RM4SCC_

barcode.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sakurambo (talk) (Uploads)
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