DNA

COMPUTIN
G

IVANI KATAL
RACHNA SHARMA
POOJA PANDITA
SIDHANSH

INTRODUCTION
TO DNA

WHAT IS DNA?
DNA
is
an
abbreviation
for
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID.
DNA contains the genetic blueprint
of living organisms.
DNA contains the instructions for
assembling cells in the body.
Every cell in the body has a
complete set of DNA.
DNA is unique for each individual.

DNA
STRUCTURE

SIDES: Sugar Phosphate

backbone
LADDERS:
4
Complimentary
base
pairs
ADENINE
and
THYMINE
GUANINE
and
CYTOSINE
The base pairs contain
weak
HYDROGEN
BONDS which hold the
strands together.

SALIENT FEATURES OF DNA

DNA REPLICATION
REPLICATION
Is
the
method by which any
molecule can form an
exact replica of itself and
the DNA gets embedded
in both these daughter
molecules.

SALIENT FEATURES OF DNA

DNA EXTRACTION
In this method, it is
possible to separate an
bring together different
strands of DNA that are of
the same type.

SALIENT FEATURES OF DNA

DNA ANNEALING
This is the method
by which two DNA
strands
can
be
brought
together
and then paired
together or melted
to form one single
entity.

UNIQUENESS OF D.N.A.
Extremely dense information
storage.
1 gm DNA=1x10 bits

Parallelism
3x10 molecules at a time

Energy efficiency
1 joule= 2x10 operations

The number of CDs required to hold this amount of

information lined up edge to edge, would circle the earth
375 times and would take 1,63,000 centuries to listen to.

1GRAM of
DNA=

365
TIME
S

HOW ENORMOUS IS PARALLELISM?

A test tube of DNA can
contain
trillions
of
strands. Each operation
on a test tube of DNA is
carried out on all strands
in the tube in parallel.

300,000,000,000,
000
molecules at a time

NEED OF DNA COMPUTING

SWITCHING FROM SILICON TO DNA
As long as there are cellular organisms,
there will always be a supply of DNA.
The large supply of DNA makes it a
cheap source.
Unlike the toxic materials used to make
traditional microprocessors, DNA chips
can be made cleanly.
Silicon microprocessors double in
complexity roughly every two years.

DNA
COMPUTI
NG

WHAT IS DNA COMPUTER?

INVENTOR: Dr. Leonard Adleman
It uses enzymes as
a program that
processes on the
DNA
molecule
which is the input
data.

SPECIFICATIONS
One pound of DNA has the capability to store
more information than all the electronic
computers ever built.
One cm of DNA can hold approximately 10
terabytes of data.
Would be more powerful than the worlds most
powerful supercomputer.
Unlike binary computers, which work with just
two states, ON and OFF (0&1), DNA computers
use basic building blocks of life i.e. strings of
DNA; molecules of type A (adenine), C
(cytosine), G (guanine) and T (thymine);
perform calculations at unimaginable speed.

TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
DNA molecules were applied to
a small glass plate overlaid with
gold.
Exposure to certain enzymes,
destroy the molecules with
wrong answers leaving only the
DNA with the right answer.

DNA FINGERPRINTING
It
is
a
DNA
based
identification system that
relies
on
genetic
differences
among
individuals or organisms.
Every living thing (except
identical twins, triplets,
and so on) is genetically
unique . This is due to the
order in which DNA base
pairs
are
sequenced..
Sequences of DNA differ
from person to person, but
every cell within the same
person contains the same
sequence of DNA.
On
some
human
chromosomes, there are
sequences
of
repeated
DNA (9 to 80 base pairs
long). These sequences are
called Variable Number of
Tandem Repeats (VNTRs).
The VNTR of two persons

DNA Typing Techniques

Scientists have developed three main
techniques to look directly at minute
differences
in
genes.

Each technique has its advantages and

disadvantages, and are used in basic
and
applied
research.

The technique of choice depends upon

the question being asked, amount of DNA
available,
capability
to
minimize
contamination,
cost
and
urgency.
Sometimes the techniques are used in
combination.

EFFICIENT AIRLINE ROUTE

PLANNING

DNA CRYPTOGRAPHY
DNA
Cryptography
can be defined as a
hiding data in terms
of DNA Sequence.

DNA VACCINATION
DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting an
animal against disease by injecting it with genetically
engineered DNA so cells directly produce an antigen,
resulting in a protective immunological response.
Several DNA vaccines have been released for
veterinary use, and there has been promising research
using the vaccines for viral, bacterial and parasitic
diseases, as well as toADVANTAGES
several tumour types.
NO RISK OF INFECTION
STABILITY OF VACCINE FOR STORAGE AND
SHIPPING
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
IMMUNE RESPONSE FOCUSED ONLY ON ANTIGEN
OF INTEREST

A LOGIC GAME TIC-TAC-TOE USES

DNA COMPUTING
MAYA II
CONTAINS WELL OVER 100
DNA CIRCUITS.
ABLE TO PLAY ANY GAME
OF TIC-TAC-TOE, NOT JUST
SPECIFIC ONES.

CURREN
T
RESEAR
CH

SOFT MOLECULAR
COMPUTING
DNA Computing utilizes the
complex interaction of biomolecules and molecular biology
to effect computation.
A
critical
issue
in
DNA
Computing is to test protocols.
For this purpose, a software
EDNA is used to address this
problem.

EDNA, INTEGRATED SOFTWARE

PLATFORM
Addresses the basic problems of
reliability,
efficiency
and
scalability
for
molecular
protocols using DNA.
It is a research tool that makes it
possible to use the advantages
of conventional computing to
bring
to
DNA
computing
comparable levels of reliability
and efficiency.

DNA STEGANOGRAPHY
Secret
Image

Get value for

each pixel

Determine
value of
each pixel
Encode
design
sequence
Assign DNA
sequence
for cover
image

Receiving

Sending

Cover
Image

Medical Applications
DNA computers known as computational
genes would be integrated into the genetic
material already in the patients cells
Computational genes are similar to
ordinary gene DNA markers
They will be programmed to react to a certain
input with a certain output
Replacement of coding for protein structure.

Designed a computational DNA molecule

that would answer 5 yes or no questions
Questions used to establish the typical
markers of whether or not prostate cancer
was present

Medical Applications
If 5 yes answers were received, then there
would be a release of the drug.
The researchers successfully applied this
to a test system that recreates the typical
molecular signatures of prostate cancer in
vitro
similar treatment on a test tube model of
small cell lung cancer.

This is what researchers hope is the

beginning of the future for smart drugs
Roam the body by fixing disease on the spot
It would sense a change in the environment
and respond by releasing biological molecules

Medical Applications
West Nile
Could be used to distinguish
between the various viral strains

Diabetes
Could monitor blood sugar levels
and
dispense
insulin
when
needed.

Medical Applications
May be several decades before
such a system is operating inside
the human body will become a
reality
Process of introducing genetic
material into a person would
need to be considered carefully.
Bodies reaction may not be easily
predicted