Currently main short-range communication technologies

which are used to build wireless sensor network implementations

conclude Bluetooth, WIFI technology and ZigBee
technology. Comparing from the number of transmission
speed, transmission distance, battery life and network nodes,
although the transmission rates of Bluetooth, WIFI technology
are higher than that of ZigBee technology, but they are not as
ZigBee technology in transmission distance, node capacity,
battery life, etc [4-6]. ZigBee formulates the network layer
and application layer standard on the basis of IEEE 802.15.4
physical layer and data link layer standards. ZigBee protocol
achieved a function of self-organizing networks and selfmaintenance,
which greatly facilitates the user to use, reduce
network maintenance costs. Therefore, ZigBee technology is
considered to be the best solution for wireless sensor networks.
Max 232 IC use:

One of the tools we use most when debugging our projects is serial input/output. Serial is very
easy to implement, and it allows you to send/receive any data you need from your microcontroller
to a computer's serial port so it can be viewed using a terminal emulator. These two devices are
compatible from a software perspective, however you can't just hook a microcontroller up to a
computer because the hardware interfaces are not compatible.
Most microcontrollers these days have built in UARTs (universally asynchronous
receiver/transmitter) that can be used to receive and transmit data serially. UARTs transmit one
bit at a time at a specified data rate (i.e. 9600bps, 115200bps, etc.). This method of serial
communication is sometimes referred to as TTL serial (transistor-transistor logic). Serial
communication at a TTL level will always remain between the limits of 0V and Vcc, which is often
5V or 3.3V. A logic high ('1') is represented by Vcc, while a logic low ('0') is 0V.
The serial port on your computer (if it's lucky enough to have one, they're quickly becoming a
relic) complies with the RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) telecommunications standard.
RS-232 signals are similar to your microcontroller's serial signals in that they transmit one bit at a
time, at a specific baud rate, with or without parity and/or stop bits. The two differ solely at a
hardware level. By the RS-232 standard a logic high ('1') is represented by a negative voltage
anywhere from -3 to -25V while a logic low ('0') transmits a positive voltage that can be
anywhere from +3 to +25V. On most PCs these signals swing from -13 to +13V.
The more extreme voltages of an RS-232 signal help to make it less susceptible to noise,
interference, and degradation. This means that an RS-232 signal can generally travel longer
physical distances than their TTL counterparts, while still providing a reliable data transmission.

This timing diagram shows both a TTL (bottom) and RS-232 signal sending 0b01010101

Solutions
So, you may see where the problem lies in interfacing these two signals. To connect these two
ports you not only have to invert the signals, but you also have to deal with regulating the
potentially harmful RS-232 voltages to something that won't destroy a microcontroller's serial
pins. There are a handful of solutions to this problem of voltage converting and inverting. The
most common, and easiest solution is just plugging a MAX-232 in between the two devices:

There are many generic derivatives of the MAX-232. Maxim IC just happened to be the first to
market with this neato device (decades ago!) so out of habit, we call all ICs that do similar jobs
'MAX-232s
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
NRL24L01 data modem working at 2.4 Ghz frequency in half duplex mode with automatic switching of
receive/transmit mode with LED indication. Receives and Transmits serial data of adjustable baud rate of
9600/4800/38400/19200 bps at RS232 level for direct interfacing to PC Serial port or such devices. This model
can work with other 2.4 Ghz Sensor embedded models (TTL, 30 meter range) or NRL24L01 modem can be
used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission. It features high data rate and longer
transmission distance. The communication protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user
interface. The module can be embedded to your current design so that wireless communication can be set up
easily.
FEATURES:
o

RS-232 direct interface

o
o

TTL support

Separate LED for RX,TX and power

30Mtr range

4 bit channel selection

Programmable output power

Variable payload length from 1 to 32bytes

Automatic packet processing

6 data pipes for 1:6 star networks

4-pin SPI interface with maximum 8 MHz clock rate 7

20-pin 4x4mm QFN package

Applications
o

Wireless PC peripherals

Wireless gamepads

Wireless audio

Remote controls

Home automation

Toys

Pin diagram:

PIN NO

Name

Description

5V

5V supply

GND

Gnd

Tx

Tx of zigbee

Rx

Rx of zigbee

PIN NO

Name

Description

Rx

Jumper pin for RX(short 1,2)

Rx

Jumper pin for RX(short 1,2)

Tx

Jumper pin for TX(short 3,4)

Tx

Jumper pin for TX(short 3,4)

ZIGBEE RFM75 RS232

Lancy Varghese
Flat No.301 Antartica B,Lodha Aqua,Near Dahisar CheckNaka, Opp. Thakur Mall Dahisar,
Mumbai, Maharashtra 401107, India
9790708970
http://www.ebay.in/itm/UNO-R3-Development-Board-ATmega328P-Atmega16u2FREE-USB-cable-for-Arduino-/272086058164?

http://www.ebay.in/itm/USB-to-Serial-RS232-DB9-Cable-Adapter-ConverterProlific-Chip-By-Technotech-/282057924946?
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

/***********************************
Code By abrushfx.com
Started on July 9th 2012

************************************/
//http://www.abrushfx.com
//http://www.islandByte.com

//Used for this particular LCD with these pin specific pin numbers.
//http://dlnmh9ip6v2uc.cloudfront.net/images/products/00255-03-L.jpg
//http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/GDM1602K.pdf

/*Connect LCD to Arduino:

LCD

-> Arduino

-------------------------1|VSS| -> Arduino GND

2|VDD| -> Arduino +5v
3|VO | -> Arduino GND pin + Resistor or Potentiometer
4|RS | -> Arduino pin 12
5|RW | -> Arduino GND - pin can be conected to 11. But Ground was used here.
6|E | -> Arduino pin 10
7|D0 | -> Arduino - Not Connected
8|D1 | -> Arduino - Not Connected
9|D2 | -> Arduino - Not Connected
10|D3 | -> Arduino - Not Connected
11|D4 | -> Arduino pin 5
12|D5 | -> Arduino pin 4
13|D6 | -> Arduino pin 3
14|D7 | -> Arduino pin 2
15|A | -> Arduino Pin 13 + Resistor (Backlight power)
16|K | -> Arduino GND (Backlight ground)
*/

//Arduino scrolling text example

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2);

int backLight = 13;

// pin 13 will control the backlight

void setup()
{
pinMode(backLight, OUTPUT);
analogWrite(backLight, 150);

lcd.begin(16,2);

//set pin 13 as output

//controls the backlight intensity 0-254

// columns, rows. size of display

lcd.clear();

// clear the screen

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

// set cursor to column 0, row 0 (first row)

lcd.print("PAKA MAT BE");

// input your text here

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

// move cursor down one

lcd.print("******");

//input your text here

void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(16,1); // set the cursor outside the display count
lcd.autoscroll();
lcd.print(" ");

// set the display to automatically scroll:

// print empty character

delay(500);
}

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // initialize both serial ports:
Serial.write("Serial Testing:"); //sending "inbyte"

void loop() {
// read from port 1, send to port 0:
if (Serial.available()) { //checking for serial input
int inByte = Serial.read(); //stored in variable
Serial.write(inByte); //send the same data
Serial.write("\n"); //Next Line
}
}