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DANIEL
DANIEL IS THE ONLY PROPHET known to have lived the vast majority of his life
in a pagan society. Probably born in Jerusalem, he was deported to Babylon in
605 b.c., where he was immediately placed in a reeducation program to prepare
him to serve in the same government that destroyed Jerusalem. He likely became
the most powerful Jew of the Exile and its aftermath, serving at least three kings
and two governments in a career that spanned nearly seventy years.
Daniel powerfully models how to live and work among people who do not follow God.
Although Christians can be found at every level of our own society, we often do not profoundly
influence the people around us. We are often where we should be, but we are not always what
we should be.
Daniel lived up to the courage of his convictions. In a thoroughly godless culture, after
decades of working at the highest levels of government, he could be accused of nothing worse
than continuing to honor his God.
The Book of Daniel comprises two distinct sections. Chapters 16 offer historical highlights
from the lives of Daniel and three other Jewish captives, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego.
Chapters 712 record visions of future events given to Daniel beginning about 553b.c.
These prophecies are often seen as a panoramic world history from Daniels time to the
Second Coming, although some argue that his prophecies were fulfilled in the centuries soon
after Daniels lifetime. No matter how we interpret these visions, they point to the fundamental
truth that God is Lord of the nations.
Although much of this book refers to Daniel in the third person, he is nevertheless believed
to be its author. There is no narration of Daniels call to be a prophet, but we observe that he
had a supernatural ability to interpret dreams and visions (Dan.1:17; 2:1923) and that God
gave him visions (chs.712). His career gives a time frame for the book of 605 to 539b.c. Daniel
lived almost all of his life in Babylon, but his prophecies are worldwide in scope.
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DANIE L
Daniel and His Friends Obey God
In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and
besieged it. 2And the Lord gave Jehoiakim
king of Judah into his hand, with some of
the articles of the house of God, which he
carried into the land of Shinar to the house
of his god; and he brought the articles into
the treasure house of his god.
3T hen the king instructed Ashpenaz,
the master of his eunuchs, to bring some
of the children of Israel and some of the
kings descendants and some of the nobles, 4young men in whom there was no
blemish, but good-looking, gifted in all
wisdom, possessing knowledge and quick
to understand, who had ability to serve in
the kings palace, and whom they might
teach the language and literature of the
Chaldeans. 5And the king appointed for
them a daily provision of the kings delicacies and of the wine which he drank, and
three years of training for them, so that
at the end of that time they might serve
before the king. 6Now from among those
of the sons of Judah were Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. 7To them the
chief of the eunuchs gave names: he gave
DANIEL
Dan.1:6
Name means: God Is My Judge.
Also known as: Belteshazzar (Bel Protect His
Life; Dan.1:7).
Not to be confused with: A man who returned to Jerusalem in Ezras time (Ezra 8:2;
Neh.10:6).
Home: Probably Jerusalem until he was deported to Babylon (c.605 b.c.).
Occupation: Advisor to Babylonian and Median rulers; prophet of the Lord.
Noted for: His extraordinary wisdom and
ability to interpret dreams by Gods power
(Dan.1:17, 20; 2:47; 4:18).
Best known as: The source of one of the Old
Testaments four major prophetic books and
as a man who stood for God in a sometimes
hostile culture.
More: Jeremiah and Ezekiel were Daniels contemporaries. For perspective on this chaotic period of Judahs history, see The Life and Times
of Jeremiah at Jer.1:3 and The Life and Times
of Ezekiel at Ezek.1:1.
Think About It: How will you imitate Daniel as
you live as a God-follower within your culture?
See A Secular Education at Dan.1:4 for ideas.
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A Secular Education
Dan.1:4
As a young noble, Daniel was deported to Babylon and placed in a program to learn the language and literature of the Chaldeans, a curriculum that exposed him to practical skills that
included mathematics and glassmaking. It also covered subjects opposed to God: sorcery, astrology, and other occult arts; myths, legends, and lore from ancient Chaldea; and prayers and
hymns to Babylonian gods. It was a systematic course of study based on a polytheistic and
idolatrous worldview.
The purpose of this three-year program was
Babylonian education against Gods
to develop Daniel to serve before the king
absolute truth.
(Dan.1:5). Daniel was undergoing preparation 4. Daniel was exposed to Babylonian
for a lifetime of employment within a pagan
culture but did not succumb to it. Daniel
government, a vast departure from the teachmaintained distinctive beliefs and values
ing he would have received during the days of
even after a lifetime in the service of
godly King Josiah.
pagan kings (6:4, 5, 10, 22). Christians face
As we struggle to understand how Daniels
a challenge to remain in the world but
situation might apply to how we prepare
not of the world (John 17:15, 16). If we
Christian youth to live and work in a secular
compromise our beliefs the minute we
society, there are several points to keep in
encounter competing belief systems, the
mind:
world will see no modern-day Daniels.
5. Daniel did not altogether reject Babylonian
1. Daniel began in a godly environment.
culture. While Daniel objected to eating
Although not explicit in the Bible account,
the kings food (Dan.1:8), he apparently
there is little question Daniel came from
did not protest reading the kings books,
a family that revered God and obeyed
listening to the kings instructors, or
the Law. Daniel would have had to
thinking about the kings ideas. We might
have learned his bold, resolute, godly
argue that he had little choice but to
convictions somewhere (1:8). Given what
cooperate, but the incident with the food
we know about ancient Jewish culture,
shows otherwise. It seems Daniel was able
the most plausible explanation is he had
to reject what was unworthy and keep
been raised in a spiritually nurturing
what was useful. He not only survived but
family. Whatever choices we make about
thrived.
our childrens education, training in Gods
6. Daniel did not act alone. Three other
ways begins at home. Formal education
like-minded youths shared Daniels
may or may not build on that foundation,
challenges of living under Babylonian rule
but it can never replace it.
(1:6). Standing against ungodly aspects
2. Daniel had God-given intelligence and
of our surrounding culture is easier to
discernment. Daniel was a person of great
do alongside other followers of God.
intelligence, a gift that enabled him to
Going it alone means forgoing support,
discern how to serve God and how to
encouragement, and prayer that are vital
make the most of a superb education.
to resisting conformity.
This fact implies that parents today
should consider their childrens talents
and God-given bent as they choose
between educational alternatives.
3. Daniels Babylonian education occurred
in a secondary setting. Daniel was likely
about fifteen or sixteen years old when
he was deported to Babylon. His training
in the kings service was in preparation
for a specific career, similar to modern
vocational, college, and graduate
programs. He formed his fundamental
views about the world as a young boy in
Judah. He brought with him to Babylon
a worldview based on Gods law. This
foundation enabled him to test his
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drink. For why should he see your faces
looking worse than the young men who
are your age? Then you would endanger
my head before the king.
11So Daniel said to the stewarda whom
the chief of the eunuchs had set over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah,
12 Please test your servants for ten days,
and let them give us vegetables to eat and
water to drink. 13T hen let our appearance
be examined before you, and the appearance of the young men who eat the portion
of the kings delicacies; and as you see fit,
so deal with your servants. 14So he consented with them in this matter, and tested
them ten days.
15And at the end of ten days their features appeared better and fatter in flesh
than all the young men who ate the portion
of the kings delicacies. 16T hus the steward
took away their portion of delicacies and
the wine that they were to drink, and gave
them vegetables.
17As for these four young men, God gave
them knowledge and skill in all literature
and wisdom; and Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams.
18Now at the end of the days, when the
king had said that they should be brought
in, the chief of the eunuchs brought them
in before Nebuchadnezzar. 19T hen the
king intervieweda them, and among them
all none was found like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah; therefore they
served before the king. 20And in all matters
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Daniel 2:3
Nebuchadnezzars Dream
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Daniel 2:4
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A Kingdom of Sorcerers
Dan.2:2
Many ancient cultures engaged in occult
practices, but the Babylonians stood out for
institutionalizing magical arts as part of their
government. They were especially known for
their extensive use of astrology, which was
one of the reasons God severely condemned
Babylon. Scripture repeatedly warns Gods
people against the occult. See The Seduction
of Spirits at Deuteronomy 18:914.
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living, but for our sakes who make known
the interpretation to the king, and that you
may know the thoughts of your heart.
31You, Oking, were watching; and
behold, a great image! This great image,
whose splendor was excellent, stood before you; and its form was awesome. 32T his
images head was of fine gold, its chest
and arms of silver, its belly and thighsa
of bronze, 33its legs of iron, its feet partly
of iron and partly of clay.a 34You watched
while a stone was cut out without hands,
which struck the image on its feet of iron
and clay, and broke them in pieces. 35T hen
the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver,
and the gold were crushed together, and
became like chaff from the summer threshing floors; the wind carried them away so
Daniel 2:40
Sold as a slave and taken to Egypt but maintained his godly character
despite recurring setbacks.
A model of integrity during both adversity and prosperity.
Daniel, Shadrach,
Meshach, and Abed-
Nego (Dan.16)
Nehemiah (Neh.16)
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kingdom shall be as strong as iron, inasmuch as iron breaks in pieces and shatters
everything; and like iron that crushes, that
kingdom will break in pieces and crush all
the others. 41W hereas you saw the feet and
toes, partly of potters clay and partly of
iron, the kingdom shall be divided; yet the
strength of the iron shall be in it, just as
you saw the iron mixed with ceramic clay.
42 And as the toes of the feet were partly
of iron and partly of clay, so the kingdom
shall be partly strong and partly fragile.
43As you saw iron mixed with ceramic clay,
they will mingle with the seed of men; but
they will not adhere to one another, just as
iron does not mix with clay. 44 And in the
days of these kings the God of heaven will
set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left
to other people; it shall break in pieces and
consume all these kingdoms, and it shall
stand forever. 45Inasmuch as you saw that
the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it broke in pieces the
iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver, and
the goldthe great God has made known to
the king what will come to pass after this.
The dream is certain, and its interpretation
is sure.
8T herefore at that time certain Chaldeans came forward and accused the
Jews. 9T hey spoke and said to King Nebuchadnezzar, O king, live forever! 10You,
Oking, have made a decree that everyone
who hears the sound of the horn, flute,
harp, lyre, and psaltery, in symphony with
all kinds of music, shall fall down and worship the gold image; 11and whoever does
not fall down and worship shall be cast
into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.
12T here are certain Jews whom you have
set over the affairs of the province of Bab
ylon: Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego;
Daniel and His Friends Promoted
these men, Oking, have not paid due re46T hen King Nebuchadnezzar fell on
gard to you. They do not serve your gods
his face, prostrate before Daniel, and com- or worship the gold image which you have
manded that they should present an of- set up.
13T hen Nebuchadnezzar, in rage and
fering and incense to him. 47T he king answered Daniel, and said, Truly your God fury, gave the command to bring Shadrach,
is the God of gods, the Lord of kings, and a
revealer of secrets, since you could reveal 2:49aThat is, the kings court
this secret. 48T hen the king promoted
Daniel and gave him many great gifts; and
SHADRACH, MESHACH, AND
he made him ruler over the whole province
of Babylon, and chief administrator over
ABED-N EGODan.3:12
49
all the wise men of Babylon. Also Daniel
petitioned the king, and he set Shadrach,
Names mean: Command of [the God] Aku
Meshach, and Abed-Nego over the affairs
(Shadrach); The Shadow of the Prince (Meof the province of Babylon; but Daniel sat
shach); Servant of Nebo (Abed-Nego).
in the gatea of the king.
Also known as: Hananiah (The Lord Is
TheImage ofGold
GraciousShadrach); Mishael (Who Is What
Nebuchadnezzar the king made an
God Is?Meshach); Azariah (The Lord Has
image of gold, whose height was sixty
HelpedAbed-Nego).
cubits and its width six cubits. He set it
up in the plain of Dura, in the province of
Home: Probably Jerusalem until they were
Babylon. 2And King Nebuchadnezzar sent
deported to Babylon (c.605 b.c.).
word to gather together the satraps, the adOccupation: Officials who served the Babministrators, the governors, the counselors,
ylonian king (Dan.1:19; 2:49; 3:12).
the treasurers, the judges, the magistrates,
and all the officials of the provinces, to
Best known as: Daniels close friends who recome to the dedication of the image which
fused to bow to an idolatrous gold image set
3
King Nebuchadnezzar had set up. So the
up by King Nebuchadnezzar; they were cast
satraps, the administrators, the governors,
into a fiery furnace but delivered by the Lord
the counselors, the treasurers, the judges,
(3:130).
the magistrates, and all the officials of the
provinces gathered together for the dediThink About It: How, specifically, do you show
cation of the image that King Nebuchadfriendship to another believer? Include names
nezzar had set up; and they stood before
and places. How does your friendship strengthen
the image that Nebuchadnezzar had set
4
up. T hen a herald cried aloud: To you
this believer to obey God?
it is commanded, Opeoples, nations, and
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Meshach, and Abed-Nego. So they brought
these men before the king. 14 Nebuchadnezzar spoke, saying to them, Is it true,
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, that
you do not serve my gods or worship the
gold image which I have set up? 15Now
if you are ready at the time you hear the
sound of the horn, flute, harp, lyre, and
psaltery, in symphony with all kinds of music, and you fall down and worship the image which I have made, good! But if you do
not worship, you shall be cast immediately
into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.
And who is the god who will deliver you
from my hands?
16 Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego
answered and said to the king, O Nebuchadnezzar, we have no need to answer you
in this matter. 17If that is the case, our God
whom we serve is able to deliver us from
the burning fiery furnace, and He will deliver us from your hand, Oking. 18But if
not, let it be known to you, Oking, that we
do not serve your gods, nor will we worship
the gold image which you have set up.
Daniel 3:24
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Daniel 3:25
1030
Defeats the
Egyptians at
Carchemish
(c. 605 b.c.).
Commands the
Babylonian
army in
campaigns
against the
Assyrians
(c. 606 b.c.).
Besieges Jerusalem
again, replaces
Jehoiakim with
Jehoiachin, then later
deports Jehoiachin
and other leading
citizens to Babylon
(c. 599597 b.c.).
(Daniel 4:1)
Captures
and destroys
Jerusalem
(587 b.c.).
Invades Egypt
(568567 b.c.).
Sacks
Ashkelon
(c. 601 b.c.).
610
b.c.
Becomes king
of Babylon after
the death of his
father Nabopo
lassar (c. 605 b.c.).
600
b.c.
590
b.c.
Survives an
uprising in
Babylon
(c. 596 b.c.).
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580
b.c.
570
b.c.
Begins a
thirteen-year
siege of Tyre
(c. 582 b.c.).
560
b.c.
Dies and is
succeeded by
Evil-Merodach
(c. 562 b.c.).
Orders the
construction of
the Ishtar Gate
(c. 575 b.c.).
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1031
4
10 These
17
18
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20
23
26
Daniel 4:27
That the Most High rules in the
kingdom of men,
Gives it to whomever He will,
And sets over it the lowest of men.
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Daniel 4:28
1032
Nebuchadnezzars Humiliation
28 All
31
33
4:34aLiterally days
Heaven Rules
Dan.4:26, 27
The spiritual health of a society can be seen
in its treatment of the poor. Those that honor God show kindness to and provide tools
for the weak and disadvantaged. Those that
have abandoned His commands abuse them.
King Nebuchadnezzar had plenty of reasons to be proud. He won countless military
battles. His empire spanned the Middle East.
He reigned over a grand capital city that was
home to one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World. Wealth, power, and prestige
were his. But all of these factors caused his
heart to so swell with pride that he forgot a
basic truth: Heaven rules.
God used King Nebuchadnezzars dreams
to warn that judgment was coming (Dan.4:1
26), and Daniel challenged the king to change
his ways before it was too late. He told the
king: Break off your sins by being righteous,
and your iniquities by showing mercy to the
poor (4:27).
The king apparently disregarded Daniels
advice, persisting in arrogance and ignoring
God. The Lord soon took away his position
and power (4:33) until he admitted that
Heaven rules (4:34, 35). He subsequently instituted a reign based on truth, justice, and
humility (4:36, 37).
What are our attitudes toward the poor?
Do we work to ensure them justice? How can
we demonstrate that commitment at home,
at work, and in our communities?
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kingdom, my honor and splendor
returned to me. My counselors and
nobles resorted to me, I was restored
to my kingdom, and excellent
majesty was added to me. 37Now I,
Nebuchadnezzar, praise and extol and
honor the King of heaven, all of whose
works are truth, and His ways justice.
And those who walk in pride He is able
to put down.
Belshazzars Feast
Daniel 5:11
Sold into slavery by his jealous brothers and taken to Egypt, where God
arranged for him to eventually become second only to Pharaoh.
Caleb (Num.1314)
Spied for Moses when the Israelites prepared to enter Canaan. Years later,
he helped divide the land.
Joshua (Num.1314;
Josh.1:13:17)
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Daniel 5:12
1034
Ruled as Israels only female judge. She helped her military commander
achieve victory in battle and led her people in song.
David (1Sam.1631;
2Sam.124)
Solomon (1Kin.311)
Succeeded his father David as king. He was best known for wisdom but
also succeeded in trade, building, and amassing wealth. He wrote much of
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and probably the Song of Solomon.
Hezekiah (2Kin.18
20; 2Chr.2932)
Overcame his birth into the family of evil King Ahaz to rule Judah with
unexpected righteousness. He built a strategic water supply system for
Jerusalem.
Nehemiah (Neh.16)
Matthew (Matt.9:9)
Shunned by his people for collecting taxes for the occupying Roman government. Jesus called him to leave his position and follow Him.
Zacchaeus (Luke
19:19)
Worked as Jerichos chief tax collector. After dining with Jesus, he repaid
everyone he had cheated and gave half his riches to the poor.
A Roman Centurion
(Matt.27:54)
Oversaw the crucifixion of Jesus but came to believe that Jesus was the Son
of God.
The Treasurer
of Ethiopia (Acts
8:2640)
Official under the Ethiopian queen. He met the evangelist Philip and
learned the way of salvation in Christ.
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he knew that the Most High God rules in
the kingdom of men, and appoints over it
whomever He chooses.
22 But you his son, Belshazzar, have not
humbled your heart, although you knew
all this. 23And you have lifted yourself
up against the Lord of heaven. They have
brought the vessels of His house before you,
and you and your lords, your wives and
your concubines, have drunk wine from
them. And you have praised the gods of
silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and
stone, which do not see or hear or know;
and the God who holds your breath in His
hand and owns all your ways, you have not
glorified. 24T hen the fingersa of the hand
were sent from Him, and this writing was
written.
25 And this is the inscription that was
written:
MENE,a MENE, TEKEL,b
UPHARSIN.c
A Competition of Gods
Dan.5:23
Victorious armies in the ancient Middle
East often subdued conquered peoples
by destroying religious shrines and taking
idols and relics back to their own houses of
worship (1Sam.4:10, 11; 5:1, 2). These acts
asserted that the gods of the triumphant
were more powerful than the gods of the
vanquished.
Following this tradition, the Babylonian
king Nebuchadnezzar looted the Israelites
temple following the siege of Jerusalem. He
took untold riches back to Babylon, including
sacred objects carefully set apart for Israels
most holy worship rituals (2 Kin. 25:13
17). Years later, many of these spoils were
brought out at the request of drunken
Belshazzar and used as tableware at a drinking party (Dan. 5:24). Like his predecessor
Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar apparently
thought he had won a game between gods.
But the Lord turned the tables on this foolish king. As Daniel predicted, Belshazzars
city was captured that night, its mighty ziggurats pulled down, its gods removed, and
its king killed (5:30).
There is only one true God (Deut. 6:4;
1 Tim. 2:5). Nations may choose to serve
other gods. But in the end, the God of heaven will prevail. He has said, My name shall
be great among the Gentiles (or nations;
Mal.1:11).
More: The phrase the writings on the wall
came from this event (Dan.5:5). The Lord won
similar contests over other gods when He defeated Pharaoh in Egypt and burned up the altar
Elijah built on Mount Carmel. See Pharaohs
Submission at Ex.12:29.
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Daniel 6:4
26T his
Belshazzars Fall
I t pleased Darius to set over the kingdom one hundred and twenty satraps,
to be over the whole kingdom; 2and over
these, three governors, of whom Daniel
was one, that the satraps might give account to them, so that the king would suffer no loss. 3T hen this Daniel distinguished
himself above the governors and satraps,
because an excellent spirit was in him; and
the king gave thought to setting him over
the whole realm. 4So the governors and satraps sought to find some charge against
Daniel concerning the kingdom; but they
could find no charge or fault, because he
was faithful; nor was there any error or
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Daniel 6:5
1036
10Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went home. And in his
upper room, with his windows open toward
Jerusalem, he knelt down on his knees
three times that day, and prayed and gave
thanks before his God, as was his custom
since early days.
11T hen these men assembled and found
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Daniel 7:22
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Daniel 7:23
1038
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Daniel 9:13
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Understanding Prophecy
Dan.9:17
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Daniel 9:14
1040
people Israel, and presenting my supplication before the Lord my God for the
holy mountain of my God, 21yes, while I
was speaking in prayer, the man Gabriel,
whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning, being caused to fly swiftly, reached
me about the time of the evening offering.
22And he informed me, and talked with me,
and said, O Daniel, I have now come forth
to give you skill to understand. 23At the beginning of your supplications the command
went out, and I have come to tell you, for
you are greatly beloved; therefore consider
the matter, and understand the vision:
TheSeventy-Weeks Prophecy
20Now
24 Seventy
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26 And
10
I n the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a message was revealed to Daniel,
whose name was called Belteshazzar. The
message was true, but the appointed time
was long;a and he understood the message,
and had understanding of the vision. 2In
those days I, Daniel, was mourning three
full weeks. 3I ate no pleasant food, no meat
or wine came into my mouth, nor did I
anoint myself at all, till three whole weeks
were fulfilled.
4 Now on the twenty-fourth day of the
first month, as I was by the side of the great
river, that is, the Tigris,a 5I lifted my eyes
and looked, and behold, a certain man
clothed in linen, whose waist was girded
with gold of Uphaz! 6His body was like
beryl, his face like the appearance of lightning, his eyes like torches of fire, his arms
and feet like burnished bronze in color, and
the sound of his words like the voice of a
multitude.
7And I, Daniel, alone saw the vision, for
the men who were with me did not see the
vision; but a great terror fell upon them, so
that they fled to hide themselves. 8T herefore I was left alone when I saw this great
vision, and no strength remained in me; for
my vigor was turned to frailty in me, and I
retained no strength. 9Yet I heard the sound
of his words; and while I heard the sound of
his words I was in a deep sleep on my face,
with my face to the ground.
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5 Also the king of the South shall become strong, as well as one of his princes;
and he shall gain power over him and have
dominion. His dominion shall be a great
dominion. 6And at the end of some years
they shall join forces, for the daughter of
the king of the South shall go to the king of
the North to make an agreement; but she
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Daniel 11:7
1042
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Daniel 12:13
12
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