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NNAN$--}M$W
$--{Hffi${HAT"
THE LEGEND OF AWARRIOR KINC

\Written by
PEmn CHnrsp
Illustrated by

PrtrR DrNNrs

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I)o rlin g Kindersle-v

Contents

LONI]ON, N!\V YOItK, \IUNICII,

Vljl B()IJRNF and I)Fl Hl
Project Eclitor (-arcy Scott
Art Editor loinne (-onnor
Senior Editor ScarlrLr ()Hara
Senior Art Editor Vick) \\'harr(,1
Managins Editor SLrc Crabhan,
Scnior Manasins Art Editor lulia Harri!
DTI'Designers ,\ndrew OBrlen Ceorsia BDer
I']icture Researcher Debomh Povnall
Jacket Designer Dean Price
Produ.tion Kare Olr\,,-r and Cfris Ai,gherinos

Hardback cd rion first publ,shed in Creat tsririi. ir

Thl\ cdirio. published ln Creai Uriiain in 1003
b-v Dorlins Kinderslev Limired,

' i

Tur losc rnuo

8

Tup prnsrnN

191r8

\\(-.''
'1
l+ai I1097-il
J

EMPTRE

10

Tur ulcEooNrANS

opyr ght

O l99S O

Do,ling KLrdcrlcy,

Ltd

12

l(oi
Lordon

PnrNcr ALEXANDER

All rlghts rcscncd No part oi !his publi.ation

may be rcproduccd sr.rcd in a ret elal s_vslern,
or lr.nrnittcd i. any krrm or by any rreans
elecLronrc mecLanLcal fhotocop-vir! rccorcling
or olhcrwirc.

!irhout thc prlor

orncr

permission ot thc cop-r,r sht

A CIP catalosuc rccord ior th,s book is avallable

tronr rlre llrtrish Itbral\.

lsllN

{) 75I

t7.19

Reprcduccd b1, Col<,urcar Stngaporc

I,rrntcd

rrd bourd

by, l. E

.:

ltal_v

r\cldrt,onal rllustratrons b\. I )avtd Asl,b1

see

our conplete catalogue at

www.dk.com

14

Tur rrnst cHALLENGE

16

THr cRear EXPEDTTToN

,,LORD

OF ALL ASIA,,

36
Mcrony rN tNDrA
1a)
50

INro,qN UNKNo\rN

20

LAND

THr sATrr-r oF rssus

22
THE srrcr oF TYRE

24

TUE

crry oF ALEXANDRTA

26
Cmsu oF T\ro

2B-31
TUE eATrr-r

KrNGS

Tur

40
JouRNEY HoNIE

42

Dr,qru rN BABYLoN
:t

i'="-;

or

CAUCAMELA

CREAI KINC

i&a

,. !,,i-. .

' ''\i#oy',*f
-_

32

r;;.:-

44
Euprnn

BUTLDERS

46

DrscovrnrNc
KINC PHILIP,S ToMB

Prors AND eUARRELS

4B
INoEx

--N"*txq,:

--"N"-}N.\N.NTN,\BOUT

5OO BC, A SERIES OF \(/ARS I]ECAN BET\(/EEN T\(/O ANCIENT

lizati ons. Their dispute was to continue for almost 200

years. The conflict was started by the Persians, who were trying
to expand their empire. Facing them in battle were their western
neighbour s, the Creeks, who were fighting to keep their freedom
.fl.

ivi

Perstm sollitrs loare trausffs,

lurics, aud healsctraes

This Gruk uose, paiukLl m the

tth centtry f ( , sbor.s Knq Darius I
oJ Ptrsia makit4 pkus Jor conpdrqtrs

utar 4diust ()reece ly tgt d d

19o 1l(, I).lrius nttdt tuo unsttcccssJttl
., .,j/ r. rO -c, qtr,' (..,. e
oJ

fhe

Greeks thou4ht that

mked meu looka/ Leroic,

so

ir art solliers

u.arc oJltn

Ji4btin4 rdkt,1. Iu
reolity, Q11l 1p,1tt ott
shorLtu

u,ort body arnLott.

A 11| (ennq

:,x

'

r.

(n,\inc

TIJF

IoN(;

FFIII)

UNII'

CREEK

In i8() rra an ,\thenia.

pol

PERSIAN EMPIRE

(allrd lso.r,rr.s

the (-,reet clrlcs

to urrte arl ,rracle Pcrsla

C,cccc iras a poor land hc

Tur

LNcrENT PERSIANS AND

Greeks were very different from
each other. The vart Persian
empire included man1, different
people with various religions and
languages. They ne re united in a
single state, rvhich was ruled by a king.

ti(lri

crllcl or
sard

rhrch

r.as ulr-v drc

Crccks wcrt alvals

tiahtins ea(r oth.r

'r

tl

\t

lrrsia I as i.h
All Crerces poblcnu
br solred by
"r,ukl
corquclng Lhe lcrsiao
.mpire and \er:ln8 i(

,,, ltl .ii ,r';ri d rd,iir

/rii,., Ii,fr,in,,i ,
u,[, .1. " 'i.,,r rl i,l tlL I]r,rrr

Ti,r P.,,

rri,Ji: _\
''.ql{1{1 "

In contrast, the Creeks all spoke the same

language and rvorshipped the same gods,
but rvere not ruled b-v one klng. Creece rvas not
an empire but a collectiot.t of city states, which
rvcre like different countries rvith their orvr.t

Dur

ir,

r r]l,]r'i.li.

Cnrrcg

Elovernments and lau,s. Some ol thc city slates, such as

Athens and Sparra. u,ere often aL u,ar-rvith one another

THE NIAK]NG OF AN ENIPIRE

Thc lcrlans (erc thc rncLtnt pco;,lc oi
southcrr lran llcn{,.cn i19 rnd 5ll l
t\1o lrrr\ian klnls (i-vnr the Crc:rr anrl hls
vrn Canbrses !"on a hlrge cmFire lr
strttchcd lronr F!-vft in thc wrsr to thc
borclcrs of Indra ,r thc cast rnd includcd

somc Crccl sertlements or fie trlsc of Asla

i\1inor l-ater lirn!s such as Kftg Darrrs I and

,-..,,,,,1

.-rer (rthcr by con,luerLrs all oi Creece

r\N(

L\l

^4.
h*#

!o\Lt\1FNTS

Tl, l,,r rr,,,,ril rJ,,r, i,rl lrr .iir,!,i

il.. ;rl,i,:'rr ai,:,:jy ft , : or,o r.r',
ol,l,r1a, th |mr.r,; o,:i,r,tiE.trrt

Facr file

MAGI
I he

ancirnL lrrrsians

.I.r alnGr 200 yea6, Iron, about

522-334 Ba, rhe P.6ia. cnrpire stret.hed
.1000 knr i2 500 nrilcsl tro

orsllppcd

*rprtne god callcl" Ahura

Ihzda rre lorl as vell as
othtr leso gods P,le;Ls calcd
nr,r1, fum r hlch rrrrnlo d
'nagi. .onrest. p..ionn.d ri ils
ro horour Lhesc s.ds As lrc
praicd ; presL hcL.1up a hol,'
burdle ol olgs calLtd a ltor
a

PERSIAN F]NERY
Tlrc \ralth. afd th. di!crslry orrlrc
l)crsirn rnrplrc Nas d spla-vc.l in rlchlt
tuinAhca pa ac.s (]rhwo,kcr ot

mary

naL

ircnis

,!c

ona lLirs maclc chboratc

rhis slh,.i bo\ I

1 as

. Moic tlran a dozen h.su.gcs vcrc

spoken in Asn lr'1nr,r abnc
. The sacal hall of Kins Da.na! palacc
at Percrolls was bis enoush to hold

T }I E P I R S I A \

EMPIRF

XERXES

mllch more
glorious to fight against
the Persian king for his
en'rpire than to fight

ln 180

ls

each other... Ve
Creeks will never have
lasting peace unless we

ft

rhe

PeEiiiklns X.r\.s

carre close to corqrering Crcccc

He ed a laq lnva,Lon iorcc thich

succeeLled lr capLLlrng Atbcns :ncl
..

b'rrrrrng rhc.rlvs lemplrs Llur rhc

ALhenlars icrght bacl ard vor a
s'.ar vicroq. Xcnes had Lo ilce

r Tfc

(l,ceks
rcvcr iorsave rht |crslars tor
hur rrng thrir holv tcmplcs
baclr ro l']ers

join together."
''i. ko.r

es toD hE spee.h

ir ir.rr ir 5r, .r dragr l,ri ri

i.rll I,r "" i.,,1r r1a .r,' rlt

llltrn,

ion oI K,ns

Ic^c\ o P!r!a

IIA( TRrA

Assipt.q

EMP lRE

it

.,lNr)tA

Vrif

i, r\'\

,' Ln r,.,'r,J I, r,,'

PERSIA

(i,,r,'rr oinihio,

a,.

'...

,..t,

AR,UIAN r)r-sFrlr

BRINC]NC TRIBLITE
Each Ncw Ycar s Day. a sr.at..r.drunl
Nas hcLd at thc palacc ot l)crs.foll! in

I)crsia Ircoplc irom rll ov.! rhc.nrflrc

tributc iJriitsr to rhc kin! :s a
sisn ot th.ir lo\ alt| Th.sc canlnss
honr Pererolis slrow In.tians a..t
an As-vriao hrlngln! rh.i Sitis
The palace r.alls irere covcrcd
nltlr r!.h .ar1,inss ThcI w.r.

l.urht

lrtcrdcd io sbow rbc n.crlth

ot rlr. cmjlir. ifd irs nrar\
Llilcrcrt pcoplcs al unltcd
Lnr.to drclr (,rcar Kl.8

I HT

LO\L

FtL]

TUE
MACEDONIANS

Nonru oF GREECE LIES THE

-,

land of Macedonia. The ancient

Macedonians spoke a form of
Creek and rvorshipped the Creek
gods. Despite this, other Creeks
looked dorvn on them as "barbarians"
or backr,vard foreigners. They
thought that the N4acedonians had
rough, country u,ays. Unlike the

iP
I

Creek cit1, states, rl,hich r,i,ere mostly

govcrned by the citizens therrselves.
Nlacedonia v,as ruled by kings.

*lLa

,[;

Betiveen 359 and 336 Ltc, thc king u,as a

brilliant, anrbitious nran called Plrilip.
\ ,.i,, I r,nrl
\When he canre to Lhe rhrone his
,r.il;?.il!i ii,rr
rii,rl nrr
lri.r.ii,r
kingdom u,as small, u,eak.
',,,.,i1,r
IT \R1
and sun ounded by cnemics.
ir,,,r,
r
ir-,r, r.rr ri
PARTY AT PELLA
I)hilip crcared a por'.eriu1
rr r,r;r:; r,ilr.lllrn n llrr
-. ;
\Y l,r[ riri]ii r 11 ,.rra !ri[.r d],i
arnry.. rr,hich he ,-Lsed to
rclarcd ln hls pal:cc rr |clla lhrrt
i:, i, l , ! i , i ! He:i,a .lr4l
hc ohcn h.ld dinklrs !arties Thrs
cortquer the neighbouring
.i,r,rlr [] ri, lrr .lt,irlr3
(lrccks ano$o cxcuse Lo
r:alc
rfc
countrics ol Thessaly and
ook dom or d,c \la.cd.,iran! a,
Thrace, and to donr inate
r1ru,kards (reeLs ah,a1,s m,rerl their
the whole of Creece
wln. \.irh (ar.r bui rlr. Ila.edoniais
r.rr'<r n r, rlr fL rlr.ir rf.llhtre.l
j

Healthy living
l.r(l.

TILLTR cRLrK ncighboun, thc

Nlacedonians atc a simplc clicL basccl
on vrre pressed irom grapcs
bread made horn barley
or l'heat. and oli.res
some eaten hrsh ancl

oLhers pressccl

!..

t.
:

for orl

Th. \ealthj rnr.,-e.i seat..d

n,.h as r!,.1 .,.1 rhey h!!tel
\rlLl
Lh.

L.r a.d.i..r lu n,r.ir

foo, 1,.r..:.r r.r.ll

:rt,,irr,;1r,ri,

,rrf r.,j lli.k,,

10

,!r ;r

i,;ri,

t,,,rri

, ,

Hf

MAat

)a)\r.\\s

HILLS AND PLAINS

I1a..d.nle \,a< a drvrdcd ard Tl,e plains oi
lo\'. \1i.( donia r hrrt Lhc hrgs rule ras
sL,o reest

ucre occupLtd L.r

r'fo sgrkr Crecl tlpptr

Ilrt etl,,nlr r rs h ll r rrr rr r rrJ

people

ronre

1,i:,

[LL]e!

r! ,o rpokr

\rfou\ la.s!age\

Pliilrp

r!t

acf,o'cmcrr as k,rg ras ro

brlrg rogerher al these

PLOUCHINC AND HOE]NC

Tfe* iarocr

are prrparirg thr grourl Ior

p a,rLLng Orc mar sttcrs a \loaen plolgh
prLlleLIbv oxcn, anorho brerks cloils oi earL,
nlLh a hoe r\1ost \lacedonrar\ trrft poor
lamreb b!r urder |h,lLps rule manr ol Lrrn,
hccane strllrrl sol<l os rc,o

+.

"Philtp is
Creek... He is
a filthy rvretch
from Macedonia,
a place where it
was never yet
possible to buy a

PHIL]P'S GOLD
In 157 Bi Plri lf.orqu!r!d Amfhlpolis ea.t
ot,\1a..do.h Tlr. i.Nior h.as trnnr hr ltr

mlnt. ancl Philip be(anrr the rchest

Ln CLtce I lc uscd Lhr gold Lo 1,rrr
no,c soklier bu. oii hLs entn Lts. a,,rl Lo
\,tn olcr LnilL,crnrl arerks rrrh Lrl:,es
gold

,ulcr

ll,ir,r,

fr

.,,,

r." liiri,,r r,i r,i, ,nli,r,

r,ri.,l,,ili.,.tri.

fi

decent slave."

q,.f

De trxnr.ies

ri1arl.. J

1., i,r. r,,r,,,

rLe

Ail,eiun

lo noji n: rrs hrsro'! \li...1rnri

l,is h.., rrl.d l,r' t., . I,. (
It.Lri I L,e.lis lu!a:ar a,d
Tuls Follin,ns r|r t.,(r- uL, !l
I rrg.!h.. tr ,f l )')l i\h..dn.il
b..ii,. ii L.d.r.,d.t nir. i!i r
k r rurr ma Ler Jra, |r fs
k r!don :nJ,t' irl:l rara rrc 11,
? : e,l L,) Li. ,f, ref \L, e,i,r : ,.

IHE

LONC

FEUD

Pruxcr
ALEXANDER
IN 356 BC, KINC PHILIP oF ,\IACEDON,S \flIFE,
Olympias, gave birth to a son, Alexander.
The young prince soon learned that he
OLYN,IPIAS

lr, nce cle\nnder ris close, ro

his irother. Olynrfias tha. to
hi5 tarlrer. \lro Nas ortcn a(aY
l,shlins O vnrpias sas jlrsr
o.. ot rhc kl.gs iiivcs erd sh.
hiiierl), rese.red he. rlvals Ahcr
Plri lrs d.ath sfc rnrrdcrcd
hls mo( rcc.fr \1.itc and baLr)
daughrer Altxandrr likc

nrrhe,,

also had a

hLs

ruthle* strcak

came from an extraordinary family. Philip

claimed descent from Heracles, the legendary
strongman and son of the god Zeus. Olympias
traced her bloodline back to the famous warrior
Achilles. Tales of his heroic ancestors, and news
of his father's conquests, filled Alexander with

ambition. \Whenever Phillp u,on a victory, Alexander

would cornplain to his friends, "Bo),s, n,, fathcr rvill leave
no great achievement for me to sl-rou, the rl.,orld."

)r
|t.

.i!ri,
i...i.!,
:,:

':

*iii
,i.;:
't4]

:i:

ig
li,..r.ir
\rcilrh_v cr..k |.\
llerarder *rdec nL,;rc r pa t of
r6 edu. i.r T le ei, ,ed n).ifg
d Fla! the . re ;r rst,rnert v th

rril-r

,-',.:::

Lk. c!e,\

vrrLlbor n;rle ,o"r the shell oi a

L!n!,!. Th( \hrrjs {.r( fl!.li(d
uLh r dis. .Jllrl i fl..t !i, \l!!i.
\rs pla!.d rr rlmosr.!.ry 1,,..k
lr.ril .v.it if. n ,.1 lotrs
r.str!il; t. tririi. !iri.;
a

1rF'
rin.,,,,i r,.i,'",l

ROYAI. SPORT
Alcxandr and his hicnds are shown hunrrng a hou.
Hunli.S \'as tlrc tavouritc 1ur o Lhe \lacedor,ar
ror a lamll-r' and Alcxardcr (oLLd hale h!.ted aln,osr
rla,ly He sta kcd ihc tild anldrals ru.h as hears lions
ard staes $at stlll rorrrcd $e \laceLlorlar hll s

l2

{',,[ r;

. ,;.tr", Lrrriiil,,j, Lofi,

PITIN(]E

ALEIANDFR

,\Lt.'"1NDlli's slsLR! ha Ll a vcry dilfcrenr upLrrirging Thcy !1crc taught

to spin and wcavc wool into cloth All C',reek rvoor,:n, cvcn prinLcsse\
\\'crc cltpcctcd to spcnd thcir clays ar honre, \pinning and wca!inil

ARISTOTLE
\X h.. Al.ltrndcrva! ll

the

iamors CreeI phl osoplrer

Arisror e b..ame his tntor
ArisnnLc

vis an.1f.n ln
as ircll rs

all Lhr scitnts

po lLrcs Alcrandrr came to

slrare lr is t!(tr\ curosirv
aborLr Lhe,raLrral rorlil

,,o!
1N..r rh

.',

..,,,, -

.,,,

Tr\,r\. B,r..rrrrrr
,11..r,,,,1.

.. A h, hoP r |.sc

..

THE ILIAI)

THE FIRST FEAT

blnh the poen tells., a CteL

Tro! in Asla \Vher Alerander stt
ott on hls o\n Asian.arnpaig. he rook rlrr
I[i irlth h,m lepins ir under hi! pillo\"

lrotsc lluccfhatlrs

,\lcxandcr! an.e\1or AchLlles, r Lht

hcm ol ar ep,c porn callrd thr lirr,t
(ioorposed b_r' Hr]mer sonc l1lrl \ears Lrrfore
Alcxanders
xrar a!ainsr

,..

trri ,i ii,rr r, ftr,lJii.

,r':.,rLr ii, r.l,rJ tlr

l.rr

5r'

i ffi,r

Ilr'hls Lecns Alerrnder u,rs u rxpcrt

horcman Hr irst rrcorlrd dtLl
at rhc agc .,1 ablut ll. ra\ 1., lanre a \ i d
Lrren ablc to

cone

irfich

robod_v clsc had

mornt (\.crtbclcarsto

Iluccphalus

rorld

carr-v ALcrandc,

inlo thc rblck ot nrao\. ball].!

THE LONC

FEUD

THr
FIRST CHALLENCE
IN 336

BC, KINc PHTLTP oF NIACEDON

was at the height of his power. He had

forced most of the Creek cities to join

a military alliance, or league, headed by

Alexanrle, raced hs t:n lr.b:t[ Lo

rhe legendd\ hero Hek.le! The

r.s !irs.rbo\. sh.\5 H.r.l.!

.iftrrrfs ( .b(!r n,( do:_ rh.
enrrd.d rh. und!N.rld H.ri.l.!
ris t.!f,f Ih.b.! n.. ord,.
nlden aid.,o{ iin.us.,l tre (, eek
rirer D*p,Le h s 1,nl l,rl Thebes
Al!{r(.,.rnr (o hat( rh(.i1r

himself. The king planned to lead the Creeks

in a war against the Persian empire. However,
this plan came to nothing, because Philip was
murdered. He was irnmediately srrcceeded by
his son, Alexander, r,r,ho was just 20 1,ears old.
\When Lhe neu,s sprcad, there rvas a rvidespread
rebellion against Nlacedor.riar.r rurle. Alexar.rder had to
act quickly to save the situation. He had to prove that
he u,as just as 5lrong a king as his lathcr had been.

H:lLlNa

r Lt \E\' L N(,

Iir ",lr[,, i 'rr: r, ]Ai;rr,

i,ir l,r 11,,r"/ rlr'

1r.

'r,ir,

K]NG ALEXANDER

\la(dorla,r LhLonc c1ic1

rot automatrcallr pas ro

The

, rlrrlrr;<rdts

Alcxandcr had Lr

nI '

l-,e

acccptd hy Lhr arny

( )r rhe ver_r dav rhar

\ Phlllp uas rnurrlrrcd

' rfc so drers hatlrd
ALcrarcier as theLr

'

kine .tlcrafder Lold

them -\orhlrg has
charrgrd crccpt the
nanr ol thc krng'

' I rt rilrr; rftil; Nr,i,rratrJ

,)iii. r ,t,, rlr., ii,,i Dl rD,
,\1,n,,iJ,i[ 1!',]t 1.,,iitr

TRAININC FOR \(/AR

Thr Thcbans yho had toined l,hLlips lcague drdnoL

Lale ALera,,rler serlously lr ll--( rt, th$ r, tfrl,cw irom

y ot r.ldier rlral t'hilip hnd lelL rf rhe.rtl Th.

i{fp""t.t'.,,.,,.,

yourg ner ol Thebes 6esan Lo traLr lor a rrar

"rth
\1aced.,nia u hr.h Lher LhoughL rhtv rculd easllr ur

14

( HALLIN(]E

ti-i

NO SANCTLIARY ]N

]'HEtsES
\\ 1,...11.\and.,s (. drer; sromeLl Lhc
.ln lrglt.fed ne.f e llerl to the Lrnplrs
lronrrr thrv rror d br saie,r rrch lolv
fli..s g' t rhc \o ir.rs sho,.(d f.l

nr.]!) Th.\ .iigr.d r)(if

.
mu,J.,..l
ricn, A|our . oro Thcb:rs

i,.d,

r1,.

r.mrl..

.L

\crc Lrllcd !iur.s thc Lrltlr

,-i.; - r

,ri:"'

"t
HARSH PLINISH\1ENT
\ltrande, had e rhole c,ry bL med
er,r p e 1., rhe,ell
ler roble Thebans rho

ar thc gr.ourd as ar

ol C,eece A

had oppr:,seLi Llre reroir p1L s Lhe c,ry

frl!(rs trnd fi.sr.sr.s n.r. rfared

Th. r.mri.1og lnhabihrrs s.,n.

l0lrl lr ptoplr \"i,i sila .,\ !la!es

!i

irr],.,

riir,

r,.r

':,'

i.

iri

.ttr,.i:[

t, .-

Alerrndo ras:rav ilrhrrg rn

Thrrce to Lhc norfi r,hcr hc
hrarrl$at Thchcs hd rirtn rr
re\olr I l. ,rccd <{rl, ...ic,li!
lEr lD 1.10firil.r inlusr lldi\r

I hc TLcl.ans irc,c shockcd ro st

,\lcrando s :rnn !o s.on hur.rllL
rlrr\'!rlu(cd ro su,i.r.1cr .\
iicrt barrlr tollorcd ard rbt
crLl, r as evcrmalll nkco hr
dt Ila(cdon,an rnn\'

ii1

ri

ATTACK ON THEBES

MERCY CESTLIRE
I

hrban \,oman (a1lrd Ttmo.tei.r

kLllea

oir !i.\le\ardrrs sotdt.r,i

.elt de erce \r:hen she rts arrcqcd

rrd hrouuht to thc krrg he parclonccl
h., I .\aid.. irai,.d o be sti is a
dr.r.rllr con.l(.Fr so fc made sure thar
.\.r1.i. kn.r' h. had b.en senerous
15

lr|i

. r:rrj

1,..i

ni

THF T.O\C

FfUr)

. i,

Tur

CREAT EXPEDITION
AI-pxlNnen HAt) cRUSHED ALL opposrloN IN cREECE
Now he planned a new war of conquest against the
vast Persian empire. He said that it would be a war
on behalf of all Creeks, to punish the Persians

.{
.:!
F,

(;1,{1,. !\

rl,. hilntrltri

-c.!'
\c.r(ar!

\(/RITFRS

Alerander s secretarlcs yrotc

for invading their homeland 150 years earlier.
lerLers o Lhe klng ard kcpt a
He also intended to free the eastern Creek cities
diar), .r the .amfaign F.r a Dorr
lastl.s rccord Alcxandcr had hLs
fronr Persian rurle. By the spring of 3 3,1 sc,
.(r histodan callcd Callisthrnrs
'Alcxandcrs famc. hc boastcd
Alexander had gathered a huge arm1,. It included
depends on mc and nr-r'hlstorl
not only N'lacedonians, but troops drawn
from all over Creece and from the
ARTISTS
Balkan lands to the north. As t ell
|octs. pairterr. scrLlptors,

ri

afd nusi.la.s r.cr. amonB

as soldiers. Alexander's expedition

included sclentists, archltects, u,riters,
artists, plrilosophers, and sccrs.

thc artrsrs s.ho rravcllcd lrid1

-i
the kius heir rolc \r.as fu

ind paintinBs

nrake \rat!cs

oi Alexandcr and ro
celehratr'f s rrtlnrc n
p.ens ard songs Tlrcsc i:

wet all r'ays to makc i

Alciander achrevtmcnts

ETERNAL FAN1E
Alcranders prrsonal
notrit

foL the campaign

s.rs to \rin rverlaning

ianc and provc hinreli

FICHTINC TROC]PS
AlcrarLler had two main caralrl

unlrs th. r\la.e.lonlrn compirrcn

cavalrr'ard tfc horsrnrn oi l.hesalv
\lost oi rhe \latdorian rnianrry
r,.ic ioor companrofs Ther lorshL
alongslde the \lacclonlan shLrld

Slitj
lr':iri

b.arcrs rhe hltesr ind 1olshcn

vrlcliers

ir $c r

ole

crprdLtion also lnc

anrl

uLLerl

The
hcav,ly

&ncd C,r.k intiir.vmei cal ed

hoplLtcs archcrs irom lreLe
Bilkar lalellf -rhroners
slLnsers. and Tlrraclar scouLs

16

-i;

Shl.l.l b.art^

F..r .. ,pafiof

tHF

,{

cRl,\

MIND AND BODY

"y,

Alcrandc,s pc soral
phlsrcrar was among a Learr
oi do.rori Phl .s.fhers sa!e
thc k,rg adlcc arLl crLerLalreLl

' i}

hlm

vrh

THE

thcrr colt,saL,c,r

BUILDERS

Alerander

Su,!c!ors ar(1rilcc's ifa

errgLrreels L,trt ntedei Lo lay
o!r r1rr.imr) \ lrfl)p! anl lt
buLLl sicge rrlriFNerL trrtlees
anrl larcr vholt cLr rs ,r,.r"*t

Ateuiders ,\oixir.6ns.i
d..i.r tb lif
lbl{i .
Dl,\.irnin,r pli,l,\,rn,rr

..Il.l ki,.i.l rlr. n,n r.

rd rL. ttr.-,d\
,, n, s Ths.,,. .
i
dro!, rhr.!!h om.rs 'ni
.; r' 'l.f r',lI
.\
r'.a
Jf| irrf!(
l.r!c\
!l?

(ico ogrsts lookcd

ir.

i,

.ri'

l:1

"
\},7OMEN A1.!D
CHILDREN

SERVANTS

Lreel stn,er lolored

Lhe arrr-r'ard later or they
rcrc rorrcd hl mrr-r mo,c
:ilan \oor.n \lor. thar
I (l ()(r(l habl.s x.r. borf

Scn,e

r crc arooms rto

cartrl ior Lhr horses and mulrs Thc
paees ror noblc \lacedorirn vorths
r"ho served Alerarler. mraL sltpt ro
hii Lent ir)i $ cnr h!nring \. ifi hLm
Amone rhc

'cnants

durlns

rh..inrfarrn

. NloE C,eek i.usht trsaiist

Alexaider tha. seiaed \'!1h hinr The
PeBid hi.s hrd a lor.e.l jr:r 000
(trcck .,.r..i ic5 ihrr.d soldr.nl

l.:.,
:.

.,__,

,\hr nal.r A{n .

+,), i

i,ffi

e
i"

1
tt

Fncr file

rccord arv d,scorcr rq

vch

cr:nrlrrd

rhc god. Hc hc lcicd

rbar hls s..r Ari'l]ndcr

SCIENTISTS
'lhr er r<llL o r yas also .r rLner ol
crploraror {srroroore s map ma[crs
ard othc sc,crrlsts vcrc oo hard o

metaLs

SEER

LU

r Alexarder lefr a seconrl\lacedonian

army ar home Lo prevent any [:ther
. Call,sihene, $as one ol leveral lrcn
on rle.rp..hr,o. !ho \".o'r books
:bo!t 11,. .arnr.,gi. Therr a..o!nts
t mcd rhc bN,s oi ill lnnirc hislo ics

r;;li'
]1;

,s\
lt

f;l
i,,!,

,'F'f
.EC'e.kh.plii.i

Trnmperei

F,

nr

rl,.

Thri.ao lnntr .aral rn

,n,..
'L

r.,. r'i'. !'. !]ii r; lr1) I rrgh!rg nr.. nj

\lexifdc q innv i.d trr .r l, s b s!..r a,.bl. ns
\L drilLnsn,c rhL e,er.ri. re.ercd aase,
ifd lo.. Th...n,!p s. l.sir r| . i.!sh 9..,.
oh{i.rsl ri dirs i,'J.\i.d.r 1,rl n i.d..f
r roo crcrl r son Nli..donro coo Bi tio !.,1 ,.\.t i..d . 1nr l. rl{r r..d.d n, {a0tu I
ralatn
.rlatrr
ralitr
lers an r,oq,rc , r.dc r, lay h s r orr

,I.j,

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,

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LORD OF ALL AST.\

Tur

BATTLE OF ISSUS
IN ,qpRrL 33,1 BC, ALEXANDER LED Hrs
army into Asia Minor (present-day
TLrrkey). In May, he fought a
!:"::l,t:l:t:.Y:;:,.,
.
battle against the satraps, or local
I 1 ,1,, i .1 r .Jr ., ,, ir,. ,r
ji:l,)l lii.li:i i:::::',i.i::l,lx ,,,,, persian
lovernors, at the Granicus.
nr'rrlh n'o {,"d'r'd o'r! art'r !'s'5
Meanwh"ile, Darius III was far awav
in Babylon, collecting tr:oops. It was not until late 33-3 gc
that he marched north to Issus, and the two kings finally

....

met irr battle. The Nlacedonians were olrtnurnbered by

Persian troops, but Darius made a fatal mistake. Hc chose to
fight on a narrovu, p1ain, where there was
not enough room for his
army, and thousands
of soldlers had to rvait
behind rhe barrle lines.

*{

B,{TTLE TACTICS
Aleranrlcr ras a bcncr
general rhal Darlus and

l",,,i,r,.,. ,.,,, ,,.

,.

,";.,ir

*.

dlr,

-\

ilii:*itl ffi,fr
r,. I'trsur
), i\lirrslrli
'llt arrle h m'e

d,, , ,

!,,

1ed

tlrr car.alry charge

rr

'i,l r

h.
"\

,rj,r,l,,,tJl,d,r! $
i.i
,,ir

:lq

r,rr.l

'ii i.r

[r],i:,,1,_

Sword-making
ALL llLL sHtELt)!. he rnets, and
rvcapons used by r\ eranders
solclters rn ere handmadc by
skilled smiths Arnour uas
bearen inLo shapc from sheets
ol brorze For spcarhcads and

sl ords, iron rvas pr,:fcncd

becaule i! is a much harder meral
Lon must bc hcated ro a r,er-rhigh tcmpcrarlrre abour 1.200.C

i],192'F)

before ir can be

rn

orked

1n:rlr::"

n'fr.!llr

beate. afd

q,, ,,o

,r

tssu5

tl

t
r,,,1.,,i ,:,r,r,' .r

riir

',

trr"r

CAVALRY CHARCE

This

ar.l.nr (lr.ck srr.ophagus

hol

carved Lonbl

Isrs Alcrandrr r
+rosr atta.kinr a P.rian caialr-r,mar r\r I*!s he nrade
strLsht kr []arnc brt thc Pcrsian kirg ilcd Vhcr

rlTusLraLrs an

eplsodc

rhc battle of

nc!'r ot Llai(ss ilirhr sprcad thc rholc

Ircrlar arnrv hcgan to rcrcrt

,4,".
rii

,*!

-.

Flcr

file

. 100,000 Pe,sian soldieE, trot only

450 Nlacedonirns were killed ar Issrs
.

Durins his caftpaigns Alexander

$olnded ai lcast lcn ncs, by

was

,olll!. I o,' r rrli.r.r.r",

Alexande.

d,.\f !rcrting

cvcry kmd of neaoon, rncludlne

srvords. daegers. clubs. ard *ones.

his roriL

fns.ner !, a Iaii,tn,g tir- lhl,ar

irtin S!b.niano Ii..i i7.3 ]o

AFTER THE BATTLE

DaitrL ilcd kon, lsms in n,.h a hu,^ rhir hc l.h his

norhcr r.iic and.h,ld,cn bchird. Th
rcniil.d of,\lcxrndcr rt hrst but hc rreatcrl rhrm
\.ith {Lch kLrd.css thrt thcy oon bccanc iord oi
hLm l Ic rould latc, m:rry orr oi Dariuss chug|tcr

LoRD

OF

LI-

ASIA

Tur
SIECE OF TYRE
Alrx,qNoen HAD ITEATEN I)ARIUS's AR,r.ry
but the Persians still had a powerful
fleet of warships. While this fleet sailed

CONQUESTS
-lun one venr altrr drltalLns Dari6
ar !he battle ol Lu, Ale'a.de,
.afrrre.l the maior Phor. . in
fort.in.s ot Srdon ana Brblos

ThcI borlr slrr.nd.r.d rn I l2

B(

l*ui1,"1.

the Meditenanean, Alexander rvould not be

safe. He did not have enough r,varships to
fight a sea battle, but he found another way
to beat Darius's fleet. He planned to capture
the ports that supplied the ships r,r,ith food and
water. \+a/ithout supplies, the fleet rvould soon
surrender. The first two ports gavc up rvithout a fight,
but the people of Tvrc rcsisted. Thcy u,ere surc that
Alexar.rder could be dcfeated, because theil citv
r.as built on a rvell-deiended island. Alerander's siege
o{ Ty,re lasLed for seven months. It r.as his most
difficLrlt military operation. brLt l.re lina111,
succccdcd in captur-ing the cit_v.

"'
' 1:.'1,1,
1

l,,

'.

TIE \r\ !.e ot ihe !.r-r

Lhanks

Lit

t,

e!.f

a sea

'lr.l1.d,L.rinri.
r.arl
.all.a rh. r,ur(! Tl,Ls( \(rr
.ruthcd nr nrk. r n, 2.d ru,|1.
dfe used )..to!, ,.bc; i.d orh.

ne.6 Tr nrl aar i)4,0 s.i s.i ls r.

nite h:lt i li ,, i.rc n.,rft .f rlfr
lar

BLII],DINC
A N1OLE
Alcrandc, ordc,cd his mcr
Carthage

t,lber.Lrn \e e tri tr.. en

s.rlirifs fr!ple They -alled :ll
rnr..l th. \1..1i1e,,.i.e., Lounl,nr
oidr.s. riis Th. dDsL l:.uLs ra\
(i,rlrtrg. ii r r!!T!iina vhi.l,
The

rii nn:id.d hv r l.,t roi, T1n'

hri.lsc tioD

Lo

burld

r molc

thc nialn afll ro rhc Lslard oi

Tyrc Thc solcllers rirovr tooden stakcs rnto Lhe
sca berl Lo act as a irane ricl tlr.i rrled rocLs aid
logs of lop As the! fcared rhc cir\'\1'a k. rlr. u..L
grew mr:re dl I crlL ard rlargcrous Tfc warcr was
cleep a rd Alera,rders mrn wc,c hombardtd r,lrh
sLones ard iire irom Tr'Lran caiaprrlrs
land

1A

ll 1(Hr. H \ri ;
Ir,i,,,i,,t ri.i, ..,, i1,.,
,L ::oi ,r,,i,',,i,,r, ,
' ,r iirll.r! t|r1. r !. rft.
l|riil,r
tJ, 1i.ri ,,1 r,, ,f,,iit;ai,1

llr rlirUr.

tJo,rrarrr n,

1,.,rr,,1,! ir, lr,r,. i,i .,i,,r,,

r,,.1. ,ii.
.,\,,,1lrl,.r;, rir
'1r

I YRE
BI1EAKIN(, IN
Asrlf and iln 1cr:rdo r Jr;.s arrcd r th baLLrrrrg
,rni smashLd :ga,*r rhc cltr r':ll. Erc rrua ly Llrty
rraragril ro h,lr; drrr pi,r or rh.n.all .\1.1:iiler rhrr
\efr rn L.,,rf c:r^ rg sh,ps r'lth d Nbrdgcs lr L rr
b.tr\. f,.n, rheie chr.s rh. I1a..do.,i. slri.l.t br er!
an.[ t.].r .. Di.rors i.trrglr tbrrr n r] into drc c n

ii

!il

''

ll

;i\
I

CA-I-APLII -TS
Ihih arLailr s ar,l drtrrli,s
L stLl Llt:ctly caLapLL Lr r lrih
reclsLorrs rct hoL hnpr ol
rrrraL o, h.k , rlg rL,or.
Thc c:iaflLtc tr r tlLtd hl
(n r!s nrrd. nonl]!hrlr
n,,*cd aninal s:ner: or ha ,

,!l

;;-,9tt!,

i o!:

if
(r\\N. Ra.
jr, ir'r,, iirir''i.,,.,,.ni,l
r rrr, ,r ri.,, ,ri,ri,r' .]\.1
r ri',
t i,1 r r il, il ri, ,11 .
", t,

,/'. ifll
, .;;1:

[,\'
.
rl.

-,.(l

'..i,{'b'

''...T\( Lr l r,! r:
ll1 Ir, .r . r,rr r,r,,ifr
r; i

tr.rir, r,,,.ii,.ll.r,r i,.

.ir,.,rJ',!.iri. rr rl., .l' l
rj.

VI( TUII\ ,\T LAST

,\ttcr nronrhsl]llfs r,).1f(,. T1r. r(sr(iJ. l)cr'LaLl

il..r mLr.rd.r.d !n i-r: Lr( \\ irb rh!.. r.\ \rElrip\
Alcrardcr rr; rhlt rc att:ck lvrc irom all sr.lcs .,\iLer
rhc \lic.d.fian \1.nr\. thc arlulr ntn oilrrc were

.1,1,

r,r

' rrr i ri, r..,ll. r1.., , 'r,i

,r. i,
].i . ii, rr.. r .in.i , .. rir,,l
ri.i ,. irr rr i rr:,r rr,r .l
,r
rl, r ri,: r,i,|.rr.r,..i,' r,l

'i\\\"

"' ,.

..

LoRD

O]: AT,T, ASIA

TUE
CITY OF ALEXANDRIA
ii

A (,OOD Or\1EN
A erarder scartetd ba,lcr
Lhe grourctto mark out

or

i flif ot tlrc.rn \ \..crs

brr ras:hmrd rhrn
mosl !l Lt \as titcn

{ristander hi! seer \ari

ras a good s,gn
becausL' ,1 mearL Lhr c,rr
rou clarL,acr man st LLlc,s
who rou d bc wrlL icd
LhaL Lhrs

Fnorrr ryne , ALExANDER TRAVELLED

southwest to Egypt, the richest province
of the Persian empire. The Egyptians hated
Persian rule, and they gave their ner,v conqueror
a warm nelcome. On I4 November 332 sc, the
2,1-year-old Macedonian rvas cron,ned pharaoh,
or king, of Egypt. Alexander spent six months
in his new kingdom. Vhile he was there he made
plans to build a great pol't on the Mediterranean.
He chose the site and named thc citv Alcxandria.
This rvas thc first o[ 17 cities thar
Alexander na r.ncd aiter himself.

THE GREAT LIBRARY

.lirc, .|Lirr.dc,s dcarh J,. crr\ 6e(am.
rlr. .:ril]l ol his ierLi Prolerrr s
kln!.Lor l\..nr\ nr(..icd a ilrear llhran
ii Alr\an.ir tr in.i !trv. or.1os hr .opr.s
o l-.c n:clt <,r rll thc ro,ld\ bo.ks Tlr.
llb r bccamc rrrous rft,rcr!f8 s.hoLi'
11

rrcLscrcnrist' r,on:

m:N

l:rcLs

AN AI.PHAtsETIC C]TY

ri .\lcrrrclia rr' r llourrb rg afd ir:,r

t\ 1inr. nr.,dern (Lr\ it ra, sttrlcd bv Crerks lrtrs .rnd Fs!flians
ed.r i!rns rLhrrorrarcas ramrd airtr lrLLer ol L:ralr,fabtL
TLe lers lor ttnplc lLvcd rr Dcln iht Cretl lrLLer I)
iJy Lhe err'ly thLrelccrrurr.

a4

*er'

; .
fo

CITY

-'N-P

Manv Lon\ider iL ro v
be the first city of
the civilized world,
and it is ccrtainly far
ahead of all the rest

in elegance,

(]T A] I:\ANDRIA

Son of Ammon
L)\(L t \\,\! ( Rrt\\\ll) tH\,R]()H, EgypLian pricstr grcered
Alcrandcr as the son oi Ammon. rheir nrost imporrafr god
This madc a rleep inrprcs\ion of r\leraldcr. *to had a r'avs
lclt rhat hc rtas no orrlinarr hurran beirll

size,

riches, and luxury."

;\.\i,d.r ir.l .r. d 1lrrt

An n.f 1.n( l L\ ti rBorrtr.
gorl' undt, a d rit,c mr
Amtu,n r:' shovr rerr :g a
cLor r ntoLrterlrL,r r,o
glro!. .rth!r !r,onr.Lrn.\
\rilr : h. .rn :m r 1,.:n

D,! 'r. t\,'

Lnh.b!![The

' ,
,:

'',:1'l.,lj"li'' 9q

',,i".

, ".("
.1i..,,,1

r,,

l,,.i.r

Ii' ! trr
'

,,,rf.ri.i

irliiilr i1,. ,,r , rlr.r ,11,,

|.,,,1.r1o l,i.,f i
.rr. rl rr,l,l

AIrer \lexifJe,

'

d.rrh

\s

i flu,a!1,

.11!rrnder

\a(\.rr.r.dbr'

i l,\tr,r.![l NrIdv trorl,\1.\r,a. .ill] Lr.l,.e,l rha: l,e \ tr !.d

brt lr. t.m .11 odrLl Lurg L,r:Led r |r."
tlrr lgrfriins is

t',':t

}!

Tt,c

(l!n oi

th. E,i:l,

\MONDEIl
THE \!'ORI-L)']F
l. li9r allchlhols.
\ as hullr od rlr. rrl; r1l .i
l)haros lt rrs Lll .r 10( h

lrisr rrd so 5olidl\ brLi t

naL ,L srntl irr morc rh;r

Mll

rears T rr l,ellLhousc Ias

proc a,nred

as

ore

Nondcr! ol rl,e ar.iefr

thc scr,cr

ro,ld

ArirGnder. rrdtrr.. rr ,trrd .,n'r(L

l.toLse torlr 1lerard,,a -rrfor :

,lr r

ng po,r,

n:,11o,

:L,rr

DcofI

Lr s

oL

.roL.rll rhre

rl]. s...fd lrr-(,,

.Lr!r ts\ L.: af d

.Lr(l prir Flr nr)E th.in I lar. fetrr
i,. .i,i)t ,r,rf, l,ire 5.i,le!l !) .nd
i.n r1.. . \,hirh,ri\

Nuiw

,\\\

N,\

.N LEX\Nl)LR H\l) \lFT I)ARILIS lN IIATTLI_ ONCE IIFFORE, AT

*r*t"'\\ ['r,,. l'hen the Pcr'ian king fled in terror. Determined not
to be beaten a second tjme, Darir-rs spent two ),ears gathering a
new army before he rn,as ready to fight again.
This time, the prize for victory
rr oLrld be the rn hole Perrian errpire.
Alerau.ltr is shou.u sltdrit4
a Ptrsiou ttol;lentau.

{n<irfrii!

:"\

ri

"

.! r,

-r*

o.;'.

\ oLr po\\e\\
is nor,r, mine. .. If yoLr rvisl'r
to dispute yoLrr throne,
stand and fight for it and

\rfu' tverytlring

do not run

Vherever

f)trms. surrouuld
by lltcctronitu
likes rtplcare,l
iu horror as
Alexantrer chcr4tl
tou,artrs hin

lotr

Darius': cb,triolttr
Lis lorscs
/rr rlousll, lo rlcr,J

au.a1r.

yor-r may hrde

yourselt, be sure Ishall

seek volr olrt. '

u.,Lippr:,1

ll,. nasiir's rscrfe

'\i

l:'':ii'll"*

S$

Rin.nn nr^dr( \lx,nnrs

Al.\.n.l.r ard Dirirs

The nrojai. r.5.opie.l
1r 1,n, r (i..1Jrrlril.!

'

'I

CI.ASH

OI

I'V O K]NCS

Tur BATTLE

OF CAUCAMELA
lourncv to Caueanela
'\leranrle, le t ttrfr r tre sp,,,u
oL rrl r. ild |a\elrd ba.k 10

Tlt Lo saLier hi\ ru,ps Lnrl

arlnd 1t 00() nlen Ir rre rnner
1li(y Di,rh(!l

.onh.i\L r(iLhL.!i

anue ndx if lan S(pr( ,li.r

D,qntus HAD T\czo yEARS To \floRK

out why he had lost at Issus, and to
plan for a second battle. Alexander
had won the first time with a cavahy
charge, so Darir-rs strengthened his own
cavalry urith the mplre's best horsemc.n.
APPEAL TO FEAR
for Lhr
,,

1r

rrst anLl only LrLrc

le {lerardc,

'5:'

i:'"1 ll ,..,
r,ii

,,,,,,,.1,,.

\a.ri|.ed ar).rni )al ro rhc

gr:xl Phr:rbos rlearl ln hls
pralcrs. hc asked fcar Lo
iill rhc ircrslrns widr r.nu
durrng thc coning banlc

Alcranrlcr
Olierings to the gods
Brlore banlrs animals

r'.i.

krcr

hc nccdcd

rll tht help hc could srt

to rlcieat thr ma*r'e

sacrLirced ro thc gods ir ordcr rc,

e.Lr rheLr hclp Som.rinrcs spc.lrl
hr:,ols such as tMsc abovc wc,c

brcl ancl
r.a.h llre i.rer orsan! ,\1arks !r
thc orgars iiere 6ellevctl Lo be
oir.is srgis lron) tlrr
gods, sho{,rg r.)r'

used ro pr11 thc ilcsh

The Mr..dooian .imp ..

Soldiers for hire

i,i

A STIRR]N(,
c

SPEECH

A e\aider l)adr
a rousrng spccclr iu his men He
rcmLrfed rb.nr ut rh.ir frevio!s
!lclo,i\ and rold rh.dr not r.l
Beio,c thc bair

wr:,rrv LhaL Lhrv vcrc oururhcred

There naL be morc mrn sta,,,1lq
on Lherr srdr he saLd 'hut thcrc
will be nore lril,ir{ on ours '

ArFrr\Dr.R LLAr\1ED to be iighLing for all

Cireece. Lhough rran-l- Crcck mcrccnarics
ihircd solLlicrst foughr in Darius'r arrny
I

nrr l'jer-,a n,r noic rlNn

i.e r L \

(_,iee.e

vrs

lt \ri. 1,ra ro m:[e a necer

lL!ins aL h!n,e Pr,- r r[\ a ],.h e'npLE a..l
rh. k,rs illr!\.eeJed soldL!r
poo, land

H.

He had new weapons of war too. There were 15 Indian

clephants to terrify Alexander's horses, and 200 chariots
with razor-sharp blades sticking out tronr their wheel axles.
Tl'ris tin.re, the Persians would oLrtnllmber Alexandcr's mcn by five
to one, and Darius rvouid not repeat thc rnistake of fighting on a
nartru,, cron,dcd battlefield. lnstead, he looked for an open space,
u,here he could uLse all his lolccs. In September 331 BC, he found rvhat
seemcd thc pcrfect place for the battlc - a u'lcle open
plain rear a village callcd Caugamela iin nodern-day
lraq). He led his hrrge ar.rn-v ir.om Bab-vlon to
C,augamcla, and rvaited
ior Alcxander.

CHARIOT
( .HARCF
I he 1r0 fersirr !ar
.liaril1lr.harged.(i.trs
Lhr p rn Alcrardo s archcr,
and jalclin rlrr.,wos atlackcd

brln!l.t do$.

CAVALRY BATTLE
ha iishtrns

Thc bittlc b.sin \,!rh

brnccn Alcranclcr s cavalLr anrl

Lrarus s Sc-vthian horstmrr. Hear,lr
outnumh,rLcd the\lacedo.ians .ist
nar-u men IluL rher u,a,raged to
hoLl ofi Lhr Sc"Lhn,rs unLr
rcrnlorcerrents arnred

the

rhcDr

dri!cr

and horscs
V hei rlre .hanors rca(hccl thc \laccilorLrr linrs rlre
soldler opered Lhcir ranhs, ltttLng rhrnr Fr.s Lhr1rsh

CROLINDWORK

caLrirlll lr sotrc
\rrkes.iLl.d
\lrced.nian h.rs.s {)rlrcr

Darus hrd fr.parcd rhc batilcgrounil

arra! his sol.l,cB haa scartercd n)eta

calLrops to crrpple Lhr

arcas hrd bctn clcared ol ohstac es and rbc g,ound

lerelltcl ro

gN

he l'je,\ran .harioG a

s.,oorllidc

THL INlMORTALS

,,

Drnur had r pc sorrl bocLyguard oi l0 0!! sfe.ra r

choscn rldlc s called Inrnr.,rIa s The) re.eiled ihrs
namc rccrrrc ricn orc ol rh(m (as kr l(.d he r.as
,mmcd,arcl_r'tp acrcl b_v a r(\ re.iurr so rhar rr
sccmcLl LfaL Lfe;olLl,crs rleiltd deaLh Th,slrc:e'tlar
sc!lpuc o1 lmorortaL sodlcr a,rn.d n'lth \p(.,\
ird b.\1 .om.s hon DiilLFs pah.! it Suri

1....,-

Th. !,rLiq. !t c.rg n!Li

l,ilrr l, 1.,, ri, r.,.\1.r,.1r ,,

, r.,'i,l rl\, !,r1,rrr,:r.r rrl '
I

'{i,,,

iil

,trr.

lrri.,ir ir ,,

.ri:,i

-,#

l-:

ii.
\,

.riin,,l, ri, rt I'r

;1r.r,r i-rrrr,,,i rr

rt
.. i1,r1,.,.ti., j jr,r.,l
Lrr, ti,,,,tr., ,,,r1

i,i,l

i,,,1
,,r.,l

HEPHAESTION W OLINDED

THF, TLIRNIN(, PoINT

l)arlus's latal mlsrakc rrs ro leL a gap

to ttnd to thc rnrurcd Alcrandcrs clo'cst

rper up ,r the Pers an Lnc ol ducncc

Ar.i.. AL.\a.d..led hLs comparLon caraL,' Lhrough Llt c,peuLrrg
rid sillofcd i(n1.a,d\ Da,rus hLmrli I he L,ro hrrgs LrceLl one

l)

lncrd Iltphaes.or \.rs \.!und.d r.h!n

am r as slashtd b' a ecar HcpharsrioLr
Nis fr.babl\,..ir.d bY,\1.\rn.l!, s
pcronal phvsrcLrn I']hrLp oi r\crrranr:

h,s

riolho Al.ra.do

kil cd Darus

charior

kln! l.arr hom tlre.lra, ,,L.nd ihd tlre

30

Llr r

er 6rlore the P.,\ian

Lrattle iel(l

ln;

c.LLd oi dusr

RATTI-E

OI

CALI(]AMF

TOO LATE

THE KINC

i\le\andlr iod. rhrolrsh rhe n,grt r!

rcach L}ilus brr he sas Loo lart ro
catch $c klrg llrho!sh Alerrndcr
h,as disarf.rnled he Lnr\!

ln,\ib. a
-Lhriks

ft\r.1

isii)lci

'1,a'
Darilrs.ias n.\ a brolen man
.\lcxrndcr brd bearer L,e besL rmv
rhc |cLians cou d a,se and or a
battlclrrkl choscn hv I)arm Now

TREASURI

D.{ius hr.l abrrdorcd hts o.easLre

@ rl,e\e ri(hcs Alcrardcr vas ab e rr:
hls soldiers trrrh \,+r amrurrs oi bortv

r\ltanuhrle Danus hacl

ilrerig casr tLrough rhc
nroufrain! ro thr laDa oi Nlc.lir
\,t,ere he sarherea he

va Lrable\r
cscaped by

snu him hccoming

ruler oi thc Pcrslar corptrc
nc,Lhing coulLl

'.

"t\

,|.

r,

IN PURSUIT

rl

,|,,

\ '
-

,'- i

;:

"
:i
ia

l\lc\and.i sarhcr.d an
armi oi q 00r) n.r and scr
oif on(t nL,c in pu,$it ot
the I fg lho ras ror
heading fortheasl

,
:

'

/l

i:

Betraved

t.
\tr

Darius hoped to f ight

Alexander again, but his
satraps, or governors, had
lost faith in his leadership.
Led by Bessus,
of Bactria, the1, plotted
to overthro,,r. th erl ling
ln Tul_r, 3i0 Ba. f)anus vas

satrap

taken prrsoner by his oln nrcn

Ile x'as rred rrp, tlung inLo thc
back oi a ruagon. arrl takcn inro
the deselt by Bcssus and his hiends

.:
1.

,,.],

:- .. .'

.,:

.:

i i'

:r'r/

SHAN1EFUL ENI)
\l'her tfcv n rll:rd llrr:rncr

ni\ cl0sc bch,.d rtrcn, I)a,tuss

captors dccrclccl to kill rhe []rg
1'L'o ol thcm drrggcd I)arlus

ircm thr cart ard

::\
*

i.

'

':,,

h,n,

Dari(s {as dea.l

Alcrardcr lait

his cncn a rryrl

fLrncral at thc I)crsian

crpral
31

'tabhcd

rrpratecll-v Llt, drc timc

Ale\anao rca(hcd th.m

l)crscpolis

(:L,\SH

OF T\\'o

KINLS

A xnw

CREAT KINC

THe prRstaN ARNIy HAr) r3EEN urrERLy

defeated on the plain at Caugamela. Now
Alexar.rder was free to take the prizes of
Babylonian rvelcome
ex;fde, L.adt i.tunDhart.ntrr
nrlo Lab] 1.. ,,J,.g lii\ rlirh1
11

T. \.l.dn. Lr.u f!\ l,rg Lh.

Hrh!l.nirni <alr( cd ih.c,s o,,
rh.,.id ,t.ft.th n ,\].\i.d.
prr,:,+ci r, ,c].r lo rht c n . terp e
o rlie.h:er N:hvl)riri r,)J llel
,rI Li r1,,rh haLl l.eer derL,oreLl
Ly Ll,t lbrirrr Tlr, rLl( lrnrr
r..rt ronrhr N rlr th. librl.i ifs

his victory. The se inch-rded Babylon and Susa,

trvo rich and ancient cities that had been
conquered by the Persians. Their inhabitants
surrendered at once to Alexandcr, and they
n elcomed their ncw ruler. After several rveeks
resting in Babylon, Alcxander travcllcd southeast,
into thc land of Persia and tor,i,ards Persepolis. Tl.rere
u,as no u,elcome here. Any Pcrsians u,ho did not flcc
fought to defend Ll.reir horncland, but thc1, wcrc soon
r.,r,eru,helmed. At the age of 25, Alexander had
beconre rulcr oi the Perslan cmplc - the nerv Cleat King.
Ii,, ri).j

,r

Z2

"

|..,,,

.r.,r r,r'

,,,.i ;i, r,Il.,z,il

rl,,,r;t,r;.ri rr'r,

(]RLAT

NEV

KIN(:

Facr file
r

Alexander captrned flve of Dariuis

n,yal palaces at Babylon

Susa, Pe,sepolis.

Pasargadae, and Ecbatara

Da,

t.eare

was enough

f{r Alexander

ro pay his arny for 15 year.

The rrea(E weished around 7,175 ronnes

THE

ON THE THRONE
V'her Alerander lirsr sat on the
Ircrsiir rhrone Demaratus, an old
Crecl soldier, r,epL rrth emotr,:n
Hc sard rhat an-r'(ireek who had died
&tore that day had msscd onc ol the
greatest plcerrcs ot lifc secrng
Alexandcr or rhc ihrone oi DariLE

Er\1PIRE'S

\(/EALTH

Forvcars cach drstrrcr ol Lhe I'erslan

cmplrc hacl parl Laxes Lc, Kins Darlus
(lold rnd silvcr urk LroughL br cane to
his palaces \Yhen Aleia,,der becane thc
so marl valLrablcs
Itrsran Ling, Lhert
"'ere
in rhe fala.er that 20.0u0 nnrl.s an.l
j 0tr0 canrels lLere needed to .arry ihcm to
the rew

[irrs trtamt

at Ecbatana

Cold and silver

ALE-L\NDLR

toLt\D

TUE l'ERslAN

golcl and silver. He rvas

PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS
In JarlraD, 130 r( Alcrander cnterrcl
thc sLcat palacc of the l'rrsian krng\
Perscpols IL was an,:ue-rrsp,rtrg

fot

I'llaCFS lull of

lnter e(re(1 rn

th.

treaslrre for rts o$n sake,

and much ol it u-as
melted down to make
coins to pa-v his tloops

;r

btri drns Ar rls centre $,as a vast

'apadara' or audlence halL, wherc
thc lefsian klng sat on his

s silve, soat nay lave

Leei ai orntrnenr in one
oi Duuss palares

Th

throrc and rccciicd

vlsiroN lrom all ov.

Th6

nrl

gold

\'.n,

iml.t

or br.elel

hv a |eEi r fobl.
0erhats tLe Lins hloself

rras oicc

PALACE ]N RUINS
Airer stayrng rn

Persep,:,l1s

ir:, lour morLhs. Alerarder

burned rhe palace doM He

clalmed that thrs uas done
ro punish rhe Persrans Ior
burfing Athe s rf .r30 B(
Hoq.eler som said tfar
Alerander Nas dm,k ar rhe
rime ot thc iirc and larcr
rcgrerkd dcslroyrng his
palace Pelsepol,s tas
abandoned Al that rcn,aincd
$,ere rhe stone dootura) s
ca^,i.ss. and palace columns

33

CLr\SH

AND QUARRELS

we have
lost our kir-rgl Have
we spilt our blood
to make a god who

Fnolr

Q! c

aodrosR,'L^!

r1...

LTNTTL

against a series of local rulers. It was here

that he began to fall out rvith his Nlacedonian
followers. Hoping to be accepted as king by
the Persians, Alexande r had
begun to rvear Persian dress

\la.ed.iia.
!n

::o

327 BC, ALEXANT)ER

campaigned along the n ortheastern
frontiers of the Persian empire, fighting

despises us2"
offk ,.ruocd

klNals

Plors

ffil;.n";.m
Alexander,
Heeelo.hus, a

()F T\vO

\!

and to rvelcome Pers ian

nobles into his courL. He
expected the,\laccdonians
to treat his Pcrsian friends

i
i

cquals and to Lrou, as the

Per.sians did n,hen the1, greetecl
him. The \lacedonians hatcd
the ncu, Persian cou iers,
and thev refused to bou,.
They lelt that Alexander
had becomc arrogant Nou',
hc rn.as cven claimirg to be
a son ol the god Zetrs. The
Creeks sau, thcir king changing ior
the u,orse, and rhcy.did not like ir.
as

PAYINC RESPE(-T
A.\aido s I)c,s ai nohlcs rt-re nscd ro bou,rs,r irrrt oi
rh.f Lrrs ! hil. blolrlr! him krs5(r an a.1 or ,e$e.rlr,i:,nI
as l,rrkl.riilj To \la...t.,nlani srch
gcstircs vc c marle on v ro
ot pods \\'fcr A erarde,

I 5 L\L\( L\
I l, ]th"i,, r,rr,r"
.ihr,,rt l,ii., il i.
li i..n l.,r,,i lir'..1

dcmandcd

PHILOTAS'S PLOT
rclan..5 \ ir| hir \lac.doflan

llhc:

rrrilrrls

gocL

As

tollo\..rs sre\" rrore Alcrardrr begar

srltct plots agarrst lim ln

llr B( he \is r!1d rhrr l'hiloras rho

to

ss
ta

commarded Lhc comprri.!r (rvrlry lras

I andl.8 er nrurder lr ir l'jhLhtis \as

ar.sr.d rotL,ltd

!n1i1 he

corir*ed

l{

and

I1 3

crccltccl HrsLr:,iars
r.hcthcr

sLril argur rl.our

roL F'h,|rras tas gurftv

,=.
34

sLatLres

LO

rND

QUcRnEtS

HI,AV\' DRINKER

Alerandrr r rs

",.,

i,r i,,',r 'r..!r,,lrir

r.,1,:,,i

rh l::,r rr, ,,1,,r

rr

a hcar-r'

cLrlolcr l,Lchis

tould ohcn spcnd

serera horrs drlrkrng r.inc rrth hLs trrcrds
ard Lher sra-r',r bcd nrr rfc wholr ot thc rcrt da-r'
t.o\e,i.s lronr hl! ha.so!cr .\lerir.l.r had a ira) s
had a bad Ltmpcr bur ir ua. oaclt much worsc ll r'lrc
iarlre) Plri

He

I l, r- ..,.
.,r rr rlr

,Ii

"'r

r[ i,irl. .i

i:,r,; ri, Ir;ri tr.',

r-i(,rii rl

,ir i,rrrr

j,r
I

THI. K]LLINC OF CLEITUS

D!rins i ar nlrns rarrr ..e ot rhc
oider ILa(edoiiaf\ Cle,nrs bcgar
r.r .riu.ize the lins He sald llrat
AlcrandcLs hLhtL t'Irl,p ras a bcncr
man rhan re roulclere: bc .\Lcrandcr
vho ras drqrk losr hls rcn;cr arcl
.an aleiG rhr.{sh \rrb a.p.rr

Hero or devil2
sccr ir
pcoplc
Somc
b) .lillerent

,\lr,\r\ ) R Hrq rt\\'.\t's bccr

diltererr!

rr,i1)-s

1"""'',rl,rr

others he is a noble hrro.

fo,.s.ft
r:r; lro,n.

Alerr eL rrarrs rhe

{nmorlct Loa
Lre lle ierrh:r he rr:llr h.,J hof! lli.
i de!il In 1l,e ,\llrl,,r holt, bo.l d,
Lr,:r nr L; talltd l)irnl (lLtr.ri.
lr, r.r, r.,f..1.f.
rg

oi rl,e {rLl

Indinn kios

..inrrl .ar.n.g
\1.\rr(.r l.raLi! tlr.
.fefr
LI
, t,,.,re

Tl,L, l-rlh

r6rlr (uLrrr'Per!ian D

aim. !houtrq

Al.raid.r a. d,e n!D hoineil.nr

lrcdr jndii !h.11

.oN\-

r
N\t

\\\

NNN-,:N-:N:"NN^
_N\d

$. l:oU( At\\\t )l R||')

HIS

N
$army inro lndia to brgirr a
n e\4/ campaign of conqr-rest. His
first battle r,vas against the Indian king
I

whose huge arn-ry included more

than 100 elephants, specially trained
for br,attle. Although Alexander's
Po rurs,

afmy' was olrtnunlbered, his tactics,

and trhe discipline of hrs men,
evenltr-rally won the battle.
.a*M*l

Kirg

Porus, sdil to he
oter z nt
lt'1 tall rolc
an elefhant Front ils
ltdck h hwlel larclins
at tbe i\ldcciorrirtus.

<,(*""

6("Po.ut, satherins

..'

forty beasts
arourrd him, drove
at the enemy with

Shortly dft,:r Lht bdttle,

Buc$balus died, Jront
itber r,our,ls ar oll aEe.

Shid'1

burus

htckcl at

Th! D.fca. ol Pon,s br

thc

Dedl antr dyiuq

elephant's ltgs
uitb dxes to

ckpharts littere,l

cripplc lhnr.

the hattfuJrell

the whole mass of

his elephants and
inflicted grevious
losses. "
'{i.-

Diodorut of Sl.ily

'1',i.,. ircd his book rbe

' . Libftn of Hktoty,

\tcT()RY

rN rN r) r,\

Ixro ex

UNKNO\TN LAND
VUTN
Al.{ird.- i,t..L h:! .,(Lnr iL..
rhr l.d,ir !,,.9 Po,r5 r Lri t:,,s
nlt..o. lt Jrrr\ Alurn(lr, ..
Uu..rrhlL,s i,(i.l.f! lhr s ijtr .L.d
or rn !l.fh ii AlL., Lh( La:11. f.rs
hr.r.,. i !n lrl l-r.fll r, Al, imd, r

"You are alrn,ays\{'

busy and up to no
good, travelling so
many miles frorn
homc, a nuisance

to yor-rrself and
to others."
'

lodlro Uise i,ar qu.kd li

Aniitr s Tbe (--a,,/[i!n! oI

Alcri,dor,

,\D

riir

ALEXANDER LEI) HIS AR\1Y INTo

India in 326 BC,he was setting off on a

journey into the unknown. The Creeks
had only vague ideas about the size, the
climate, and thc people of India. Alexander
believed it was a small countrl, that rvould be
easy to conquer. Hourever, the Indian rr-rler
Ponrs told l'rim that large powerful kingdoms lay
al-read, defended by huge armies includrng
thor:sands of elephants. This alar-nring nert,s spread
through the Maccdonian army. His soldiers began to
wonder whethcr.ther. rvould ever see their homes again

3
l.'
, ;

'l:!

\ "

t!ll.:.-

::2 ..,

Er-.--.

at

'

..,,1 ..

. .,

'

jt'
!1.i

.r'. ..

1i.

,1- ":.
.
"

'

.i.

",at.:,|
:rr.

r. .,
.,:
"

]..,.". RAINY STASON

326 . l e.ride' ii\aded lid,a

al

Bc .l rhe srarr ot rhe srrmmer ra,u

sean:,n (he ror\1pos\iLrle lime or
,-rar frrr Llo rrorths iL rarrd
(o rl,riu.L,s ! The , rt,s [ru,'L Lrelr
banLs tlooLl,rg L re rm,LLrd rg pla rs

)r'rl \X'a)RD\ ()F

'oi\

\l)(

A NE\{- TO\!'N

)\1

On ilr. srr. ot hls !i.1or1 ,,\..

ljo,us Alcrardcr lomderl 1., o

,\lcxanrlcr hrd a iamous Deerlrg

r rh <,mr lrrll:r r.lq'm rh,,
spcir thcL, r i,c rh,nk,i! aborr
rh! \o,ld Th.\'ro d hrn, rhal hi\
liir oi conqucsr trs scrsclcss
Tr* srampcd tbclr iccr to makc
Lhr polnt that: pcrrn cao onlr
posrs Lhr c:rth drat lt or slc

.ri.i.aLlcd Ni.a.a \ilctc,I ard

llu.eFhJlr Thr latc, \n! nrDcd
rf h!rro' r oi lir! G thi',1 hoEr
r lro Ll ed lo1 r:,r rg rhe haLr e
f ren.h piioring shD,!ios
rhr bo,lln,s !r Er.tpbiLi

N1.dl.ril

38

Indian treasures
Att\r\tjfil

tt:L) his nren rhaL

iind rarc rrc:sLrcs

Lhci
in lndla a lancl rumourecl to
be rich in prec,orrs srones
r, oLrlcl

T:.

sr Ll c:s.:', ;,,na. ard

l.,rlr Lrtj 1,:Ll nt'r, +rr
l.e1o,e,nrluLlLr!

.1lerr:rltr
nrr Lr -Lll
iLl

\1.\ri.. i n.r hL,l: lnn i! 5 rds..

r.,.r. !. n. .i r,r 1,. r. | !r,! h\
tr(,i,! bL):n n,!et,. trrd ir ,;
,-.:.k! Ln \'! .\e th.r SrDfl:*
:rr: rr.es ror[i Lher ht t.,,rghL
:cnr. Tr:. uriarL nt:lri,,1 t,ulLl,n!
!{li!
L.: djer b sL Ls.(l rr rr( f!.if

r,eltks

o otrl1,,. nrt,
Ll,e 5e.:L LLLrI

r)r3.,).1 L.arh.,s

t,,rl.

\.,(

r, . (-ROSS]N(, RIVERS
32-6 , 41".""d", cC his arrr rhrrtLgh rht
Br I Lrgion erllcd rhc |ur1rl. rhrch mtan.
lmd .r ilv. :lrrr! Tic oldrcr' cro'se.l iour oi
rh. rii.rs rtrl.h \'.r. nrollcr anJ i:st ilor Lrg
b..aos. .t th. hciv\,raLfs 5.m! ol rh. n.n
1r.i. (r,.tlr a\'r\ hr thc srong curreLrts
I.

r"r.,' NO r\,1ORL HARDSHIP

326, \\'hen Lhe so d,cr< r.a.hid rlr. trtrh
" I P, ural, 'e, Lfr Hr phas,s Lhl
reiLstLl ro c,os' r T re,, spoLesrrar Crerus
old flerarlt, LhaL Ll,r no, r., ,Lerl Lr si)
horrt ft ont Llri rg l !u..esi'r rrrn ! riL d
lror" lrt Lold 1le\.rn.l. js $,ef to !top

ii:

,rJts

. !u

iliti

r.,,," N l ISEIIABLE LIFE

326, Ifc a,rs rt're a corr,rua
3' I nr .. .r i,,n- .\ l
-1
Lfc neLal clLLlpnerL had n hL
!..u.d dalll ro k..f ir h.. nonl
,u* l)cadl-r srakcs camc our ot
dr.lr ho.i if rh. rroln)d o.krnN
hr hrghcr drr lard \lam mcr
d cd parrttly ot sakcb,trs

r,

A..! DEFEATEI)
326
.\r.\:i.r., \rs t(trr.s
3'

t.

'.

",rh

h,s so cllc,s ard

ror d so

arrourcecL LlaL fe

or a orc rt rctsar. \\'hcr

dris tarLr.l t. (htrrg. theil
mrnrls he srllrcl in frs Lrrr
,r ul,g trr ltrL to anyort lor
Llrree davs fL aqi Acrardc
gare,n ard r ilh,s mcr that
l,e roL d Lal<e ihco, homc

V](]TORY

]N INDlA

::a

-, .|-- - =
=
=---

^ a;

7 a:

Lrl

-L1'-

t-r-=:

);al

.l--

- !r.'-:
-4

zL!
I

=-L

=-!

\NC

.i:!

ao

6-==
a
LIJ

.L:

o =!-.v1al-

C 0r= Y I
,.! r 9 r, E
i.ll

,!C,!->
U)

E ;J\;d.

tJ.]

..,'_'

Ea
C
a
II t! -nL!

:r z
F :l
o

;-o-:

--= a

- ? >'=

L!

IfJ

\?1* fr -:''4:'
". _-.-n t ,ur.-i. -#

;a:."

-- )n
9uic
- 2 _E -:=

'-' 6l-

t-:

N Ji

.
u
,=Y

-=t-=ft=l

a 9 r- -O trc L-',t
Z 9(]-tr r-=
+- .c tr

.4

\.

r,+^

.,

v. Y'-

f'

--

C D-

>!2a.

;=

I Lr.l ,
i-)7:
i,rl,,
_ -_ -: _:-

Lll

N j .r:
40

1A 1a

a 7=

Ho 1[

THF ]OURNEI

i !=- |
Z - -!:> a
Ll.

-=:::

b0

Z .:i=a : :!-- ";

t=
= "= --

-^)
,^-

:d.

-,_-=.
1=i-,

: :::=

a t=,

>

) '

.d

u-): e=

zi

li

.!,-*'=
nj
-1--,

.:

rir

- - S.-r=il'

:-

"
-r-:

tr=

!- 1-:=
2,.-.1=:.

--_;,r::_
l._:l-.1-'

claa,.--'.;
- *^- - | t
-4a11 :
-_
,

.- _- ' .
;

--

:)=

VT'TORY

TN IN I) II

DEerH

IN BABYLON
IN B,qByI-ON, ALEXANDER MADE
plans to conquer yet more
territory. He intended to invade

Iri.rnl,,r.

Arabia, and then conquer the

whole coast of North Africa. However, at the end
of May 323 BC, the king fe1l il1 with a raging fever
From his sickbed he continued to give orders abolrt
the coming campaigns, but his fever grew rvorse. It soon
became clear that Alexander u.as dying. His friends
asked him, "To rvhom do you leave tl.re kingdorr.r2" The king

ir.il

i ni.i

\J,. ,, :1
,Itr.r:l

;:irlrrl

replled, "To the strongest," but he cor-rld not knorr, who this
rvould be. Alexander knerv only that his generals would soon
bc lighting cach othcr for porver. His last rvords u.ere, "l foresee a great
lirneral contest over me". On l0,lune Alexandcr dicd. He rvas lrrst 32 years
olcl, but he had conqueled the greatest empire the rvorld had cvcr sccn.
FrrNFRr nr! Frnr )N
.Alrrr r1,r', rrii.s raIr,,i

ROYAL CARRIACE
The Nlacedon a1! spert

an

enlire ),ear preparing n

magr,llcert iureral carrage

T\(/O KINGS
Lc,

.arry Ale\arder'\ bod! home

As lL Lrare led rvestwards, Lle

larre ol Lhe carrrage spread I.

erery'.it-v, vasr.roNds garhered
to irarcL rhc dcad klng s
proces5ron

piss Uut Alexarder's

L!,dy nclrr rcached ,\latdoria.

bi

Tlre carriase

scized

Ptolemr

oi
to Alcxardria

Lhe ",as
neu ruler

Esvp1, arcl

tilcn

AleranrleL spenr
yeir trg. at

ll

alno* all oi hls

Heraso.e

!ir

Aiter Alexander had dled hls

w,le Roranc gavc blnh io

boy A erardcr also had a

I broLher Arhldacus

ha

,\11

AlcrandcLs relatrvrs we,r

rdcrcd in the power strugslc

thatnnlourafrrlertlr

a
T

:L lttur
,11,a., J0

r,.

t NL
,0,, Ktrlr,Cl,air Jr

'
, r',i,,11

i,,ri,lf trl.n

oio l,,rr; rt],1rrr,,,ii

Li56

rc

1334 Lrc

g..!nk n) hs(orr.
rof do,..s oibat!l.s a.d n,or.
llran 11 !i.g!\ Y.t h. allr tound
n n. m ht ld rr..fd 11) .rt.s

.l

had a l.arnlns distrhilln,

Thcsc trrr *.crc proclaimrcl
as joint kiiss though thcy
never had Lhc chancc to rrlc

rh. sr.rlcn

afd

4a

Il',

t)EATH

lN ll:\tsYL(lN

THE CONQUEROR

Atrcr,\lrxandrrs draLh rral

Ilaccrionrar r.arlorris iorg r r onc
inothcr ior a 5harr oi
enpLLc TLc
'hc by Seltucus
largcst tcrrito\'\is seLzrd

rho

was nLcknamed

thr.

1.t!erol

Ilrs Selruciil rnpLre \'hr(h Ln(ludcd

fer! a ard -crria lasled lor l.1l ve.rs
The Hellenisti. \,orl.l
Tlre .ei frl :rrer.\ e\:f(lH , (ldih r.
.ille.lthe HellnLLL. a{. ,.n, th.

\ o,.lH,ild "h.h m.in! (,..]i

For l!l r..rs Lt.li langnr!. irr
arLl crlL!( ilour.fcd th,orcrt the
\Liddl. lia{ A t\n La Hellei,\Li.
. n xa; trre{s irtror ii T!:L(\

I-AST DYNASTY

Ptolemr tas thc moq

toruratc oi Alerarilers
qrccc*or Urlikc Se eucus

rho

r.as assrssiratccL he

lr.tcl Lrto old ase lrtolcnl

iounderl Lhr last d-vnastr
.tanLlt.ol rul!rs, ot

ptrar pharrohs rhc

1\olenics, r,ho ulcd
LgrFl lrc.r llr5 to lll lr(
Lgy

:l'; t
.

tli

r1

Lega.y ol Alexander
The K:lash prL,!'lc rl l'rl';rr

rhrl !h.! i.. d.s..,al!'d tr.nr

\.l.lies in Al.h.. crs .\'\,1r.
nftrirJ l!..1 !'or,.i Th..nd.f,(
lansua!:. dd ,.1 e'.n .t th. Ki]rll
r.. !nhk. i.rth.s cl(c nrrd i
lhlisti. (. tl,is tho\ ri) be tlle
belLe!e

:l

ii'

332

Ba

3ll

B(:

43

i2l

!!

FA

'

I N I) F R

EvprnE

BUILDERS

Ar rt i,!.!r.ir,,r rlr(
It.|ri . nf . \. .LJrrd

lrl!1, \rr.le.r l.r !]

rhllrrr,. ',i
.orle,ed Lifds Th. h.i,,

rT\HROUCH|UT H 5Tr )R\

t nert cmpir.. have L,een
conquered by mi1ita11, might.
Some, such as the Roman
emplre, \\,ere rvell-organ ized
and long-lasting. C)thers l-rad
only a brief lifctimc before
hrea k ing Lrp'n.o \eparate \tate\
or kingdoms. In successful
cmpires, the conquered
people have been unitcd by
a sharcd religion,
language, or
way of 1ife.

E-Lr ,rs

\lea

rr!ireir r r.lr llre

(l,r. {,,

R1)nr,nr\,,,1

:,

THr Ilctlrrx
E\1PIRL

ol rhc f.oplc rlr\,

Erlllrli iirif rr) 95 ri rlr( .nrr,rt rfr( r.rl r! larlen size I ls

. Utr.ri Fesen di-r'R.Dnrr,l. r...,d.d : nrr\ ,, ,.rr r!.!,,rl
a pdli kr.r,r - T,.r,.nr\ !orurr nitL nafdLd! L. 11.n1. lh.,r R.mtui \rrdr
l,rare,, r]1l ers Grlre rnl. , ir! L3nnnrrrr,o!r!i.ron:brLdr.mid..il).]s
l-l,r.Lu rlr.

crtizcns ard to share

.ruDr en!

llre 11.n:.t brii( r..\rU,!'.

f{r! k.i .rd\ r I .r. rh.:,
enip re,i u.lEr r n.r. sokLios
I r rlll irourd...qu.rcJ la.d.
R,,rlJ !rfr br lr Lr \rii!:ir
lL.r, !, i..Lr rn ,l{ar.e
hEh..f r i.r
I
p!$ Lrle Tl,. .:sl 'h1nt
l1.i,iri ri,J
\:' rhe l',i ,lir,, l.ti hur I
LLr 3ll Lrr:ard Lar.r .xt.nd.d 1.
1rlf,t tLrr." ! i,n,f liit r d]
tr.\!rr(l fu enDtre jr:he Lali

\.1aler oi the empne

h,

rr\

!.:e!.r I llrii

4.1

n:

seknl, ! h..'.i,.d ri,.

Rlnrrr

fr!

.orrLU.rcd

re [.e!:
(li!l f.an.l

..u l, rs rhe i.hr.,.n,u,G

. 11, \rrJer irr a,,.:i
llrc lln tr. rnJ L J erP e5 eilh ler i
la{Lig L.!i._\ trlusr .l rl\ .,rnf 6 !!uuded
trr
fra\ i lnllllrrLr[ Thr R,mu^ ( r
'rr
brhrf.l
l)i n lirsrtrgr i,d.il.fdr S.i,.
'h( c {r..61, ! a.d L.,d.l
Eu.rrr,.I
n.. i.!id.d b\ ih.R,frir\ rhrlloflotr

kh.o l.d! tr

:.sr.!

ltoouL o AD

ADtoo

Tut ltOxcarL

THF ISLA\lt(- rNtPIRl

ln rhr 7t| ..ntuv at). i fc\! rclLsro. cilled
trundcr Llrc
Iluh:mmrd unitcd thc trihcs ol
Anhi. and illspired them tu tislrt r hr)ly
lslan

appeared in Arabla lts

propher

\.ar rgd

tirrPtBr

ln rhe l ltlr .entury the uerce \lorgols iror

.qiia .o..ruered the lar3esr lard crpirc in
historv For aLnost r ccnnllr, \1oncr)l armics
seened ursroppable

':

r]s1 rheiJ neiiqhbouls

Yct

al$oLLeh

, ''r,l''

tho rtrc
,

rLe Roman or Arab skill k,r rulinr pc<,plr

n,. r tl. Ldish \ (hm

Ce,!h,! Khif u,

rl.nr rr

\,1+, sH.NrN.-

rlE

Ill , , 8j| \[c

r!r(1

if,.ra.0r

r.] rnrn.i hrd

1. rhc .ds.

lvloneol decllne

ri\ Arilr i :lr. hr![9..id].

nil\ nn)t rl\ K,nrr Tr\L n,i,11,.li.,r.
Lre,e llLer rsed * rlLrrrrLil rf\1!!rnlurldies
Th ! rr{r ffof ..n$ lr. (lod.r r sfa l
.1f!thei urir.r.g ar!r
\LrAlnr

T.r

oo

soo

r,t,tr

(i

lf li! (,.f!fi! li.\ins

!,i,,ft r. l.,L bh \a\ Lrt fd\
( ftar (r:r i.L tr\ f.rrr
rn,r,.r.h.C' hr r!..(l
alrLri l. (h. rl,.s (rtrhL nid.
rr. rti.nDts tu.!n(trLer l:n;i bri
.idr nDe h ! iler( \ert den,.r.d
b\ rFilrr! Tlr. \1ru!15 L
lorg,r n.nr!l rr.. r! ble

!r00

1000

1100

1200

1300

'n

oi

Th. ld,c.Ls {.1-! rn\

l!! !r tlr(lr nirL rlr ta.t.. T\e! \ere
Lirar' h,itun.f tu ;li,lalLl !1rh b!\\
rid rrlxls ,1\[r's eid) tu lea.] fu
skris ilrt \li.!,1! qiar r.!e m r tlr.
L!: n..Lrle to u!e !uif,r,Ll(r rf rrr

crrL ererl ten ory

.r lfd a Ihc .ap Lil ,)i tlr.
l'l nr. unrL,. \ris thlhdid rhlrh r as: $uL
nidL.! ..,trc ird rhc \rrl(l\ lrrsr\t. I
lr.fr Sfrrr

TAC'I

f I]

DFR

DrscovERrNG KrNG

-r

PHILIP,S TOMB
N

1,:

,r,.li,,,r r,i , .il.rir..j

,l l,

,J. .

r.

"

.,1

,,,

r,i ,, ,

TTLE RE\]\INS FRi]\1 THF

of Aleran dc r Ll.rc

{..l,i.ri-.

Cr-eat. Even our statues of the

king were made long after he
died, copicd from carlicr statucs
that have norv Lreen lost. So it
was excitintrl ner.s rvhen Creek
archacologists announced, in
tl'at .her had di.(o\cr(d
a rich tomb in Macedonia. Thc
tonrb held the bones ol a man,
alortg r' ith .!rrh,'ls el 1e1 .111y
Tl'ris u,as evidence Lhat the
rrran was a king. Objects found
r' r.hrr tlt. tortrh datc 'r,,n (h<
folrrth century BC. It rvas almost
certain that the tomb rvas that

lq--

of Alexander's father, King

Phllip of Macedon.

:. ;
r5

NlrKrNa A \rr

r f\

Archaeologisrs i,ok ior ieanrres on Lhe grorncl sLrch as rumuli

earth moLrndsr rfirch are oiten rhe sires o1 ancicnL hurLals Phllrp
tomb ruas iound urdcr rLr* such a mound On.e. suirablc \,rc his
bcci ldrftiiied n phn is nrade.rt lhe aler beiore drgsrng hegrns

IliN r{( r roN

rr,r,rNL

r\ \t

2 srr, ,^, ,,,,,, ,

Archaeology

lrrk

Ls

pair'Lakrrg

rr.Ju rlns clclcarc

lhLlLp s

rrmb thc

arrh.eologLsrs had

roines ot soil whr.h

th c-v thcn sihed tor

I rds

Small hagmenLs

of pono.q in the sorl

vcrc used ro date Lhc
burial of Lhe romb

BrlsH

For

T1o\EL

LIIED

ro

I)IS'O\TFRINC

K]\C

PHILIII

ToNlts

Rebuildins Philio's face

Al.t H()Ll(,H r r lor)' b(ric.l i11
die tonrb had bccn cr.nat.d thci!
uert en,:,rgf prcccs of thc slull leiL Lo
reconstrr.r the dcad nri!rs lacc r\ plasler
caslr.as madc of drc skull. aud cl:1 r'as used
to br,ld up thc layc,s oi nuscle and skln

\. r\.tinr dM.,,ei r:'

i.ordi.i dt \lu \ r shl
\rlufd

(dt

\.d hr r hl.\

r!i r...uf6.t

l,i. ,hr

3 DrccrNc,

rur

he

l)hLlLP\

l,at l, r

'

shL

srrr

Ex.a!.atins a sirc r)lrcf niea.r de\rro) ing irs

elidcn.e, prc!rrvLns ofly iltds such rs
bones aod rcasLrrc Jt s lmp<rrarr 1or
alchacoloe sts t{r mca*ue exanrrne and
record cvcn srall lLnds They LaLe
photographi ard kcrp srLe norebooks ln
rr,hlch rhc-r, rccorcl rhr p.r!irion oi rhclr ii.ds

4 Tul r,.,\rc
The krng was buned
\t ith a magnili.enl ier

oi armour rnclLrdine
a qurver..d gilt lcs
grca!r\ i.over'i.gsl
LJnllkc most ancient

rolal trmhs Irhilip s

grarc hacl ncvrr been
rohbcd Thc a,nrour
\.a\ foun.1 ,,r llrT:
had heen placed at
l)hilLf s lrneril i.
l3o r(, frrhaps b)
Alcrandcr hrmseli

Tl.riil ,r ilin.it .,i,

\Mk[.rrH

(,old wcaths *Lch

l{rlld

i,r

\la.edoniar

. !!rF.itl,n, Thr! \ r..

r(Jrlr

Ths vcrc rodcllcd

on dltlcrcnt rypcs ol

god Tlre ol lc

,\rtrr lir ir.dy l,id he.l

bumed l,rr! lilrLIFs bo.e'
rere carc u r rrappll rr

tro

r"as sacred to Athcra

r'trile dre oak l,as

r.nd.1hrs !.:C

.rl.r Th.l fr\ \?.

11.. ru, i.nde i miLrle
.rr..Ih:!Lr iLolirrr i,i

Na)

Index

1l

IJ
t.

lllh.! l1
(_

20

tr t6 17 tt

KL

1.1 15.11

N1

g\ Ft

ll

.11 1l

\,,

QR
tl

DE
H

Acknor'r,ledgm ents
Tl,e publisher vo(ld likc kr
larei AlL6 nl !lnLrl,urrs il,.
jlr,,, rr,, tbll!.\r,r..r.r riir
sh., i 41, f, ad desir l
r*iihfir ,m(l Lhrs llan{rin
nn dr. ia.r .:rl 1rL.,
The t(hllshcr !ould lilie to
rhank rh Iollotrn,g Lr rhen

[]nd pernr(nor to rcprodu..

r=tor r=lJi,r" (lL r =nlhi

L.fd.r 31 81 r I I
ilrl la..li. 15r Af.i.nt Ar(

AKg
&

Ar.hitecnue Colle.tion Lrh,

Brldgeman Art l.lbr.ry

A,drae no!L.rl

'

1,.\,ilofi

kL

rtLs.rn

I rft,r.l:bi liirli LLln,\

l.ra,,n LlKlridrdnri ltr
| ,Jr\ 13b.. l-!!rre l'ari,

Art

FIf..,U,r]!!na r Ar! r. Lr.r]

iir, \l!n'i d.\ N.rri .\n!
ilr

Ldcmm

rr r: Il,ren 1r(h.toli!i.o
ll,id!.f,rf \rrLrr
\in.fil .\i.htr.. .er..
ILrnrr Arlrerr (l ee.e
lra r'

Lrlrrr! -r1br Briri\h Museum

Londlr lt' 8bi tt.l lir.r

il.i lr[ rrbl

Gee.e N,id!!nin

LLlle',L{,,.s (,rnu.L..

dreDr. \rl l rbEn l lbi

I'(r,.poltr l.rf Brlalenr i Ar
Ilr

17h Canil,idq.
Llnn erit)- l\lLseum oi
Ar(h.eolopy a.d Anthropoloqt
( Jmb,Ldre.1r. Corbis uK Ltd

'nr :{!th (r . rf. lLrflnr .i

A,t I br Rr. tr!.ib.shr 19tr
E T. r\(hlve 1ld -rr Lrr
3l.L

rjb, rlrl

1,1. Mary

Evrns Pi.futr. Lib,nrv

ribl O \lr.|ac! H.ll,rd rlbl

il. Hnrchk.. Libraiv l,r
Nlan.hester NlGerm

rT(

S.p.nrtrdenz. Ar.heologi.a
NiFL.s

-tr S{ala

r! ii l:

T.lcgrath C.k ur l-ibrar! ItL.r

Addi!ioral ph.to!raplr)

lhc,\16euD.t.A.hi!..e}

af(i

ArtrrrF.l.!r aj., (1.. l

r:! oh, tlcselrire

N,,rh1ln!

rl

S.nla Halllda]' Phor.eraplr\

Robert Hardlns lri.ntre Librarl

a irb lrbr
T1,e

li.r rrLLl:.1

Johi Hi1l.k.n Arcn(y

li. h,l rra Sirri.r \rx l,:

,l

Biitish \1G.unl

bi.k..rer leh Sonia HalLldat

iro,r iorr dri. Cl Mkhael
Holford

Ir!iLod

boiion