RESPONSES AND

COORDINATION
A changes in the environment that can make an organism
react and cause response in the body called stimuli

EXTERNAL
Sound , temperature ,
light , smell , etc

INTERNAL
-Sugar level in the blood
-Osmotic pressure of blood
-Concentrationof gases

It is necessary for organisms to respond to the changes

in the environment::
1) To enable organism to move, feel pain and taste
2) To enable the organism to adjust to changes in the
environment
3) To protect the orgnisms from harm
4) To regulate the internal environment by homeostasis

stimul
us

Recept
ors
Pathway in
detecting
responding to
changes in
EXTERNAL
environment

Appropria
te
RESPONS
E

Nerve
impuls
e
travel
s alon
g
Afere
nt
neuron
e

Nerve
impulse
travels
along

Effector
(muscle/gland)
brings about a
response

Central
nervou
s
system
Eferen
t
neuron
e

Act of making
parts of
something work ME
AN
S
together in an
efficient and
organized way.

COORDINATING
SYSTEM

COORDINATION
EXAMPLES

Eating requires muscles coordination:

ENDOCRI
NE
SYSTEM
NERVO
US
SYSTEM

o to get the food into the mouth

o To cause chew ,swallow and peristalsis
o To coordination of glands in secreting
saliva and digestive juice at the right time.

Want to know
how you ear
detects sound?

Receptor
In the ear

Integrating
Centre
(BRAIN)

Cause
s

Detected
by
Stimulus
(Sound)

Efector
(muscles in
leg)

Appropriate to

Response
(Open the
door)

Main components involved in coordination

Aferen
t
Neuron

Integrating centre
(brain)

Receptor

Efere
nt
Neuro
n
Efectors

Stimulus

Responses

Regulation to
normal situation

Stimulus
(input)
Increased blood pressure

Effector
Muscles in walls of arterioles
(dilate)

Response
(output)
Blood pressure drops

Receptor
Baroreceptors in carotid
artery

Integration centre
(brain)
Medulla oblongata of the
brain

The main component and pathway involved in detecting and

responding to changes in the external environment

The main component and pathway

involved in detecting and responding to
changes in the internal environment

1. The receptor in the sensory organs detects

the stimulus. It then triggers a nerve
impulse to be produced in the afferent
neurone.
2. The afferent neurone carries the nerve
impulse to the intergrating centre which is in
the brain.
3. The brain interprets the information and
sends out another nerve impulse.
4. The efferent neurone then carries the nerve
impulse from the brain to the effector.
5. The effector, such as muscles or glands,
reacts to cause a response to the stimulus.