X CLASS

MATHEMATICS
ACTIVITES
Activity1:

TofindtheHCFoftwoNumbersExperimentallyBasedonEuclidDivisionLemma

Activity2:

ToDrawtheGraphofaQuadraticPolynomialandobserve:
i.

Theshapeofthecurvewhenthecoefficientofx2ispositive

ii.

Theshapeofthecurvewhenthecoefficientofx2isnegative

iii.

Itsnumberofzero

Activity3:

ToobtainthezeroofalinearPolynomialGeometrically

Activity4:

ToobtaintheconditionforconsistencyofsystemoflinearEquationsintwovariables

Activity5:

ToDrawaSystemofSimilarSquares,UsingtwointersectingStripswithnails

Activity6:

ToDrawaSystemofsimilarTrianglesUsingYshapedStripswithnails

Activity7:

ToverifyBasicproportionalitytheoremusingparallellineboard

Activity8:

Toverifythetheorem:RatiooftheAreasofTwoSimilarTrianglesisEqualtotheRatiooftheSquares

oftheircorrespondingsidesthroughpapercutting.
Activity9:

ToverifyPythagorasTheorembypapercutting,paperfoldingandadjusting(Arranging)

Activity10:

Verifythattwofigures(objects)havingthesameshape(andnotNecessarilythesamesize)are
similarfigures.ExtendthesimilaritycriteriontoTriangles.

Activity11:

TofindtheAverageHeight(incm)ofstudentsstudyinginaschool.

Activity12:

ToDrawacumulativefrequencycurve(oranogive)oflessthantype.

Activity13:

ToDrawacumulativefrequencycurve(oranogive)ofmorethantype.

MATHEMATICS
ACTIVITES
Activity1:

TofindGeometricallythesolutionofaQuadraticEquationax2+bx++c=0,a 0(wherea=1)byusing
themethodofcomputingthesquare.

Activity2:

ToverifythatgivensequenceisanA.P(ArithmeticProgression)bythepaperCuttingandPaper
Folding.

Activity3:

Toverifythat

Activity4:

ToverifyexperimentallythatthetangentatanypointtoacircleisperpendiculartotheRadius

byGraphicalmethod

throughthatpoint.

Activity5:

TofindthenumberofTangentfromapointtothecircle

Activity6:

ToverifythatlengthsofTangentsDrawnfromanExternalPoint,toacircleareequalbyusing
methodofpapercutting,paperfoldingandpasting.

Activity7:

ToDrawaQuadrilateralSimilartoagivenQuadrilateralaspergivenscalefactor(Lessthan1)

Activity8:

(a) Tomakemathematicalinstrumentclinometer(orsextant)formeasuringtheangleof
elevation/depressionofanobject
(b) Tocalculatetheheightofanobjectmakinguseofclinometers(orsextant)

Activity9:

Togetfamiliarwiththeideaofprobabilityofaneventthroughadoublecolorcardexperiment.

Activity10:

Toverifyexperimentallythattheprobabilityofgettingtwotailswhentwocoinsaretossed
simultaneouslyis=(o.25)(Byeightytossesoftwocoins)

Activity11:

Tofindthedistancebetweentwoobjectsbyphysicallydemonstratingthepositionofthetwo
objectssaytwoBoysinaHall,takingasetofreferenceaxeswiththecornerofthehallasorigin.

Activity12:

Divisionoflinesegmentbytakingsuitablepointsthatintersectstheaxesatsomepointsandthen
verifyingsectionformula.

Activity13:

Toverifytheformulafortheareaofatrianglebygraphicalmethod.

Activity14:

ToobtainformulaforAreaofacircleexperimentally.

Activity15:

TogiveasuggestivedemonstrationoftheformulaforthesurfaceAreaofacircusTent.

Activity16:

ToobtaintheformulaforthevolumeofFrustumofacone.

PROJECTS
Project1:

Efficiencyinpacking

Project2:

GeometryinDailyLife

Project3:

Experimentonprobability

Project4:

DisplacementandRotationofaGeometricalFigure

Project5:

Frequencyofletters/wordsinalanguagetext.

Project6:

PythagorasTheoremanditsExtension

Project7:

Volumeandsurfaceareaofcubeandcuboid.

Project8:

GoldenRectangleandgoldenRatio

Project9:

MaleFemaleratio

Project10:

BodyMassIndex(BMI)

Project11:

HistoryofIndianMathematiciansandMathematics

Project12:

CareerOpportunities

Project13:

(Pie)

ProjectWorkAssignment(AnyEight)

ACTIVITY1
TOPIC:Primefactorizationofcompositenumbers.
OBJECTIVE:Toverifytheprimefactorization150intheform
52x3x2i.e150=52x3x2.
PREREQUISITEKNOWLEDGE:ForaprimenumberP,P2canberepresentedbytheareaofasquare
whoseeachsideoflengthPunits.
MATERIALSREQUIRED:
i.

Asheetofgraphpaper(Pink/Green)

ii.

Colored(black)ballpointpen.

iii.

Ascale

TOPERFORMTHEACTIVITY:
Steps:
1. Drawasquareonthegraphpaperwhoseeachsideisoflength5cmandthenmakepartitionof
thissquareinto25smallsquaresasshowninfig1.1eachsmallsquarehasitssideoflength1cm.
Here,weobservethattheareaofthesquarehavingsideoflength5cm=52cm2=25cm2
2. AsshowninFig1.2drawthereequalsquareswhereeachsquareisofsamesizeasinfigure1.1
thenthetotalareainthefig1.2
=52+52+52cm2
=52x3cm2ie,75cm2

Fig=1.1

Fig=1.2
3. Asshowninfig1.3drawsixequalsquarewhereeachsquareisassamesizeasinFig1.1Here,
threesquaresareinonerowandthreesquaresinthesecondrow.
Weobservethatthetotalareaofsixsquares
=52x(3+3)cm2
=52x3x2cm2

Alsoobservethatthetotalarea
=75cm2+75cm2=150cm2
Hence,wehaveverifiedthat
150=52x3x2

Fig1.3

ACTIVITY2
TOPIC:Ratiooftheareasoftwosimilartriangles
STATEMENT:Theratiooftheareaoftwosimilartriangleisequaltotheratioofthesquaresoftheir
correspondingsides.

OBJECTIVE:Toverifytheabovestatementthroughactivity.
PREREQUISITEKNOWLEDGE:
1. Theconceptofsimilartriangles.
2. Divisionofalinesegmentintoequalparts.
3. Constructionoflinesparalleltogivenline.
MATERIALREQUIRED:
1. Whitepapersheet
2. Scale/Rubber
3. Paintbox
4. Blackballpointpenorpencil

TOPERFORMTHEACTIVITY:
STEPS:
1. Ontheposterpapersheet,drawtwosimilartriangleABCandDEF.Wehavetheratiooftheir
correspondingsidessameandletashave
AB:DE=BC:EF=CA:FD=5:3
ie,AB/DE=5/3,BC/EF=5/3,CA/FD=5/3,
ieDE=3/5AB,EF=3/5BC,FD=3/5CA
2. DivideeachsideofABCinto5equalpartsandthoseofDEFinto3equalpartsasshowninFig(i)
and(ii).
3. BydrawingparallellinesasshowninFig(i)and(ii).,wehavepartitionABCinto25smaller
triangleofsamesizeandalsoeachsmallertriangleinfig(i)hassamesizeandasthatofthe
smallertrianglefig(ii).
4. PaintthesmallertriangleasshowninFig(i)and(ii)..

OBSERVATION:
1. AreaofABC=Areaof25smallertriangleinfig(i)=25squareunit

Whereareaofonesmallertriangleinfig(i)=P(squareunit)
2. AreaofDEF=AreaofasmallertriangleinFig(ii)=9pwhereareaofonesmallertriangleinfig(ii)=P
squareunits.
3. AreaofABC=25P=25
AreaofDEF9P 9
(AB)2 25
4. (AB)2(AB)2
2=
2 =
(DE)
(3/5AB ) 9/25(AB)2=9
Similarly
(BC)2 25
(CA)2 25
2=
9and
(FD)2= 9
(EF)

5. Fromsteps(3)and(4),weconcludethat
(AB)2 (BC)2 (CA)2
AreaofABC
AreaofDEF = (DE)2= (EF)2= (FD)2
Hencetheratiooftheareasoftwosimilartrianglesisequaltotheratioofthesquaresoftheir
correspondingsides.

ACTIVITY3
TOPIC:

Trigonometricidentities.

STATEMENT:sin2+cos2=1,00<<900
OBJECTIVE:Toverifytheaboveidentity

PREREQUISITEKNOWLEDGE:Inarightangledtriangle.

Sideoppositetoangle
sin=Hypotenuseofthetriangle

Sideadjacenttoangle
cos=Hypotenuseofthetriangle

MATERIALREQUIRED:
1. Drawingsheet
2. Blackballpointpen
3. Geometrybox
4. Scale
TOPERFORMTHEACTIVITY
Step:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Onthedrawingsheet,drawhorizontalrayAX.
ConstructanyarbitraryCAX=O(say)
ConstructAC=10cm.
FromCdrawCBAX.
MeasurethelengthsidesofsidesABandBCoftherightangledABC(seefig)
WemeasurethatAB=8.4cm(approx)andBC=5.4cm(approx)

OBSERVATION
1. Sin=BC/AC=5.4/10=.54(Approx)
2. Cos=AB/AC=8.4/10=.84(approx)
3. Sin2+cos2=(.54)2+(.84)2

=.2916+.7056
=.9972(Approx)
Ie.Sin2+Cos2isnearlyequalto1.Hencetheidentityisverified.
C
10cm
5.4cm

B
8.4

ACTIVITY4
Topics:Measureofthecentraltendenciesofadata.
STATEMENT:Wehaveanempiricalrelationshipforstatisticaldataas3xmedian=Mode+2xmean.
OBJECTIVE:Toverifytheabovestatementforadata.
PREREQUISITEKNOWLEDGE:
Methodtofindcentraltendenciesforgroupeddata.
MATERIALREQUIRED:
1. Adataabouttheheightsofstudentsofaclassandarrangedingroupedform.
2. Aballpointpen.
3. Ascale.
TOPERFORMTHEACTIVITY:
Step:
1. Countthenumberofgirlstudentsintheclass.Thenumberis51
2. Recordthedataabouttheirheightincentimeter.
3. Writethedataingroupedformasbelow:

Heightin
cm

135
140

140
145

145
150

150
155

155
160

160
165

Number
ofgirls

18

11

Total
noof
girls
51

4. Onthreedifferentsheetsofpaperfindmeanheightonthesheetofpaper,medianheightonthe
secondandthemodalheightonthethirdsheetofpaper.
5. Letusfindmeanbystepdeviationmethod:

Classof
heights(in
cm)
135140
140145
145150
150155
155160
160165

Frequency
p

Classmark
xi

U1=
a=147.5,h=5

Fixui

4
7
18
11
6
5

137.5
142.5
147.5
152.5
157.5
162.5

2
1
0
1
2
3

8
7
0
11
12
13

51

51

Mean=a+hx

=147.5+5x23/51=147.5+115/51

=(147.5+2.255)cm=149.755cm
6. Letusfindmedianofthedata:
Frequencynumberofgirls

Classofheight(in
cm)
135140
140145
145150
150155
155160
160165
Total

4
7
18=f
11
6
5
n

Cumulative
frequency
4
11=cf
29
40
46
51

51
n/2=25.5

wehavemedianclass(145150) itgivesl=145,h=5,f=18,cf=11
median=l+

xh=145+

x5

=145+14.5x5
18
=145+4.028
=149.028cm
7. Letusfindmodeofthedata:
Classofheights(incm)
135140
140145
145150
150155
155160
160165
Total

(Modalclass)

FREQUENCY(NoofGirls)
4
7=f1
18=fm
11=f2
6
5
51

Modalclassis145150
Thusl=145,h=5,fm=18,f1=7,f2=11
Mode=H

xh=145+

x5

=145+55/18=145+3.055
=148.055cm
8. CONCLUSION:
Mean=149.755,median=149.028andmode=148.055
3xmedian=3x149.028=447.084
Mode+2xmean=148.055+2x149.755
=148.055+299.510=447.565
Thuswehaveverifiedthat3xmedian=mode+2xmean(Approx)

ACTIVITY5
TOPIC:AngleofElevation
OBJECTIVE:Tofindtheangleofelevationofthesunataparticulartimeonasunnyday.
PREREQUISITEKNOWLEDGE:knowledgeoftrigonometricratios.
MATERIALREQUIRED:
1. Ametrerod
2. Measuringtape
3. Tablefortangentofangles.
TOPERFORMTHEACTIVITY:
STEPS:
1. Ontheparticularsunnydayatthegiventime,putthemetrerodonthelevelgroundwithoneendonthe
groundandtheotherverticallyupward.
2. Measurethelengthoftheshadowofthemetrerodfromthebeginningtotheend.Letthelengthofthe
shadowbe58cm=0.58m.
3. Thelengthofthemetrerod=1mor100cm.
OBSERVATION:
1. Ifbetheangleofelevationofthesunatthegivenmoment,thenwehavethefollowingfigureonasheet
ofpaperbytakingasuitablescale.
2. FromtherightangleOMPdrawninfigure,wehave
1.724

Tan =
Tan=3(approx.)
i.e.tan=tan60o
=60o
Hence,therequiredangleofelevationofthesunis60o.Forbetterresult,wecantakethehelpofthetable
oftangentofangles.

ACTIVITY6
TOPICProbabilityofeventsofarandomexperiment.
STATEMENT:ForaneventEofarandomexperiment,P(notE)=1P(E).
OBJECTIVE:Toverifytheabovestatementbytossingthreecoinsofdifferentdenominationssimultaneouslyforhead
andtail.EventEhappensifwegetatleasttwoheadsandtheeventnotEhappensifwedonotgettwoormorethan
twoheads.
PREREQUISITEKNOWLEDGE:
1. Probabilityofanevent:NumberofoutcomewhichfavourthehappeningoftheeventE
Totalnumberofoutcome
2. EventnotEhappenswhentheoutcomeisnotfavourablefortheeventEtohappen.
TOPERFORMTHEACTIVITY:
STEPS:
1. Takethreefaircoinsofdifferentdenominationsandtossthesecoinssimultaneously.
2. Weimagingaboutthepossibleoutcomesasbelow.
HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,HTT,TTH,TTT
i.e.therecanbe8possibleoutcomes
favourableoutcomestotheeventEare
HHH,HHT,HTH,THH
ThenP(E)=4/8=
Now,favourableoutcomestotheeventnotEareHTT,THT,TTH,TTT
ThenP(notE)=1=1P(E)
3. Repeatingaboverandomexperiment,werecordtheobservationof20trialsasbelow:
NumberofHeads:
0
1
2
3
Numberoftimesoutof20trials:
4
7
5
4
4. Fromtableinstep3,weobservethatfor2headsorfor3heads,theeventEhappensi.e.thereare5+4=9
chancesoutof20whichfavourE
Thus,wehaveP(E)=
Alsoweobservethatfor0headorfor1headtheeventnotEhappens.Thereare4+7=11chancesoutof20
whichfavournotE.
So,P(notE)=11/20=19/20=1P(E).