Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
BY
PROF. B.K.PATTANAYAK
ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF COMPUTER SC. & ENGG.
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORISSA
INDIA
CONTENTS
• 1.BASICS OF IT
• 2.NUMBERING SYSTEMS
• 3.COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
• 4.COMPUTER MEMORY AND PERIPHERAL
DEVICES STRUCTURE
• 5.SOFTWARE
• 6.WINDOWS XP
• 7.WINDOWS XP INTERFACE
• 8.SECURITY AND NETWORKING
1.BASICS OF IT
• 1.0.INTRODUCTION
• 1.1.OBJECTIVES
• 1.2.WHAT IS IT?
• 1.3.DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM
• 1.4.INFORMATION
• 1.5.TYPES OF INFORMATION COMPUTING MODELS
• INTERNET
1.0.INTRODUCTION
• IN THE PRESENT WORLD SCENARIO, PRACTICALLY ALL THE FIELDS OF HUMANLIFE HAS BEEN
CAPTURED BY IT.
• WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IT,THE PRODUCTIVITY AND THE QUALITY HAS GONE TO
UNEXPECTEDLY HIGH LEVELS.
• DEMAND OF IT IN NUMEROUSLY LARGE FIELDS OF HUMAN LIFE,HAS CONVINCINGLY
ENHANCED THE EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG GENERATION.
• IT HAS MADE THE WORLD ACCESSIBLE AT ANYWHERE AND BY ANYBODY.
• THE MOST WIDELY USED FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF IT ARE:
-BUSINESS APPLICATION
-EDUCATION
-MASS COMMUNICATION
-ENTERTAINMENT
-MANUFACTURING
-MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
-COMPUTER GRAPHICS
-EXPERT SYSTEMS
-DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
1.1.OBJECTIVES
• THE OBJECTIVES BEHIND IMPLEMENTATION OF IT IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION ARE:
1.BUSINESS APPLICATION:
*MINIMIZATION OF COST
*MAXIMIZATION OF PROFIT
*IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY
*FLEXIBILITY
2.EDUCATION:
*DISTANCE CLASSROOM TEACHING
*INFORMATIVE
*GLOBALISATION
*LESS COST CONSUMING(E-MATERIALS,SEACH ENGINES)
*PRODUCTIVITY
*LESS COST CONSUMING
3.MASS COMMUNICATION:
*GLOBALISATION
*E-MAIL
4.ENTERTAINMMENT:
*DIGITAL VIDEO
*ANIMATIONS
5.MANUFACTURING:
*MINIMIZATION OF COST
*MAXIMIZATION OF PROFIT
*IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY
*FLEXIBILITY
6.MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS:
*ENTERTAINMENT
7.COMPUTER GRAPHICS:
*TELEVISION(DIGITAL IMAGE)
*COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING
*COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING
*COMPUTER ANIMATION
8.EXPERT SYSTEMS:
*LARGE DOMAIN OF KNOLEDGE
*GLOBAL QUERY IN THE DOMAIN
*DECISION MAKING
9.DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS:
*DECISION MAKING(MANUFACTURING,BUSINESS APPLICATIONS)
1.2WHAT IS IT?
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS A COLLECTION
OF COMPUTER BASED METHODOLOGIES OF
INFORMATION PROCESSING TO ACHIEVE
OPTIMIZATION IN THE FIELD OF CONCERN,
FOR EXAMPLE, IN MANUFACTURING,THE
OBJECTIVE OF IT IS TO MINIMIZE THE COST AND
TO MAXIMIZE THE PROFIT,WHEREAS IN
EDUCATION,THE INTENTION IS TO ACHIEVE
DISTANCE CLASSROOM TEACHING
1.3.DATA PROCESSING
SYSTEM
• MANIPULATION OF FACTS IS CALLED DATAPROCESSING.IT MAY BE DONE
USING MANUAL OR ELECTRONIC METHODS.THE MAIN PURPOSE OF
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING IS TO DO COMPLEX JOBS AT INCREDIBLE
SPEED.
• A DATA PROCESSING CYCLE CONSISTS OF THREE BASIC STEPS.THESE ARE:
-INPUT CYCLE:IN THIS PHASE,DATA ARE PREPARED IN SOME CONVENIENT
FORM AND ON A MEDIUM MOST SUITABLE FOR ENTRY INTO A PROCESSING
MACHINE,A COMPUTER.
HENCE, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION MAY BE SUMMARIZED AS:
DATA ARE RAW FACTS,WHEREAS INFORMATION IS OBTAINED VAFTER MANIPULATING THE RAW
FACTS.
1.4.3.INTERNAL
INFORMATIONS
• TO UNDERSTAND THE IINTERNAL INFORMATIONS WE SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE LEVELS OF INFORMATION
INTERNATIONALINFORMATION:
WORLDWDE INFORMATION
EXAMPLE-BBC WORLD NEWS
NATIONAL INFORMATION:
STATEWISE OR COUNTRYWISE INFORMATION
OR INTERNAL INFORMATIONS OF ACOUNTRY
EXAMPLE-TIMES OF INDIA
COPORATE INFORMATION:
INTERNAL INFORMATIONS OF A COMPANY.
EXAMPLE-MICROSOFT
DEPARTMENT INFORMATION:
INTERNAL INFORMATIONS OF A DEPARTMENT.
EXAMPLE-DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
INDIVIDUAL INFORMATION:
INFORMATIONS ABOUT AN INDIVIDUAL,PERSONAL PARTICULARS ETC.
1.4.4.CHARACTERISTICS OF
INFORMATION
• MEANINGFUL: THE INFORMATION SHOULD BE RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM FOR
WHICH WE ARE COLLECTING THE INFORMATION. FOR EXAMPLE,FOR AN INVENTORY
CONTROL SYSTEM,INFORMATION REGARDING THE PROJECTION OF FUTURE SALES
WILL BE MEANINGFUL.
SEE TABLE
• 3.5.1.ANALOG COMPUTERS: -
REPRESENT NUMBERS BY PHYSICAL QUANTITIES LIKE VOLTAGE,
POWER . -DERIVE DATA IN
THE FORM OF MEASUREMENTS -
ACCURACY DEPENDS UPON THE PRECISION OF MEASUREMENT
• 3.5.2.DIGITAL COMPUTER: -
REPRESENT NUMBERS IN 0s AND 1s. -CAN
MANIPULATE NUMBERS, LETTERS -USED FOR
BUSINESS AND SCIENTIFIC DATA PROCESSING
• 3.5.3.HYBRID COMPUTERS: -
COMBINES THE FEATURES OF BOTH ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMPUTERS -HAVE
THE SPEED OF ANALOG COMPUTERS, AND ACCURACY OF DIGITAL
COMPUTERS
3.6.APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS, SPACE TECHNOLOGY, MEDICINE,
DEFENCE, TELECOMMUNICATION, NETWORKING
• COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: BANKING,
PAYROLL SYSTEM, INDUSTRIAL
ADMINISTRATION, BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
• EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS: COMPUTER
ASSISTED LEARNING
3.7. BASIC COMPONENTS OF PC
• ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS: PROCESSOR, HARD DISC, RAM,
MONITOR(VDU), KEY BOARD, DRIVES (HARD DISC, FLOPPY
DISC, CD-ROM), MOUSE
• OPTIONAL COMPONENTS: PRINTERS, SCANNERS,
MODEM, MULTI MEDIA KIT ETC.
3.8.COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
• A COMPUTER HAS THREE MAJOR FUNCTIONS AND
ACCORDINGLY THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS:
• INPUT DEVICE, FOR INPUT OF DATA
• PROCESSING DEVICE, FOR PROCESSING OF DATA
• OUTPUT DEVICE, FOR OUTPUT OF DATA
3.8.1.FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS
DEVICES OF COMPUTER
• INPUT DEVICES: -
ENTER USER DATA TO COMPUTER -
ENTER USER INSTRUCTIONS -
ENTER USER COMMANDS TO EXECUTE OR HALT
-BOTH ON LINE AND OFF LINE
• OUTPUT DEVICES: -
DEMONSTRATE RESULTS TO USER -
CONVEY MESSAGES -
RESPOND TO USER QUERIES
• CONTROL UNIT: -
MANTAINS ORDER OF EXECUTION -CONTROLS
DATA FLOW -INTERPRETS
INSTRUCTIONS -COMMUNICATES
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES FOR DATA TRANSFER
• ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT -
PERFORMS ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND
LOGICAL OPERATIONS
• MAIN MEMORY: -
STORES INSTRUCTION AND DATA FOR
PROCESSING -
STORES INTERMEDIATE RESULTS -
DETERMINES THE EFFICIENCY OF COMPUTER
• SECONDARY STORAGE: -
HOLDS BACKUP DATA AND INSTRUCTIONS
-USED FOR DATA TRANSPORTATION -USED
FOR BULK DATA STORAGE
3.8.2.INPUT DEVICES
• INPUT DEVICES ARE USED FOR COMMUNICATING THE
COMPUTER WITH THE EXTERNAL WORLD,
INSTRUCTIONS FROM EXTERNAL WORLD ARE FED TO
THE COMPUTER VIA THE INPUT DEVICES
• EXAMPLES: -
STANDARD INPUT DEVICES: KEY BOARD, MOUSE, JOYSTIC
ETC. -PAPER MEDIA
INPUT DEVICES: PUNCHED CARD READER, PUNCHED
TAPE READER -MAGNETIC MEDIA:
MAGNETIC DISC, MAGNETIC TAPE, MAGNETIC DRUM
ETC. -OPTICAL MEDIA: CD, DVD ETC.
3.8.3.OUT PUT DEVICES
• OUTPUT DEVICES ARE USED TO DEMONSTRATE THE RESULTS
TO THE EXTERNAL WORLD.
• EXAMPLES: -VISUAL DISPLAY
UNIT(VDU) OR MONITOR, PRINTER -
MAGNETIC MEDIA, LIKE MAGNETIC DISC, MAGNETIC TAPE,
MAGNETIC DRUM ETC.
3.9. CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT(CPU)
CPU IS THE HEART OF THE COMPUTER, WHERE
ALL OPERATIONS ARE CARRIED OUT. IT HAS
THREE INTERNAL SEGMENTS:
• 3.9.1.RESTERS, WHICH HOLD DATA FETCHED
FROM MEMORY. EXAMPLES ARE INSTRUCTION
REGISTER, PROGRAM COUNTER,
ACCUMULATOR, MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTER,
MEMORY BUFFER REGISTER, ETC.
• 3.9.2. CONTROL UNIT: -
CONTROLS THE SEQUENCE OF PROGRAM
EXECUTION -
CONTROLS FLOW OF DATA BETWEEN DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS -INTERPRETS
INSTRUCTIONS
• 3.9.3.ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT: -
PERFORMS ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
-PERFORMS LOGICAL OPERATIONS
4.COMPUTER MEMORY AND
PERIPHERAL DEVICES
• 4.0.INTRODUCTION
• 4.1.PRIMARY MEMORY OR MAIN MEMORY
• 4.2.SECONDARY MEMORY
• 4.3.COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
• 4.4.OUTPUT DEVICES
• 4.0.INTRODUCTION: -CLASSIFICATION OF
MAMORY
• 4.1. PRIMARY MEMORY OR MAIN MEMORY:
-IT IS THE INTERNAL OR BUILT-IN MEMORY OF THE
PROCESSOR -IT HAS A LIMITED CAPACITY -IT
IS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM BUS
• 4.1.1.FUNCTIONS OF PRIMARY MEMORY:
-HOLDS THE OPERATING SYSTEM TO BOOT THE COMPUTER
-IT HOLDS A COPY OF THE INSTRUCTIONS, ENTERED FROM
THE KEYBOARD BY THE PROGRAMMER -IT HOLDS THE
RESULT TEMPORARILY BEFORE BEING PRESENTED TO THE
OUTPUT DEVICE
• 4.1.2.SECTIONS OF MAIN MEMORY: THE MAIN
MEMORY HAS TWO SECTIONS:
-RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM): * IT
IS A READ WRITE MEMORY * IT IS
VOLATILE * IT STORES
USERS PROGRAM AND DATA
*TWO TYPES OF RAM: STATIC RAM, WHICH USES
A FLIP FLOP AS MEMORY ELEMENT, AND
DYNAMIC RAM, WHICH USES
CAPACITORS(TRANSISTORS) AS MEMORY
ELEMENT
-READ ONLY MEMORY(ROM): * IT IS A PERMANENT
MEMORY STORAGE *IT SUPPORTS
ONLY READ OPERATION * IT STORES
THE SYSTEM PROGRAMS * IT IS NON-VOLATILE
* TWO TYPES: PROGRAMMABLE (PROM), AND ERASABLE
PROGRAMMABLE (EPROM)
4.2. SECONDARY MEMORY
4.2.1.STORAGE DEVICES (MAGNETIC MEDIA):
• MAGNETIC TAPE: -MADE
OF PLASTIC, COATED ON ONE SIDE WITH AN IRON-OXIDE
BASED MANETISABLE MATERIAL
-DATA ARE RECORDED IN THE FORM OF TINY VISIBLE
SPOTS ON THE MAGNETISED SIDE
-1/2” WIDTH AND 50-2400 FEET LONG -7
TO 9TRACKS RUNNING THE LENGTH OF THE TAPE
-556 TO 6250 CHARACTERS PER INCH -TAPE
RUNS FROM ASUPPLY REEL TO A PICK UP REEL
• MAGNETIC DISC: -
DISC IS COATED WITH A MAGNETISED MATERIAL.
-DATA ARE STORED ON SECTORS IN PARALLEL
TRACKS -DISC ROTATES
AT A SPEED OF 50 OR MORE REVOLUTIONS PER
SECOND -STANDARD SIZES ARE
14”,8”,5.25”,3.5” –SEVERAL DISCS CAN BE
MOUNTED TO A CENTRAL HUB TO FORM A DISC
PACK
TWO TYPES OF MAGNETIC DISCS
• HARD DISC: -MADE OF THIN
CIRCULAR ALLUMINIUM DISCS COATED ON ONE OR BOTH THE
SURFACES WITH A MAGNETISABLE MATERIAL -
MOUNTED ON A SPINDLE SHAFT -MAY HAVE FIXED OR
MOVABLE READ/WRITE HEADS -CAPACITY
40MB, 60MB, 80MB, 260MB, 540MB,….., 80 GB.
• FLOPPY DISC: -
MADE OF A THIN, CIRCULAR PLASTIC MATERIAL COATED
WITH AN OXIDE -ENCLOSED IN
A SQUARE JACKET -HAS ALARGE
CENTRAL HOLE, CALLED DRIVE HOLE FOR MOUNTING
-FLOPPY DISC DRIVE READS FROM OR WRITES INTO THE
DISC, WITH THE READ/WRITE HEAD -
INDEX HOLE REPRESENTS THE STARTING POINT
-WRITE PROTECT NOTCH, WHEN MARKED WITH A
STICKER PROTECTS WRITE OPERATION
ADVANTAGES OF FLOPPY DISC
• ACCESSING AND TRANSFER SPEED IS FAST
• SEMI-RANDOM ACCESS PROCESSING
• PERMANENT TILL NEXT WRITE OPERATION
• DUE TO POSSIBLE INTEGRATION OF FILES, INPUTS MAY BE
PROCESSED COMPREHENSIVELY
• DISC CAN BE STORED OFF-LINE
DRAWBACKS OF FLOPPY DISC
• DISC PACKS ARE EXPENSIVE, AS COMPARED TO MAGNETIC
TAPES
• SEREAL/SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING USING DISCS IS SLOWER
THAN TAPES
• AFTER A WRITE OPERATION, THE OLD CONTENTS ARE ERASED
AND CAN NOT BE RECOVERED
• CONTENTS NOT HUMAN READABLE
4.2.2.COMPACT DISC READ-ONLY-
MEMORY(CD-ROM)/CD-RW
• USES OPTICAL METHODS FOR READ AND WRITE OPERATIONS
• BECAUSE OF HIGH PRECISION, IT CAN HOLD DATA UPTO 600
TO 700 MB.
• CAN STORE, DATA, AUDIO AS WELL AS VIDEO INFORMATION
• CD-ROM IS ONLY READABLE, WHEREAS CD-RW IS WRITBLE
TOO
4.3.COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
INPUT DEVICES
• 4.3.1.PAPER MEDIA DEVICES -PUNCHED CARD
READER: *RECTANGULAR THICK PAPER CARDS,
WHERE DATA ARE STORED PUNCHING COMBINATION HOLES
*CONTAINS 80 VERTICAL COLUMNS, 12 HORIZONTAL ROWS
*TOP ROWS ARE 11 AND 12, AND STARTING FROM 3RD ROW
NUMBERED AS 0,1,….,9.
• 4.3.2.PUNCHED PAPER CARD READER DEVICE:
-INPUT DEVIVE, ASSOCIATED WITH PUNCHED CARDS.
-READS THE CARDS AND TRANSLATES THE CONTENTS TO THE
COMPUTER -SPEED OF THIS DEVICE
IS FROM 300 TO 600 CARDS PER MINUTE
• PUNCHED PAPER TAPE READER: -
CONSISTS OF CONTINUOUS STRIP OF PAPER TAPE IN
WHICH DATA ARE RECORDED SERIALLY BY PUNCHING
HOLES ACROSS THE TAPE -
STANDARD WIDTH IS 1” TO 1.67” -A
CHARACTER IS RECORDED BY PUNCHING HOLES IN A
ROW ACROSS THE WIDTH OF THE TAPE.
-PAPER TAPE REDER CONVERTS THE DATA STORED ON
PAPER TPE TO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AND SENDS TO THE
CPU -SPEED IS 250 TO 1500
CHARACTERS PER SECOND
4.3.4.OPTICAL MEDIA
DEVICES
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):
-INPUT DEVICE, WHICH DETECTS A CHARACTER,
ITS SIZE AND FONT, TO READ NUMERIC AND
ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS FROM A PRE-
PRINTED DOCCUMENT
-USED IN CREDITCARD BILLING, READING PIN
CODES ETC. -THE
SPEED IS 2000 TO 3000 CHARACTERS PER
MINUTE
• OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION( OMR ): -
INPUT DEVICE, WHICH RECOGNIZES PHOTO-
ELECTRICALLY THE PRESENCE OF A MARK, BUT
UNLIKE CARD AND PAPER TAPE READERS, THE
MARK IS DETECTED BY REFLECTED LIGHT NOT
TRANSMITTED LIGHT
-DATA MAY BE TRANSMITTED TO THE CPU OR
STORED ONTO ANOTHER MEDIUM -USED
TO CHECK MULTI-ANSWER SCRIPTS -SPEED IS
500 TO 1500 A4 SIZE DOCCUMENT
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION:
-READS DOCCUMENTS WITH CHARACTERES
MARKED WITH INK, WHICH ARE PSSED
THROUGH A MAGNETIC FIELD, WHERE THE INK
COATED CHARACTERS MAGNETIZE THE HEAD OF
THE READER’S HEAD DUE TO MAGNETIC INK
-SPEED IS 2400 CHARACTERS PER SECOND –
EXAMPLE: B-13B, CMC-f
4.3.5.STANDARD INPUT DEVICES
• KEY-BOARD:
• MOUSE: -POINTING INPUT
DEVICE TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE COMPUTER -WORKS IN
WINDOS ENVIRONMENT -HAS TWO BUTTONS, i.e. THE LEFT
CLICK AND THE RIGHT CLICK -HAS A SCROLLING DISC
• SCANNERS: -CONVERTS ANY IMAGE
TO INTO ELECTRONIC FORM BY SHINING LIGHT ONTO THE
IMAGE, AND SENDING THE INTENSITY OF THE REFLECTION AT
EVERY POINT -THE IMAGE SCANNED
BY THE SCANNER CAN BE STORED ONTO MEMORY, AND
MANIPULATED USING SOFTWARE METHODS
• JOYSTICK: -
CONSISTS OF A LEVER, MOUNTED ON A
TRACKBALL, WHICH CONTROLS THE MOVEMENT
OF THE CURSOR ON THE DISPLAY.
-CONTROL OF MOVEMENT OF THE CURSER BY
THE LEVER IS SUPPORTED BY A SOFTWARE
-JOYSTICK SENDS COMMANDS TO THE CPU IN
THE FORM OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
• LIGHT PEN: -
USED FOR FREE HAND DRAWING ON SCREEN OF THE
DISPLAY DIRECTLY -CONSISTS
OF A PHOTOELECTRIC CELL, AN AMPLIFIER, HELD IN A
PEN-LIKE STRUCTURE
• BAR-CODE READER: -
USED TO DECODE BAR-CODED DATA -
USUALLY USED TO READ PRICES -A
BARCODE REPRESENTS A UNEVEN SEQUENCE OF
VERTICAL DARK/LIGHT BARS OR LINES
-BARCODER READS THE BAR CODE USING A LASER BEAM
• DIGITAL CAMERA: -GENERATES DIGITAL
PHOTO IMAGES -CONSISTS OF A SMALL SCREEN, WHERE THE
PHOTO IS SELECTED -PHOTOS FROM A DIGITAL CAMERA
CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO A COMPUTER, AND STORED ONTO
IT -PHOTOS GENERATED ON A DIGITAL CAMERA CAN BE
EDITED
• SMART CARDS: -IT IS A PORTABLE NON-
VOLATILE STORAGE DEVICE -USED AS
INTERFACES TO A MOBILE ECONOMY
-THIS CARD HOLDS THE USER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER,
MONEY, AND IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS -TWO TYPES:
CREDIT CARDS, DEBIT CARDS
4.4.OUTPUT DEVICES
• 4.4.1.VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT(VDU) : MONITOR
-AN OUTPUT DEVICE -CONSISTS OF A
CATHODE RAY TUBE -THE BASIC DISPLAY UNIT IS A PIXEL -
THREE USES * ALPHANUMERIC
DISPLAY * GRAPHIC DISPLAY *
INPUT THROUGH A LIGHT PEN
• 4.4.2. STRUCTURE OF A RASTER SCAN CRT:
-FRAME BUFFER STORES THE BIT PATTERN FOR EACH OBJECT
ON THE SCREEN OF THE DISPLAY -VIDEO
CONTROLLER READS THE BIT PATTERN AND ACTIVATES THE
CORRESPONDING PIXELS
ASSIGNMENT
• Q.1. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION. WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INFORMATION, EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLES.
• Q.2. EXPLAIN THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM. FOR A GIVEN DECIMAL
NUMBER, HOW CAN YOU OBTAIN THE EQUIVALENT HEXA DECIMAL
NUMBER, EXPLAIN WITH AN EXAMPLE. FIND OUT THE DECIMAL
EQUIVALENT OF ( 0.6AE8 ) 16
• Q.3. GIVE A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 1st, 2nd,3rd AND 4th GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
• Q.4. GIVE A BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER’S MEMORY. DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN RAM AND ROM. HOW DOES THE MEMORY CAPACITY DEPEND
UPON THE BUS WIDTH, EXPLAIN WITH AN EXAMPLE.
• Q.4. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A)
APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM SOFTWARE B)
COMPILER AND INTERPRETER C) HIGH
LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND LOW LEVEL PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
4.4.3. PRINTERS
• OUTPUT DEVICE, CATEGORIZED INTO TWO
TYPES: -
IMPACT PRINTERS, WHICH CONSIST OF PHYSICAL
CHARACTERS, OF FIXED SIZE AND FONT,
MOUNTED ON A LEVER, AND THE CHARACTER IS
PRINTED, WHEN THE LEVER HITS ON TO A
RIBBON, WRAPPED ON A PAPER
-NON-IMPACT PRINTERS, WHICH USE THERMAL
METHOD, OR A MAGNETIZED INK, OR A LASER
BEAM TO PRINT THE CHARACTERS
IMPACT PRINTERS
• DOT MATRIX PRINTERS: -EACH CHARACTER IS
GENERATED BY A MATRIX OF DOTS -PRINTS
ONE CHARACTER AT A TIME -TWO TYPES( SIZE ): 5/7”, 7/9”
-STANDARD SPEEDS ARE 180, 240, 260, 300, 360 CHARACTERS
PER SECOND -THERE ARE 80,
132, 136 COLUMN PRINTERS
• DAISY WHEEL PRINTER: - CONSISTS OF A
PLASTIC DAISY WHEEL, WHICH TRAVELS ACROSS THE WIDTH
OF THE PRINTER AND PRINTS THE CHARACTERS -
HAS A BETTER QUALITY THAN THE DOT MATRIX PRINTER
-SIMILAR TO AN ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER
-SPEED IS 180-280 CHARACTERS/SEC
• LINE PRINTERS: -PRINT
ONE LINE AT A TIME -TWO
TYPES: *DRUM/BARREL
PRINTER, WHERE CHARACTERS ARE MOUNTED ON THE SURFACE OF
THE DRUM, WHICH ROTATES, AND CHARACTER IS PRINTED BY A
HAMMAR HITTING ON TO THE REQUIRED CHARACTER, PLACING A
RIBBON-WRAPPED PAPER BETWEEN THE DRUM AND THE
HAMMER,SPEED 160-254 CHARACTERS/SEC
*CHAIN PRINTER,WHERE CHARACTERS ARE MOUNTED OUTSIDE A
REVOLVING CHAIN, WHICH MOVES IN BOTH DIRECTION, AND
CHARACTER IS PRINTED, BY HITTING A HAMMER ONTO THE CHAIN,
MOUNTED WITH A RIBBON-WRAPPED PAPER
NON-IMPACT PRINTERS
• THERMAL PRINTERS: -
NON-IMPACT MATRIX PRINTER -
PRINTS ON A SPECIAL THERMAL PAPER
• INK-JET PRINTER:
-PAGE AND NON-IMPACT PRINTER
-CHARACTERS ARE PRINTED, BY SPRAYING A
MAGNETISED INK ON TO THE PAPER
-BETTER QUALITY THAN DOT MATRIX PRINTERS
• LASER PRINTERS: -PAGE
AND NON-IMPACT PRINTERS -USES A
SPECIAL PROCESSOR TO INTERPRET THE DATA SENT BY
CPU AND TO CONTROL THE LASER BEAM, WHICH PRINTS
THE CHARACTERS -FASTER AND OF
HIGH QUALITY
• PLOTTERS: -
USED FOR GRAPHICAL OUTPUT -
POPULAR IN ENGINEERING DRAWING AND CAD
-THREE TYPES(DRUM, FLATBED, ELECTROSTATIC)
5.SOFTWARE
• 5.0.INTRODUCTION
• 5.1.CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
• 5.2.COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• 5.3.TRANSLATORS (LANGUAGE PROCESSORS)
• 5.4.OPERATING SYSTEM
• 5.5.4GL(4TH GENERATION LANGUAGE)
5.0.INTRODUCTION
• COMPUTER SOFTWARE REFERS TO THE OPERATIONAL
ASPECTS OF A COMPUTER. IT CONSISTS OF A SET OF
COMMANDS OR INSTRUCTIONS, WHICH INTERPRETS THE
DESIRE OF THE USER, WHAT IT EXPECTS FROM THE
COMPUTER. IT IS ALSO CALLED AS A COMPUTER PROGRAM,
WHICH IS WRITTEN IN A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.
5.1.CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
COMPUTER SOFTWARE IS CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
TYPES:
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• UTILITY/SYSTEM SOFTWARE: -
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ( HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGES, LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES )
-OPERATING SYSTEM -
WORD PROCESSING -
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM -
ELECTRONIC SPREAD SHEET
5.1.1.UTILITY/SYSTEM SOFTWARE
• IT IS A SET OF INTEGRATD PROGRAMS, WHICH SUPPORT
THE FUNCTIONING OF A COMPUTER, AND IS COMMLY
SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFACTURER OF THE HARDWARE.
EACH HARDWARE HAS ITS SUPPORTING SOFTWARE,
EMBBEDED ON IT.
• EXAMPLES OF COMMERCIAL UTILITY SOFTWARE: WORD
PROCESSING( MS-WORD), DBMS(MS-ACCESS, ORACLE),
ESS( MS-EXCEL, LOTUS 1-2-3)
• EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE: LANGUAGE
PROCESSORS( COMPILER, ASSEMBLER, INTERPRETER),
LOADER, LINKER, EDITOR
5.1.2.APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
• AN APPLICATION SOFTWARE IS A SET OF PROGRAMS,
DESIGNED BY THE USER, ORIENTED AROUND A SPECIFIC TASK,
LIKE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS, BUSINESS PROBLEMS
• EXAMPLES ARE LIBRARY MANAGEMENT, PAYROLL
MANAGEMENT, INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ETC.
OPERATING SYSTEM
• INTEGRATED SET OF SYSTEM PROGRAMS,
WHICH SUPERVISE THE PROCESSING FUNCTIONS
OF THE COMPUTER AS WELL AS THE EXTERNAL
DEVICES.
• FUNCTIONS OF OS ARE: -
USER INTERFACE -
MEMORY MANAGEMENT -
I/O MANAGEMENT -
CPU SCHEDULING -
PROCESS SCHEDULING -
ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION -
SYSTEM DEAD-LOCK PREVENTION
5.2.COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
• 5.2.1.LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES: LOW
LEVEL LANGUAGES ARE MACHINE ORIENTED,
AND MACHINE DEPENDENT, WHERE EACH
INSTRUCTION CORRESPONDS TO A MACHINE
INSTRUCTION
• ADVANTAGES OF LLL: -
PROCESSING SPEED IS HIGH -
PROGRAM TRANSLATION NOT REQUIRED -IT
OCCUPIES LESS MEMORY SPACE
• DISADVANTAGES OF LLL: -
INSTRUCTIONS ARE DIFFICULT TO READ, WRITE
AND UNDERSTAND. -DIFFICULT
TO UPDATE AND DEBUGG INSTRUCTIONS
-DIFFICULT TO REMEMBER ADDRESS SEQUENCES
OF INSTRUCTIONS -
PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY VARY FROM
MACHINE TO MACHINE -ONLY
SPECIALISTS CAN OPERATE WITH THESE
LANGUAGES -DIFFICULT
TO CONSTRUCT COMPLEX LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
CATEGORIES OF LLL
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: -
TOTALLY MACHINE DEPENDENT -
INSTRUCTIONS ARE IN BINARY FORMAT
• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: -
MNEMONICS ARE USED FOR OPERATION CODES
-ALPHANUMERIC SYMBOLS ARE USED FOR ADDRESSES
-MNEMONICS ARE IN ENGLISH, AND UNDERSTANDABLE
-EACH MACHINE HAS ITS OWN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE,
DEPENDENT UPON ITS INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE
• ASSEMBLER: TRANSLATES ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
PROGRAM TO MACHINE LANGUAGE
5.2.2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES(HLL)
• MACHINE INDEPENDENT HUMAN READABLE
LANGUAGES, CONSIST OF ENGLISH-LIKE
STATEMENTS