Know Your English

The Hindu’s Know Your English
Know Your
English
1 Compiled by qobit@yahoo.com
The following compilation is of “Know Your English” article published every week in The Hindu Daily. This collection is
Volume I from July 2001 to June 2006. The weblinks to the published dates are given at the end of the page. In case of any
discripancies, errors, pl consult to the particular web page. Also you can browse through the contents page and click on the title
you wish to read. It will get you there. All the Questions are linked to the answers.
CONTENTS Page
1 Know your English July 03, 2001
2 WHAT IS the meaning of ``sting operation''?
3 What is the difference between ``while'' and ``whilst''
4 Who is a ``psephologist''?
5 What is the meaning and origin of the expression ``to hit the sack''?
6 Does the word ``history sheeter'' exist?
7 What is the meaning of ``We fear the president may be buying a lemon here''.
8 WHAT IS the origin of the expression ``lion's share''?
9 How is the word ``dilettante'' pronounced?
10 What is the difference between ``corrigenda'' and `èrrata''?
11 One of my teachers keeps telling us to ``chill out''. What exactly does he mean by that?
12 What is the correct spelling of ``whiskey''? Is it ``whiskey'' or ``whisky''?
13 Know your English July 24, 2001
14 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the word ``laconic"?
15 Is there a word for someone who fears thunder and thunderstorms?
16 What is the difference between a ``robber" and a ``thief"?
17 What is the meaning of the expression ``talk through one's hat"?
18 What is the meaning of ``bimonthly"
19 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "red letter day"?
20 What is the meaning of "misogynist"? How do you pronounce the word?
21 Is it OK to say, "Which class are you studying?"
22 What is the difference between "martyr" and "victim"?
23 What do the initials FAQ stand?
24 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "to give someone an even break"?
25 Can we say 7 into 20 is 140?
26 What is the difference between "despise" and "hate"?
27 Which is correct? "Co-brother" or "co son-in-law?"
28 How is the word "exposi" pronounced?
29 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "Can't hold a candle to someone"?
30 What is the difference between "partially cooked" and "partly cooked"?
31 How do you pronounce `schizophrenia'?
32 Should I say, "I enclose" or "I enclose herewith"
33 What is the opposite of "postpone"?
34 Is it OK to say, "Myself Subh Karan"?
35 Know your English August 28, 2001
36 What is the meaning and origin of the expression ``to throw one's hat into the ring?
37 What is the plural of "mother-in-law"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? "The fees has to be paid", or "The fees have
38
to be paid"?
39 Does the word "timepass" exist?
40 What is the word for a wife who is excessively fond of her husband?
41 Is it OK to say, "Rectify my doubts"?
42 Know your English September 18, 2001
43 IS IT correct to say ``He has good command over English"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? The Government has many problems''or ``The
44
Government have many problems"?
45 What is the meaning and origin of the term ``son of a gun"?
46 What is the difference between ``should'' and ``must"?
47 What is the meaning of ``ground zero"?
48 WHAT IS the meaning of "neck to neck"?
49 What is the meaning of "You scared the daylights out of me"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? ``The driver of the bus was expired in the
50
accident'' or ``The driver of the bus expired in the accident"?
51 What is the difference between "placebo" and "panacea"?
52 Is it wrong to say, "Protest against something"?
53 Know your English October 09, 2001
54 WHAT IS the plural of "staff "?
55 What is the difference between `fairly' and `rather'?
56 What is the origin of the expression "French leave"?
What is the difference between "She went out slamming the door" and "She went out and
57
slammed the door"?
58 What is the meaning of "infructuous"?
59 Know your English October 23
60 WHAT IS the difference between "resume" and "bio-data"?
61 Is `juggernaut' derived from Lord Jagannath?
62 What is the meaning of "cut off one's nose to spite one face"?
63 Is it OK to address a person "Mr. Balagopal, Esq."?
64 In English are there words without vowels?
65 What is a baby elephant called?
66 WHAT IS the difference between "cousin" and "half brother"?
67 Which of the following sentences is correct? All ways/Always keep to the left.
68 What is the meaning of "on the qui vive"
Which of the following sentences is correct? "Seventy per cent of the population are of the
69
opinion.
70 What is the difference between an "escort" and a "convoy"?
71 What is the origin of the term "Molotov cocktail"? How is the word "Molotov" pronounced?
72 What is the meaning of "Friday dressing"?
73 WHAT IS the meaning of "bolt from the blue"?
74 What is the meaning of the term "vox populi"?
75 How is the word "eerie" pronounced?

76 What is the difference between "plenty" and "aplenty"?
77 How does one refer to one's country? "Fatherland" or "motherland"?
78 Is it OK to say, "You yourself was late..."?
79 WHAT IS the meaning of "fly by night" operators?
80 What is the collective noun for tigers?
81 How is the word `pandemonium' pronounced?
82 What is the difference between``leave''and``holiday"?
83 Why do people say, ``Good night, sleep tight"? What is the meaning of``sleep tight"?
84 When people talk about paper they use the abbreviation GSM. What does GSM stand for?
85 WHAT IS the origin of the word "piggyback"?
86 What is the origin of the expression "to steal someone's thunder"?
87 Is it OK to wish someone "heartfelt congratulations"?
88 What is the meaning of "climb down"?
89 How is ``savoir-faire'' pronounced?
90 What is the difference between "alone" and "lonely"?
91 Wing it, Went ballistic, Walking papers...
92 Equable, Equitable, Drive up the wall...
93 What is the meaning and origin of the expression ``be under the weather"?
94 Is it Ok to say,``Could you drop me till there?''
Is it OK to end a letter to a Principal in the following manner? ``Dear Sir, ... Thank you,
95
Yours obediently
96 What is the difference between``hanged''and``hung''?
97 What is a female cat called?
98 What is the meaning of ``shell-shocked''?
99 Know Your English 25 December 2001
100 HOW DO you refer to the years between 1901 and 1910? Is there a single word for it?
101 What is a female "postmaster" called?
102 What is the meaning of "stand someone up"?
103 How is the word "roulette" pronounced?
104 What is the difference between "autograph" and "signature"?
105 What is the difference between "It rains" and "It is raining"?
106 WHAT IS the meaning of the expression "to go bananas"?
107 What is the correct pronunciation of the word ``harass"?
108 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "trail blazer"?
109 What is the difference between a "television serial" and a "television series"?
110 What is the study of flags called?
Which of the following sentences is correct? I'll submit the report in a week time'' or `Ì'll
111
submit the report in a weeks time''.
112 WHAT IS the difference in meaning between "We have lived here for five years" and "We
have been living here for five years"?
113 What is the meaning of the expression "on the receiving end"?
114 What is the correct pronunciation of the word "photograph"?
115 Is it OK to say "Ganesh is going to abroad"?
116 What is the meaning of "cock-a-hoop"?
117 Isn't a female cat also called a "tabby"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I bathe every morning" or "I bath every
118
morning".
119 What is the meaning of the idiom "to rob Peter to pay Paul"?
120 WHAT IS the meaning of "feel good factor"?
Do you congratulate someone "on" getting a job, or do you congratulate him "for" getting a
121
job?
122 What is the word for a child who is born after his father's death?
123 What is the difference between "ornamental'' and "ornate''?
124 Is it OK to say "Me neither"?
125 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "off the cuff"?
126 Look beat, Considering going, Homemaker...
127 WHAT IS the origin and meaning of the expression `cock and bull story'?
128 Does the word "kakorraphiophobia" exist? If it does, what does it mean?
129 What is the difference between lacto-vegetarian and lacto-ovo-vegetarian?
Which of the following sentences is correct? "Each of the children were given chocolates"
130
or "Each of the children was given chocolates".
131 How do you pronounce the word "pusillanimous"?
132 Which of the following is correct? "In behalf of" or "on behalf of'"?
133 What is the difference between "stairway" and "staircase"?
134 WHAT IS the meaning of "wild card" in tennis?
135 What is the meaning of "can't see the wood for the trees"?
136 Can the word "bon voyage" be used with people who are travelling by train or car?
137 What is the meaning of "get hot under the collar"?
138 What is the meaning of "theme park"?
140 Which of the following is correct? Compare to or compare with?
141 One talks about a "gaggle of geese", what about swans?
142 What is the difference between "for sale" and "on sale"?
143 Is it OK to say that something is "very unique"?
144 What is the meaning of "It isn't worth a hill of beans"?
145 What is the difference between "homicide" and "murder"?
146 Is it OK to say "I am running forty"?
147 What is the meaning of "the straw that broke the camel's back"?
148 Does the word "aunty" exist?
149 Why is the "green room" called the green room?
150 Wicked, pounding the books, Grade grubber...

151 WHAT IS the meaning of "kicking it back"?
152 What is the positive reply to, "Won't you eat"?
153 What is the meaning of "hydrophobia"?
154 What is the difference between "instinct"and "intuition"?
155 What is the meaning of the idiom "to fish in troubled waters''?
156 How do you pronounce "impromptu" and how is the word used?
157 What is the meaning of "vibes"?
158 What is the meaning and origin of "talk nineteen to the dozen"?
159 How do you pronounce the word "ubiquitous"? What does it mean?
160 What is the origin of the word "villain"?
Are there different terms that you can use to refer to your daughter's children and your
161
son's children?
162 What is the difference between "all right" and "alright"?
163 What is the opposite of "tomboy"?
164 Which is correct? "The inspection was made/done."?
165 What is the meaning of "putative"?
166 What is the difference between "in spite of" and "despite"?
167 What is the meaning of "testing the waters"?
168 What is the origin of "nightmare"?
169 IS IT OK to say, "hook, line, and bait"?
170 What is the difference between "cost" and "price"?
Is it OK to say, "All classes are suspended in the aftermath of the All India elocution
171
competition".
172 How do you pronounce "tsetse"?
173 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the idiom "to live the life of Riley"?
174 What is the meaning of "sixth sense"?
175 How do you use the word "adrenalin"?
176 What should a sign say? "No admission" or "No admittance"?
177 Know your English April 16, 2002
178 WHAT IS the meaning of "gonna" and "wanna" ?
179 What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "be hoist with one's own petard"?
180 What is the difference between a "housewife", "housekeeper" and "housesitter"?
181 How is the word "flibbertigibbet" pronounced?
182 Know your English – April 30, 2002
183 Lackadaisical, frosty ...
184 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "red-faced"?
185 How do you address a female Mayor? "Mayor" or "Mayoress"?
186 What is the difference between "on foot'' and "by foot''?
187 What the meaning of "smell a rat''?
188 Is it OK to say, "I have forgotten my briefcase at home''?

189 What do the letters P. R. stand for in P. R. man?
190 WHAT IS the meaning of "hogwash"?
191 Shouldn't it be World Trade Centre and not "Center"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? "He walked into the apartment" or "He walked
192
in the apartment"?
193 How is the word "sour" pronounced?
194 What is the meaning of the idiom "sink your teeth into something"?
195 How is the word "onion" pronounced?
196 WHAT IS the difference between "dinner" and "supper"?
197 How is the word "tete-a-tete" pronounced?
198 What is the meaning of the idiom "to be all thumbs"?
199 What is the meaning of "double whammy"?
200 Is it OK to say, "Me too"?
201 Can "do" and "make" be used interchangeably?
202 WHAT IS the difference between "friend" and "companion"?
203 How do you pronounce "rendezvous"?
204 What is the meaning of the idiom "under a cloud"?
205 Is it OK to say "My Mrs."?
206 What is the meaning of the word "humongous"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I look forward to working with you" or "I look
207
forward to work with you"?
208 Walking papers, Living high off the hog, ...
209 WHAT IS the difference between "megalomaniac" and "kleptomaniac"?
210 What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "the apple of one's eye"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? I am suffering from a headache or I am
211
suffering from headache?
212 Is it OK to say, "I don't want no excuses"?
213 What is the difference between "introvert" and "taciturn"?
214 How is the word "dais" pronounced?
215 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "let's get down to brass tacks"?
216 Why are ships called "she"?
217 WHAT IS the difference between an "intruder" and an "infiltrator"? 120
218 What is the meaning of the idiom "not let the grass grow under one's feet?
219 What is the origin of "Uncle Sam"?
220 How is the word "potpourri" pronounced?
221 Know Your English July 09, 2002
222 What is the meaning of "go bananas"? 123
223 What is the difference between "alibi" and "excuse"?
224 Why do we play practical jokes on April 1 ?
225 What is the meaning of "fait accompli"?

226 WHAT IS the difference between "hospice" and "hospital"?
227 What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "dark horse"?
228 How is the word "flour" pronounced?
What is the difference in meaning between "That may be the reason she didn't turn up" and
229
"That might be reason she didn't turn up"?
230 What is the meaning of "Jack Robinson"?
231 WHAT IS the difference between "tasty" and "tasteful"? 128
232 How is the word "penchant" pronounced?
233 What is the meaning and origin of the idiom, "Don't count your chickens before they hatch"
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I am busy the next week" or "I am busy next
234
week"?
235 Know your English - 6 Aug 2002.
236 WHAT IS the origin of "salad days"?
237 What is the difference between "plump" and "fat"?
238 What is the meaning of "cul de sac"?
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I am waiting for your reply" or "I am awaiting
239
for your reply"?
240 How do you pronounce the word "blithe"?
241 Know Your English 20 Aug 2002
242 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression, "when the chips are down"?
243 What is the meaning of "Teflon"?
244 What is the question tag to be used in the following sentence? "I am older than you".
245 How is the word ''malevolence'' pronounced?
246 What is the difference between "nevertheless'' and "nonetheless''?
247 WHAT IS the difference between "day-to-day" and "day by day"?
248 Why is the press often referred to as the "fourth estate"?
249 How is the word "pejorative" pronounced?
250 Why do we say "an MBBS" and "an MP"?
251 What is the meaning of "volte-face"?
252 Know Your English 10 Sep 2002
253 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "once in a blue moon"?
254 What is the origin of "honeymoon"?
255 How is the word "vivacious" pronounced?
256 What is the difference between "appraise" and "apprise"?
257 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "scot-free"?
258 What does `viz' stand for?
259 What is the meaning of "drive someone round the bend"?
260 What is the meaning of "Would you like to powder your nose"?
261 What is the difference between "due to" and "owing to"?
262 WHAT IS the difference between a "lawyer" and an "attorney"?

263 What is the meaning of "chock-a-block"?
264 What is the meaning and origin of "between Scylla and Charybdis?
265 What is the meaning of "sine qua non"?
266 Know your English 8 Oct 2002
267 Know your English 22 Oct 2002
268 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "three sheets in the wind"?
269 How do you pronounce the word "formulae"?
270 What is the meaning of "what on earth"?
271 How is the word "proactive" used?
272 What is the difference between "continually" and "continuously"?
273 HOW IS the word "shenanigans" pronounced?
274 What is the meaning of "laughing all the way to the bank"?
275 What is the difference between "verbal" and "oral"?
276 What is the meaning of "firing on all cylinders"?
277 What is the meaning of "high tea"?
278 WHAT IS the difference between "swap" and "swop"?
279 What is the meaning and origin of "heard it on the grapevine"?
280 Is it OK to say that a person is "squeaky clean"?
281 What is the meaning of "ipso facto"?
282 WHAT IS the difference between "robbery" and "burglary"?
283 What is the meaning of "horse-trading"?
284 What is the meaning of "fresh off the boat"?
285 How is the word "rapport" pronounced?
286 Bush telegraph, Give a straw
287 WHAT IS the difference between "figure something out" and "figure something up"?
288 What is the meaning and origin of "to draw first blood"?
289 Why do we say "donkey's years"?
290 After a bad cold, the nose looks red and the skin starts peeling. Is there a word for this?
291 Which is correct? ènamoured of' or 'enamoured about'?
292 WHAT IS the difference between "death" and "demise"?
293 Why do westerners say, "to tie the knot"
294 Which is correct? "... a half hour... " or "... an half hour... ."?
295 How is the word "innuendo" pronounced?
296 What is the meaning of "Rapunzel's tresses"?
297 WHAT IS the difference between "hearty" and "heartfelt"?
298 I don't find the word "bus stand" in the dictionary. Why is that?
299 What is the meaning and origin of "lock stock and barrel"?
300 How is the word "awry" pronounced?

301 What is the meaning of "zero-sum game"?
302 Know your English 31 December 2002
303 Know your English 07 January 2003
304 Surrounded,potboiler,bang-up job
305 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the idiom "show someone a clean pair of heels"?
306 When do we say, "Nice to meet you" and "Nice meeting you"?
307 What is the meaning of "economically inactive"?
What is the difference between "They closed up the shop" and "They closed down the
308
shop"?
309 What is the meaning and origin of "blockbuster"?
310 WHY IS an Englishman often referred to as a "pommy"?
311 What is the difference between "councillor" and "counsellor"?
312 Can you say that something is "vanilla"?
313 What is the difference between "mentally retarded" and "mentally challenged"?
314 When do you say "good morning"?
315 WHAT IS the difference between "lengthy" and "long"?
316 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to pour oil on troubled waters"?
317 Can the word "heart throb" be used with woman?
318 How is the word "rapprochement" pronounced?
319 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "blue blood"?
320 What is the difference between "residence" and "home"?
321 How is the word "moustache" pronounced?
322 What is the meaning of "umpteen"?
323 What is the meaning of "de facto"?
324 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "win something hands down"?
325 What is the meaning of "sell someone short"?
326 What is the correct pronunciation of "research"?
327 Which of the following is the correct spelling? Judgement or judgment?
328 Is it OK to say, "each and every"?
329 Why do we say "movie buff" and "computer buff"?
330 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "pipe dream"?
331 What does "bête noire" mean?
332 What do you call a person who collects gramophone records?
333 What is the correct pronunciation of the word "adult"?
334 Which is correct? "Consult with" or "consult"?
335 What is the difference between "money" and "funds"?
336 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "big cheese"?
337 What is the difference between a "complex story" and a "complicated story"?
338 What is the meaning of "quasi"?

339 Which is correct? "Description of" or "description about"?
340 What do you call a female watchman?
341 Why does "fortnight" mean two weeks?
342 What is the difference between a "simple solution" and a "simplistic solution"?
343 Is it OK to say "She is in urgent need for a loan"?
344 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to pull out all the stops"?
345 What does "turn on the waterworks mean"?
346 HOW DO you pronounce "w..o..u..n..d"?
347 What is the difference between "horrible" and "horrific"?
348 What is the meaning of "flogging a dead horse"?
349 What do you call a member of the Mafia?
350 What is the meaning of "to cap it all"?
351 Which of the following is correct? "Write someone" or "write to someone"?
352 "On the warpath"
353 Know your English 01 April 2003
356 WHAT IS the difference between "disused" and "unused"?
354 Why is the platform that models walk on called a "catwalk"?
355 What is the meaning and origin of "many a slip between the cup and the lip"?
356 How is the word "sour" pronounced?
357 What is the meaning of "friendly fire"?
358 WHAT IS the meaning of "coup de grace"?
359 How is the word "schedule" pronounced?
360 What is the meaning of "brown noser"?
361 What is the meaning and origin of the phrase "to break the ice"?
362 Which is correct? "The train was on time" or "The train was in time".
363 WHAT IS the meaning of "zilch"
364 How do you pronounce the word "nonchalant"?
365 What is the meaning and origin of "wet behind the ears"?
366 What is the difference between "ex" and "former"?
367 What is the meaning of "lookism"?
368 WHAT IS the origin of "underdogs"?
369 How is the word "razzmatazz" pronounced?
370 What is the meaning of "putting one's foot in one's mouth"?
371 What is the difference between "word by word" and "word for word"?
372 Informal expressions
373 WHAT DO you call a person who clears the dishes from the table in a restaurant?
374 What is the difference between "jail" and "prison"?
375 Is it ok to say, "Tea isn't my cup of tea"?

376 What is the meaning of "ne plus ultra"?
377 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to leave someone holding the bag"?
378 WHAT IS the meaning of "Demosthenic"?
379 What is the difference between "cotton onto someone" and "cotton up to someone"?
380 What is the meaning of "have a cow"?
381 What is the meaning and origin of "one swallow does not make a summer"?
382 All about Dutch
383 The aroma of English
384 WHAT IS the difference between "preface" and "foreword"?
385 I am told that it is wrong to say "level best". Is it true?
386 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to let one's hair down"?
387 What is the meaning of the expression "quid pro quo"?
388 How is the word "vicissitudes" pronounced?
389 WHAT IS the meaning of whipping boy?
390 What is the meaning and origin of "to be on one's high horse"?
391 What is the difference between "amuse" and "bemuse"?
392 Which is correct? "Drink in" or "drink down"?
393 What is the meaning of the expression "been there, done that"?
394 WHAT IS the meaning of "horses for courses"?
Which is correct, "Everyone has his way of doing things" or "Everyone has their way of
395
doing things"?
396 When do you use "amid" and when do you use "among"?
397 What is the meaning of "in loco parentis"?
398 WHAT IS the difference between "aging" and "ageing"?
399 What is the meaning and origin of "fall like ninepins"?
400 Which is correct? "The media suggest" or "The media suggests"?
401 How do you pronounce the word "hymn"?
402 Do we have to write "and" in "three hundred and twelve"?
403 CAN "FURTHER" be used to refer to distance?
404 Is it true that the word "oration" can be used only to refer to speeches given at funerals?
405 What is the origin and meaning of the expression "dog's breakfast"?
406 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "be up to scratch"?
407 WHAT IS the difference between "client" and "clientele"?
408 What is the meaning of "leapfrog"?
409 What is the origin and meaning of the expression "to haul someone over the coals"?
410 What is the meaning of "oxymoron"?
411 Do you use a singular or a plural verb after the word "couple"?
412 WHAT IS the difference between "unaware" and "unawares"?
413 Is "Isabel" actually a colour?

414 What is the meaning of "categorical inaccuracy"?
415 How is the word "assuage" pronounced?
416 What is the meaning of the word "nee"?
417 WHAT IS the origin and meaning of "eavesdropping"?
418 Would you please explain the meaning of the phrase "many a"?
419 What does "darned" mean?
420 What is the difference between "compare" and "liken"?
421 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "put a sock in it"?
422 What is the difference between an "acronym" and an "abbreviation"?
423 What is the meaning of "in toto"?
424 How is the word "quasi" pronounced?
425 What does "looking good" mean?
426 HOW DO you pronounce the word "panacea?" ?
427 What is the difference between "advice" and "advise"?
428 Is the word "data" singular or plural?
429 What is the meaning and origin of Achilles' heel?
430 How do you pronounce the word "brouhaha?
431 What is the origin of " Davy Jones's locker"?
432 What does "conk out" mean?
434 What is the difference between "intervene" and "interfere"?
435 WHAT IS the difference between "all right" and "alright"?
436 What is the meaning of "downplayed"?
437 What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "to put a spoke in someone's wheel"?
438 What is the meaning of cowboy?
439 How is the word "poignant" pronounced?
440 Know your English 09 September 2003
441 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "carrot and stick approach?"
442 Does the expression "in short supply" mean the same thing as "in short order"?
443 Can I say, "Harsha is a flibbertigibbet?"
444 What is the difference between "dispute" and "quarrel"?
445 WHAT IS the difference between a "vendor" and a "seller"?
446 How do you pronounce the word "envelope"?
447 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "red herring"?
448 How do you greet someone who has just had a baby?
449 WHAT IS the origin of the word "T-shirt"?
450 Which of the following is correct? "At weekends/ on weekends"?
451 What is the meaning of the expression "just the tip of the iceberg"?
452 What is the difference "loath" and "loathe"?

WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "to go hammer and tongs at
453
someone"?
454 What is the difference between "misinformed" and "ill-informed"?
456 Why do we refer to ordinary paper as "full scape" paper?
457 How is the word "kudos" pronounced? Is it singular or plural?
458 When you call a shop and want to know if it is open can you say, "Are you open"?
459 WHAT IS the difference between "earmark" and "hallmark"?
460 What is the meaning of the word "Sisyphean"?
461 What is the meaning of "euthanasia"? How is the word pronounced?
462 What is the meaning and origin of "flotsam and jetsam"?
463 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "read between the lines"?
464 Why is an important person called a "bigwig"?
When you use B.C. and A.D., where should the numerals come? Before or after B.C. and
465
A.D.?
Which of the following is correct "He feels ill" or "He feels sick"? Can I say, "He is an ill
466
person"?
467 Wimp out, death warmed over, etc.
468 Know your English 04 November 2003
469 Know your English 11 November 2003
470 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "the whole nine yards"?
471 What is the difference between "purposely" and "purposefully"?
472 What is a collector of matchbox labels called?
473 Is it okay to say, "Both Dravid and Tendulkar are not batting well?"
474 What is the meaning of the word "oodles"?
475 How is the word "debut" pronounced?
476 Saccharine, syrupy, get-go...
477 WHAT IS the origin of "apple of discord"?
478 What is the difference between "every day" and "everyday"?
479 Is it OK to say "consensus of opinion"?
What is the meaning of the word "couple" in the following sentence? "I'll be gone a couple
480
of days".
How is the word "beat" pronounced in the following sentence? The Australians beat us
481
quite easily.
482 IS IT "hand in glove" or "hand and glove"?
483 What is the difference between "muddle along" and "muddle around"?
484 What is the meaning of "bad hair day"?
485 How is the word " environment" pronounced?
486 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "eve teasing"?
487 Fish, Cold fish, Fish or cut bait...
488 WHAT IS the meaning of "make a silk purse out of a sow's ear"? Dec 22, 2003
489 What does the expression "rain on someone's parade" mean?
What is the difference between "I will lend you the money right now" and "I would lend you
490
the money right now"?
491 How is the word "curmudgeon" pronounced? What does it mean?
492 Uncommon phrases
493 What is the difference between a "linguist" and a "polyglot"? Jan 05, 2004
494 Is it OK to say, "He is angry on me"?
495 What is the meaning of "cyber coolies"?
496 How is the word "brusque" pronounced?
497 What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to throw in the towel"?
498 Does the word "Stepney" exist? Jan 12, 2004
499 What is the meaning of the expression "whistle in the dark"?
500 How is the word "impugn" pronounced?
501 What is the difference between a "hotel" and a "restaurant"?
502 How do you respond to "How do you do"?
503 How is the word "tortoise" pronounced?
504 What is the meaning of "back burner"? Jan 19, 2004
505 What is the meaning of "per se"?
506 What is the difference between "cite" and "quote"?
507 How is the word "gobbledygook" pronounced?
508 Know Your English Jan 26, 2004
509 WHAT IS the meaning of "baloney"? Feb 02, 2004
510 What is the meaning of the idiom "bone of contention"?
511 What is the difference between "de facto" and "de jure"?
512 What is the meaning and pronunciation of the word "cachet"?
513 WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "to bury the hatchet"? Feb 09, 2004
514 What is the difference between "I searched for the room" and "I searched the room"?
515 Is it OK to say, "Long time no see"?
516 How is the word "voyeur" pronounced?
517 What is the difference between a "sceptic" and "cynic"?
518 WHAT IS the meaning of the idiom "give a dog a bad name and hang him"? Feb 16, 2004
519 Why can't we say "chairwoman"?
520 Is it OK to say "sponsorers"?
521 What is the difference between "premier" and "premiere"?
522 How is the word "psyche" pronounced?
WHICH OF the following sentences is correct? "I wish I was a minister", or, "I wish I were a
523
minister". Feb 23, 2004
524 What is the meaning of "willy-nilly"?
525 How is the word "sachet" pronounced?
526 What is the story behind "Narcissus"?
527 Is it ok to pronounce the "t" in often?
528 WHAT'S THE difference between "incidence" and "incident?---March 01, 2004
529 What is the meaning of "knock your socks off "?
530 Is it "eighty foot road" or "eighty feet road"?
531 What is the difference in pronunciation between "beer" and "bear"?
532 What is the meaning and pronunciation of "lingua franca"?
533 On being antsy, miffed & so on---March 08, 2004
534 Which is correct? "None of us is impressed" or "None of us are impressed"? Mar 15, 2004
535 What is the meaning of "danseuse"?
536 What is the meaning of "between the devil and the deep blue sea"?
537 How is the word "franchise" pronounced?
538 What is the meaning of "shot in the arm"?
539 WHAT IS the meaning of the idiom "To set the Thames on fire"? March 22, 2004
540 What is the meaning of "chokers"?
541 Is it ok to say "the shoe has a fascination for me"?
542 Which is correct? "Relieved of" or "relieved off"?
543 What's the difference between "endemic" and "epidemic"?
544 WHAT IS the difference between "up-and-coming" and "upcoming"? March 29, 2004
545 What is the meaning and origin of "get on the soapbox"?
546 What is the meaning of "second cousin"?
547 What is the meaning and origin of "Faustian deal"?
548 How is the word "repertoire" pronounced?
Which of the following is correct? "One of the cars have run out of gas" or "one of the cars
549
has run out of gas"?
550 Gabfest, Cheek by Jowl, Sleep at the switch... April 05, 2004
551 WHAT IS the difference between "stipend" and "scholarship"? April 12, 2004
552 Is it ok to write "Mrs. & Mr." instead of "Mr. & Mrs."?
553 What is the meaning of "call upon"?
554 What is the meaning of "have a millstone around one's neck"?
555 What is the meaning of "goody two-shoes"?
556 WHAT IS the meaning of "to have a beef with someone"? April 19, 2004
557 What is the difference between "exalt" and "exult"?
558 Which is correct? "It is I" or "It is me"?
559 Why is the bone called "funny bone"?
560 What is the meaning and origin of "cut and run"?
561 What is the meaning of "cyberslacker"?
562 Know Your English April 26, 2004
563 WHAT IS the difference between a "chauffeur" and a "driver"? May 03, 2004
564 What is the meaning of "paddle your own canoe"?
A man marrying a man and a woman marrying a woman. Is there a word for such a
565
marriage?
566 How is the word "heir" pronounced?

567 What is the meaning and origin of "burn the midnight oil"?
568 Why are the hottest days during summer referred to as "dog days"?
569 IS IT OK to say, "I will meet you at about 7: 45"? May 10, 2004
570 Which is correct? "Relieved of" or "relieved off"?
571 What is the meaning of the word "ditzy"?
572 What's the meaning of "He's become a vegetable"?
What is the difference between "gourmet" and "gourmand"? How are the two words
573
pronounced?
574 Know Your English May 17, 2004
575 How is the word "Lieutenant" pronounced? May 24, 2004
576 What is the meaning and origin of "hangdog expression"?
577 Is it O.K to ask someone, "Would you like a cool drink?"
578 What is the difference between "I had a bad day" and "I have had a bad day"?
579 WHAT IS the meaning of "armchair critic"? May 31, 2004
580 What is the difference between "underemployed" and "unemployed"?
581 How is the word "cavalcade" pronounced?
582 Why is the written record of a meeting called "minutes"?
583 Is it ok to use "prepone"?
584 WHAT IS the difference between "godown" and "warehouse"? June 07, 2004
585 How is the word "oven" pronounced?
586 What is the meaning of "upset the applecart"?
587 Why is the word "pound" abbreviated to "lb."?
588 What is the meaning of the term "whistleblower"?
589 How is the word "conscientious" pronounced?
590 Which is correct? "I have got a headache" or "I have got headache"?
591 What is the origin of "blackmail"? June 14, 2004
592 Is it ok to address a married woman as "Ms."?
593 What's the difference between "inform of" and "inform on"?
594 What is the meaning and origin of "hit below the belt"?
595 Is it OK to say, "When he arrived at home, he looked for the files that he had left behind."?
596 What is the difference between "disassemble" and "dissemble"? June 21, 2004
597 How is the word D-day used?
598 Is it O.K to say, "What is your good name?"
599 How is the word "epitome" pronounced?
600 What is the origin of "Hi"?
601 Driving up the wall June 28, 2004
602 HOW IS the word "silhouette" pronounced? July 05, 2004
603 What is the origin of the word "villain"?
604 Is it necessary to have two examples before using "etc"?

605 What is the difference between "center" and "centre"?
606 What is the expansion of e.g?
607 What is the difference between "I go to school" and "I go to the school"? July 12, 2004
608 What is the meaning of "more than one way to skin a cat"?
609 What is the meaning of "cult figure"?
610 What is the difference between "honourable" and "honorary"
611 How is the word "peripheral" pronounced?
612 What is the origin of "disc jockey"? July 19, 2004
What's the difference between "show someone the door" and "show someone to the
613
door"?
614 Is it OK to use the word "ranker" to mean someone who has got a good rank?
615 Is it OK to say, "revert back"?
616 What is the meaning of "thereby hangs many tales"?
617 What is the origin of "pay through one's nose"? July 26, 2004
618 Which is correct? "Dead cheap" or "dirt-cheap"?
619 Is it OK to say "Happy bon voyage"?
620 What is the meaning of "skulduggery" and how is the word pronounced?
621 What is the difference between "wish" and "desire"?
622 Which is correct? "I work for NATO" or "I work for the NATO"?
623 Icy phrases August 02, 2004
624 What is the meaning of "pie in the sky"? August 09, 2004
625 How is the word "incommunicado" pronounced?
626 What does "netizen" mean?
627 Is it OK to say, "Cut jokes in class"?
628 What's the difference between "He is honest" and "He is being honest"?
629 What is the difference between "contagious" and "infectious"?
630 What is the meaning and origin of "keep it under your hat"? August 17, 2004
631 What is the difference between "affect" and "effect"?
632 What is the meaning of "brouhaha"? How is it pronounced?
633 Is "tiffin" an English word?
634 How should you greet a couple after they have been married for a month?
635 What is the origin of "square meal"? August 23, 2004
636 Is it correct to say, "Both Rahul as well as Peter live in Hosur"?
637 Which is correct? "Curd" or "curds"?
638 What is the difference between "nought" and "naught"?
639 How is the word "rendezvous" pronounced?
640 What is the meaning and origin of "face the music"? August 30, 2004
641 Is it okay to say, "The convict would be hung tomorrow"?
642 How is the word "suite" pronounced?

643 What is the difference between "dispute" and "argument"?
644 What is the meaning of "shilly-shally"? September 06, 2004
645 Is it OK to say, "The subscriber you are calling is switched off"?
646 What is the meaning and pronunciation of "bete noire"?
647 What's the difference between a "fanatic" and a "bigot"?
648 Which is correct? "To keep the wolf from/off the door"? September 13, 2004
649 What is the difference between "approve" and "approve of"?
650 How is the word "shot-put" pronounced?
651 What is the meaning of "rubberneck"?
652 What is the meaning of "day scholar"?
653 How is the word "blitzkrieg" pronounced? September 20, 2004
654 What is the difference between "dinner" and "supper"?
655 Which is correct "cope up with" or "cope with"?
656 Does the word "meanderthal" exist?
657 What is the origin of "blackball"?
658 What is the difference between a "homemaker" and a "housewife"? September 27, 2004
659 What's the difference between "deal with" and "deal in"?
660 When do we normally use the expression "if only"?
661 Is the word "unwell" used only with pregnant ladies?
662 What is the meaning of "icing on the cake"?
663 How is the word "bonhomie " pronounced? What does it mean?
664 What is the meaning and origin of "in apple pie order"? October 05, 2004
665 Is it ok to say "but then"?
666 What does "sine die" mean?
667 What's the difference between a "militant" and a "terrorist"?
668 What is the meaning and origin of "running from pillar to post"? October 11, 2004
669 What is the difference between "criticism" and "critique"?
670 What is the meaning of "pushing the envelope"?
671 How is the word "spinach" pronounced?
672 What is the origin of "in the pink of health"? October 18, 2004
673 What is the difference between "crush" and "infatuation"?
674 What is the full form of "OK"?
675 How is the word "imbroglio" pronounced?
676 What do you call a person who remembers everything after looking at it just once?
677 What is the meaning of "to eat crow"? October 25, 2004
678 What is the difference between "similar" and "identical"?
679 Is it OK to say, "Me neither"?
680 How is the word "minutiae" pronounced?

681 What is the meaning of "cost an arm and a leg"? November 01, 2004
682 What is the difference between "capsize" and "overturn"?
683 What is the meaning of "leitmotif"? How is the word pronounced?
684 How is the word "finance" pronounced?
What is the difference between "I have been living in this city for twenty years" and "I am
685
living in this city for twenty years"?
686 Know Your English 08 November, 2004
687 What is the difference between "must" and "have to"? November 15, 2004
688 What is the meaning of "comeuppance"?
689 What is the meaning of the expression "milk and water"?
690 How is the word "weird" pronounced?
691 Is the following sentence correct? "They spent 45 minutes with Chief Minister."
692 What is the difference between "hoodwink into" and "hoodwink out of"? Nov 22, 2004
693 How is the word "boondoggle" pronounced?
694 What is the meaning and origin of "be at sixes and sevens"?
695 What is the difference between "apposite" and "opposite"?
696 What is the meaning and origin of "laughing up your sleeve"? November 29, 2004
697 How is the word "quagmire" pronounced?
698 What is the meaning of "kick-start"?
699 What is the difference between "elder" and "older"?
700 What is the difference between "up to" and "until"? December 06, 2004
701 What is the meaning of "bull in a china shop"?
702 How is the word "psephologist" pronounced?
703 What is the origin of "kangaroo court"?
704 What is the difference between "childish" and "childlike"? December 13, 2004
705 What is the meaning of "to soft pedal something"?
706 Which is correct? "He arrived in time", or "He arrived on time"?
707 What is the meaning of "talk nineteen to a dozen"?
708 How is the word "raucous" pronounced? December 20, 2004
709 What is the meaning of "buttonhole" someone?
710 Is it OK to say "All the students didn't turn in their assignment"?
711 What is the difference between a "banquet" and "dinner"?
712 Know Your English Dec 27, 2004
713 What is the difference between "convicted" and "sentenced"? January 03, 2005
714 What is the plural of "formula"?
715 How is the word "caveat" pronounced?
716 Which is correct? "Clinic timings/timing"?
717 What is the meaning and origin of "ringside view"? January 17, 2005
718 What is the difference between "sob" and "weep"?

719 What is the meaning of "on the qui vive" ?
720 How is the word "scourge" pronounced?
721 What is the meaning of "shimmy"?
722 What is the difference between "impassive" and "impassioned"? January 24, 2005
723 What is the origin of "yellow journalism"?
724 What is the meaning of "watchdog agency"?
725 What is the past tense of "quit"?
726 What is the difference between "intuitively" and "instinctively"? February 01, 2005
727 What is the meaning of "modus vivendi"?
728 What is the meaning of "once bitten twice shy"?
729 How is the word "brochure" pronounced?
730 What is the difference between "choose" and "pick"? February 07, 2005
731 What is the meaning of "too close to call"?
732 Is it OK to say, "Wish you a Happy New Year 2005"?
733 What is the difference between "disposed of" and "disposed off"?
734 What is the difference between "blue collar worker" and "pink collar worker"?
735 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH February 14, 2005
736 What is the difference between "prevaricate" and "procrastinate"? February 21, 2005
737 What is the meaning of "Generation X"?
738 How is the word "leisure" pronounced?
739 What is the meaning of "in one's good books"?
740 What is the meaning and origin of "cut and dry"? February 28, 2005
During funerals, people, especially women, cry or wail in a funny sort of way. Is there a
741
word for this?
742 What is the meaning of "the worm has turned"?
743 What is the difference between "another" and "other"?
744 What is the difference between "beautiful" and "pretty"? March 07, 2005
745 What is the meaning of "set the cat among the pigeons"?
746 How is the word "voyeurism" pronounced?
747 What is the meaning of "desk jockey"?
748 What is the meaning of "on a wing and a prayer"? March 14, 2005
749 What does "Rx" stand for in a doctor's prescription?
750 How is the word "peccadilloes" pronounced?
751 What is the difference between "acquittal" and "exoneration"?
752 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH Mar 21, 2005
753 What is the meaning of "blonde moment"? March 28, 2005
754 What is the difference between "award" and "reward"?
755 How is the word "bonhomie" pronounced?
756 What is the meaning of "fall on stony ground"?

757 Is it okay to say, "The teacher was angry on the students"?
758 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH April 04, 2005
759 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH April 11, 2005
760 What is the difference between "fight with" and "fight against"? April 18, 2005
761 What is the meaning and origin of "water off a duck's back"?
762 How is the word "entrepreneurship" pronounced?
763 Is it OK to say, "He telephoned to Mr. X"?
764 What is the meaning of "underwriter"? April 25, 2005
765 How is the word "inexorably" pronounced?
766 What is the difference between "anoint" and "appoint"?
767 What is the meaning and origin of "writing is on the wall"?
768 What is the meaning and origin of "to leave no stone unturned"? May 02, 2005
769 Where did the word "hijack" come from?
770 What is the difference between "life assurance" and "life insurance"?
771 What is the meaning of "monobrow"?
772 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH May 09, 2005
773 What is the meaning of "Argus eyed"? May 16, 2005
774 How is "imbroglio" pronounced?
775 Which is correct? "I gave to nanny the keys" or "I gave the keys to nanny"?
776 What is the meaning of "co-son-in-law"?
777 What is the difference between "as scheduled" and "on schedule"?
778 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH May 23, 2005
779 What is the difference between "sentimental" and "emotional"? May 30, 2005
780 What is the origin of, "Murder someone in cold blood"?
781 How is the word "manoeuvre," pronounced?
782 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH June 06, 2005
783 What is the difference between "hoard" and "horde"? June 13, 2005
784 What is the meaning and origin of "Barkis is willing"?
785 What does "bells and whistles" mean?
786 How is the word "idyll" pronounced?
787 What is the meaning of "keypal"?
789 What is the difference between "enough" and "enough of"? June 20, 2005
790 Is it OK to say, "My cousin divorced last month"?
791 What is the meaning of "erudite"?
792 What is the meaning of "diddly-squat"?
793 Why are people who are left-handed called "southpaws"?
794 What is the difference between "met" and "visited"? June 27, 2005
795 What is the meaning of "tongue-in-cheek"?

796 Does the word "regift" exist?
797 How is the word "ensemble" pronounced?
798 What is the meaning of "armchair critic"?
799 What is the difference between "drop out" and "dropout"? July 18, 2005
800 What is the meaning of "dickens" in "Who the dickens are you?"
801 How is the word "alumnae" pronounced?
802 What is the meaning of "Page 3"?
803 Which is correct? "Grandson of the late" or "grandson of late"?
804 What is the meaning and origin of "beyond the pale"? July 25, 2005
805 How is the word "obdurate" pronounced?
806 What is the difference between "odour" and "smell"?
Is the following sentence grammatically correct? "What I wish to know is that whether the
807
government is aware of the problem."
808 What is the meaning of "blogging"?
809 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH August 01, 2005
810 What is the difference between "chew at" and "chew out"? August 08, 2005
811 What is the meaning and origin of "Catch 22"?
812 How is the word "aisle" pronounced?
813 When a serial ends, can we say, "to be concluded"?
814 Is it OK to say, "We must invest money on industry"?
815 What is the meaning of "graveyard shift"?
816 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH August 15, 2005
What is the difference between "I just love that movie" and "I love that movie"? August 22,
817
2005
818 What is the meaning of "numero uno"?
819 Why are the hottest days of the year called "dog days"?
820 What is the difference between "adhesive" and "cohesive"?
821 How is the word "chutzpah" pronounced? What does it mean?
822 Is it OK to say, "staffs"?
What is the difference between "sometime", "sometimes" and "some time"? August 29,
823
2005
824 Is there a substitute for "him/her" which is commonly used in formal texts?
825 What is the meaning of "Billingsgate"?
826 What is the meaning of "dumbsize"?
827 What is the meaning of the expression "to see which way the cat jumps"?
828 How is the word "pigeon" pronounced?
829 What is the difference between "wedding" and "marriage"? Sept 5, 2005
830 What is the meaning and origin of "jaywalking"?
831 How is the word "puerile" pronounced?
832 What is the meaning of "Big Apple"?

834 Is it okay to say, "Sandhya always prefers to pay by cash"?
835 What is the meaning of "out of my hair"? September 12, 2005
836 How is the word "carte blanche" pronounced?
837 What is the difference between "graceful" and "gracious"?
838 Should "lest" be followed by "would" or "should"?
839 What is the meaning of the word "doozy"?
840 What is the meaning and origin of "wool-gathering"? September 19, 2005
841 What is the difference between "impel" and "compel"?
842 What is the meaning of "reminisce"? How is the word pronounced?
843 What is the meaning of "himbo"?
844 Is it okay to say, "The words she uses are unintelligible for me?"
845 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH September 26, 2005
846 What is the difference between "He died" and "He was killed"? October 03, 2005
847 How is the word `nincompoop' pronounced?
848 What is the meaning of the word `schmuck'?
849 How does one address a divorced woman?
850 What is the meaning and origin of `chimera'?
851 Is it okay to say, `You can contact him in 25435439 (telephone no)'?
852 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH October 10, 2005
853 What is the meaning and origin of `keep your powder dry'? October 17, 2005
854 What is the difference between `traveller' and `passenger'?
855 An unmarried man is called a `bachelor'. What is an unmarried woman called?
856 How is the word `pizza' pronounced?
857 Does one `propose to' or `propose' a girl?
858 What is the difference between `wake up at 7' and `wake up by 7'?
859 How is the word `niche' pronounced? October 24, 2005
860 What is the meaning of `heartsink patient'?
861 What is the meaning and origin of `like a cat on a hot tin roof'?
862 Is it OK to say, `None of them have... '?
863 What is the difference between àvocation' and `vocation'?
864 What is the meaning of `pink press'?
865 Is it OK to say, `Boarding and lodging'?
866 What is the difference between àmong' and àmongst'? October 31, 2005
867 What is the difference between `too' and `very'?
868 What are the Siamese twins of the English language?
869 What is the origin of the word `duffer'?
870 How is the word `soliloquy' pronounced?
871 What is the difference between `learned' and `learnt'? November 07, 2005
872 Which is correct `Petrol station' or `petrol bunk'?
873 What is the meaning of ìnter alia'?
874 Is it okay to say, `Heartfelt congratulations!'?
875 What is the meaning of èating someone's lunch'?
876 What is the meaning and origin of `taking the wind out of one's sails'?
877 What is the difference between èxtempore' and ìmpromptu'? November 14, 2005
878 What is the meaning of `sexing up a document'?
879 How is the word `disparage' pronounced?
880 Some men grow their hair long in order to cover their bald spots. Is there a word for this?
881 What is the meaning of `stay the course'?
882 What is the difference between ànyway' and ànyways'? November 21, 2005
883 How is the word ènnui' pronounced?
884 What is the meaning and origin of `wearing one's heart on one's sleeve'?
885 What is the difference between `speak English' and `speak in English'?
886 What does `pari passu' mean?
887 Which is correct? `He's a teacher of English' or `He's an English teacher'?
When somebody says `Sorry', we usually respond by saying `Never mind'. Are there any
888
other alternatives?
889 What is the difference between `fatal' and `fateful'? November 28, 2005
890 What is the meaning of `face in the crowd'?
891 What is the meaning and origin of `pleased as Punch'?
892 What is the meaning of `sine qua non'?
893 Is it OK to say, Òn the lights, please!'
894 How is the word `beau' pronounced?
895 What is the meaning of `go the whole hog'? December 05, 2005
896 How is the word òbsequious' pronounced?
897 What is the difference between àmbience' and àmbiance'?
898 What is the origin of `nit picking'?
899 What is the meaning and origin of `to eat out of one's hand'? December 12, 2005
900 What is the difference between èat like a horse' and èat like a pig'?
901 What is the meaning of `tryst'?
902 How is the word ìdiosyncrasy' pronounced?
903 What is the difference between `defence' and `defense'?
904 I don't find `bitter gourd' in the dictionary. Does the vegetable have another name?
905 What is the meaning of `da bomb'?
906 What is the meaning and origin of àbove board'? December 19, 2005
907 What is the meaning of `parochial'? How is the word pronounced?
908 Is it OK to say, `The President Abdul Kalam visited Chennai last week'?
909 Why do we call the place where the police work a `station'?
910 How is the word `fragile' pronounced?
911 What is the meaning of `catch as catch can'? December 26, 2005
912 Why is 26 December called `Boxing Day'?
What is the meaning of `period' in the following sentence? `He is an intelligent man.
913
Period.'
914 What is the meaning of `kowtow'? How is it pronounced?
915 What it the difference between `curriculum vitae' and `resume'?
Outside marriage halls, we see signs that say, `Bride marries Bridegroom'. Some read,
916
`Bridegroom marries Bride'. Which is correct?
917 What is the meaning of `Beltway politics'? 02 January 2006
918 What is the meaning and origin of `get someone's goat'?
919 What is the origin of `quiz'?
920 What is the difference between `nevertheless' and `however'?
921 Is it OK to say, `Yesterday night'?
922 What is the difference between `sell' and `sell out'?
923 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH 09 January 2006
924 KNOW YOUR ENGLISH 16 January 2006
925 Which is correct? `Blind in one eye' or `blind to one eye'? January 23, 2006
926 What is the meaning and origin of `touch wood'?
927 What is the difference between `He is my best friend' and `He is a close friend'?
928 What is the meaning of èt al'?
929 How is the word `hegemony' pronounced?
930 What's the difference between `see through someone' and `look through someone'?
931 Is it OK to say, `He was given an yellow card'?
932 Know your English January 30, 2006
933 Know your English February 06, 2006
936 What is the meaning of `step up to the plate'? February 27, 2006
937 What is the difference between `sparse' and `scarce'?
938 What is the meaning of `sting operation'?
939 How is the word `hoi polloi' pronounced?
940 Is it okay to say, "Every day they have wada and dosa during the midday?"
941 Know Your English March 06, 2006
Which is correct "My house is opposite to the railway station" or "My house is opposite the
942
railway station"? March 13, 2006
943 What is the meaning of `dies non'?
944 Cricket commentators talk about `the rub of the green... ' What does it mean?
945 What is the difference between àmple' and ènough'?
946 What is the meaning of `mouse journalism'?

947 How is the word `dilettante' pronounced? March 20, 2006
948 What is the meaning of `wherewithal'?
949 Why is South America called `Latin America'?
950 What is the meaning and origin of `rule of thumb'?
951 What is the meaning of `nous'?
952 What is the difference between àfflict' and ìnflict'?
953 What is the difference between `dispatch' and `despatch'?
954 What is the meaning of `cook the books'? March 27, 2006
955 Which is correct? `How are the team?' or `How is the team?'
956 What is the meaning of `demonology'?
957 Which is correct? Ònce for all' or ònce and for all'?
958 What is the meaning of `join the majority'?
959 What is the difference between a `medical shop' and a `chemist'?
960 What is the difference between `slap on the back' and `slap on the wrist'? April 03, 2006
961 What is the meaning of `to make waves'?
962 Why do we say, `the U.N', but not `the UNESCO'?
963 How is the word `demise' pronounced?
Which of the following sentences is correct? `The majority of the applicants is not qualified'
964
or `The majority of the applicants are not qualified'?
What is the meaning of `what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander'? April 10,
965
2006
966 Is it okay to refer to a girl as being `homely'?
967 What is the difference between `semblance' and `resemblance'?
968 What is the meaning of `nuts and bolts'?
967 What's the difference between Ì am giving an exam' and Ì'm taking an exam'?
968 What is the meaning of `metrosexual'? April 17, 2006
969 What is the meaning of `gun-shy'?
970 How is the word `bourgeois' pronounced?
971 What is the meaning of `the boot is on the other foot'?
972 What is the difference between `shout at' and `shout to'?
973 How do you pronounce s..p..i..e..l? April 24, 2006
974 Know your English May 01, 2006
975 Is it `confidant' or `confidante'? Which is the correct spelling? May 08, 2006
976 How is the word `content' pronounced?
977 Which is correct? `Waiting in the wings' or `waiting on the wings'?
978 What is the difference between `lonely' and àlone'?
979 What is the meaning and origin of `Monday morning blues'? May 15, 2006
980 How is the word èsoteric' pronounced?
981 What is the meaning of `cul de sac'?
What is the difference between Ònly Ram can play tennis' and `Ram can only play
982
tennis'?
983 What is the difference between `psych out' and `psych someone out'?
984 How is the word `loquacious' pronounced? June 12, 2006
985 Is it OK to use `ranker' to mean `top rank in an examination'?
986 What is the meaning of òut of the box'?
987 What is the meaning and origin of `hit the sack'?
988 What is the difference between `password' and `buzzword'?
989 Know Your English June 19, 2006
990 How is the word `poignant' pronounced? June 26, 2006
991 Why is television called the ìdiot box'?
992 What is the meaning of `buy someone off'?
993 What's the difference between "How are you?" and "How do you do?"
994 What is the difference between `shovel down' and `shovel into'?
Volume – II continues from July 2006 onwards.
July 03, 2001
Know your English
``WEREN'T YOU supposed to come over and have dinner with me yesterday?''
``That's right. But there was a problem. You see...''
``....what was the problem?''
``My cousin rang me up around 6:00 and asked me to come over. You see his landlord's son is
returning from the U.S. So the landlord wants my cousin to vacate the flat by the end of the month.
My cousin and I were out all evening trying to find a suitable accommodation.''
``Did you find one?''
``No. It's so hard to find an accommodation these days.''
``You cannot say àn accommodation'. In British English the word àccommodation' is an uncountable
noun. So you shouldn't use àn' before it.''
``Really? I didn't know that! How about this sentence? There is a shortage of cheap accommodation in
our city.''
``Sounds pretty good. Some of the delegates wanted to know if we could take care of their
accommodation.''
``The university refused to provide the teachers free accommodation.''
``Why should the university provide free accommodation?''
``Good question. Many teachers....''
``...by the way, this cousin of yours. What does he do?''
``He's an academician.''
``He's an academician? Which academy does he belong to?''
`Àcademy? What are you talking about?''
``Well you said that he was an academician. Which academy does he...''
``...he doesn't belong to any academy. What I meant to say was that he is a teacher. He teaches at the
university.''
`À teacher, eh? In that case, the word you are looking for is àcademic'.''
``What is the difference between an 'academic' and àcademician'?''
``Well, strictly speaking, an àcademic' is a person who teaches or does research at the university.''
`Ì see. How about this example? When I grow up I certainly don't want to be an academic.''
``The example is OK. But the word àcademic' has the stress on the third syllable `de'.''
``But a lot of people I know....''
``...tend to put the stress on the second syllable. But the stress is on the third. The à' in the first
syllable is like the à' in `cat', `bat', and `sat', while the à' in the second syllable is pronounced like the
à' in `China'. And ....''
``....I think I can guess the rest. The è' probably sounds like the è' in `set', `pet', and `get'. The final ì'
must be like the ì' in 'sit', `bit', and `hit'.''
`Èxactly! Radhakrishnan was an academic before he became the President of India.''

`Èveryone knows that. That's why we celebrate Teacher's Day.''
`Èxactly!''
``My cousin is the only person in the family who wanted to be an academic. Now tell me, what is the
meaning of the word àcademician'?''
``First of all, the word has the stress on the fourth syllable `mi'. Usually when you refer to someone as
being an àcademician', it implies that he/she is a member of an academy or a society....''
``...any type of academy?''
`Àn academician is usually a member of an academy that is concerned with the arts or sciences. The
Royal Academy of Arts, for instance, or the Russian Academy of Sciences.''
`Ì think I understand the difference now. A professor is an academic. And when that professor
becomes a member of an academy which is devoted to either the sciences or the arts, then he becomes
an àcademician'. Am I right?''
`Àbsolutely! There is a tendency these days, however, to use the words àcademician' and àcademic'
synonymously. Some people object to it. Most dictionaries have only one definition for the word
àcademician' - member of a society or academy.''
`Ì think I understand the difference now.''
``This cousin of yours. What does he teach?''
``Computer Science. And you know something, he is quite a popular teacher.''
``Did he show you the new computer lab?''
``He took me to the lab last week. He has a free access to it, you know.''
``Free access and not à free access'.''
``What?''
``He has free access to the lab. You cannot say à free access'.''
`Ì see. I would like to have access to the building next door. Say after 10:00 in the night!''
``That's a bank! No one is going to grant you access to it at 10:00 in the evening!''
``That's true!''
``But they may be willing to provide free accommodation! Your cousin....''
``....the academic in my family doesn't need accommodation. Today he received a letter from the
university saying that he has been allotted one of their quarters.''
`Àll's well that ends well!''
``Marriages are made in heaven. But so are thunder and lightning!'' - Anonymous
July 10, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning of ``sting operation''?
(B. Premananda Bhat, Manipal)

A sting operation is a well-planned scheme used by law enforcement agencies to entrap a criminal. It
usually involves a lot of undercover work. Often the term is reduced to ``sting''. Here are a few
examples.
It was a well-planned sting operation.
The sting, as expected, went off without a hitch.
The sting required a lot of manpower.
The word ``sting'' has another meaning as well. It is often used in informal contexts to mean ``to cheat
or overcharge someone''. (Remember the Robert Redford and Paul Newman movie called ``The
Sting''?) Here are a few examples.
The fruit vendor tried to sting me.
The supermarket next to my house makes it a point to sting its customers.
The mechanic tried to sting me, but I put him in his place.
What is the difference between ``while'' and ``whilst''
(S. Anand, New Delhi)

As far as meaning is concerned there is no difference between the two words; they can be used
interchangeably. ``Whilst'' is considered by some people to be rather old-fashioned. It is mainly used
in British English; Americans seldom use it. I understand that even within Britain, ``whilst'' is more
common in the north than in the south. As far as the pronunciation is concerned, the final `st' of
`whilst' is pronounced. Here are some examples. The Police entered the former Chief Minister's house
while/whilst he was sleeping.
Shakunthala called up while/whilst I was having dinner.
Who is a ``psephologist''?
(Murali Krishnan, Ernakulam)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first `p' is silent. The `se' in the first syllable sounds like
the `se' in `set', sent', and `sell'. The `ph' is pronounced like the `f' in `fit', `feet', and `food'. The vowel
ò' is like the ò' in `got', `not', and `lot'. The ò' in the third syllable sounds like the à' in `China' and
the following `g' is like the `j' in `jam'. You can probably guess how the final ìst' is pronounced. It is
the second syllable which has the main stress. Psephology is the scientific study of the way in which
people vote in elections.
A `psephologist' therefore is someone who studies how people vote - he comes up with the statistics,
the trends, etc. These are the people you see on TV during elections telling us about the `swing factor',
etc.
Several psephologists were interviewed a day before the elections.
My cousin Mohan wants to be a psephologist when he grows up.
How does one become a psephologist?
What is the meaning and origin of the expression ``to hit the sack''?
(A. J. Venkatasubramayam, Bangalore)

This is an informal expression meaning to `go to bed'. Here are a few examples.
Ranjani hit the sack early last night.
It's been a long day. I am ready to hit the sack.
Although it was well past their bedtime, the children weren't ready to hit the sack.
The expression became popular during World War II when American soldiers began referring to the
sleeping bag/blanket that they were carrying as ``sack''. Later, the word ``sack'' began to be used for
anything that one could sleep on - a bed, a table, a bench, etc. The earlier expression that was
commonly used was ``to hit the hay''.
Does the word ``history sheeter'' exist?
(P. Venkat, Saligramam)

The words `history sheeter' and `rowdy sheeter' are often used in India to refer to a person who has a
long criminal record - someone who has been arrested several times. The word however does not find
a place in dictionaries. There is a word however - `rap sheet'. A `rap sheet' is a term used by native
speakers of English, to refer to someone's criminal record. In this case, the reference is to the sheet
itself and not the individual.
Some of our politicians have a rap sheet that is a mile long.
Her rap sheet is pretty impressive. She'll be our next Chief Minister!
The lawyers asked if there was a rap sheet on their client.
What is the meaning of ``We fear the president may be buying a lemon here''.
(N. Balasubramanian, Kaveripakkam)

Have you ever bought a second hand car? Sometimes the person selling the car tricks us into buying
something absolutely worthless. When you have been tricked into buying something worthless you
have been sold a lemon. When you say that something is a lemon it implies that it is useless because it
fails to work properly. So in the sentence that you have given, you are afraid that the president is
buying something that is absolutely useless. (Isn't that what most presidents do?). Here are a few more
examples.
Promod has a car which is real lemon.
I wouldn't borrow Madhavan's VCR. It's a lemon.
Rajeev bought a radio last month. It's turned out to be a real lemon.
By the way, ``worthless'' is the meaning of the word `lemon' in American English. In British English,
it's people who are referred to as a lemon. The word is used in informal contexts to mean a silly
person.
I felt such a lemon when I tripped over the carpet.
Many of the students think that the Dean is a bit of a lemon.
Usha has no intentions of meeting that lemon Ganpat.
`Ì am free of all prejudices. I hate everyone equally.'' - W. C. Fields
July 17, 2001
WHAT IS the origin of the expression ``lion's share''?
(V. H. Ninoy, Cochin)

This is an expression which owes its origin to a story from Aesop's Fairy Tales. In the story, a lion
and three of his friends - a fox, an ass, and a wolf - go hunting. After they make a kill the lion says
that he is going to keep three fourths of the meat for himself. The reasons he provides for keeping the
``lion's share'' are the following: one fourth as his just share, one fourth for his lioness and cubs, and
the other one fourth for his courage. The lion then goes on to inform his friends that he is prepared to
part with the remaining one fourth provided one of them challenges him to a fight and defeats him.
The three friends refuse to take him on and as a result leave the entire kill to the king of beasts.
``Lion's share'' as you can guess from the story means the larger share of something. Here are a few
examples.
* Promod claimed the lion's share of the credit for winning the match.
* As usual, Vishnu took the lion's share of the pizza.
* They were supposed to divide the money equally between themselves, but Narender took the lion's
share.
How is the word ``dilettante'' pronounced?
(D. Devayani, Hyderabad)

* The ì' in the first syllable and the final `è'' are pronounced like the ì' in `pit', `sit', and `hit'. The
vowel `è'' in the second syllable is like the `à'' in ``china''. Some people pronounce the `à'' like the
à' in àct', `pact', and `hat'. Others pronounce it like the `à'' in ``bath'' and ``path'' (British English).
The main stress is on the third syllable. Any idea what the word means? Well, a `dilettante' is
someone who tries to cultivate an area of interest without really making the necessary commitment.
The person may do a course in painting for example, without taking the subject seriously. He merely
dabbles in the subject. Here are a few examples.
* I wouldn't take him too seriously. He is a musical dilettante.
* He often refers to his writings as the musings of a dilettante.
* The critics, as expected, did not take the young dilettante poet seriously.
What is the difference between ``corrigenda'' and `èrrata''?
(Chhoto Gawai, Nagpur)

Both ``corrigenda'' and `èrrata'' refer to the errors - usually in spelling - that occur in writing or
printing. The words are mainly used to refer to the list of errors in a book along with their corrections.
Of the two words `èrrata'' is the more common. The errata or corrigenda are usually appended to the
book - one usually finds this page at the back. The singular of `corrigenda' is `corrigendum'; while that
of `èrrata'' is `èrratum''. A note about the pronunciation of ``corrigenda''. The ò' in the first syllable
is like the ò' in `cot', `pot', and `hot', while the ì' in the second is like the ì' in `pit', `sit', and `bit'. The
`gen' in the next syllable sounds like the `gen' in `gentle' and `gentleman'. The à' in the final syllable
is like the à' in `china'. The main stress is on the third syllable.
In the case of `èrrata'', the first `à'' is pronounced like the `à'' in ``cat'', ``bat'', and ``hat'', while the
second sounds like the `à'' in ``china''. The stress is on the second syllable.
One of my teachers keeps telling us to ``chill out''. What exactly does he mean by that?
(Vinta Manohar, Adoor)

Well, if your teacher is asking you to ``chill out'' it says a lot about your class. Are you a noisy bunch?
Do you and your friends talk non-stop in class? Do you allow your teacher say his piece? If the
teacher has to use the expression ``chill out'' very often in class, then chances are you are not allowing
him to talk in class! By asking you to ``chill out'', the teacher is asking you to calm down, to relax - in
other words he is pleading with you to stop talking! The plight of most teachers these days! Here are a
few examples.
* Most people like to chill out during weekends.
* The argument was turning nasty. So I told the guys to chill out.
* You have had a pressure packed week. Take a couple of days off and chill out.
It is also possible to say ``chill''. ``Chill out'' and ``chill'' both mean the same thing. Chillin' is another
word, which is used very often in American English. Any idea what it means? It means ``great or
excellent''. Here are a few examples.
* I made some chillin' friends during the holidays.
* Asmita said that she had a chillin' time yesterday.
* The movie was chillin'.
* By the way, all three expressions are used in informal contexts.
What is the correct spelling of ``whiskey''? Is it ``whiskey'' or ``whisky''?
(P. Ramanujam, Hyderabad)

It depends on which part of the world you are from. I understand the Americans spell it ``whiskey''
while the British spell it ``whisky''. The English have been influenced by the way the Scots spell the
word. The Americans, on the other hand, have been influenced by the way the Irish spell the brew. As
you know when America was discovered, a lot of people from Ireland went to settle down there.
***
`Ì am not a vegetarian because I love animals; I am a vegetarian because I hate plants.''
- A. Whitney Brown
July 24, 2001
Know your English
"HOW WAS your trip to Madras? Was your sister happy to see you?''
"I don't know if she was happy to see me or not. But she was definitely happy to note that my water
bottle was full."
"Your water bottle! What was so great about...''
"...there's an acute water shortage in Chennai. Things are really bad. If you were to walk into a
stranger's house with a couple of bottles of water, he would welcome you with open arms!"
"It's that bad, eh? It's nice to know that your sister was happy to see your water bottle at least. Did you
inform that you were planning to take up a job in Bombay?""No, I didn't. Besides, I haven't really
decided whether..."
"...you should have informed that you were...."
"....informed her."
"What?"
"You should have informed her. You cannot say 'You should inform' or 'She informed'. You don't
merely 'inform', you 'inform someone' of something. You have to let the listener know who that
someone is. Here is an example. I informed Bala that there would be a meeting tomorrow."
"Would it be wrong to say 'I informed that there would be a meeting tomorrow'?"
"Yes, it would."
"I see. Then how about this example? The Principal informed some of the students that there would be
no school tomorrow."
"Wishful thinking on your part. But the example is fine. The Manager informed Madhuri that he was
taking the rest of the day off."
"The teacher informed me that I had done fairly well in the test. How does that sound?"
"Sounds great! I must say that you cotton on fast."
"I `cotton on' fast. What's that supposed to mean?"
"Why don't you try and guess the meaning?"
"Well, let me see. I gave you an example and then you said that it was right. And then....Does cotton
on mean that I understand things quickly?"
"Well done. When you `cotton on' to something, you begin to understand it or realise it."
"Is it an expression that is used often?"
"It is an expression used by native speakers of English in informal contexts."
"I see. How about this example then? At long last Harish cottoned on to the fact that Chitra wasn't
interested in him at all."
"That's a pretty good example. Most of the students cottoned on to what the teacher was trying to
say."
"That never happens in my case. Especially when it comes to Physics. Whenever my Physics teacher
says something, it takes me at least half an hour to cotton on to what it is she is saying."
"That's because you don't cotton to physics like some of your other classmates."
"Cotton to? You mean cotton on to, don't you?"
"No, I mean `cotton to'. Here is an example. Jaya doesn't cotton to Karunanidhi."
"That example makes everything clear. Everyone knows that the two can't stand each other. So does
`cotton to' mean to like someone."
"Very good. When you `cotton to' someone or something, you like the person or thing. Here's another
example."
"Wait, wait! Let me come up with one. At the meeting the Manager came up with an excellent idea.
Unfortunately, the Chairman didn't cotton to the idea."
"The heroine of the film didn't cotton to all the attention that the new hero was getting."
"It's not at all surprising that Namratha and Krishna didn't cotton to each other."
"That's a pretty good example. Now then, how about..."
"....by the way, how is your friend Namratha doing? Last I heard she was trying to find a job. Has she
found one?"
"Didn't I tell you about Namratha? She won the lottery about six months ago. And since then she has
been in tall cotton."
"Not cotton again."
"You don't cotton to expressions with the word cotton, do you? Anyway, any idea what 'in tall cotton'
means?"
"Not a clue."
"When you say that someone is in `tall cotton' it means that he or she has life made. The person is
fairly successful and has absolutely no problems with money."
"I wish I were living in tall cotton."
"Who doesn't? The two Ministers were in tall cotton till the CBI figured out what it was that they
were doing."
"Can I say the two Ministers were in tall cotton till the CBI cottoned on to what they were doing?"
"You certainly can."
"How about this example? Twenty years from now I hope to be in tall cotton."
"Sounds good to me. By the way, the expression 'in tall cotton' is considered to be slang. So it should
be used only in informal contexts."
"I'll try and remember that!"
"Hey, where are you off to?"
"Nagu's brother is leaving for Chennai tomorrow. Apparently he and his mother in law just don't get
along."
"So how are you going to solve their problem?"
"Simple. I am going to ask him to carry about ten bottles of water."
"You have just given me an idea. I think you and I can become rich by selling water to our relatives in
Chennai!"
"We'll be in tall cotton then."

***
"I told my wife that a husband is like a fine wine; he gets better with age. The next day, she locked me
in the cellar." - Anonymous
July 31, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the word ``laconic"?
(Y. N. Murthy, Hassan)

If you want to know the meaning of the word ``laconic" all you have to do is to recall those old
Amitabh Bachchan movies where he played the role of the angry young man. Remember movies like
Deewar, Zanjeer, Sholay and Trishul? In these movies Amitabh hardly spoke; he was laconic.
Whenever the heroine or villain spoke at length about something, Amitabh's usual response was a one
liner. The word ``laconic" is usually used to refer to a person who speaks very few words. He is
usually blunt and brief in what he has to say. We have at some time or the other met such a person in
our life. Here are a few examples.
*The scientist's laconic replies were driving the reporter up the wall.
*A laconic politician! That is an oxymoron.
*Das' laconic speech left everyone wondering if something was wrong.
The word comes from the name of a place in Greece - ``Laconia". The Spartans who lived in this
region were known for their ability to ration their words. (An ability, which I wish all our politicians,
would acquire!) Whatever they said, it was to the point. The story goes that Philip of Macedon sent a
message of warning to the Laconians. The message was: `Ìf I enter Laconia with my army, I shall
raze Sparta to the ground. I will destroy it." The Laconians' terse response to this threat was `Ìf"!
Finally, a word about the pronunciation of ``laconic". The `à" in the first syllable is like the `à" in
``China", `àbout", and `ànnounce". The following `ò" sounds like the `ò" in ``cot", ``pot", and
``hot". You can probably figure out how the final syllable is pronounced. The main stress, by the way,
is on the second syllable.
Is there a word for someone who fears thunder and thunderstorms?
(V. Shyamala, Bangalore)

Many of us as children were afraid of thunder and thunderstorms. So it would be rather surprising if
the English language didn't have a word to refer to someone who is scared of thunder and
thunderstorms. The Greek word for thunder is ``bronto". We all know what ``phobia" is. So the fear of
thunder and thunderstorms is ``brontophobia". A person who suffers from this phobia is a
``brontophobe". Here are a few examples.
*Bala had to share a room with a brontophobe during a thunderstorm.
*I am told that Prakasham suffers from brontophobia.
*I wouldn't take Meera out on a night like this. She is brontophobic.
These words however are not used very often.
What is the difference between a ``robber" and a ``thief"?
(Giri, Kurnool)
A thief is someone who takes things from you without your being aware of it. A pickpocket, for
example, is a thief. He comes up behind you and takes away your wallet without your knowledge. A
thief doesn't threaten you with a gun or a knife. In fact, in most cases, you are hardly aware of his
presence.
In the case of a robber, on the other hand, you are aware of his presence. You usually come face to
face with him. A robber takes things from you by threatening you; he may have a gun or a knife. In
the case of a robbery, you are aware of the fact that things are being taken from you. People who force
you to part with your belongings are robbers; those who take it away from you without your
knowledge are thieves.
What is the meaning of the expression ``talk through one's hat"?
(N. Subramanian, Chennai)

This is what our politicians do most of the time. And what is it that our elected officials are famous
for? They have the tendency to give lengthy speeches/talks on subjects that they know nothing about.
So when you ``talk through your hat" what you are actually doing is talking about something as if you
know a lot about it, when in fact you know nothing about it. When you talk through your hat, you talk
nonsense. Here are a few examples.
*Our not so beloved Professor was as usual talking through his hat.
*Jayashree was talking through her hat. She doesn't know anything about chemistry.
*Stop talking through your hat Sunila!
This expression is considered to be rather old fashioned. Another expression, which has the same
meaning, is ``talk through the back of one's head". Here are a few examples.
*Sidhu talks through the back of his head most of the time.
*Pooja as usual was talking through the back of her head.
Can the first Principal of a college be called the ``founder Principal" - though he is not the one who
founded the college? (Dr. C. Venkatramaiah, Tirupati)The word ``founder" is normally used with
people who have established a business, school, college, etc. In your example, the Principal did not
establish the college; he was merely appointed its first Principal. Perhaps the ``founder" appointed
him Principal! You can refer to the individual as the ``first Principal" and not the ``founder Principal".
What is the meaning of ``bimonthly"?
(S. Gopalan, Coimbatore)

The word ``bimonthly" can mean different things. A magazine or journal that is published once in two
months can be called a ``bimonthly". The word can also be used to refer to a magazine that comes out
twice a month. So when someone refers to a magazine as being a bimonthly, find out from him
whether it is twice a month or once in two months. A magazine that comes out once in four months is
called a ``quarterly". A ``fortnightly" is one that is published once in two weeks.
***
``Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there
would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in beer." - Dave Barry
August 07, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "red letter day"?
(J. Suresh, Chennai)

When you refer to something as being a "red letter day", it implies that it's a very important or a very
special day. As far as you are concerned, it's a day on which something memorable happened or will
happen. Here are a few examples.
* The day the school won the championship was a red letter day for us.
* Even after twenty-five years, Vasu considers his wedding day a red-letter day.
* The days I spent with Raja Rao were red-letter days.
The expression comes from the practice that was followed in religious calendars. In the old days,
saints' birthdays, festivals and other holy days were marked in red. The other days of the month,
which were not special, were marked in black. So, the original "red letter day" had a religious
significance. It was only during the 18th century that the expression began to take on a general
meaning - namely any memorable or important day in an individual's life. You can now refer to the
day of graduation as a red-letter day. The day you meet Amitabh Bachchan or Sachin Tendulkar could
also be called a red letter day! By the way, this practice of marking special days in red continues even
today. For the modern man, Sundays and second Saturdays have become red-letter days as well!
What is the meaning of "misogynist"? How do you pronounce the word?
(Anto Maria Santosh, Chennai)

The word "misogynist" is usually used to refer to a man who hates women. Here are a few examples.
* Some scholars believe that Jack the Ripper was a misogynist.
* When his wife ran away with another man, Rahul became a misogynist.
* As expected, the misogynist didn't invite a single woman to the party.
A word about the pronunciation. The ì' in the first syllable is like the ì' in `hit', `bit', and `sit'. The
following ò' sounds like the ò' in `hot', `pot', and `lot'. The "y" in the third syllable is pronounced
like the "a" in "China", and "about". The "g", by the way, is like the "j" in "jam", "Jew", and "jelly".
The final "i" is like the "i" in "kit" and "pit". The main stress is on the second syllable.
This word is another example of how male chauvinistic the English language is. "Misogynist" is a
fairly common word; most dictionaries include it. But not all dictionaries include the word, which
refers to a woman who hates men! Why? I guess women are supposed to like men. Perhaps there are
more women-hating men than men-hating women! Who knows! By the way, do you know what a
woman who hates men is called? "Misandrist".
Is it OK to say, "Which class are you studying?"
(K. Raghavan, Thiruvananthapuram)

This seems to be a common way of asking the question in our country. Most people accept it the way
it is - at least in speech. If you wish to be grammatically correct the word "in" is required. You could
either say, "In which class are you studying?" or "Which class are you studying in?" It is also possible
to ask a person, "Which class are you in?" Here are a few more examples.
* In which room did the murder take place?
* Which room did the murder take place in?
What is the difference between "martyr" and "victim"?
(F.S. Riazuddin, Port Blair)

A martyr is someone who is killed or punished because of his religious or political beliefs. The
individual is willing to undergo any amount of suffering for the cause he believes in. Mahatma
Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. were assassinated because of their political beliefs. Whatever be
the reason - political, or religious - the individual in this case is usually punished or killed
intentionally.
A "victim", on the other hand, may or may not have any strong political or religious beliefs. He may
be killed or punished intentionally or accidentally. A person who is murdered is referred to as a
"victim" and so is an individual who dies in a road accident. The word "martyr" carries with it the
sense that the individual gave up his life voluntarily for the cause he believed in; that he fought hard
for his beliefs. A "victim" may been killed for no apparent reason. He could have merely been an
individual who was at the wrong place at the wrong time.
What do the initials FAQ stand?
(C.R. Lokanath, Madanapalli)

You find this in many web sites. The letters stand for "frequently asked questions".
***
"If you want your spouse to listen and pay strict attention to every word you say, talk in your sleep."
- Anonymous
August 14, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "to give someone an even break"?
(A. Ramaniah, Secunderabad)

When you give someone an even break you are giving the person the same opportunities as others to
do something. In other words, you are giving a fair chance to the individual; you are being impartial.
Here are a few examples.
*Sarita has tonnes of talent. All she needs is someone to give her an even break and she could be at
the top.
*If you don't have a Godfather, then no one will be willing to give you the even break you need to
prove how good you are.
*Prasanna gave the even break Sneha was desperately looking for. She will always be grateful to him.
There are several explanations as to the origin of this expression. I will deal with only one here.
According to some scholars, the expression comes from the sport of dog racing. In the old days it was
common practice for people to take bets on whose dog was faster and which one was better skilled at
"hare coursing". In order to determine this, the owners held the animals tightly by the leash and
released them at the same time. This letting go of the leash at the same moment - so that neither dog
was at an advantage - was referred to as an "even break." In case you are wondering what "hare
coursing" is, well, a poor hare was let loose and the dogs were made to chase and kill the frightened
animal. A cruel sport, indeed! By giving the dogs an even break, the faster and more skilled animal
was likely to catch the hare. Later, the expression "to give someone an even break" began to be used
with horse racing as well. Here it refers to the clean start to a race; where all the horses start off at the
same time.
Can we say 7 into 20 is 140?
(S. Mohan, Kovaipudur)

This is the standard practice in India. When we want to multiply, we say one of the following:
multiply, into, or times. Native speakers of English, on the other hand, tend to use either "multiply" or
"times". For example, a native speaker might say, "Three hundred and twenty times twenty is six
thousand four hundred" He may also say, "Three hundred and twenty times twenty makes six
thousand four hundred". For a simple sum like the one that you have given, the native speaker would
say, "Seven twenties are one hundred and forty". Notice that it isn't "is", but "are". Two fives are ten.
Three tens are thirty.
The word "into" is normally reserved for division and not multiplication. For a native speaker, ten
"into" one hundred and twenty would mean one hundred twenty divided by ten. The answer in this
case is twelve. But for many Indians the answer would be one thousand two hundred - because we
tend to associate "into" with multiplication.
What is the difference between "despise" and "hate"?
(T. Aparna Raman, Mysore)

When you "hate" someone, you dislike the person intensely. Here are a few examples.
*I hate all politicians.
*There was a time when Reshma hated her Principal.
*When she was young, Janaki hated her sister.
"Despise" is a stronger word than "hate". When you say that you despise someone, it implies that you
"hate" that person, but it also carries with it the sense that you have contempt for him/her. In other
words, when you hate someone, you dislike the individual intensely, but when you "despise" him, you
not only dislike him, but you also look down on him. So, when you despise someone, you consider
him being beneath you; you may think that the individual is worthless. The word "hate" does not carry
with it this negative connotation. You can hate someone who is superior to you. Here are a few
examples.
*Nandita despises her new boss.
*I am told that Tara despises the company I work for.
Which is correct? "Co-brother" or "co son-in-law?"
(V. S. Rama Sarma, Cuddapah)

Indians, particularly those from the south, use the terms "co- brother" and "co son-in-law" to refer to
one's wife's sister's husband. Native speakers of English however do not use these terms. Co-brother
and co-son in law are terms used in Indian English alone. If you were to introduce someone as your
"co- brother" to a native speaker of English, he/she would not understand you. Within the Indian
context, I guess, we can continue to use the terms.
How is the word "exposi" pronounced?
(N. Visvanathan, Chennai)

The first syllable "ex" is pronounced like the prefix "ex". The "o" in the second syllable is like the "o"
in "go", "so" and "no". The following "s" is like the "z" in "zoo", "zip" and "zing". The final "i"
sounds like the "ay" in "say", "gay", and "may". The stress is on the second syllable "po". It is also
possible to have the main stress on the final syllable. In order to do that, you must pronounce the "o"
in the second syllable like the "a" in "China" and "India". By the way, the final "i" has an accent mark
on it.
An exposi is generally a story in the mass media - radio, television, newspapers, etc - which reveals
the truth about something to the public. Here are a few examples.
*The exposi triggered off a parliamentary debate.
*We want an exposi of the shady deals of builders.
*The local newspaper relies on exposi to survive.
******
"Anytime four New Yorkers get into a cab together without arguing, a bank robbery has just taken
place." Johnny Carson.
Erratum: A "quarterly" is a magazine that comes out every three months and not four as indicated in
the column dated July 31. A quarterly is published four times a year!
August 21, 2001
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "Can't hold a candle to someone"?
(T.D.V. Raman, Chennai)

When you say that someone cannot hold a candle to you, what you are implying is that the other
person is not equal to you; he/she is in fact inferior to you. The expression can be used with things as
well. Here are a few examples.
*As a teacher, Satish can't hold a candle to Atul.
*According to Manaswini, no pop group can hold a candle to the Beatles.*Naveen thinks he's a
wonderful sitar player. The poor guy doesn't realise that he can't hold a candle to Shravan when it
comes to playing the sitar.
This is one of those expressions, which has been around for several hundred years. Before the days of
electricity, it was common practice to light candles after the sun went down. Since street lighting was
almost non-existent, the fairly well to do had servants who followed them everywhere carrying a
candle. It was also possible to hire "linkboys". These boys carried with them lanterns and candles and
they provided the necessary light for the people going from one part of the town to another. Since the
servants and the linkboys were looked down upon by the masters, the expression "can't hold a candle
to someone" began to mean someone who is inferior.
What is the difference between "partially cooked" and "partly cooked"?
(T. Sundaram, Vellore)

There is a tendency to use the words "partially" and "partly" interchangeably. But careful users of the
language make a distinction between the two. When you say that the rice has been partially cooked, it
implies that it has not been completely cooked. In other words, it has been underdone; it needs to be
boiled some more. On the other hand, when you say that it has been "partly" cooked, it seems to
suggest that while certain portions have been cooked properly, some others have not been properly
cooked. Perhaps some parts have been partially cooked! It is possible for a person to eat rice that has
been partly cooked; he can eat the portion that has been cooked properly. You can also eat rice that
has been partially cooked, but you may end up with a stomach-ache.
How do you pronounce `schizophrenia'?
(Swarup Dey Sarkar, Bokaro)

The word consists of four syllables. The first syllable is pronounced like the word "skit", while the
second is pronounced like the word "so". The third syllable sounds like the word "free"; while the
final "ia" is like the "ear" in "near", "dear", and "fear". The main stress is on the third syllable "phre".
Some people pronounce the "o" in the second syllable like the "a" in "China".
Any idea what the word means? Schizophrenia is a mental disorder; people who withdraw into a
totally different world, one that has nothing to do with reality are said to be suffering from
schizophrenia. In informal speech, the word is often reduced to "schizo", although this may not be the
polite thing to do when talking seriously about someone with a mental disorder.
Should I say, "I enclose" or "I enclose herewith"
(L. Sukanya, Vellore)

Whenever someone applies for a job, it is standard practice to conclude the letter by saying, "I am
enclosing herewith my certificates and...". Some people object to the use of the word "herewith"; they
argue that it is redundant. They recommend that people say, "I enclose a copy of....", or, "Please find
enclosed a copy of ". But the fact remains that even native speakers of English do say, "enclose
herewith". The example provided by the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English for the word
herewith is "I enclose herewith two copies of the contract".
What is the opposite of "postpone"?
(V. C. Nair, Coimbatore)

I guess in the Indian context one would say that the opposite is "prepone". It is very common to hear
people say:
*The meeting has been preponed.
*I have decided to prepone my ticket.
*The date of his wedding has been preponed.
Native speakers of English, on the other hand, tend to use the word "advanced" in these contexts.
*The meeting has been advanced.
*I have decided to advance the date of my journey.
*The date of his wedding has been advanced.
With so many Indians living abroad, I am sure the word "prepone" will soon become a part of the
native speakers' active vocabulary. I understand that the word has caught on in Canada. A lot of
doctors there use it.
Is it OK to say, "Myself Subh Karan"?
(Subh Karan Choradia, Gogolao, Rajasthan)

There is a tendency among Indians to say "Myself Ram" or "Myself Krishna". The word "myself",
"himself", "herself", etc should not come at the beginning of a sentence. You generally use these
words when you have "I", "him", and "her" at the beginning of a sentence. For example.
*I made the pizza myself.
*She did the assignment herself.
*The young man washed himself.
*It would be ungrammatical to say: Myself made the pizza. / Herself did the assignment.
*****
"Ladies may have a fit upstairs." {frac12} Notice outside a Hong Kong tailor shop.
August 28, 2001
Know your English
"HI I see that the house next door has now become an office. It has a nice name too. Silent World."
"Silent World, indeed. It's a misnomer."
"A what?"
"M..i..s..n..o..m..e..r. The first syllable sounds like the word "miss", while the second sounds like the
word 'no'.""The final 'e' is like the 'a' in 'china', I suppose? But what does the word mean?"
"It means that something has been given the wrong name or designation."
"A wrong word has been used to describe something. Is that what you are saying?"
"I guess you could say that. For example, Silent World is a misnomer for the office next door. It
should be called 'Noisy World'. It is anything silent."
"Calling Agarkar an 'all rounder' is a misnomer."
"That's a pretty good example. But the stress in 'misnomer' is on the second syllable. Here's another
example. 'First class restaurant' is a misnomer for the run down place we have down the street. And do
you know..."
"...what's the matter with you today? Why do you look so grumpy?"
"Haven't you told me a million times that I always look grumpy?"
"Not this grumpy. Something go wrong with the presentation you made yesterday?"
"You're smarter than you look. But yes, the presentation went down like a lead balloon."
"Went down like a lead balloon, eh? Is that another way of saying that your presentation flopped?"
"That's right. When you say that something went down like a lead balloon, it means that it was a total
disaster. It failed to be funny."
"You tried to make a funny presentation? That was a big mistake. You have no sense of humour.
Everyone knows that. Your jokes always go down like a lead balloon."
"They do not. Nobody has ever told me that my...."
".... remember the play you wrote a couple of years ago. You thought it was really funny. But nobody
else did. It went down like a lead balloon."
"Well if you keep insulting me like that, you will go down like a ton of bricks."
"Sorry. I didn't mean to insult you. But you ...."
"...Oh never mind. I guess it's about time I forgot all about the presentation."
"Your presentations are usually good. At least that's what you claim. What went wrong this time?"
"I just didn't have time to prepare. I'd spread myself too thin, and...."
".... spread yourself too thin? You certainly don't look it. If you ask me, you have put on weight."
"Spreading oneself too thin has nothing to do with putting on or losing weight. When you say that you
have spread yourself too thin, what you are implying is that you are doing too many things at the same
time."
"I see. And if you are doing too many things at the same time, then it isn't possible for you to focus on
anything in particular."
"Exactly!"
"Many of the students in my class have spread themselves too thin."
"Bala is teaching five courses this semester. I am afraid that he has spread himself too thin."
"I make it a point never to spread myself too thin."
"You are a completely different case. You make it a point to work as little as possible. Now then,...."
"...o.k. Grumpy, did you ask the people what they thought of your presentation?"
"I did try to sound out a couple of people, but they weren't very...."
".... `sound out people'. That's an interesting expression."
"When you sound someone out, you...."
"....I think I can guess the meaning. When you sound someone out, you probably try and find out what
he/she thinks about something."
"Excellent. That's exactly what it means."
"Suresh was keen on knowing what Suparna thought of his new movie. He wanted me to sound her
out."
"That's a good example. My boss is planning to bring about big changes in our company. He wants
me to sound everyone out."
"...this presentation that you were making was for some private company, right?"
"That's right."
"Are you going to get paid for it?"
"Get paid for it? You must be joking. The poor owner is running it on a shoestring budget."
"A shoestring budget? What does that mean?"
"When you run something on a shoestring it means that you running it at a very low cost. You are
running it on a small or inadequate budget."
"I see. And does this...."
"....let me give you another example. The ...."
"....let me try. My cousin started a restaurant on a shoestring budget."
"My uncle's company was able to produce high quality material on a shoestring budget."
"That's great! What's the company called?"
"Shoestring!"
***
``Water is composed of two gins - oxygin and hydrogin. Oxygin is pure gin. Hydrogin is gin and
water."
- A student in U.S.A.
September 04, 2001
What is the meaning and origin of the expression ``to throw one's hat into the ring?
(R. Ramasubramanian, Coimbatore)

When you ``throw'' or ``toss'' your hat into the ring what you are doing is informing everyone that you
are willing to enter a contest. The expression these days is normally used in politics. When someone
throws his hat "in" or "into" the ring, he is announcing to the world that he is a candidate in the
coming election. In other words, he is contesting. Here are a few examples.
* Renuka is seriously considering throwing her hat into the ring this time.
* Arjun has tossed his hat in the ring. This should make things interesting.
* I would sound people out before throwing my hat into the ring if I were you.
The expression comes from the sport of boxing. In the old days whenever someone threw his hat into
the boxing ring, it implied that he was challenging the boxer; he was willing to fight the person in the
ring.
A well-known boxer, John L. Sullivan, used to go through this ritual every time he fought. After
defeating his opponent, Sullivan would toss his hat into the ring. This was a challenge to the people in
the audience.
If the man who challenged him was able to remain on his feet till the end of the bout, then Sullivan
used to give him a prize. They were not too many occasions when he actually had to pay the
challenger!
So the original meaning of "tossing the hat into the ring" was to challenge. It was only in the 19th
Century that the expression took on the meaning it has today - announcing one's political candidacy.
What is the plural of "mother-in-law"?
(S. Shanthi, Kurnool)

At the beginning of this century there was only one plural for this word - mothers in law. The word
"mother in laws" was considered unacceptable. As a result, we had "fathers in law", "brothers in law",
"sisters in law", etc.
Of late, native speakers of English have started saying, "mother in laws", father in laws", "brother in
laws", etc. So to get back to your question, the plural of "mother in law" could be either "mothers in
law" or "mother in laws". Take your pick.
Which of the following sentences is correct? "The fees has to be paid", or "The fees have to be
paid"?
(Chandrasekhar, Chennai)
The word "fees" is considered to be plural; the singular is "fee". Rules of grammar dictate that "fees"
should be followed by a plural verb. The correct sentence is, "The fees have to be paid". Here are a
few more examples.
* The entrance fee has gone up.
* The school fees are exorbitant.
* The fee is likely to be increased.
Does the word "timepass" exist?
(M. Aruna, Thiruvannamalai)

It certainly does; at least it is alive and kicking in Indian English. We often use this word in our
country to mean a good way of spending one's time. For example, we hear people say.
* The movie was a good timepass.
* It was just timepass.
* I always take a book with me when I travel. It's good timepass.
The word however does not exist in the native varieties of English. The native speaker would
normally say, "pass time".
* The movie was an enjoyable way of passing one's time.
* I always take a book with me when I travel. It's a nice way of passing one's time.
* I passed time watching the kids at play.
What is the word for a wife who is excessively fond of her husband?
(Kriti Nath Jha, Delhi)

Some time ago I had written in this column that the English language has a word for a man who is
excessively fond of his wife -"uxorious"- but that it doesn't have a word for a woman who is
excessively fond of her husband. I am happy to report that such a word does exist. The word is
"maritorious". It is derived from the Latin "maritus" meaning "husband". But unlike the word
"uxorious", "maritorious" is a word that is seldom heard or used. One does not find it listed in most
dictionaries. Wonder why!
Is it OK to say, "Rectify my doubts"?
(A. Arunachalam, Chennai)

The word "rectify" means to correct something that is wrong. This is a word, which is normally used
in formal contexts. One can talk about rectifying a situation, mistake, or defect. Here are a few
examples.
* Santosh did his best to rectify the situation.
* We would like you to rectify the mistakes made by the previous Manager.
* The defects could not be rectified.
One does not `rectify' doubts. One can get them `cleared'. We can for example say, "I would like to
have my doubts cleared".
***
"The word trousers is an uncommon noun because it is singular at the top and plural at the bottom."
- A student
September 11, 2001 Sep: 25 18 11 04
http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/11/13hdline.htm though it is mentioned as a link,

KYEnglish article was not available in this link.- Info / Venkat
September 18, 2001
Know your English

"WHAT'S THE matter with you? You look terrible."
"I have been thinking about our Indian cricket team. I feel absolutely miserable whenever they lose."
"Don't eat your heart out about a bunch of overpaid underachievers!""Eat my heart out? I haven't
come across that expression before."
"When you tell someone not to èat his heart out' about something or someone, you are telling him not
to grieve or feel sad about something or someone. For example, I can say, Pandey spent a lot of time
eating his heart out after the company he was working for folded."
"Sumithran has been eating his heart out ever since his neighbour sold her house and moved to
another town."
"My cousin Anuradha ate her heart out when she was forced to sell her grandmother's diamonds."
"Our team didn't win. But don't eat your heart out."
"That should be the attitude. By the way, the expression, èat your heart out' has another meaning as
well. It can mean, `to be jealous'."
"I see. How about this example? When my friend heard that I had won twenty lakhs in a lottery, he ate
his heart out."
"That's a good example. Do you think you will ever win twenty lakhs in a lottery?"
"Who knows? Some day fate may decide to smile on me."
"It already has. That's why you have a friend like me! Anyway, here's another example. Look you
guys; these five new cars belong to me. So eat your heart out."
"That's a nasty thing to say."
"I know! And you know what the sad part is? I'll never get a chance to say something like that in real
life."
"Thank god for that. By the way, I've started taking tennis lessons. Hewitt, eat your heart out. How
does that sound?"
"You expect Hewitt to be jealous because you have started playing tennis?"
"Yes, because pretty soon I will be beating him!"
"Keep dreaming. I don't think the fact that you are learning tennis is going to eat away at Hewitt."
"Eat away at Hewitt? What does that mean?"
"When something èats away at someone' or èats at someone', it troubles or worries the person. This
is one of the meanings of the expression. For example, the fact that he would soon be out of a job was
eating away at Jaichand."
"The terrible state of the company was eating away at Raju."
"Vinita's financial problems ate away at her day and night."
"Vinita has financial problems? But I thought she was very rich."
"Her father is very rich, that's true. But..."
".... so why doesn't she ask her father for some money?"
"Ask him for money! Are you crazy? He'll eat her out."
"He'll eat her out? What does that mean? Does it ...."
".... when someone eats you out, what ...."
".... the expression probably means to scold someone severely. Am I right?"
"I am impressed. Can you give me an example?"
"The Principal ate the teacher out and put the fear of God into her."
"Didn't the other teachers protest?"
"That was just an example. The Principal that we have now is too timid to eat anyone out."
"The coach ate the player out for playing an irresponsible shot."
"When the students walked in half an hour late, the Professor really ate them out."
"That was a good example. By the way, how did you guess the meaning of èat someone out'?"
"Well, èat someone out' sounds like `chew someone out'. And I know that `chew someone out' means
to scold someone."
"Very good. And like the expression `chew someone out', èat someone out' is mainly used in
informal contexts. In fact, `chew someone out' is considered to be slang."
"The teacher chewed me out for coming late to class.''
"The coach gave the entire team a good chewing out."
"John Wright has to probably give our players a good chewing out every other day. Unfortunately, it
seems to have no effect on them."
"It's getting late. I'd better go. Are you eating out today?"
"No, I am eating in for a change."
"Eating in? Is it the opposite of èating out'?"
"That's right! When you say that you are eating in, what you are actually saying is you are eating at
home. I am feeling very tired today. Why don't we just eat in?"
"My grandmother is a great cook. Whenever we go to her place, we always eat in."
"That's a good example. People who travel a lot generally hate eating out. When they get back home,
they prefer to eat in."
"Well, I'd better be going. Today being a weekday we'll all be eating in. I don't want my father to
chew me out for being late."
"What will you be having for dinner? Any idea?"
"The usual rice and sambar."
"I am planning to make pizza."
"I love pizza."
"Eat your heart out, kid!"

***
"The spinal column is a long bunch of bones. The head sits on the top and you sit on the bottom."
&151; A student in the U.S.
September 25, 2001
IS IT correct to say ``He has good command over English"?
(B. Senthil, Madurai)

Careful users of the language would frown on this. They would argue that one can have command
over people, but not over language. You can for example say:
He has total command over his men. They will do whatever he wants them to.
But when it comes to language, they would prefer `òf '' to `òver".
We are looking for someone who has good command of English.
Many children in the south have little or no command of Hindi.
I am told that Prakasham has good command of French.
There is a tendency these days however, even among some native speakers, to say ``have good
command over English". The purists may not like this, but as the Americans would put it, that's the
way the cookie crumbles. To be on the safe side, avoid saying ``command over English".
Which of the following sentences is correct? The Government has many problems''or ``The
Government have many problems"?
(D. S. R. Ramaswamy, Bangalore)

Both are acceptable. It depends on how you view the Government. Do you consider the Government
to be single impersonal unit, or do you look upon it as consisting of separate small units? If you view
it as a single unit, then you can use a singular verb ``The Government has many problems". If, on the
other hand, you view the Government as comprising several different units, then you can use the
plural verb ``have''&151; ``The Government have many problems". There are many words in English,
which can take either the singular or the plural verb - family, jury, committee, staff, team are just
some of the nouns. Here are a few examples.
The jury was/were beginning to look bored.
The family was/were planning to move to Australia.
What is the meaning and origin of the term ``son of a gun"?
(Dr. T. Muralidharan, Palakkad)

This is an expression that is frequently heard in American English. It is used to express different
emotions. It is often used to indicate surprise and shock.
Son of a gun! I can't believe that they actually bombed New York.
The expression is also used to refer to a man who is unpleasant.
I wouldn't go anywhere near Anand. He's a mean son of a gun.
Don't get too friendly with that man. The son of a gun will take advantage of you.
The son of a gun tried to steal from his own parents.
It is also used as a term of endearment. When you refer to someone as ``son of a gun", you are
indicating your affection for that person. Here are a few examples.
The little son of a gun got an A in the test.
The son of a gun went out of his way to help me.
As to the origin, well to begin with, the expression ``son of a gun'' was a polite way of referring to an
illegitimate child, usually a boy! In the old days, it was standard practice to take women on long
voyages. Sometimes these women became pregnant and had the baby on the ship. Usually the
maternity ward, if you can call it that, was the midsection of the ship, next to the cannons. Since all
deaths and births on a ship had to be recorded, the newborn baby's record was written up as well. If it
was not clear who the father of the child was, then next to the father's name, the word ``Gun'' was
written &151; referring to the cannon next to which the child was born. Against the child's name, the
word ``son'' was written. Hence the expression, ``son of a gun".
What is the difference between ``should'' and ``must"?
(K.R. Mahalingam, Chennai)

When you tell someone that he should do something, you are advising him to do it. You are not
ordering him to do something; you are merely asking him to consider the possibility. It is a request;
you are merely suggesting to the individual that it would be a good idea if he were to do it. Here are a
few examples.
You should brush your teeth every day before going to bed.
Mohan should work harder.
I think the old rules should be revised.
The word ``must'' is normally used when you wish to order someone. You are no longer requesting, or
suggesting, you are telling the person what to do. When a person is told that he ``should'' brush his
teeth, he has a choice; he can either follow your advice, or he can ignore it completely. In the case of
``must", the person has no option. He has to brush his teeth. Here are a few examples.
If you want to get through your exams, you must work harder.
I am telling you that you must not marry that girl.
The Chairman said that we must work on Sunday.
What is the meaning of ``ground zero"?
(N. Raja Mani, Secunderabad)

This is a term that has been heard quite frequently on CNN the past couple of weeks. ``Ground zero''
was originally used to refer to an atomic explosion; it is the site at which an atomic explosion took
place. This is how dictionaries define the term: ``the point on the surface of the earth or water directly
below, directly above, or at which an atomic or hydrogen bomb explodes". Today the term is being
used informally to mean a place of rapid development or change; a place of violent activity.
About ten years ago no one had heard about Vasudeva Nagar. But today it has become the ground
zero from which restaurants and designer shops radiate.
The term ``ground zero'' is also used to mean elementary level; a ``starting point". For example,
Many of my students will be starting at ground zero.
My boss didn't like the ad campaign. Looks like I have to return to ground zero.
*****
"I've had bad luck with both my wives. The first one left me and the second one didn't."
October 02, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning of "neck to neck"?
(Mukul K. Ranjan, New Delhi)

First of all, it's not "neck to neck", but "neck and neck". Although there is a tendency to say "neck to
neck" within India, it is wrong to do so. When you say that a particular race or contest between two
participants was neck and neck, what you are implying is that it was very even or very close; either of
the two participants could have won it.
* The survey shows that the two political parties are running neck and neck.
* At the two-mile mark, Mohan and Shyam were running neck and neck.
* Atul and Vishnu were running neck and neck in the quiz competition.
"Neck and neck" comes from the world of horse racing.
What is the meaning of "You scared the daylights out of me"?
(Siva Prasad Viswanatha, Hyderabad).

This is an expression which is mostly used in informal contexts. When you "scare the daylights out of
someone", you succeed in frightening the person quite badly. Remember the James Bond movie,
"Living Daylights"? Well, it is also possible to say, ``scare the living daylights out of someone". Here
are a few examples.
* The little boy scared the daylights out of his mother.
* The bombing of the World Trade Center has scared the living daylights out of most Americans.
* Vijay's Halloween mask scared the daylights out of Sadhana.
Other expressions which mean more or less the same thing are "frighten the daylights out of
someone", "scare the wits out of someone", and "scare someone out of his wits".
Which of the following sentences is correct? ``The driver of the bus was expired in the
accident'' or ``The driver of the bus expired in the accident"?
(V. Murali Krishna Rao, Bhimavaram)

It is grammatically incorrect to say, "was expired". The first sentence is therefore definitely wrong. As
far as the second sentence is concerned, well, usually in an accident, people "die", they do not
"expire". Therefore it's better to say, "The driver died in the accident", instead of "The driver expired
in the accident". The word "expire" carries with it the sense that things came to an end gradually along
expected lines. In an accident, things do not happen gradually; they happen suddenly, unexpectedly.
Therefore "died" is a better word in this context.
What is the difference between "placebo" and "panacea"?
(V. Revathi, Srirangam)

First let's deal with the pronunciation of the two words. The "a" in the first syllable of "placebo" is
like the "a" in "china"; the following "e" is like the "ee" in "see", "bee", and "free". The final "o"
sounds like the "oe" in "toe", "doe", and "Joe". The stress is on the second syllable "ce".
The first "a" in "panacea" is like the "a" in "act", "pact", and "fact", while the second is like the "a" in
"china". The final "cea" rhymes with the words "fear", "dear", and "cheer". The main stress is on the
third syllable.
The Greek word "panacea" means "universal remedy". During the old days it was common practice
for some people to claim that a certain herb could cure all diseases; they claimed that it was a panacea.
We now know that there is no such herb. Though the word "panacea" continues to be used, the focus
now has shifted from curing bodily ills to social ills. Here are a few examples.
* America thinks that getting rid of terrorism is the panacea for the world's problems.* Borrowing
money from the World Bank may help. But it is not a panacea.
* Marrying someone rich is not the panacea for your problems, Krishna.
A "placebo", on the other hand, is a substance that is given to an individual instead of real medicine.
We have met people who keep complaining about their health all the time. Every time you meet them,
they have a different ailment. Most of the time the problems are imaginary. Some people visit the
doctor and take great pleasure in explaining to him the various aches and pains. The doctor knows that
the patient's illness is imaginary, but in order to please the patient he gives him tablets, which he
recommends, should be taken every day. The tablets are not medicine, but sugarcoated pills.
The tablets are a placebo; they have no medicinal value. The patient after taking them, however,
begins to feel better. As far as he is concerned he has become well because of the tablets that the
doctor has given him. The imagined aches and pains disappear because the patient feels that he has
been taking genuine medicine!
* The doctor kept his coloured placebos in the bottom drawer.
* He began to feel better after a couple of days. He didn't realise that what the doctor had given him
was nothing more than a placebo.
* Namratha wasn't given the real drug, but only a placebo.
Is it wrong to say, "Protest against something"?
(Smita Chandra, Lucknow)

No, it isn't. It is possible for one to "protest against" or "protest about" something. Here are a few
examples.
* We protested against the increase in student fees.
* Prabhakar is always protesting about something.
* The workers decided not to protest against the downsizing of the company.
* Most of us were planning to protest about the increased workload.
In American English it is possible to "protest" something. For example,
* We protested the increase in working hours.
* The students protested the indiscriminate firing by the police.
* The unions were protesting the war.
***
"The only imaginative fiction being written today is income tax returns." — Herman Wouk
October 09, 2001
Know your English

"HI, COME on in. Nice pair of jeans. Where did you buy them?"
"At Jeansworld. And they cost me only Rs. 150."
"That's pretty cheap. Is there a sale going on?"
"No, no sale. I exchanged my old pair of jeans with this new pair."
"For a new pair."
"What?"
"You don't exchange something `with' something. You usually exchange something `for' something.
For example, Saritha exchanged her old VCR for a new one."
"My father is planning to exchange his old scooter for a new one. How does that sound?"
"The example is an excellent one. But do you seriously think someone will actually pay money for
that rusty old thing?"
"Well, I'm not really sure."
"I have a feeling that your father will have to pay money to get rid of it! Ha! Ha!"
"You have a point there. My mother would agree with you completely. She's been asking him to get
rid of the old scooter for about ten years now. But he keeps telling her that he can't. Apparently it was
a gift from his father. Anyway, how about this example? The old farmer exchanged his wheat for oil."
"Good example again! Now then, how about...."
".... listen, does this mean it's wrong to say èxchange with'?"
"Of course not. You can use both èxchange with' and èxchange for'. What you have to remember is
you èxchange something for something' and you èxchange something with someone'."
"In other words, you use èxchange with' to indicate trading between people, not between things."
"I guess you could say that. Here's an example. The two students exchanged coats with each other."
"Sujatha exchanges books with many of her friends. How does that sound?"
"Fine. Here's another example. I exchange greetings with Ajit on 1st January. That's the only time I
ring him up."
"That's understandable. I mean who would want to talk to that creep?"
"There are lots of people who want to talk to him. Many people think he's very intelligent.''
"Those people must be crazy. You know, sometimes I think people are not really interested.... That
reminds me, what is the difference between `some time' and `sometime'?"
"Well, `some time' is normally used to indicate some amount of time. The duration could be very
short or long. It could be five minutes or ten years. For example, I need some time to finish writing
this letter."
"Karthick always makes it a point to spend some time with his grandparents during the summer. How
does that sound?"
"Sounds great. As a child, Padma spent quite some time in Gwalior. Her Hindi is excellent.''
"In all these examples, would it be wrong to use `sometime'?"

"Yes, it would. `Sometime' is normally used to refer to indefinite time in the future or the past. For
example, 'Pramod will be arriving sometime next month'."
"So, what you are saying is that Pramod will be arriving next month, but you don't know when. That
is, you don't know the date and the time."
``That's right. The sentence gives you a general idea as to when Promod is arriving, but it does not
specify when exactly. Here is another example. Would it be possible for me to come and see you
sometime tomorrow?"
"The Vice Chancellor told us that the results would be announced sometime next month."
"That's a good example."
``The Guptas have been married for 25 years. They have been married for quite some time."
"I hope to get married sometime next year."
"No girl in her right mind would marry you."
"You may be right. But you never know. You know sometimes I wish, I could just..."
"....ah, the word `sometimes'. This is a word I know."
"Really? What do you think it means?"
" `Sometimes' means occasionally, once in a while...that's what it means, doesn't it?"
"You're right. That's exactly what it means."
"I am glad that I was able to answer at least one question correctly today. You know, sometimes I
wish I were smarter."
"Sometimes my boss gets really angry with me."
"That's not surprising! Most of the time I am happy being who I am, but sometimes I wish I had been
born in America."
"With your kind of luck you would have ended up working on the 90th floor of the World Trade
Centre."
"You know sometimes you say the strangest things."
"That's because spending time with you drives me crazy. Shall we continue our conversation
sometime tomorrow?"
"No, thank you. I have to spend some time cleaning up my room."
"You! Cleaning up your room? You know you still manage to surprise me sometimes."
*****
"When we drink, we get drunk. When we get drunk, we fall asleep. When we fall asleep, we commit
no sin. When we commit no sin, we go to heaven. Sooooo, let's all get drunk and go to heaven!'' —
Brian O'Rourke
October 16, 2001
WHAT IS the plural of "staff "?
(S. Srinivasan, Madurai)

If you are thinking of people working in an organisation, then the plural is "staff ".The word is an
uncountable noun. In most universities, for example, we have teaching staff and administrative staff.
Like the nouns "jury", "government", etc. the word "staff" can be followed by either a singular or a
plural verb. Here are a few examples.
*The staff is of the opinion that we should go on strike.
*The staff were excellent.
*The staff at St. Mary's Hospital have rejected the new pay scale.
The word is normally not used to refer to a single individual. If you wish to refer to a single person,
then you could say "staff member", "staff person", etc. Some people use the word "staffer", not
everyone, however, accepts this word.
What is the difference between `fairly' and `rather'?
(B. Lakshmi Chandrasekhar, Vijayawada)

"Rather" is the stronger of the two words. When you say that the movie was "rather good ", it implies
that it was pretty good; it was much better than you had expected. So in your opinion, people should
go and see it; you recommend it. On the other hand, when you say that it was "fairly good", what you
are implying is that it was OK. There was nothing great about the film, if the friend wants to, he/she
may go and see it, but you wouldn't recommend it. Similarly, when you tell someone that his English
is "fairly good", you are not really complimenting him. All that you are saying is that his English is
OK. Here are a few more examples.
*Jyothi made a fairly/rather good presentation.
*During summer, it gets fairly/rather warm.
*Sreetilak's wife is fairly/rather good looking.
What is the origin of the expression "French leave"?
(M. Ram Mohan, Narsampet)

This is another example of how much the English hated the French. I guess we shouldn't be talking
about this now, considering the fact the two have joined forces along with the United States to fight
the Taliban. But historically the two nations couldn't stand each other. Even now it is not uncommon
for an Englishman to refer to a Frenchman as a "frog", because the French consider frogs legs a
delicacy. The term "French postcards" is used to refer to picture postcards with naked ladies on them.
When someone uses foul language, you can hear the person saying, "pardon my French" — thereby
implying that the French had the habit of swearing.
When someone goes on "French leave", he or she takes off without informing the authorities.
According to the English, it was standard practice in France in the 18th Century to leave a ball or
dinner without thanking the host and hostess. People left without even saying good-bye. The English
felt that the French were people without manners. But what is interesting is that, taking leave of
someone in this manner is referred to as "English leave" by the French! What the Americans call
"French postcards", the French call "American postcards". It is interesting to note that countries,
which have such a low opinion of one another, have come together to fight terrorism! I guess they
don't mind the war of words.

What is the difference between "She went out slamming the door" and "She went out and
slammed the door"?
(Gowri Shankar, Anantapur)

The first sentence suggests that the person slammed the door as she was going out. The two actions,
the person walking out and the slamming of the door, took place simultaneously. The action was
continuous; there was no break. Here is another example. She picked up the telephone crying. This
sentence suggests that the individual while crying picked up the phone. The second sentence "went
out and slammed the door" suggests there was a pause between the two actions — however minute the
pause may have been. The individual went out, stopped and then slammed the door. The action wasn't
continuous; the incident is seen as two separate actions. Here's another example. The man yawned and
picked up the telephone. This sentence suggests that the man yawned first and then after he had
finished yawning, he picked up the telephone. Whereas a sentence like "Yawning, the man picked up
the telephone" seems to suggest the man picked up the phone while he was yawning.
What is the meaning of "infructuous"?
(Jayashree Mishra, Bhubaneshwar)

As soon as I typed out your question, the spell checker on my computer highlighted the word
"infructuous", telling me that such a word does not exist! At least it hasn't been included in the
computer's dictionary. "Infructuous" is a word that is not used very often by native speakers of
English, it is however quite popular among newspaper reporters in India. First, let me deal with the
pronunciation of the word. The "u" in the second syllable sounds like the "u" in "but", "cut", and
"hut". The following "tu" is like the "tue" in "Tuesday". The final "ous" is like the "ous" in
"humourous", "fabulous", and "dangerous". The main stress is on the second syllable. As for the
meaning, well the word means "unprofitable, unfruitful, ineffective". Here are a few examples.
*After several infructuous interviews to find a job, Ashwini turned to crime.
*Gauri made an infructuous appeal to the Chairman to retain the services of Arun.
*Sashidhar made several infructuous attempts to steal the Nizam's diamonds.
******
"The last time I was in Spain, I got through six Jeffrey Archer novels. I must remember to take enough
toilet paper next time." — Bob Monkhouse.
October 23, 2001
Know your English
"HAVEN'T YOU finished reading that article yet?"

"Give me a couple of minutes, will you? Tell me, how do you pronounce p..r..e..c..o..c..i..o..u..s?"
"Has that word been used in the article?"
"You bet. The author has used it several times."
"I see. Well, the è' in the first syllable `pre' is pronounced like the "i" in "sit", "bit" and "pit"; the
following ò' is like the ò' in `so', `go' and `no'.''
"The final ìous' is like the ìous' in `precious' and àmbitious', I suppose?"
"Exactly! The `c' in the second syllable is like the `k' in `kit', `kin', and `kiss', while...."
".... the final `c' is like the `sh' in `ship', `sheep', and `sheet'. I had already guessed that. But tell me,
what does the word mean?"
"Why don't you try and figure it out? How does the author use the word?"
"Well, he says that Jennifer Capriati `burst onto the world tennis scene as a precocious 14-year old'."
"So what do you think the author is trying to say?"
"That 14-year old Jennifer was very talented?"
"That's right! The word is normally used with children. When you say that a child is `precocious' what
you are implying is that he/she is very clever or talented at something. The kind of talent that you
would expect to find in an adult, but certainly not in a child."
"In other words, the child is mature beyond his/her years. Is that what you are saying?"
"Well, I guess you could say that. Here's an example. Nobody wanted to play chess with the
precocious five-year-old."
"Devayani had precocious talent for music and dance."
"Though as a five-year-old, Saritha displayed precocious talent for tennis, her parents refused to send
her to coaching camps."
"Were you a precocious child?""Me? You must be joking. I don't think anyone in my family was
precocious."
"Didn't you say that your cousin Suresh was precocious? I remember you....``
"...I definitely didn't say that."
"But you said that he was a wonderful pilot. And I also think...."
"I probably said that he is rash. He is one of those who flies by the seat of his pants."
"Flies by the seat of his pants? What does that mean?"
"When you say that someone is doing something by the seat of his pants, what you are implying is
that he is doing something instinctively. He is not doing things according to any well thought out
plan.''
"No thinking involved, eh? Then, can I say, our Chief Minister has no clue what he is doing. He is
flying by the seat of his pants."
"I don't think so. You see, our poor Chief Minister is not doing anything, actually. He is merely a
mouthpiece for somebody else. Somebody else is running the State for him. Try this example. The
electrician that the company sent had no clue what he was doing. He was merely flying by the seat of
his pants."
"Most traders don't know what is happening in the stock market. Many of them are flying by the seat
of their pants."
"That's a good example. The expression can also be used to mean, `by sheer luck and very little skill'.
My cousin got through school by the seat of his pants."
"If I get through, it will probably be by the seat of my pants."
"That's what your cousin Shanthi said. But she ended up coming first in the university. By the way,
how is she? She's married to a stockbroker, isn't she?"
"Not anymore. She divorced with him some six months ago.''
"You don't `divorce with' someone. You divorce someone. For example, she divorced her husband six
months ago."
"If it hadn't been for her parents, Usha would have divorced her husband long ago."
"I am sure she would have. I still don't understand how she puts up with that husband of hers."
"Not all marriages are made in heaven, you know. But tell me, is it wrong to say, `divorce with'?"
"Yes, it is. You cannot say `divorce with', but you can say, `divorce from'. For example, she got a
divorce from her husband six months ago."
"Ramakanth received a letter from his wife saying that she wanted a divorce from him."
"That's a good example. By the way, the ì' in divorce is not pronounced like the ìe' in `tie', `die', and
`pie'. It sounds like the ì' in `bit', `hit', and `kit'. The stress is on the second syllable."
"I see. Tell me, can ...."
"....and, one needn't always get a divorce from someone. One can also get a divorce from something.
For example, I can say, you must divorce yourself from the strange ideas that your friends have put in
your head."
"Nandita feels that many of our politicians are divorced from the needs of the people."
"That's a pretty good example. Venkat is unable to divorce fantasy from reality."
"I agree with you completely. It's surprising to see so many marriages ending in divorce these days.
Do you think your marriage is doomed for failure?"
"Difficult to answer the question right now because I am not even married. But I can assure you that it
will not be `doomed for' failure."
"How can you be so sure?"
"Because you cannot say `doomed for', that's why. Something can be `doomed to' fail, but not
`doomed for'."
"I see. The idea that the Principal came up with was doomed to fail."
"All her short stories are doomed to oblivion."
"My father firmly believes that anything I start is doomed to fail."
"That's because you never think things out. You fly by the seat of your pants."
"Oh thank you, Prophet of Doom!"
***
Men are simple things. They can survive a whole weekend with only three things: beer, boxer shorts
and batteries for the remote control" — Diana Jordan.
October 30, 2001
WHAT IS the difference between "resume" and "bio-data"?
(Mootha Sarva Rayudu, Kakinada)

It is difficult to point out the difference between the two. In the Indian context, I guess one could say
that there is no difference between them. A "bio-data" is a résumé. A native speaker, on the other
hand, may not understand what you mean by "bio-data". The word does not exist in most native
varieties of English. The words commonly used by native speakers are CV (curriculum vitae) and
résumé. In India, however, the word `bio-data' is much more common than the other two.
Is `juggernaut' derived from Lord Jagannath?
( S. Bakthavathsalan, Guragoan, Harayana)

Yes, Lord Jagannath of Puri has given us the word "juggernaut". As you probably know, Lord
Jagannath and his consort are usually placed on huge chariots and taken out in procession every year.
Lots of people from various parts of the country come to see and participate in this event. Many
people line up as volunteers to pull the heavy chariot. Whenever you have a huge crowd, accidents are
very commonplace; they are just waiting to happen. There have been several reported cases of people
accidentally falling and being crushed by the huge wheels of Lord Jagannath's chariot. A person who
was a witness to such accidents was a Franciscan missionary, named Friar Odoric. He visited India in
the 14th Century and wrote about his visit to Puri in a journal, which he published in Europe later on.
In his journal, Odoric wrote in detail about the huge chariot of Jagannath and how the devotees threw
themselves at the chariot wheels allowing themselves to be crushed. According to Odoric, the people
were offering themselves as sacrifice to the Lord! The European readers were shocked and horrified
when they read this, and began to associate the word "juggernaut" with a huge object that is out of
control. The Friar's story of the human sacrifice spread throughout Europe and by the 19th Century
"juggernaut" began to be associated with a massive object, which destroyed everything in its path. It
was seen as a destructive force. It is interesting to note that "trains", "tanks", and even "automobiles",
when they were first introduced were referred to as "juggernauts"! The word has a negative
connotation in English. Here are a few examples.
*Sandeep is very naive. He thinks it is possible to compete with the juggernauts of the industry.
*Believe it or not, the skinny man standing over there is a political juggernaut.
What is the meaning of "cut off one's nose to spite one face"?
(Pranjal Kishore Sharmah, Jorhat, Assam)

This is one of those expressions that has been around for quite some time. If you wanted to get even
with someone, or hurt the feelings of that person, would you do it by cutting off your nose? Would
that be a sensible thing to do? It wouldn't, would it? That's what the expression `cut off one's nose to
spite one's face' means. It means harming oneself, perhaps much more than the person one is trying to
hurt. Here are a few examples:
*Harish loves to play tennis, but he refused to play with Suresh because he doesn't like him. He was
cutting off his nose to spite his face."
*Daya cut off her nose to spite her face when she refused to come to the industrial exhibition with us.
*Tarun was the best salesman that the company had, but his boss hated him. So she fired him. It was
bit like cutting off your nose to spite your face.
Is it OK to address a person "Mr. Balagopal, Esq."?
(M. Ratnasabapathi, Madurai)

No, it isn't. The short form of the word "Esquire" is normally used after a man's name. For example,
we can say T. Sriraman, Esq, L. Balagopal, Esq., etc. The word "Esq" is considered to be rather old
fashioned and is not frequently used by native speakers of English. The word comes from the Old
French "esquier" which means "shield bearer". An "esquire" was originally someone who carried a
Knight's shield. Becoming a Knight was no simple matter. One started at a very young age; as a boy
one served as a page in a nobleman' s household. Later, as one entered one's teens, one became a
Knight's personal attendant; and one of the duties of a personal attendant was to carry the Knight's
shield. The personal attendant was called "Esquire" and in the old days he was considered to be higher
in status than an ordinary man.
In other words, "Esquire" ranked above "Mr.". Nowadays, in Britain at least, "Esq." can be used with
any man. Some scholars argue that the words "Mr." and "Esq." are being used synonymously. One
cannot, however, use both words at the same time. It would be wrong to say, "Mr. L. Balagopal,
Esq.". You can either say, "Mr. L. Balagopal", or "L. Balagopal, Esq."
In America, the word "Esq." is normally used after the names of lawyers. What is interesting is that
the term is used with women lawyers as well. It is not uncommon to find an envelope addressed to
"Sally Field, Esq.".
In English are there words without vowels?
(R. Kiran, Bellary)

Are you talking about the letters of the alphabet or are you talking about sounds? Every English word,
in fact, every syllable of every English word usually contains a vowel sound. It is possible to have a
syllable/word without a consonant sound (I, eye) but you will not find a syllable without a vowel
sound.
What is a baby elephant called?
(V. N. Sreelatha, Trivandrum)

It's called a `calf'. In fact the babies of quite a few large animals are called calves — whales, giraffes,
hippos, rhinos, etc.
Good teaching is one-fourth preparation and three-fourths pure theatre." — Gail Godwin
November 06, 2001
WHAT IS the difference between "cousin" and "half brother"?
(N. Vardhan, Chennai)

The children of your father's/mother's sister or brother are your "cousins". In other words, your uncle's
kids or your aunt's kids are your cousins. For most native speakers of English, cousins are what we in
India call "first cousins". In India, however, we have a tendency to introduce anyone who is distantly
related to us as "my cousin". Native speakers of English do not do this.
A "half brother" is someone who shares the same father or mother as you. You have only one parent
in common. In other words, if you have a half brother, it implies that you either have a stepfather or a
stepmother.
Which of the following sentences is correct? All ways/Always keep to the left.
(K. Bharani, Chennai)

The correct sentence is "Always keep to the left". The word "always" means "at all times". What you
are saying is keep to the left at all times. Here are a few more examples.
*Always lose in the final. That seems to be the motto of the Indian cricket team.
*Always brush your teeth before going to bed.
"All ways", on the other hand, means "every possible way". For example.
*The new machine has been tested in all ways.
*All ways have been tried to manufacture the medicine.
What is the meaning of "on the qui vive"
(A. Umar, Kadayanallur)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. "Qui" is pronounced like the word "key" and "ive" in "vive"
sounds like the word "eve". When you say that someone is "on the qui vive", what you are implying is
that he/she is alert; he/she is watching very carefully. This is what the expression means in English. In
French, I understand, "qui vive" means "Long live, who?" Why does the expression mean something
different in English? Well, that's a long story. We'll deal with it some other time.
*Geetha is always on the qui vive for bargains.
*The soldiers were on the qui vive for another assault.
Which of the following sentences is correct? "Seventy per cent of the population are of the
opinion.
(K. K. Kutty, Hyderabad)

Whether the verb should be the singular "is" or the plural "are" depends on the noun, which precedes
it. Since "population" is one of those nouns, which can take either a singular or a plural verb, both "is"
and "are" are possible. If you were to replace "population" with "people", then you would have to say,
"Seventy per cent of the people are of the opinion that taxes should be reduced". Here are some more
examples:
*66% of the students have said that they do not want any changes.
*20% of the money is missing.
*50% of the mothers have said that they do not vote.
What is the difference between an "escort" and a "convoy"?
(P. Parshuram, Secunderabad)

An "escort" is something or someone that is given to an individual as a mark of respect or as a form of
protection. For example, Ministers in our country always have bodyguards surrounding them. The
bodyguards are their escorts; they go wherever the Minister goes. Similarly, when an actress attends a
party, she usually has an escort. When Hema Malini was young, her mother escorted her to most
parties. When Presidents from other countries visit India, someone usually escorts them to inspect the
guard of honour. Trucks, ships, planes, etc can be escorts too. The Prime Minister's boat may have an
escort of four destroyers.
A "convoy", on the other hand, refers to the vehicles that accompany someone important. Whenever a
Chief Minister goes somewhere, he/she usually has about ten or fifteen cars following him/her. These
cars are part of the convoy. Unlike the word "escort", a convoy is usually used to refer to things (cars,
lorries, ships, etc); the word is not used to refer to people.
What is the origin of the term "Molotov cocktail"? How is the word "Molotov" pronounced?
(M. R. Hareesh, Taliparamba)

Let me begin by telling you that this "cocktail" is no drink. A "Molotov cocktail" is a homemade
firebomb! It usually consists of an inflammable liquid in a bottle to which a wick is attached. The
wick is then lit and the bottle is thrown at someone or something. The result? The bottle explodes and
the object catches fire. We see a lot of such bombs used by the villains in our regional films. "Molotov
cocktail" is named after V. M. Molotov, the man who was the Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union
during World War II. When the Nazis invaded Russia during the Second World War, the Russian
civilians used this cocktail quite successfully to destroy the German tanks. The phrase has been quite
common since the 1940s.
As for the pronunciation, well, the first and third "o" in "Molotov" are pronounced like the "o" in
"bob", "mob", and "sob". The second "o" is like the "a" in, "China" and the final "v" sounds like the
"f" in "fish", "fee", and "fit".
Whatis the meaning of "Friday dressing"?
(Sushma Dongre, Balehonnur)

This is a term of recent origin. Usually in the corporate world, employees are expected to come
formally dressed. But on Fridays (it could be every Friday, or one Friday a month) they are allowed to
come to office wearing casuals. You may find people who are normally in a suit, wearing jeans and T-
shirt.
"Men should be like Kleenex, soft strong and disposable." — Cher
November 13, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning of "bolt from the blue"?
(R. Ranjith Kumar, Eraiyur)

This is an expression, which has been a part of the English language for a very long time. When you
say that something was a "bolt from the blue" or a "bolt out of the blue", it means that it was sudden
and totally unexpected; whatever happened really surprised you. Here are a few examples.
*The news that Sumithra had lung cancer was a bolt from the blue.
*Gauri seemed to really like her new job. So when she informed her parents last week that she was
planning on quitting, it was a bolt out of the blue.
The word "blue" in the expression refers to the blue sky and "bolt" refers to thunderbolts. On a day
when the sky is blue and there are no clouds around, one does not expect to hear thunder. If one does,
one is really surprised.
What is the meaning of the term "vox populi"?
(G. K. Karthigakumaran, Chennai)

This is an expression borrowed from Latin meaning "voice of the people". The word "vox" rhymes
with "pox", "fox", and "box". The "u" in "populi" sounds like the "u" in "university" and "unit", while
the final "I" is like the "ee" in "bee", "fee", and "see". Some people pronounce the final "i" like the
"ie" in "tie", "die" and "pie". The main stress is on the first syllable of "populi". The term is often
abbreviated to either "vox pop" or "vox pops".
The vox pop technique is normally used in radio and television broadcasting. We often see reporters
walking around on the streets asking passers by to give their opinion about something. For example,
we have people responding to questions as to whether America is doing the right thing by bombing
Afghanistan or whether Ganguly should continue to be the captain of the Indian team. This method of
recording the opinions of people talking informally in public places is called vox populi or vox pop.
*Sai Prasad is a director who likes to make use of vox pop in his programmes.
*Can you get me some vox populi by six this evening?
How is the word "eerie" pronounced?
(D. Kumar, Mysore)

The "ee" in the first syllable is pronounced like the "ea" in "fear", "dear" and "near", while the "ie"
sounds like the "i" in "pit", "bit" and "knit". The stress is on the first syllable. Any idea what the word
means? When you say that something is eerie, it implies that it is scary; strange and frightening in a
mysterious way. Here are a few examples.
*At night, the sky around the old house on the hill had an eerie glow.
*The eerie sound of the owl scared the children sitting around the campfire.
What is the difference between "plenty" and "aplenty"?
(S.S. Prasanna Venkatesh, Chennai)

As far as the meaning is concerned there is hardly any difference between the two. Both mean "large
amounts of". Of the two "aplenty" is considered old fashioned. Here are a few examples.
*Plenty of children joined the competition.
*We have plenty of sugar left.

When you use the word "aplenty", it usually comes after the noun. For example,
*Children aplenty joined the competition.
*We have sugar aplenty.
*I have read thrillers aplenty.
It would be wrong to say "aplenty children", "aplenty thrillers", etc.
How does one refer to one's country? "Fatherland" or "motherland"?
(T. Desai, Mumbai)

How you refer to your country depends upon what your mother tongue happens to be. In most Indian
languages, we generally use the feminine gender to refer to our beloved "Bharath". Native speakers of
English invariably refer to their country as their "motherland". But the Germans, on the other hand,
refer to Germany as their "fatherland". So, both "motherland" and "fatherland" are acceptable ways of
referring to one's country.
Is it OK to say, "You yourself was late..."?
(Beeraka Appa Rao, Rajahmundry)

The sentence is ungrammatical, but you may be able to get away with it in a highly informal context.
To determine if it is a grammatically correct sentence or not, remove the word "yourself" and see how
the remainder of the sentence sounds. Would you accept, "You was late..."? I don't think so. The verb
that you need to use is "were". You were late for the meeting. "You yourself were late...". Similarly,
"Usha herself was late...", "We ourselves were late....", "They themselves were late....",etc.
** ** ** ** **
"Outside of a dog, a book is a man's best friend and inside of a dog, it's too dark to read." — Groucho
Mark.
November 20, 2001
WHAT IS the meaning of "fly by night" operators?
(M.K.B. Nambiar, Mahe)

Every month we read in the papers that the manager of some chit fund company has disappeared with
the hard earned money of his clients. Such people can be called fly by night operators. They set up a
company, do roaring business for about six months and then they suddenly disappear. They are there
one day and then perform the disappearing act overnight. The word ``fly'' in the expression means to
``flee", that is to run away. Since the shady characters who run such businesses leave town during the
dead of night when everyone else is sound asleep, they are called ``fly by night operators". All this
build up should have given you a fairly good idea as to what the expression means. It means
`ùndependable, dishonest". The expression can be used with people as well as with organizations.
*There are many fly by night characters staying in that hotel.
*If I were you, I wouldn't join that fly by night company.
*Nirmal is very dependable, not a fly by night character at all.
Did you know that you could refer to a person as "fly"? When you say that someone is "fly", it means
he/she is very knowledgeable about something. This use of the word "fly" is considered slang. So do
not use it in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*Amrit is fly, there's no doubt about it.
*You don't have to be fly to do this job.
The word also means, "stylish, nice looking".
*Some of the girls think that the present Vice Chancellor is really fly.
*No one in his right mind would say that the groom is fly.
*I like your fly sandals, Raju.
What is the collective noun for tigers?
(G. V. Chalapathi Rao, Nellore)

Tigers are solitary animals; therefore there is no specific collective noun to refer to them. Here are
some interesting ones however: pride of lions, school of fish, pod of whales, gaggle of geese, and rag
of colts.
How is the word `pandemonium' pronounced?
(M. Venkatesan, Srivaikuntam)

This is a word that many people in our country have begun to associate with Parliament sessions. The
first syllable is pronounced like the word``pan", while the`è''in the second syllable and the `ù'' in the
final syllable are pronounced like the `à'' in`` China". The`` mon''rhymes with ``bone", ``phone", and
``cone". The `ì'' in the fourth syllable is like the `ì'' in `ìt", "bit", and "fit". The main stress is on the
third syllable "mon". Any idea what the word means? When there is pandemonium there is usually a
lot of shouting and screaming because people are angry or frightened about something. Here are a few
examples.
*There was pandemonium when the Chairman announced that he was resigning.
*There was pandemonium at the airport when the plane crashed.
*Our meetings always end in pandemonium.

What is the difference between``leave''and``holiday"?
(P. Maheswari, Venkatagiri)

Although the words ``leave'' and ``holiday'' can and are often used interchangeably, there is a
difference between the two. A ``leave'' is something that you take on your own; it is something that
you apply for and when it is granted you are allowed to be away from work for some time. Someone
usually authorises your leave. And when you take ``leave'' it doesn't necessarily mean that you are
going to be sitting at home enjoying yourself. You could be working. For example, we have ``duty
leave", ``study leave", and ``leave of absence". In these cases, the person may not be coming to office,
but he will be doing his work elsewhere.
The word ``holiday'' comes from ``holy day"; originally, it was a day of rest from work for everyone.
Nowadays, there's nothing holy about a holiday. If you say that tomorrow is a holiday, what you are
saying is that everyone, not just you, is getting the day off. Unlike ``leave'' one needn't apply for
``holiday". We have national holidays, state government holidays, and what not. The word ``holiday''
usually suggests that there is no work involved. It is going to be a day or a period of time when you
are going to enjoy yourself, usually away from home.
Why do people say, ``Good night, sleep tight"? What is the meaning of``sleep tight"?
(K. Jyothi, Hyderabad)

The tightness has nothing to do with the body of the individual. And it doesn't mean holding on to
someone sleeping next to you tightly! ``Tight'' here refers to the tightness of the bed. Nowadays of
course, most beds are made of either wood or steel. In the old days, it was only the frame of the bed
that was made of wood. The middle portion, the portion on which people actually slept on consisted
of strings. There were strings running from one end of the frame to the other. If these strings were not
tightly strung, the bed sagged, making it very uncomfortable for the person lying down. Result? The
individual did not get much sleep. If the strings were tightly strung, then the bed was firm and the
person sleeping on it got a good night's sleep. So when you say sleep tight, what you are actually
saying is, I hope your cot is tightly strung.
When people talk about paper they use the abbreviation GSM. What does GSM stand for?
(V. Vijay Kumar, Kazipet)

This is used to refer to the weight of paper. The abbreviation stands for "grams per square metre".
November 27, 2001
WHAT IS the origin of the word "piggyback"?
(R. Parasuryan, Chennai)

Children usually love being given piggyback rides. When you give a child a piggyback ride what you
normally do is to put him on your shoulders or on your back and walk around with him. The
expression "piggyback" comes from "pick a pack". In the old days — and I guess even now — it was
common practice for individuals who had to carry a heavy object to invariably place it on their back.
This method of carrying things around was called "pick a pack". And `pick a pack' when said quickly
became `pickapack'. Parents often carried their children "pickapack" too. But children because they
loved animals so much changed "pickapack" to "piggyback".
What is the origin of the expression "to steal someone's thunder"?
(T. Laxminarayan, Coimbatore)

Suppose you invent something truly wonderful and decide to inform the Press about it. But before you
can actually do it, someone tells you that a friend of yours has already held a press conference and has
informed the reporters of the wonderful invention. What is it that your friend has done? He has
prevented you from getting the public recognition that is due to you. Instead of the focus being on
you, he has managed to become the focus of attention. When you "steal someone's thunder" you get
the attention or praise that the other person should have got. You achieve this by doing or saying what
the other person had intended to do or say. Here are a few examples.
*Nirupama had no intention of letting Arun steal any of her thunder.
*Neha stole Jhansi's thunder by leaking the information to the Press.
*The Prime Minister was in no mood to let the Opposition steal his political thunder.
A third rate playwright named John Dennis, (I have no idea if he is related to the Match Referee Mike
Denness) wrote a play called "Appius and Virginia". In the play there were several scenes, which
required the sound of thunder. The story goes that Dennis invented a machine, which produced the
sound of thunder. Unfortunately, for the dramatist, his play was a flop, so not many people got an
opportunity to listen to the sound of thunder produced by his machine. A few weeks later, Dennis
went to see Shakespeare's, "Macbeth" and was astonished to find that the sound of thunder needed in
the play was being produced by the machine that he himself had invented. Dennis apparently was so
angry that he shouted, "Damn them!...They will not let my play run, but they steal my thunder!"
Dennis may not be remembered for his plays, but he will be remembered for the expression that he
coined. As for Mike Denness, the Match Referee, well the poor man is so desperate that he is trying to
steal everyone's thunder!
Is it OK to wish someone "heartfelt congratulations"?
(R. Kasthuri Rengan, Chennai)

The word "heartfelt" means, "strongly or sincerely felt". The word is normally used with expressions
of sympathy. For example, it is quite normal to hear people say, "heartfelt condolences", "heartfelt
sympathy", etc. I haven't come across the expression "heartfelt congratulations", though "hearty
congratulations" is quite common.
What is the meaning of "climb down"?
(G. Reginald, Tuticorin)

Sometimes at the end of an argument with someone, you admit to the other person that you were in
the wrong. This is what the expression "climb down" means.

When you climb down over an argument, what you are actually doing is admitting to the other person
that you were in the wrong. Here are a few examples.
*When the new information started coming in, the Government was forced to climb down over its
handling of the scam.
*After twenty minutes of heated debate, Bala finally climbed down.
*If you expect Usha to climb down, think again.
How is ``savoir-faire'' pronounced?
(M. Desai, Mysore)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "fat", "bat", and "sat". The "v" sounds like the "v" in "vet"
and "vegetable"; the final "oir" contains two sounds. The first is like the "w" in "water", "wall", and
"was". The second sound is like the "a" in "calm", "balm", and "palm". "Faire" sounds like "fair/fare".
Any idea what the expression means? It means having the ability to say or do the right thing in a
social situation. Here are a few examples.
*Meena is famous in diplomatic circles for her savoir-faire.
*I wouldn't hire Bhaskar because he doesn't possess the required savoir-faire.
*Srinivas defused the situation through his savoir-faire.
What is the difference between "alone" and "lonely"?
(V. H. Sphoorthy Reddy, Madanapalle)

When you say that you are "alone" what you are implying is that there is no other person with you.
For example, right now I am sitting all alone at my computer desk and typing away — there is no one
else in the room. I am neither happy nor sad about it; as far as I am concerned, the fact that there is no
one around is neither good nor bad. The word "lonely" on the other hand, refers to the state of the
mind of an individual.
It suggests that the person is sad, feels unwanted, and is longing for companionship. The degree of
sadness that the individual feels may vary. When one sits in a crowded room, one is not "alone", but
one can still feel "lonely" because loneliness has nothing to do with physical proximity with other
people. When one is "alone", one needn't feel lonely. Some people prefer to be alone.
** ** ** ** **
"My advice to you is get married: if you find a good wife you'll be happy; if not, you'll become a
philosopher."
— Socrates
December 04, 2001
Wing it, Went ballistic, Walking papers...
"I KNOW that Dilip was well prepared. But when he saw the Chairman sitting in the front row, he
went totally blank. The poor guy forgot what he was going to say."
"That happens to a lot of people. What did Dilip do? I mean, how did he...."
"....he winged it. That was the only...."
"....what do you mean he winged it! You mean to say he ran away?"
"Nobody runs away from a presentation. If Dilip had run away, he would have lost his job. When you
say that somebody `winged it' what you are saying is that the person improvised. He made things up
as he went along; he...."
"....why does it always have to be a `he'? It could be a `she'. She does or says something
spontaneously. Without any preparation."
"That's right. You stand up and say something even though you are not prepared."
"Like some of the speeches that our not so respected politicians make?"
"Exactly! Most of our politicians just wing it."
"Hey, how about this example? When I told my teacher that I wasn't really prepared for the debate, he
told me to just go out there and wing it."
"That's a very good example. Here's another one. The tall man in jeans who came for the audition this
afternoon didn't know his lines. So he just winged it. But to everyone's surprise he got the part."
"Some people have all the luck. Does this example sound OK? The speaker had misplaced his notes.
He had no option but to wing it."
"Sounds great!"
"So tell me, was the Chairman angry with Dilip?"
"He didn't say anything. But my boss was really angry. He went ballistic."
"Went ballistic? Doesn't the expression mean to become extremely angry?"
"Exactly! The teacher went ballistic when the student didn't turn in her assignment."
"My father went ballistic when my sister broke the new table lamp."
"Any way, as I was saying, my boss went ballistic. He has given Dilip his walking papers. He has
asked...."
"....his walking papers? What are you talking about?"
"When a company gives you your `walking papers', it means that you have been sacked. Or `fired', as
the Americans would put it."
"You mean that poor Dilip has lost his job?"
"That's right. He has been asked to leave."
"But that's terrible."
"I know. He is going to be joining the ranks of the unemployed pretty soon."
"The poor guy shouldn't have made the presentation. He should have just run away."
"You may be right."

"Walking papers. I have never come across that expression before."
"It is considered slang, but it's used quite often by native speakers in informal contexts. For example, I
can say, our company is downsizing. I hope I am not given my walking papers. I need this job to help
repay some of my debts."
"How about this example? When Ashok was given his walking papers, he looked at his boss and
laughed."
"He can afford to. His wife has a really fantastic job. And with his qualifications and the contacts that
his wife has, Ashok can get a job anywhere."
"How about Dilip? How did he react?"
"Dilip! The poor guy is in a funk."
"In a funk? What a strange expression!"
"When you say that you are in a funk, it implies that..."
"...I can guess the meaning. It probably means that you are feeling depressed. It probably means the
same thing as `feeling blue'."
"My! You're in excellent form today. That's exactly what it means. Arun has been in a funk ever since
he came to know that the Indian cricket team had lost the match."
"He's in a funk because our cricket team lost? That's really crazy. Well, all I can say is poor Arun is
going to be in a funk most of the time because our overpaid underachievers always lose."
"Except when they play in India of course."
"That's true. By the way, it is also possible to say ìn a blue funk'. For example, I can say, Sushila has
been in such a blue funk that she refuses to even step out of the house."
"Padma has taken a couple of weeks off from work to come out of her blue funk."
"Poor Dilip. I hope he gets a job soon. I can't imagine him being in a funk actually. You see, he
always seems so happy, so relaxed. As if nothing can bother him."
"That's true. He gives the impression that he is pretty laid back. But he ..."
".... laid back. Does it mean someone who is usually calm and relaxed?"
"That's right. When you say that someone is laid back what you are implying is that the individual
gives the impression that he is calm and relaxed. That nothing ever worries him. I have been told by
many people that I am pretty laid back."
"You are laid back, if you ask me."
"Who is asking you? I am anything but laid back. I get worked up about a lot of things. My only
problem is that I don't ....
"...relax, will you? I was just kidding. I know that you get upset when things don't work out. As for
me, I am pretty laid back about a lot of things."
"You can afford to be because you are still a student. But if your boss gets the impression that you are
laid back, then I can assure you....
"... I'll probably get my walking papers."
"Absolutely right."
"But I will tell you one thing though. I'll never let anything worry me. I'll never..."
"...that's what they all say."
***
"I confess that I cannot understand how we can plot, lie, cheat and commit murder abroad and remain
humane, honorable, trustworthy and trusted at home." — Archibald Cox talking about America
December 11, 2001
Equable,Equitable,Drive up the wall...
"WHAT ARE you reading?"

"An article on global warming. It says here that the weather in our country...."
".... I'm not interested in the weather. Right now I am only interested in finishing ...."
".....how do you pronounce e..q..u..a..b..l..e?"
"What?"
"E..q..u..a..b..l..e. How do you pronounce it?"
"Well, the first è' is like the è' in `set', `bet', and `met'. The `qu' sounds like the `qu' in `quality',
`quit', and `quick'. The à' is like the...."
"....don't tell me. It's like the à' in `China', while the final `ble' is probably like the `ble' in `bubble',
`trouble', and `double'."
"Exactly! The main stress is on the first syllable. Any idea what the word means?"
"Sure I do. People usually talk about an èquable settlement'. That ...."
"....sorry! The word you are thinking of is èquitable', not èquable'."
"What's the difference between the two?"
"When you say that something is èquable', it means it is regular, moderate, free from extremes. The
word is often used to refer to the climate. For example, the climate in Rajasthan is anything but
equable."
"Many people say that Hyderabad has an equable climate."
"You must be joking. Hyderabad gets really hot during the summer. I have heard quite a few people
say that Bangalore is equable. But let's not get into an argument over the weather. Can èquable' be
used with people as well?"
"Yes, it can. When you say that someone is èquable' what you are implying is that the person is even
tempered."
"In other words, the individual has no mood swings. Like the climate, the person has no extremes."
"I guess you could say that. No matter what the situation is, the individual is calm and cheerful. Like
me!"
"Like you? You must be joking! How about this example? It's a pleasure working with Gitanjali
because she is so equable."
"That's a good example. His equable temperament made Bala quite a popular teacher."
"Everyone had told Venkat that his new boss was equable and that he would enjoy working with him.
So he was quite surprised when the man snapped at him for coming late to office."
"Bosses are so unpredictable. Tell me, what does èQUITable' mean?"
"The stress is not on the second, but the first syllable. It's pronounced Equitable."
"I see. What does Equitable mean?"
"It means just or impartial."
"I see. The Minister has asked the management and the union to come up with an equitable
compromise. How does that sound?"
"Good. Here's another one. The lawyer ensured that there was an equitable division of property
among the three brothers."
"The two parties were interested in arriving at an equitable settlement."
"It's very difficult to arrive at an equitable compromise."
"I know. By the way, how is your friend Dilip doing? Has he found a job?"
"No, he hasn't. He keeps ringing me up every day and talks to me for hours. I feel sorry for him. But
there are times when he drives me up the wall."
"Drives you up the wall? One can drive into a wall. How do you drive up the wall?"
"When you say that someone is driving you up the wall, it means that the individual is driving you
crazy."
"So it's the same thing as `driving someone nuts'."
"That's right. My father's aunt stayed with us for a couple of weeks. She kept asking everyone all
kinds of questions. She was driving us up the wall."
"At least she asked you all kinds of questions. I have an aunt who can sit with you for hours without
saying a word. She just keeps looking at you. Her silence drives me up the wall."
"The doctors told Deepak that they would give him the results in three days' time. The wait is driving
him up the wall."
"The casual manner in which the new maid goes about sweeping the house is driving my mother up
the wall."
"Good maids are hard to find these days."
"My mother would agree with you completely. So, have you shouted at Dilip? Have you told him not
to..."
".... no, things haven't come to a boil as yet."
".... come to a boil? Does it mean to get angry or something?"
"That is one of the meanings, yes. When Geetha heard that she had not been promoted you could see
that she was coming to a boil."
"Amrit was slowly coming to a boil and it was obvious to everyone that the student was going to get a
dressing down."
"The Director came to a boil when he was told that the project was going to be further delayed. He ..."
"...he must have gone ballistic."
"He certainly did."
"You said that `getting angry' was only one of the meanings of `come to a boil'. What are the other
meanings?"
"The expression can be used to refer to problems and situations as well. When you say that the
situation has `come to a boil', it means that it has a reached a crucial or critical stage. For example, the
talks between the management and the union have been going on for three days. But they say that
things have come to a boil."
"When Aparna asked for a divorce, everything came to a boil."

"If I don't complete this project by tomorrow, things will come to a boil."
"In that case I shall perform the disappearing act."
"Please do. And don't reappear till tomorrow."
*** ***
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy — and Jill a wealthy widow." — Evan Esar
December 18, 2001
What is the meaning and origin of the expression ``be under the weather"?
(P. Mala, Hyderabad)

When you say that someone is feeling `ùnder the weather'' what you mean is that the person is
unwell; he/she is not feeling particularly good. The individual could be depressed about something.
*Lakshmi has been under the weather lately.
*I feel a little under the weather. I think I am coming down with something.
*The meeting has been cancelled.
*The Chairman is a bit under the weather.
There are many people who hate to travel. Even those who like visiting places may not always be
good travellers. Some may get `àirsick'', some ``carsick'' and others ``seasick''. The expression
`ùnder the weather'', which has been part of the English language for several hundred years, comes
from the world of sailing. People who go on a cruise often find that the constant rocking motion of the
ship makes them violently sick — they keep vomiting all the time. When the weather gets really
rough, the ship rocks and sways so violently that people throw up even more. Passengers who are
unable to cope with the swaying motion are often sent below deck. There are two reasons for this. The
first of course is that they will be away from the inclement weather, but perhaps much more important
is that the swaying motion of the ship is felt far less below. I understand that on a ship the swaying
motion is felt most on the deck; while little or no swaying is felt near the keel, which is near the
bottom of the ship. This is one of the explanations given as to the origin of the idiom 'under the
weather'.
Is it Ok to say,``Could you drop me till there?''
(B. M. Puri, Solani, Himachal Pradesh)

The words ``till'' and `ùntil'' are normally used when you are talking about duration. For example, we
can say:
*I waited till all the students had left the building.
*Meera kept hitting the tennis ball till she was ready to drop.
*The students were supposed to study until 10 o'clock.
"Till'' and `ùntil'' cannot be used to refer to a place. The sentence that you have given is
grammatically incorrect. To make it acceptable, you will have to drop ``till''— ``Could you drop me
there?'' Here are a few more examples.
*Could you drop me at the airport?
*Could you drop me off at school?
*Could you wait till/until tomorrow?
Is it OK to end a letter to a Principal in the following manner? ``Dear Sir, ... Thank you, Yours
obediently
(K. L. Bhatia, New Delhi)

When you begin a letter with ``Dear Sir'' you normally conclude by saying ``Yours sincerely''. Some
people prefer to use ``Yours faithfully''. ``Yours obediently' 'is used quite often in India to show
respect. It is, however, considered rather old fashioned by native speakers of English. If you wish to
show respect, then you could sign off with ``yours respectfully''. You can conclude your letter in the
following manner: ``Thank you. Yours sincerely, XXXX''
What is the difference between``hanged''and``hung''?
(S. Ramya, Maduranthagam)

The word ``hang'' has several different meanings. When you ``hang'' a person, you kill him/her by
tying a rope around his/her neck and taking the support away from under his/her feet. When ``hang'' is
used in this sense, then the two other forms of the verb are ``hanged'' : ``hang, hanged, hanged''. Here
are a few examples.
*The innocent man was hanged yesterday.
*The prisoner will be hanged at noon tomorrow.
The word can also be used with objects. When you ``hang'' an object what you are doing is that you
are fastening it to something or suspending it from something. When you use the word in this sense,
then its past tense and past participle form is ``hung''. To make a long story short, people are hanged
and objects are hung. Here are a few examples.
*The players hung their caps on the hooks.
*Vyomakesh wanted the balloons to be hung from the ceiling.
*The two children hung their coats before coming in.
What is a female cat called?
(P. Sundaramurthy, Chennai)

A female cat is called a queen. Male cats, on the other hand, are called toms. Cats are generally
associated with the female of the species. When you call a woman ``catty'', for example, what you are
implying is that she is very unpleasant and usually has a lot of nasty things to say about others. When
a young girl dresses like a boy and seems to enjoy playing the kind of games that young boys play,
then she is often called a``tomboy''.
What is the meaning of ``shell-shocked''?
(S. R.P. Reddy, Kurnool)

This is probably how the people of Afghanistan felt a couple of weeks ago. The word ``shell'' refers to
bombs. How would you feel if you lived in a city, which was being constantly bombed? I guess you
would go through a lot of emotions — confusion, anger, etc. When you say that someone is shell-
shocked what you are implying is that the difficult experience, which the individual has undergone
recently has left him confused and anxious. Here are a few examples.
*I think Aparna is a little shell-shocked after the final exam.
*Vinita felt shell-shocked after coping with the boisterous twins all day.
*The shell-shocked investors trooped in silently.
***
"The average Ph.D. thesis is nothing but a transference of bones from one graveyard to another." —
J. Frank Dobie
December 25, 2001
Know Your English
"HI, COME on in. Did you get a cake from your neighbour this morning?"
"A cake from my neighbour? Why should she give me a cake?"
"Today is Christmas, that's why! Doesn't she usually give you a nice big cake?"
"Yeah, she does. But this year, she's celebrating Christmas in Goa. A family get-together or
something."
"That's nice. But is that the reason you're looking so grumpy? The fact that you didn't get a Christmas
cake?"
"No, I am not angry about that. I am angry with your friend Sujatha. We had another one of our
fights."
"You and Sujatha fighting again! Nothing new in that, I suppose. What was the fight about? Was it
about some silly movie?"
"No, it was about the word `handsome'?"
"The word `handsome', eh? What did she do? Did she insult you by calling you `handsome'?"
"Even if I were the last man on earth she would never call me that and you know it. No, the argument
was over whether a woman could be called `handsome'. I said that the word handsome could be used
only with men. She argued that a woman could be called handsome as well. So, tell me. Is she right?
Or am I right?"
"She is, actually."
"What? You mean I can tell someone that Shanti is a handsome woman."
"Well, I wouldn't use the word handsome with a young girl like Shanti. You see, mature women can
be called `handsome', not young girls."
"I see. So when you call a woman handsome are you implying that she is manly?"
"No, no! Handsome does not mean manly. When you refer to a woman as being handsome, what you
are implying is that her features are fairly large and regular rather than pretty and delicate. She is...."
"....in other words, she is not much to look at."
"On the contrary, she is very pleasant to look at. The famous Swedish actress Greta Garbo was often
referred to as being `breathtakingly handsome'."
"So a woman who is fairly well-built, has big eyes and a big nose is more likely to be called
`handsome' rather than pretty?"
"You know what they say, beauty lies in the eye of the beholder."
"That's true. The next time I see Sujatha I have to tell her that she was right. I hate doing that. Tell me,
what have you been up to?"
"Oh, nothing much actually. I have been trying to psych my new boss out.''
"Psych your new boss out? What are you talking about?"
"The expression has several different meanings. One of the meanings of `psych someone out' is to try
and figure the person out."
"In other words, you try and understand the person. How his mind works. Is that what you are
saying?"
"Exactly! Here's an example. No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn't psych Janaki out. She's a
bit...."
"...I don't think anyone can psych her out. How about this example? The bowler tried to psych out
Tendulkar, but he...."
"....Tendulkar probably smashed the next three balls to the fence. Don't try and psych me out. I am an
enigma."
"You are anything but an enigma. Anyway, tell me what are the other meanings of psych out?"
"When you psych out about something, you become very excited about it. You may even lose control
over your ability to think. For example, when Janani heard that Hrithik Roshan was coming over to
her place, she psyched out."
"When the students came to know that Sachin was to be the chief guest at the Annual Sports Day
event, they all psyched out."
"But later when the students came to know that it was going to be the Chief Minister and not Sachin
who was going to be the chief guest, everyone was disappointed. No one psyched out."
"That is to be expected, I guess. My father psyched out when he saw last month's telephone bill.''
"Pretty high, eh?"
"Very high! By the way, you have the expression `psych out'. Do you have the expression `psych in'
as well?"
"No, we don't have `psych in', but we do have `psych up'."
"What does it mean?"
"When you psych someone up, you get them mentally prepared to do something. It..."
"....you mean like taking a test or something?"
"Yes, that's right. It could be a test. It could be taking part in some event. Or it..."
"....OK, I think I understand. How about this example? We have an excellent coach. Before every
game he psyches us up."
"It's always a good idea to psych players up before an important game."
"Our Indian cricketers seldom look psyched up when they enter the field."
`Ì don't even want to talk about those guys. Here's another example. The psyched up musicians were
waiting for the curtains to go up."
"Savitri is psyching herself up for tomorrow's interview."
"Savitri has been called for an interview? That's nice to know. I am sure that if she gets the job, her
parents will be so happy that they will psych out."
"She will get the job provided the interviewers are unable to psych her out in the twenty minutes she
is with them."
"You have a point there."
***
"Success is like dealing with your kid or teaching your wife to drive. Sooner or later you'll end up in the
police station." — Fred Allen
January 01, 2002
HOW DO you refer to the years between 1901 and 1910? Is there a single word for it?
(Subhkaran Choradia, Nagaur, Rajasthan)
No, there isn't. There is no word to refer to something that happened in the first or the second decade
of a particular century. People generally tend to say the èarly decades' of the Twentieth Century. We
can, for example, say `the early 1900s', or the first/second decade of the Twentieth Century. It is,
however, possible to refer to something that happened after 1920. For example, the years between
1920 and 1930 are usually referred to as the 1920s. Similarly, we have the 1930s, 1940s, etc. If we
know which century we are talking about, then we may simply say the 40s, the 50s, etc. It is important
to note however that there is no apostrophe after the year. We do not generally write `1930's'; it would
be wrong to do so.
What is a female "postmaster" called?
(A. Ambar, Chennai)

A woman who is in charge of a local post office is called a `postmistress'. Makes sense, doesn't it?
The plural is `postmistresses'. These words have been included in the latest edition of some
dictionaries. Ever wondered what a female postman is called? Logically it should be `postwoman', but
none of the dictionaries have included this word. In the U.S, men and women who deliver mail are
called "mail carriers
What is the meaning of "stand someone up"?
(V. S. Narayan, Kakinada)

This is an expression, which is frequently used, in informal contexts. When you `stand someone up'
you make an appointment with the individual and then fail to show up. The expression is normally
used when one fails to keep a date with one's boyfriend or girlfriend. If your boss doesn't keep his
appointment, you don't generally say that the boss stood you up! Unless, of course, your boss happens
to be your significant other. Here are a few examples.
* Sunita stood Raju up. He was extremely angry.
* Atul stood up his date; he was busy playing cricket with his friends.
* Sreetilak is a gentleman. He makes it a point never to stand his girlfriend up.
How is the word "roulette" pronounced?
(B. Srinivasan, Chennai)

The òu' in the first syllable is like the òo' in òol', `pool', and `cool', while the è' in the second
syllable sounds like the è' in `set', `pet', and `let'. The final è' is silent and the main stress is on the
second syllable. Any idea what "roulette" is? It is a gambling game in which a wheel (roulette) spins
round and round and you have to predict on which number the ball or marble will land. Then of
course we have the Russian roulette. Ever heard of this game? Well, it's not actually a game. What
you do is to put a bullet into one of the chambers of a gun, leaving the remaining five chambers
empty. You then keep spinning the chambers till you are no longer sure where the bullet is. Next you
place the gun on your head and pull the trigger. If you are lucky you survive, otherwise.... Some
people get a lot of thrill playing such games. Gabbar Singh in Sholay enjoyed playing Russian
roulette. The expression `playing Russian roulette' has begun to be used metaphorically as well. When
you say that someone is `playing Russian roulette' what you are implying is that he/she is taking
terrible risks; doing something very very dangerous.
What is the difference between "autograph" and "signature"?
(M. Ram Mohan, Warrangal)

They both refer to the same thing; the manner in which you sign your name on a piece of paper. The
difference is this. An autograph has a status, which a signature does not. Autographs are usually given
by famous people to their adoring fans; people like Sachin Tendulkar, Shahrukh Khan, Arundati Roy,
etc are frequently pestered for their autographs. You and I unfortunately do not belong in the same
league and therefore will never be asked for our autographs — even if we are willing to give one,
there will be very few people who would actually want it! The only exciting thing that we will be
asked to do is to put our `signature' on income tax returns, life insurance policies, cheque leaves and
what have you. But think about the bright side, while autograph hunters will haunt the likes of
Tendulkar and Ganguly wherever they go, we will be left in peace!
What is the difference between "It rains" and "It is raining"?
(G. Sambasivam, Chennai)

There was a time when people in Chennai were just dying to hear someone say, "It is raining". I am
not so sure anymore. Of late there has been just too much rain. When you say that it is raining, what
you are implying is that it is raining right now. You are not talking about yesterday or something that
will happen tomorrow, you are talking about the present. When you look out of the window, you can
actually see the rain falling. When you say that it rains in Chennai what you are implying is that rain
is quite common. But the sentence doesn't necessarily mean that it is raining right now. It rains every
now and then, but it may not be raining right now. Here are a few more examples.
* Hamsa is playing tennis. (She is playing tennis right now)
* Hamsa plays tennis in the evening. (She plays only in the evening. Not now)
* I am talking to the Manager. (I am talking to the Manager right now)
* I talk to the Manager. (I talk whenever I run into him)
***
"A psychiatrist is a fellow who asks you a lot of expensive questions your wife asks for nothing". —
Joey Adams
January 08, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning of the expression "to go bananas"?
(R. Pillai, Chennai)

This expression has several different meanings. When someone goes bananas about/over something,
he/she becomes very enthusiastic about it. The expression is considered slang and is generally used in
informal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*The students went bananas when they heard that Mani was going to address them.
*We all went bananas when we saw Steffi Graf walk into the gym.
*The children went bananas when they saw all the icecream.
To go bananas can also mean to drive someone crazy or mad. For example,
*The constant questions made him go bananas.
*Mythreye thought she would go bananas sitting all alone at home.
*Being in the company of her son was driving Mala bananas.
When used in this sense, "to go bananas," means the same thing as "to go nuts" and "to go crazy".
"Cool bananas" is an expression, which is frequently used in American English as an exclamation. It
is often used to mean "wow". Here are a few examples.
*Satish got an A in the exam. Cool bananas!
*You've got a new bike? Cool bananas!
*Cool bananas man! That is really wonderful news.
What is the correct pronunciation of the word ``harass"?
(B. Devarajan, Hubli)

The manner in which you pronounce this word will, to a large extent, depend on which side of the
Atlantic you are from. For example, if you are from England, then you would tend to pronounce the
first "a" like the "a" in "cat", "bat" and "act". The second would be pronounced like the "a" in "China"
and the main stress would be on the first syllable. If, on the other hand, you come from the U.S., then
you would do the exact opposite. You would pronounce the first "a" like the "a" in "China" and the
second "a" like the "a" in "cat". The stress in this case would be on the second syllable.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "trail blazer"?
(P. Anuradha, Hyderabad)

A trailblazer is someone who is the first to do something. For example, he or she could be someone
who has discovered or developed a new method of doing something. Here are a few examples.
*Jambu will always be remembered as a trailblazer in cancer research.
*Padma was a trailblazer in the field of AIDS research.
One can even talk about an individual or an institution of having "blazed a trail". When someone
blazes a trail what you are implying is that he/she has done something, which no one has done before;
something, which will benefit a lot of other people.
*The company has blazed a trail in developing new medicines for curing AIDS.
*He has blazed a trail in developing awareness among people about cancer.
The word "blaze" is generally associated with "fire". So "trailblazer" should be someone who
develops something new by destroying everything that is old. This however is not the origin of the
expression. The expression came into being in the late 18th Century when the American settlers were
pushing further and further west — towards Oregon, California, etc. Since they were exploring
uncharted territory and didn't want to get lost along the way, they used to mark the trail that they had
taken. One of the ways that they used to indicate the route they had taken was to remove the bark
from some of the trees. This method of marking trees was known as "blazing". And since they were
marking a trail, we get the expressions "blazing a trail" and "trailblazer".
What is the difference between a "television serial" and a "television series"?
(T. Sridhar, Pune)

The soap operas that so many people watch religiously every day are examples of serials. A "serial" is
usually a fictional story, which is divided into parts and broadcast perhaps every day or every week.
The story is ongoing; today's episode is a continuation of what happened yesterday. Some of the
television producers have taken up well-known novels and have made them into serials.
A series, unlike a serial, need not always be based on a work of fiction. The programmes that we see
on the National Geographic Channel or the Discovery Channel can be thought of being as part of a
series. For example, sometimes for an entire week, there may be programmes on sharks. All the
programmes form part of a series about sharks. When you think of a series you are thinking of a set of
related programmes. You may for example have a programme on lions, tigers, leopards, etc under the
title "carnivores". It is also possible to have a series that is based on fiction. But in the case of a series,
each programme is usually self-contained. In other words each episode has a beginning, middle and
an end and the story from one episode does not usually carry over to the next. For example, Martial
Law, NYPD Blue, and Friends are all examples of series. By the way, the plural of series is series.
What is the study of flags called?
(Shivanandini Prakash, Chennai)

I understand that the academic study of flags is called "vexillology". The first syllable is like the word
"vex" while the "i" in the second syllable sounds like the "i" in "bit", "kit", and "sit". Some people
pronounce the first "lo" like the word "law", while the final "logy" sounds like the "logy" in
"psychology", "biology", and "zoology". The main stress is on the third syllable. A person who
designs flags is called "vexillographer"; the stress once again is on the third syllable. And a person
who collects flags is called "vexillophile". Dr. Whitney Smith coined the word "vexillology".
Which of the following sentences is correct? I'll submit the report in a week time'' or `Ì'll
submit the report in a weeks time''.
(S. Velayutham, Madurai)

Both are wrong. The correct sentence is " I'll submit the report in a week's time". Here is another
example: I'll submit the report in a month's/year's time.
***
"A real patriot is the fellow who gets a parking ticket and rejoices that the system works!" — Billy
Vaughan
QOBIT
January 22, 2002
WHAT IS the difference in meaning between "We have lived here for five years" and "We have
been living here for five years"?
(Y. V. P. Kumar, Tirutanni)

As far as the meaning is concerned, there is no difference between the two. What you are saying is
that you started living in that particular place five years ago and you still continue to live there.
The activity of living in that place — if you would like to call it that — still continues. Here are a few
examples.
*Naresh has worked here for fifteen years. (He still works here)
*Naresh has been working here for fifteen years. (He still works here)
*Naresh worked here for fifteen years. (He no longer works here)
*Devdas has taught English for twenty years. (He still teaches English)
*Devdas has been teaching English for twenty years. (He still teaches English)
*Devdas taught English for twenty years. (He no longer teaches English)
This however is not possible in the case of all verbs. For example, you cannot say, "I have read the
book for three weeks", or "I have eaten since yesterday".
On the other hand, you can say, "I have been reading the book for three weeks" and "I have been
eating since yesterday".
What is the meaning of the expression "on the receiving end"?
(S. Ponnammal, Coimbatore)

When you are "on the receiving end" of something bad or unpleasant, you are the person who suffers.
You are the individual who is subjected to hurt and humiliation. One can also "be at the receiving
end" of something bad. Here are a few examples.
*The newly appointed lecturer was at the receiving end of all the bullying and ragging.
*Whenever something bad happens, you can be sure that poor Rahul is always at the receiving end.
*He was on the receiving end of all the hatred that she felt for men in general.
What is the correct pronunciation of the word "photograph"?
(G. Madhavi, Hyderabad)

Indians in general tend to put the stress on the second syllable of the word. Native speakers, on the
other hand, place the stress on the first syllable "pho". The "o" in the first syllable is pronounced like
the "o" in "so", "go" and "no", while the second "o" is like the "a" in "china". The "a" in the final
syllable "graph" is like the "a" in "path", and "bath" and the following "ph" sounds like the "f" in
"fish", "fee", and "felt".
Is it OK to say "Ganesh is going to abroad"?
(P. Rukmani, Chennai)

No, it is not. You generally say that someone is going abroad or went abroad. The word "abroad" is
like the words "upstairs" and "downstairs"; you do not use "to" before any of these words. Here are a
few examples.
*Mala is going abroad next month.

*Mala went abroad several times last year.
*Mala is going upstairs to get her pen.
*Mala went downstairs to meet the guests.
What is the meaning of "cock-a-hoop"?
(Venkat Ramana, Visakhapatnam)

When one is "cock-a-hoop" about something, one is extremely happy or pleased about it. You are
usually delighted about something that you have done. The main stress is on the word ``hoop". "Cock-
a-hoop" is considered to be rather old fashioned. Here are a few examples.
*Sarita was cock-a-hoop about finding a job.
*Jai was cock-a-hoop about the way the cake turned out.
*We were all cock-a-hoop about winning the first prize.
Isn't a female cat also called a "tabby"?
(Terry Lalachan, Alappuzha)

Yes, a female cat can be referred to as a "queen" or a "tabby".
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I bathe every morning" or "I bath every
morning".
(K. Muthukrishnan, Chennai)

"Bathe" is the verb and "bath" is the noun. Therefore the correct sentence is "I bathe every morning".
By the way, the "a" in "bathe" is like the "ay" in "bay", "day", and "say". The final "the" is
pronounced like the "th" in "this", "that", and "those". If you want to use the word "bath", then you
would have to say, "I have a bath every morning", "The child enjoys taking a bath", etc.
What is the meaning of the idiom "to rob Peter to pay Paul"?
(K. Giri Srikanth, Kurnool)

When you rob Peter to pay Paul what you are doing is taking money from one person in order to pay
another. You are not actually clearing your debts; all that you are doing is paying off one person by
borrowing from another. As a result, you still continue to be in debt. Here are a few examples.
*Tara took a loan from the bank in order to clear her debts; robbing Peter to pay Paul.
*I am not going to ask my neighbour for some for money in order to pay you. It would be like robbing
Peter to pay Paul.
*Some people use one credit card to pay off the bills of another credit card. It's like robbing Peter to
pay Paul. I just don't understand it.
* **** * * **** *
"Work in progress. Inconvinianec rergretted" — Sign at the international airport in Mumbai
January 29, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning of "feel good factor"?
(J. K. Jitendra, Ranchi)

This is an expression that has been around since the 1970s. At first it was generally used to refer to
something that creates a sense of well being in people — their emotional state, physical state,
financial state, etc. Since the 1990s, however, the "feel good factor" has become somewhat restricted
in its meaning; it's become an expression, which is mostly employed by economists and financial
pundits. These days it is extensively used to refer to a sense of financial and material well being —
not necessarily physical or emotional. Here are a few examples.
* A well known economist believes that the feel good factor will not return to the country before the
end of the decade.
* No matter what changes the government makes, the feel good factor will be slow to return.
Do you congratulate someone "on" getting a job, or do you congratulate him "for" getting a
job?
(K. Balasubramanian, Chennai)

One usually congratulates someone "on" getting something, and not "for". Here are a few examples.
*Neha and Raju congratulated Atul on his brilliant performance.
*Vishnu congratulated Leya on winning the lottery.
What is the word for a child who is born after his father's death?
(A. Vijayaraghavan, Bangalore)

I don't know of any specific word that would refer to such a child. Generally we talk about a child
being born posthumously. The word "posthumous" means something that happens after an
individual's death. The "o" in the first syllable is like the "o" in "pot", "hot", and "cot" and the "h" is
like the "y" in "yes", "yet", and "yeast". The following "u" can be pronounced either like the "u" in
"put", "pull", and "full", or like the "a" in "China". The final "ous" sounds like the "ous" in "famous",
"dangerous", and "generous". The main stress is on the first syllable. This is just one of the ways of
pronouncing the word. Here are a few examples on how to use the word.
*The soldier was awarded the medal posthumously.
*Nandita wanted her memoirs to be published posthumously.
*The famous actor's son was born posthumously.
What is the difference between "ornamental'' and "ornate''?
(M. Damodhar, Vellore)

When you say that something is "ornate" what you are implying is that the object has been decorated
excessively or elaborately. There is too much decoration and as a result it is showy or gaudy; the word
generally has a negative connotation. The main stress, by the way, is on the second syllable "nate",
which rhymes with "eight", "bait", and "hate". Here are a few examples.
*I saw Alok carrying a heavy, ornate vase.
*The father disapproved of the ornate cigarette case.
The word "ornamental" also means decorative, but unlike "ornate" it isn't associated with anything
negative. When you say that something is "ornamental" what you are implying is that the object has
been designed to be decorative without being too vulgar or ostentatious. The stress in this word is on
the third syllable, "men". Here are a few examples.
*The rose plant in that corner is purely ornamental.
*My father designed the ornamental garden at the back of my house.
Is it OK to say "Me neither"?
(L. Dilip, Coimbatore)

When somebody says "I don't like idlis" and you wish to agree with him or her, your normal response
is "I don't either" or "Neither do I". These are the kind of responses one finds in grammar books; they
are considered to be grammatically acceptable. But more often than not, when people are talking, they
tend to say "Me neither". Such a response is acceptable in speech, especially in informal contexts.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "off the cuff"?
(Agoramurthy, Hosur)
When you make an "off the cuff" remark what you are doing is saying something without really
having thought about it. You make it spontaneously.
*Off the cuff, I would say that there are about 300 applicants.
*Satish is in the habit of making off the cuff remarks, which hurt a lot of people.
*Think before you answer. I don't want an off the cuff reply.
The "cuff" here refers to the cuff of one's shirt. Speakers sometimes noted down some of the last
minute points/ideas, which they wished to include in their speech, on the cuffs of their shirts. While
they were speaking they would quickly look at the cuff and carry on.
Hence the expression "off the cuff". Our students too give "off the cuff" answers to questions. Some
of them write the answers down on the cuff of their shirts before entering the examination hall!
February 05, 2002
Look beat, Considering going, Homemaker...
"YOU LOOK beat. What have you been up to"?

"Beat? So, she's already called you and told you about everything".
"Told me everything? Who? What are you talking about?"
"I am talking about Sujatha, of course. Did she tell you that she beat me in a game of chess yesterday
"
"Sujatha has better things to do than tell me about your silly games."
"Then how did you know that I was beat"?
"Oh that! What I meant was you look very tired. When you say that someone looks beat, what you are
implying is that the individual is looking exhausted. It's an expression used in informal contexts."
"Really? I didn't know that."
"That's one of the meanings of the word 'beat' anyway. Here's an example. After working out in the
gym for half-an-hour, I was beat."
"You mean to say that you have started working out in the gym"
"That was just an example."
"But you do need to go to the gym, though. You're getting a paunch."
"I am not!"
"Let's not get into an argument. How about this example? After jogging three miles, I was beat."
"We were dead beat after the press conference."
"Dead beat, eh? That sounds good. I am usually dead beat after studying for a physics exam."
"By the way, how is your preparation coming along for the Board exam"?
"Pretty good, actually. I have decided where I am going to go after the exams."
"Where are you planning to go? Mumbai"?
"No. Something much better, actually. I am considering to go to America."
"I don' think you can...."
"...don't tell me what I can do and what I can't. If I want to go...."
"...you can go to America if you want. I am not stopping you. But what I am trying to tell you is that
you cannot say, 'considering to go'. It will have to be 'considering going'."
"I am considering going to America. How does that sound"
"Sounds great."
"I am considering joining the Army."
"I don't think they will take you. You won't pass the physical."
"I will. I am much stronger than I look. Are you considering quitting your job"?
"I am seriously considering kicking you out of the house."
"Oops! Sorry! Just having fun, that's all."
"I am sure you were. Aren't you usually playing cricket with your friends at this time"
"Well, yes. But since the exams are around the corner my father has forbidden me from...forbidden
me to.... I can never remember whether it's 'forbidden to' or 'forbidden from'."
"Both are right actually. You can forbid someone to do something or you can forbid someone from
doing something. Here's an example. I..."
".... let me, let me. My parents have forbidden me to play cricket."
"He was forbidden to marry the girl next door."
"I have been forbidden to stay out after seven."
"My uncle should forbid his daughter from using the telephone."
"Good god, why"?
"Because every time she gets a call, she spends nearly two hours talking."
"How about this example? My father has forbidden me from leaving the house after 8:00 in the
evening. "
"Sounds good to me. I forbid most people from smoking in my room."
"That's a good idea. I think all governments should ban cigarette advertising."
"Then where will they get the money they need"?
"Ask my mom. She has some great ideas. You know she is just a housewife, but...."
"... what do you mean just a housewife."
"OK, OK! I don't want to get into an argument here. Look, every time I fill out a form I am asked
what my father is and what my mother is. And against my mother's occupation I usually put down '
housewife'. Isn't there a better word"
"Well, there is...."
"... and I have heard some say, 'Oh, my wife is just a housewife'. As if being a housewife isn't
anything important. Do you get what I am trying to say? I mean..."
"I think I understand. You want another word. How about 'homemaker'? "
"Homemaker"
"Yes, that's right. This is the word that is commonly used these days to refer to someone who stays at
home and looks after the house."
"I see. So can I say that my mother is a homemaker"?
"You certainly can. And the good thing is the word is beginning to be used with men as well. Men
who stay at home and look after the house can be called homemakers too."
"That's pretty neat. Can a man be called a househusband"?
"Yes, he can."
"So, what are you going to be? A 'homemaker' or a 'househusband'."
"If my wife is willing to put up with my cooking, I don't mind being a homemaker. But I am sure you
are going to be a henpecked husband!"
***
" Only in America can a pizza get to your house faster than an ambulance."
- Anonymous
"The statistics on sanity are that one out of every four Americans is suffering from some form of
mental illness. Think of your three best friends. If they are okay, then it's you." — Rita Mae Brown
February 12, 2002
WHAT IS the origin and meaning of the expression `cock and bull story'?
(K. Balaji, Chennai)

When you say that someone gave you a `cock and bull story', what you are implying is that the
individual told you a story that was unbelievable; he told you a story that was obviously a lie. People
often resort to cock and bull stories when they want to come up with an excuse for not having done
something. Here are a few examples.
*When I asked Namrata why she hadn't done her assignment, she gave me some cock and bull story
about being abducted by aliens.
*When the Chairman asked for an explanation, all he got from the Vice President was some cock and
bull story.
There are several explanations as to the origin of this expression. Some scholars believe that the idiom
has its origins in the fables that we all read as children; stories in which animals behave and talk like
human beings. Such stories are often considered to be unrealistic by people who are very practical in
their outlook. They can't believe that animals like lions, bulls, foxes, etc can actually talk. Hence the
expression "cock and bull story". Some others believe that "cock" and "bull" refer to two taverns.
People who went to these bars got drunk and began to spin unbelievable stories.
Does the word "kakorraphiophobia" exist? If it does, what does it mean?
(P. Anandhi, Vellore)

Yes, the word exists, although you may not find it listed in many dictionaries. It means fear of failure.
Why people come up with these words, I have no idea.
What is the difference between lacto-vegetarian and lacto-ovo-vegetarian?
(S. Amarnath, Mysore)

A `lacto-vegetarian' is someone who not only eats vegetables but also dairy products like milk,
cheese, butter, etc. He doesn't eat eggs and products made from eggs. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian, on the
other hand, is someone who takes both milk and egg products. By the way, a person who eats only
vegetables is called a "vegan".
Which of the following sentences is correct? "Each of the children were given chocolates" or
"Each of the children was given chocolates".
(K. Gauri, Tirupati)

In such sentences, according to the rules of English grammar "each" should be followed by a singular
verb. Therefore your second sentence "Each of the children was given chocolates" will meet the
approval of a grammarian. Here are a few examples.
*Each of the books was gift wrapped carefully.
*Each of the teachers wants to donate a hundred rupees.
Nowadays, there is a tendency, even among educated native speakers of English, to use a plural verb
instead of the singular one in such constructions. This is especially true in speech. Here are a few
examples.
*Each of his plays have been hits.
*Each of his ideas are clearly stated.
A grammarian would frown upon these sentences, but they are becoming common.
How do you pronounce the word "pusillanimous"?
(K. Sridhar, Hyderabad)

The first syllable "pu" rhymes with "few", "new", and "cue". Some people pronounce the "i" in the
second and fourth syllables like the "a" in "China". Others pronounce it like the "i" in "it", "bit" and
"sit". The "a" sounds like the "a" in "act", "pact", and "fact", while the final "ous" is like the "ous" in
"famous", "dangerous", and "curious". The main stress is on the third syllable "la". Any idea what the
word means? A person who is pusillanimous is weak and cowardly; he is frightened of taking risks,
even very small ones. It's a word that is normally used in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*Geetha is too pusillanimous to head a department.
*It's time we stopped being pusillanimous and started exploring the market.
Which of the following is correct? "In behalf of" or "on behalf of'"?
(S. Sandeep, Belgaum)

Although there is a tendency to use the two interchangeably, careful users of the language maintain a
distinction between the two. When you go somewhere "on behalf of someone" you are there as his/her
representative. In other words, you are taking his/her place; you are the agent. Here are a few
examples.
*I am attending this meeting on behalf of my father.
*On behalf of my company thank you all for coming.
"In behalf of" means "in the interests of someone or something"; for someone's benefit. It's an
expression frequently used in American English.
*The students raised money in behalf of the victims of AIDS.
*The charity that he set up was in behalf of the earthquake victims.
Nowadays there is a tendency to use "on behalf of" in the above sentences as well.
What is the difference between "stairway" and "staircase"?
(D. S. Bhat, Bangalore)

Most people tend to use the two words interchangeably. For the common man, steps which allow him
to move from one floor to another can be called either a staircase or a stairway. There is no difference
between the two. But I understand there are certain technical differences. And one of them is that a
staircase usually has a handrail, while a stairway needn't always have one. This being the case, should
we ask Led Zeppelin to change the title of their famous song from "Stairway to Heaven" to "Staircase
to Heaven"? Imagine climbing all the way up without any support?
February 19, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning of "wild card" in tennis?
(S. Velayuthan, Madurai)

Last year Goran Ivanisevic entered the Wimbledon Championship as a wild card and went on to win
the men's singles title. Although he failed to get through the qualifying rounds, the officials at
Wimbledon, taking into consideration his past performance, allowed him to play. And what a dream
run Goran had! The expression "wild card" refers to a player who is allowed to participate in a
tournament although technically he/she isn't qualified; he/she does not have the necessary ATP points.
Selectors/officials usually determine who will receive the wild card. In most Grand Slam events, wild
cards are given to up and coming players from the country where the event is taking place. For
example, during the U.S Open, most of the wild cards are given to Americans and during Wimbledon
to the British players. Officials can give a top ranked player a wild card as well.
What is the meaning of "can't see the wood for the trees"?
(Mita Paul, Vishakapatnam)

Sometimes when you concentrate on the minute details of a problem, you lose sight of the overall
picture; in other words you focus on the unimportant, rather than on the important things. You miss
the big picture. And that's what the expression "can't see the wood for the trees" means. The
Americans tend to say "can't see the forest for the trees". Here are a few examples.
*From the questions that were asked after the presentation, it was fairly obvious that most of the
participants couldn't see the wood for the trees.
*Brilliant as he was, Raju sometimes couldn't see the forest for the trees.
*It's difficult for some of the employees to see the wood for the trees.
Can the word "bon voyage" be used with people who are travelling by train or car?
(B. Vishwanatha Rao, Hyderabad)

Well, the expression "bon voyage" means have a good journey. So whether the journey is by car or
train, it shouldn't make a difference. I am sure that in 50 years' time we will be saying "bon voyage" to
people travelling to the moon (or wherever).
What is the meaning of "get hot under the collar"?
(G. Nithya, Thanjavur)

When we get angry, usually our body temperature rises; our face and neck feel hot, our palms sweat,
etc. And where is our neck? It's usually under the collar. To "get hot under the collar" means, to get
angry. Here are a few examples.
*You could see that Vijay was getting hot under the collar.
*I can't stand Sunita. Every time I talk to her, I get hot under the collar.
*Vishnu got hot under the collar when the teacher accused him of cheating.
What is the meaning of "theme park"?
(P. Kalimuthu, Mettur Dam)

An "amusement park" is an outdoor place where you and your family go to be entertained. Usually in
such parks, there are lots of rides (giant wheel, roller coaster, etc), games, and stalls selling things to
eat — cotton candy, popcorn, soft drinks, etc. A "theme park" is like an amusement park, but it is built
around a central theme; all the settings and attractions have a common theme running through them.
The theme could be anything; the world of the future, age of the dinosaurs, etc. I am told that
Disneyland in California is an enormous amusement park. Within this amusement park there are
several theme parks (Fantasyland, Tomorrowland, etc).
Which of the following is correct? Compare to or compare with?
(Murthy, Ravulapalam)
Both are acceptable; there is a tendency these days to use the two interchangeably. Careful users of
the language, however, make a distinction between the two. When you compare something "with"
something, then what you are doing is looking for similarities and differences. If you compare
yourself with Tendulkar, then you are trying to find out in what way you are similar to Tendulkar and,
in what way you are different. You are not making a value judgement. You may come up with a list of
similarities and differences — that you are three inches taller than Tendulkar, you haven't scored as
many runs as the master batsman, etc. If, on the other hand, you compare yourself "to" Tendulkar,
then you are placing yourself on the same level as the great batsman. You feel you are as good as
Tendulkar. Remember the song sung by the "Artist Once Known as Prince", "Nothing compares to
you"?
One talks about a "gaggle of geese", what about swans?
(B. Sreedevi, Secunderabad)

The collective noun associated with swans is "bevy".
What is the difference between "for sale" and "on sale"?
(R. Ranjan, Chennai)

When you sell something, it is "for sale". All the items that you see in a shop are for sale. You can
buy them. When the same items are "on sale", they are being sold at a lower price.
*Many people I know buy things only when they are on sale.
*There were lots of things for sale at the exhibition.
*Buy this model. It's on sale this week.
Is it OK to say that something is "very unique"?
(L. Vasu, Chidambaram)

When you say that something is "unique" it implies that it is one of its kind. It is therefore
unnecessary for you to say that it is "very unique", or "quite unique". Grammarians frown upon it, but
it is common to hear people say "very/quite unique". Avoid it if you can.
*The patterns that you see are unique.
*As far as I am concerned his paintings are unique.
*It was a unique experience.
Crime does not pay.... as well as politics." — Alfred E. Newman

February 26, 2002
What is the meaning of "It isn't worth a hill of beans"?
(T. V. Subba Rao, Hyderabad)

When you say something "isn't worth a hill of beans", what you are implying is that it is insignificant;
it is worthless. This is an expression which is normally used in informal contexts. Here are a few
examples.
*Savitri's so called fortune isn't worth a hill of beans.
*The advice that you give others isn't worth a hill of beans if you yourself don't follow it.
*As far as my boss is concerned my ideas aren't worth a hill of beans.
What is the difference between "homicide" and "murder"?
(R. Ganesan, Madurai)

"Homicide" is a word frequently used in American English. It refers to the killing of one human being
by another. The killing may be accidental or intentional; it may or may not be done with criminal
intent. If you shoot a man accidentally or in self-defense, it would be considered "homicide";
similarly, if you run over an individual intentionally, it would be considered "homicide". It is a neutral
term. According to Black's Law Dictionary, the word homicide merely "describes the act, it
pronounces no judgment on the moral or legal quality".
Murder, on the other hand, is an illegal act; it is usually a premeditated crime. When an individual
"murders" someone, he/she kills another human being after having planned what he/she is going to
do. The word "murder" has a negative connation associated with it. The police force in the United
States has a Homicide Department, but not a Murder Department. The ''o'' in the first syllable of
"homicide" is like the "o'' in "hot'', "pot'', and "not'', while the "i'' in the second syllable is like the "a''
in "china''. The final syllable is pronounced like the word "side''. The main stress is on the first
syllable.
Is it OK to say "I am running forty"?
(K. Chandrasekaran, Sivaganga)

We Indians are always in a hurry. When we are on the road, we are in a rush to get somewhere;
sometimes totally ignoring all traffic rules. So it is not surprising that we are always "running" some
particular age. It is very common to hear an Indian say that he is "running 40". I suppose when one is
39, one can run to 40. But when one is 79, does one run/jog/canter/limp/crawl to 80? I have no idea.
The expression "running 40" is common within the Indian context. It is not used by the native
speakers of English. Native speakers tend to use "going on''. Remember the famous song from "Sound
of Music''? ''I am sixteen going on seventeen''. Is it wrong to say "running 40''? Within the Indian
context it is acceptable.
What is the meaning of "the straw that broke the camel's back"?
(A. Vara Prasad, Tuni, AP)

When you say that something is the straw that broke the camel's back, what you are implying is that
you have reached the limit of your patience; that you are not willing to put up with any more
nonsense. You have been patient and tolerant for a very long time, but now your patience has run out;
you are unwilling to put up with your present situation. You have had a string of problems, and this
final one has left you extremely angry. Here are a few examples.

*Sriram is always late for office. On Friday he failed to meet an important client. That was the straw
that broke the camel's back. The boss fired him.
*Malathi has always been rude to me. But what she said today was the straw that broke the camel's
back. I am going to complain against her.
It is also possible to say ''the last straw''. For example,
*When he broke the window for the third time, it was the last straw.
*When Shyam didn't bother to come for the family get together, it was the last straw.
There is a limit as to the amount of straw that any animal can carry. A camel, for example, can carry a
certain amount on its back. If you keep adding to the amount, then the animal will become
overloaded. That final straw which makes it impossible for the animal to carry any more is the straw
that breaks the camel's back. The idiom has been in use since the mid 1800s. The expression that was
in use earlier was "The last feather that breaks the horse's back''.
Does the word "aunty" exist?
(G. Ramaswamy, Bangalore)

Yes, the word aunty does exist. It is mostly used by kids. In our country any woman who is older than
us automatically becomes an "aunty''. For most of the small kids living in the cities, the couples living
next door automatically become aunty and uncle.
In the U.S and Britain the word "aunty'' is not used to refer to a woman who is not related to you. The
next door neighbour is likely to be called Mrs. Ramdas rather than "Saroja aunty''.
Why is the "green room" called the green room?
(S. Dilip, Chennai)

The room where the actors and actresses rest during a play is usually referred to as the green room. It
is so called because the walls in this room were traditionally painted green.
People felt that `green' was a soothing colour for the eyes. Since actors were exposed to harsh lights
while on stage, they were provided something soothing to rest their eyes on.
Hence the room was painted green. Nowadays of course the green room doesn't necessarily have to be
painted green, but it still continues to be referred to as the "green room''.

March 05, 2002
Wicked, pounding the books, Grade grubber...
"WHAT IS the meaning of `wicked"?

"Wicked? Well, when you say that someone is wicked it means that he/she is evil. He/she is behaving
in a way...."
"I know that meaning of wicked! But does it have another meaning"
"Another meaning? Well, I have heard...."
"...you see, today my cousin in America emailed me saying that the Harry Potter movie is wicked.
What does he mean by that? How can a movie be "wicked"?
"Well, what he means is that the movie is excellent. In informal contexts, the word `wicked' is used to
mean excellent."
"Wicked means excellent? You are joking, right"
"No, I am not. Native speakers of English use the word `wicked' to mean èxcellent or impressive'.
For example, I can say, the masala dosai that you get in that restaurant is wicked.
"I bought some really wicked shoes last weekend. How does that sound"?
"Sounds great. But remember, this use of the word `wicked' is restricted to informal contexts. It is
considered to be slang by many people."
"OK, I'll try and remember that. Let's hope I get some...."
".... where did you get that shirt? It's really tight."
"What are you talking about? This shirt is definitely not tight. Most of my friends have said that it's a
great shirt."
"I agree. It is a great shirt. No doubt about it."
"But you said it was tight. How can..."
".... one of the meanings of `tight' is excellent."
"You mean `tight' and `wicked' mean the same thing"
"That's right. In informal contexts they can both mean the same thing.
"Look at those really tight shoes that the woman is wearing. How does that sound"
"Sounds good to me. You must see Lord of the Rings. It's really tight."
"But when a person says, those shoes are really tight, how do we know what he means? Does he mean
that the shoes are really tight or...."
"....I understand what you are saying. Well, I guess the meaning will depend on the context."
"That makes sense."
"That does make sense, doesn't it? But what you are doing, doesn't."
"What do you mean"?
"Well, with the exams around the corner, shouldn't you be studying? Most of your friends are
pounding the books."
"Pounding the books? Does it mean studying very hard"

"That's right. When you `hit the books', or `pound the books', you study very hard. For example, my
neighbour's son has been pounding the books for over six months now."
*"I spent the entire weekend pounding the books."
*"You could also say, I spent the entire weekend hitting the books."
*"I've been hitting the books for over three months now."
"That's what I am worried about. It's about time that you became a study animal."
"A study animal? Does it mean someone who studies all the time"
"Students refer to person who studies very hard as a `study animal'. People tell me that my friend
Madhu is a study animal."
"My sister has always been a study animal."
"Too bad you aren't one."
"I know. I wish I could become a study animal. But the problem is there are so many things that I
want to do. So many...."
"...things you want to do? Like what"
"Oh, like playing cricket, watching TV, reading comics,...."
".... I get the picture. I think you should try and...."
".... look, I am not a study animal. You know it, and I know it. At least I don't run after my teachers in
order to get extra marks. Is there a word for that? You know somebody who is nice to his/her teachers
because he/ she wants to get good marks."
"Yes, there is a word for it. We can...."
".... you have already told me about apple polishing. Is there any other word"
"Grade grubber. He is someone who flatters teachers in order to get good marks."
"I see. How does this sound? During examination time the teacher is constantly surrounded by grade
grubbers."
"Good example. The grade grubbers went to the teacher's house to wish her a happy birthday."
"I guess that the presence of grade grubbers assures old teachers that things haven't changed all that
much."
"That's true. As long as we have human beings teaching, we will definitely have grade grubbers."
"You are probably right. Now then, what...."
".... you know my cousin Ravi has an excellent idea. He thinks...."
".... please don't talk to me about your cousin and his ideas. As far as I am concerned your cousin Ravi
is out to lunch."
"Out to lunch? What does that mean? I haven't come across that expression before."
"Well, when you say that someone is out to lunch it means he /she is out of touch with reality. It's an
expression used in very informal contexts."
"Can I say, don't pay any attention to the school principal. He's always out to lunch."
"You can. My old uncle is out to lunch. He seems to be losing his mind."

"Looks like it runs in the family."

"What do you mean by that"
"Look, I don't want to get into an argument. I have to go. Have to hit the books."
"That my dear friend is a wicked idea. Have fun."
"Have fun, indeed."
*** *** ***
"Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its pupils." — Hector Louis Berlioz

March 12, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning of "kicking it back"?
(L. Balagopal, Hyderabad)
When you "kick back", "kick it back", or "kick it" what you are doing is relaxing. If you are sitting at
home with your friends doing absolutely nothing, you can say that you are "just kicking it". This
expression is considered to be slang and therefore used only in informal contexts. Here are a few
examples.
*After the exam, my friends and I kicked it at home last night.
*Some people complain that most government employees go to the office, just kick it back until they
have to go home.
This expression has more or less the same meaning as "chill out".
*I have told Vyomakesh to chill out after the exams.
*Amrit is planning to chill out this weekend.
What is the positive reply to, "Won't you eat"?
(V. Krishnan, Palghat)

If you want to eat, then you would have to say, "Yes, I will". If you want to sound very polite, you
could say, "Yes, I will. Thank you." If the person is well known to you, then you could simply say,
"Of course", "Sure", "Why not?'', "Love to'', etc.
What is the meaning of "hydrophobia"?
(M. Amarnath, Kodaikanal)

``Hydro'' means water; so it stands to reason that "hydrophobia" is fear of water. If a person is
hydrophobic, does he/she ever take a bath? Worth looking into, don't you think? Someone should
write a dissertation on this. Maybe, we should all become hydrophobic during the summer. One way
of saving water!
What is the difference between "instinct"and "intuition"?
(P. V. Srinivasan, Chennai)

These two words are used interchangeably in most contexts. For example, I can say, "My instinct is
not to trust any politician". I can also say, "My intuition tells me not to trust any politician". Careful
users of the language try and make a distinction between the two. They argue that an "instinct" is
something that we are born with; it is something that we do naturally without thinking. An instinct is a
reaction. An animal, as soon as it is born, instinctively gets up, walks to its mother, and drinks milk.
There is no thinking involved here; it is something that the animal has been programmed to do. It
seems as if it is automatic. When you don't really have much time to think and react to a particular
situation you are responding "instinctively". When a bowler bowls a bouncer at you, you react
"instinctively" rather than "intuitively".
The word "intuition", like the word "instinct" does not carry with it a sense of "reasoning", it does,
however, suggest or convey the idea that some amount of knowledge and awareness is involved. From
experience a teacher intuitively knows when his students understand him and when they don't. After
hitting a fast bowler for three fours in a row, you intuitively know that the next ball, or the one after
that, is likely to be a bouncer. "Intuition" is based on experience. An instinct is something you are
born with, and as you grow into an adult, sometimes you lose some of those instincts. Some people

argue that a child is not born with intuition, he gains it through experience.
What is the meaning of the idiom "to fish in troubled waters''?
(Nividha, Vishakapatnam)
When you fish in troubled waters what you are doing is involving yourself in a dangerous situation in
the hope of gaining some personal advantage. In other words, you hope to capitalise on someone
else's misfortune. Something that our political parties and politicians are famous for. When a country
fishes in troubled waters, what it is attempting to do is to gain advantage from the political problems
that the other country is having. Here are a few examples.
*Bela is fishing in troubled waters by buying shares of that software company. I understand that the
company is in financial difficulties.
*Any country that interferes in Middle East politics is fishing in troubled waters.
*Many American arms companies have been fishing in troubled waters for several decades now by
selling armaments to states that are potential sponsors of terrorism.
*The Prime Minister denied that his Government was fishing in troubled waters.
Fishermen believe that it is easy to catch fish when the water is "troubled" or rough. Some believe that
the fish come to the surface at this time and therefore it is easier to catch them. Others argue that fish
don't "bite" any better in bad weather than in good weather. They feel that the bad weather drives
away most fishermen and as a result the few that remain catch more fish.
How do you pronounce "impromptu" and how is the word used?
(D. Sainath, Anantpur)

The first syllable sounds like the "im" in "impossible", "immovable" and "important". The "o'' in the
second syllable "promp'' is pronounced like the "o'' in "not'', "hot'', and "lot''; while the final "tu'' is
like the "tu'' in "Tuesday'', "tutor'' and "tulips''. The stress is on the second syllable, "promp''. When
you do something "impromptu'', you do it without really preparing or planning for it. Here are a few
examples.
*The Minister gave one of his boring impromptu speeches.
*We ended up having an impromptu party in class.
*Raju claims that he was speaking impromptu.
*** *** ***
`Ì belong to Bridegrooms Annonymous. Whenever I feel like getting married, they send over a lady in
a housecoat and hair curlers to burn my toast for me.'' — Dick Martin

March 19, 2002
What is the meaning of "vibes"?
(P. Shivaji, Nidamangalam)

Well, first of all, "vibes" is the short form of "vibrations". When you talk about "vibes", you are
referring to the good or bad feelings that you sometimes get when you meet a new person or when
you walk into a strange place. You can't always explain why you like a certain person the moment you
meet him/her; you just feel comfortable in the person's presence. Similarly there are times when you
walk into a strange place and you immediately feel at home. It's a question of chemistry. The
good/bad feelings that you get are something that you sense intuitively. The word "vibes" is generally
used in informal contexts.
*Whenever I see Venkat I get really bad vibes.
*I don't think you should buy this house. I don't like the vibes I get here.
*Meera doesn't want to work with Pramod. She says she gets strange vibes from that guy.
What is the meaning and origin of "talk nineteen to the dozen"?
(G. Govind, Hyderabad)

When you say that someone is talking nineteen to the dozen, it means that the individual is speaking
very fast. He/she is talking non-stop and very quickly. When we run into such a person we usually
end up with a headache. Here are a few examples.
*Vijay and Madhavan went off together, talking nineteen to the dozen.
*Sridhar talked nineteen to the dozen all night and kept us all entertained.
While the English tend to use this expression, the Americans on the other hand, say "talk a blue
streak". It means the same thing as "talk nineteen to the dozen". Here are a few examples.
*Alok didn't talk till he was six, and then he started talking a blue streak.
*Once Anita starts, she'll talk a blue streak. She just won't stop.
When you place an order for a dozen pastries, you usually expect to find twelve pieces. But if by
some luck you find nineteen instead of twelve, how would you feel? You'd probably feel that you are
very lucky. You know that you have got more than you paid for, an excessive amount. Similarly,
when you talk nineteen to the dozen what you are doing is talking excessively; you are talking too
fast.
How do you pronounce the word "ubiquitous"? What does it mean?
(B. Narayan, Chennai)

The first "u" is pronounced like the word "you", while the "i'' in the second syllable is like the "i'' in
"bit'', "pit'' and "hit''. The following "q..u..i..t" sounds like the word "quit'', and the final "ous'' is
pronounced like the "ous'' in "famous'', "dangerous'', and "courageous''. The main stress is on the
second syllable. When you say that something is "ubiquitous'' what you are implying is that it is
present everywhere. The word is generally used in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*During the picnic, the ubiquitous little ants made our lives miserable.
*Many people find the ubiquitous hoardings in the city very distracting.
*Some people feel threatened by the ubiquitous spread of English.

What is the origin of the word "villain"?
(E. Sundar, Bangalore)

The word "villain" these days has a negative connotation. When it first began to be used, it was a
neutral term. A "villain" was actually a poor person who lived on a farm; he lived in a "villa". When
the word was borrowed into English as "villain" it was used to refer to any lowborn rustic. The
conditions in which these people lived were so bad that they often had to resort to crime to make ends
meet. As time went on anyone who lived in a "villa" was viewed suspiciously, he was considered to
be a criminal. Soon the word "villain" began to be used with people with antisocial tendencies. It no
longer mattered whether the individual lived in a villa or not. The class distinction was lost.
Democracy at work, I guess. Nowadays the rich can be villains too.
Are there different terms that you can use to refer to your daughter's children and your son's
children?
(R. Balakrishnan, Chennai)

Unlike Indians, native speakers of English do not seem to give much importance to kinship terms. In
many of our Indian languages, we have different terms to refer to our father's older brother and his
younger brother. We have terms to differentiate our mother's brother and our father's brother. In
English both are called "uncle". This being the case, it is not surprising that the language does not
have a special term to refer to one's son's children and one's daughter's children. In both cases, they
are referred to as "grandchildren".
What is the difference between "all right" and "alright"?
(K. Padma, Mysore)

You can probably get away with "alright" in informal contexts. But in formal contexts only "all right"
is acceptable. It "ain't" right to spell "all right", "alright".
*** *** ***
"When will the public cease to insult the teacher's calling with empty flattery? When will men who
would never for a moment encourage their own sons to enter the work of the public schools cease to
tell us that education is the greatest and noblest of all human callings" — William C. Bagley

March 26, 2002
What is the opposite of "tomboy"?
(Keshava Rao, Kakinada)

Unfortunately there is no word, which is the exact opposite. This is another example of how sexist the
English language is. A girl who dresses like a boy and behaves like one is called a "tomboy". When
you call a girl a "tomboy" you are not passing any judgment on her. When a boy begins to behave like
a girl, he is laughed at. He is universally condemned. A word that is commonly used to describe such
a person is "sissy". When you call a boy a "sissy", you are implying he lacks the qualities, which you
would associate with the male of the species. The word "sissy", unlike the word "tomboy", has a
negative connation. Most people would say that it is okay for a young girl to behave like a boy, but it's
not okay for a boy, no matter how young, to behave like a girl. Such a boy is looked down upon by
society. Here are a few examples.
*What's that sissy Ramu doing over here?
*Tell that sissy that I don't want to do business with him.
The word "sissified" is being used these days to mean "effeminate".
*Stop acting so sissified.
The words "sissify" and "sissified" are mostly used in informal contexts; they are considered to be
slang.
Which is correct? "The inspection was made/done."?
(N. Srinivasulu, Alur)

Both are acceptable. One can either "make" an inspection or "do" an inspection. It's also possible to
say, "carry out an inspection". Here are a few examples.
*We made the inspection last week.
*The inspection was done last week.
*The inspection was carried out last week.
*They will make the inspection sometime today.
*They will do the inspection sometime today.
What is the meaning of "putative"?
(S. Barani Dharan, Chennai)

First of all, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first syllable "pu" rhymes with "few", "dew" and
"cue". The "a" in the second syllable is like the "a" in "china", while the following "i" sounds like the
"i" in "it", "bit" and "sit". The final "e" is silent. The main stress is on the first syllable.
The word "putative" means, generally believed or accepted to be true. You are not really sure if
something is true or not, but you, like others, believe that it is. For example, if I say the "putative
leader", what it impl ies is that I believe that he is the leader but I am not really sure. The word is
normally used before nouns in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*There have been many attempts to capture the putative Abominable Snowman.
*The police shot and killed the putative leader of the terrorist organisation.

What is the difference between "in spite of" and "despite"?
(Ramakrishna Bhat, Hubli)

There is no difference; the two words can be used interchangeably. The only thing that you have to
remember is that you shouldn't use the word "of" with despite. Here are a few examples.
*Despite the pain, he continued to work.
*In spite of the pain he continued to work.
*Despite Sachin's brilliant century, India lost the match.
*In spite of Sachin's brilliant century, India lost the match.
What is the meaning of "testing the waters"?
(D. Shivakumar, Secunderabad)

When you "test the waters" what you are doing is finding out the opinions of people before you
actually go ahead and do what you plan to do. This is a term that is normally used in politics and
business. Here are few examples.
*I think we should test the waters before we open a hotel in this part of town.
*It was clear to everyone that in his speech the Prime Minister was testing the waters.
It is also possible to say "testing the water". People who go swimming usually test the water before
they jump into it. They usually dip their toes or hands into the water to find out how cold or warm it is
before they jump in. Americans tend to say "trial balloon" and "send out feelers".
*Bala sent up a trial balloon. It was a great success.
*Don't panic, Jyothi. It was just a trial balloon.
*The trial balloon was a super flop.
*Let's put out a few feelers and see what the members think.
What is the origin of "nightmare"?
(T. Ganesh, Tirupathi)

Everyone knows what the meaning of "night" is. As for "mare", well, one of the meanings is a
"female horse". So a nightmare should be a female horse that appears in your dream. But generally we
don't dream about horses. Usually we have terrible dreams about falling off a building/mountain, or
appearing for an exam when we are totally unprepared. I understand that in Old English the word
"mare" meant an evil spirit. And since it was evil, it was assumed to be a "she" rather than a "he"!
Once again showing how sexist this language is. It was believed that this evil spirit sat on people who
were sleeping causing a feeling of suffocation.
Don't cross this field unless you can do it in 9.9 seconds. The bull can do it in 10." — Sign at a bison
range

April 02, 2002
IS IT OK to say, "hook, line, and bait"?
(Dr. S. Jayaraman, Chennai)

The correct expression is "fall for something hook, line, and sinker''. The word "fall'' here means "to
believe''. So when you fall for a story "hook, line, and sinker'', you believe the story completely,
although it sounds pretty far fetched. The expression means the same thing as "lock, stock, and
barrel''. When you say that someone fell for something hook, line and sinker, you are passing a
judgment on the individual. You are indirectly saying that he/she is pretty gullible; he/she is willing to
believe anything somebody tells him/her. One can also say "swallow/buy something hook, line, and
sinker''. Here are a few examples.
* Shyam expected his students to swallow his explanation hook, line, and sinker.
* The children bought the story hook, line, and sinker.
Another common expression is, "fall hook, line, and sinker in love with someone/something''.
* Everyone knew that Sarita had fallen hook, line and sinker in love with Ganesh.
* As soon as Ramesh saw the car, he fell for it hook, line and sinker.
* I've fallen hook, line, and sinker in love with Demi Moore.
This is an expression, which comes from the sport of fishing. I understand that sometimes a fish not
only swallows the hook to which the bait is attached, but also some of the "line''. The sinker is the
weight that is used to take the fishing line to the bottom. It is, however, very uncommon for a fish to
swallow the "sinker''. So, if someone swallows your story hook, line and sinker, he/she believes your
tall tale.
What is the difference between "cost" and "price"?
(Usha Karthikeyan, Chennai)

Most people tend to use these words interchangeably when they want to mean the amount of money
required to buy something. For example, we can say, "What is the price of the car'' or "How much
does the car cost"? In business however, the two words have a different meaning. When you talk
about the "cost'' of something, what you are referring to is the amount of money that you spent to
make that particular thing. For example, when businessmen talk about the cost of a car, they are
referring to the amount they spent manufacturing it. "Price", on the other hand, refers to the amount of
money that the car is sold for. It is the amount that the customer pays. A toy may cost Rs. 200 to
manufacture, but it may be priced at Rs. 500.
The word "cost", unlike the word "price", is normally used with services. For example, one talks
about the cost of getting one's car repaired, and the cost of going on holiday. "Cost" is also used with
abstractions; one talks about the "cost of living", the "cost of war", etc. When you wish to use an
adjective, then it is "price" that is used. For example, you talk about "exorbitant" prices, "great
prices", and "bargain prices". As everyone knows every politician has his/her price. Yes, the word
price is normally used when you wish to bribe someone. You can tell the individual to name his/her
price.
Is it OK to say, "All classes are suspended in the aftermath of the All India elocution
competition".
(V. S. Uday, Sringeri)

The word "aftermath" was first used to refer to the second crop; that is, the crop that grew after the
first crop was cut. These days the word is figuratively used to refer to the period, which follows an
event. But what is important to remember that the preceding event is usually associated with
something terrible - an earthquake, an explosion, a war, etc. Here are a few examples.
* Five students died in the aftermath of the explosion.
* My cousin's business went bankrupt in the aftermath of the recession.
* In the aftermath of the war thousands of the people fled the country.
How do you pronounce "tsetse"?
(S. Priya, Vellore)

The first "s'' is silent. "Tset'' rhymes with words like "set'', "bet", and "met". The "e" in the second
syllable is like the "i" in "sit", "knit", and "bit". The main stress is on the first syllable. A "tsetse", by
the way, is an African fly which feeds on the blood of animals.
** ** **
"I don't mind dying; the trouble is you feel so bloody stiff the next day." George Axlerod

April 09, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the idiom "to live the life of Riley"?
(K. R. Manohara, Chitraguda )

When you say that somebody is "living" or "leading the life of Riley", what you are implying is that
he/she is leading a very comfortable life. He/she is leading the kind of life that all of us wish we had
— a life where one doesn't have to work hard, or spend sleepless nights worrying about making ends
meet. When you lead the life of Riley you lead a very "cushy" life. Here are a few examples.
* While Prabha worked all day, Sunil stayed home living the life of Riley.
* The young couple moved into a big house and led the life of Riley.
What is the origin of this expression? Well, no one is really sure as to who this Riley was. Some
scholars argue that this Riley (originally spelt "Reilly") referred to the character that appeared in a
song written by Pat Rooney in 1890. In the song Riley says if he ever became the President of the US
then "New York" would "swim in wine when the White House and Capitol are mine." It tells you
something about the kind of President he would have made, doesn't it? Some others argue that it was
an American poet by the name of James Whitcomb Riley who gave rise to this idiom. Apparently,
Riley (1849-1916) wrote sentimental poems about young boys, which were very popular during his
time. The poems told the stories of young boys lazing around during the summer without a care in the
world — wandering about barefoot, swimming in the river and fishing.
What is the meaning of "sixth sense"?
(T. Srinivas, Siddipet)

Sometimes when you get up in the morning you have a feeling that you are going to have a really bad
day. There may not be any logical explanation why you feel this way. You just have this strange
feeling and funnily enough you end up having a perfectly lousy day. This intuitive feeling that you
sometimes have that tells you that something good or bad is going to happen, is your "sixth sense".
We all have five senses — taste, hearing, sight, smell, and touch. This sixth sense cannot be explained
by the other five senses; it is something that cannot be explained by logic. Here are a few examples.
* Atul's sixth sense warned him not trust his new lawyer.
* Prem's sixth sense told him that something bad was going to happen.
The expression means the same thing as "gut reaction", or "gut feeling". Your gut feeling about
something is your personal or intuitive feeling about something. For example,
* Satish had a gut feeling that he was going to get some bad news.
* I had a gut feeling that I shouldn't go through with the deal.
How do you use the word "adrenalin"?
(Barun Kumar Mahapatra, Behrampur)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "a" in the first and third syllable is pronounced like the "a"
in "china". The "e" in "dre" sounds like the "e" in "set", "bet", and "met", while the following "i" is
like the "i" in "it", "sit", and "bit". The stress as you have probably guessed is on the second syllable.
Whenever we become excited, frightened, or angry about something our body immediately begins to
produce a chemical substance. This chemical substance which the body produces is called
"adrenalin". It makes the heart beat faster and gets the body ready to react to danger. Nowadays, the
word is figuratively used to mean to make one excited or angry. Here are a few examples.

* When I saw Ashok kicking the poor puppy, it got my adrenalin going.
* Aparna felt the adrenalin pumping through her body.
What should a sign say? "No admission" or "No admittance"?
(G.K.S. Kandasubramanian, Sivaganga)

Both are correct. When you find these signs on a door, what they imply is that you do not have the
right to enter. Of the two, "admittance" is the more formal. It stresses on the physical act of entering
the premises. "Admission", on the other hand, is far less formal and has several different meanings.
For example, we talk about "admission to a club or university". Here the focus is not on the physical
act of entering the university or the club, but in the general sense of participating with others.
Admission gives you the right to join others and participate in an event/programme.
***
"Americans are broad minded people. They'll accept the fact that a person can be an alcoholic, a
dope fiend, a wife beater, and even a newspaperman; but if a man doesn't drive there's something
wrong with him." — Art Buchwald

April 16, 2002
Know your English
Could you run that by me again ?

"...and the funny thing is Sujatha told me that since it was my fault I should pay for the damage. I got
really angry and told her that I wasn't going to pay. Did I do the right thing? What do you think''
``What''
``Did I do the right thing or not? I mean do ....''
"....I am sorry. Could you run that by me again? I wasn't really....''
"...run? Run what? What are you talking about''
``When you ask someone to 'run something by you again' what you want him to do is to repeat what
he said.''
``Really? So, if you say something and I am not paying any attention, can I say, I am sorry. Could you
run that by me again''
``Yeah, I guess you could. When somebody gives you their telephone number or their address and
you don't get it the first time, you can say, 'Could you run that by me again?'.''
`Ìn other words, it's a way of saying, could you please repeat what you said.''
``Yes, that's right.''
``Could you run that by me again? Seems a mouthful. I'd rather say, 'Please repeat it'. Much simpler.''
``You have a point there.''
``Have you seen the movie running in Sangeet''
``You mean the horror film that everyone is talking about? Of course not! You know that horror
movies just turn my stomach.''
``Horror movies turn your stomach? In which direction''
``Ha! Ha! Very funny! When you say that something turns your stomach, it means that it makes you
sick. It disgusts or nauseates you.''
''I see. The thing makes you feel so terrible that you feel like vomiting.''
``That's right. For example, when I saw the boy lying there in a pool of blood, it turned my stomach.''
``Gopa hadn't cleaned his apartment for several weeks. The moment I entered, the stench turned my
stomach. How does that sound''
``Sounds great."
''How about this one? The hypocrisy of our so called leaders turns my stomach.''
"Please, let's not talk about politicians. You need to have a strong stomach to talk about them so early
in the morning.''
"Have a strong stomach! Does that mean to see horrible things and not get upset or sick...''
"...that's right. Someone who has a strong stomach has the ability to do or see things that are
unpleasant without feeling upset or sick. For example, if you are taking someone to see that horror
film in Sangeet, make sure that the person has a strong stomach.''

``People working in slaughter houses must have strong stomachs.''

`Ì don't think I can stomach any more of this. I am leaving.''
``Leaving? But where''
`Ì am having breakfast with Vyomekesh at the new Udipi restaurant.''
``You two must have a cast iron stomach.''
``Stomach again? What does cast iron stomach mean''
``Well, when you say that someone has a cast iron stomach, it means he/she can eat anything and
digest it.''
``Sounds like my cousin Karthick. He can eat anything and digest it. Including his sister's cooking. I
am sure he has a cast iron stomach.''
`Ìf you want to survive Sushma's cooking, you need a cast iron stomach. Unfortunately, her husband,
Anand, doesn't have one.''
`Ìf I were you I wouldn't make fun of your friend's wife. The girl you marry may turn out to be a
terrible cook too.''
``That's true.''
`Ìs your new colleague's wife a good cook''?
``Dorai's wife? She must be.''
``What makes you say that''?
``Why, just look at Dorai. He has got the biggest breadbasket I have ever seen.''
``Breadbasket''
``Well, a person's breadbasket is his....''
''....wait! wait! Let me guess. Since we have been talking about the stomach all the time, a person's
breadbasket must be his tummy!''
``You're absolutely right. Here's an example. Yesterday, I sat next to a man whose breadbasket was
bigger than your Principal's.''
``Really? With a breadbasket that big he must be having problems finding clothes that fit him.''
``Could be. By the way, the stomach can also be called a `dinner basket'.'' But remember, `dinner
basket' and `breadbasket' are considered to be slang.''
``Which probably means I should use them only in informal contexts.''
`Èxactly!''
*** *** ***
``Natives who beat drums to drive off evil spirits are objects of scorn to smart Americans who blow
horns to break up traffic jams.'' —
Mary Ellen Kelly

April 23, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning of "gonna" and "wanna" ?
(A. A. Latheef, Alleppey)

"Gonna" is actually "going to" and "wanna" is "want to". In informal styles of writing, many
Americans tend to spell these words in this manner. Similarly, "got to" is often spelt "gotta". In fact,
one finds these words spelt in this manner in comic books. These spellings, however, are not
acceptable in formal contexts. Teachers tend to frown on them. So you "gotta" know when it's OK to
write "wanna" cos not everyone is "gonna" to accept it when it is spelt this way.
What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "be hoist with one's own petard"?
(K. P. Nair, Thiruvanthapuram)

Scholars claim that this is an expression, which was made popular by Shakespeare. The idiom "be
hoist with one's own petard" is a line from his well-known tragedy "Hamlet". First, let's start with the
pronunciation of "petard". The "e" can be either pronounced like the "a" in "china" or like the "i" in
"bit", "pit", and "sit". The "ar" that follows is like the "ar" in "car", "par", and "far". The stress is on
the second syllable.
The "petard" was actually a crude kind of bomb that was used in the old days by invading armies.
Soldiers used to place these bell shaped bombs near the walls/gates and then light the slow burning
fuse that was attached to them. Sometimes, however, the fuse burnt much more quickly than expected,
and in the process blew up not only the wall/gate, but also the man who was lighting the bomb. The
soldier was lifted off or hoisted off his feet by the exploding bomb. The "oi" in "hoist" sounds like the
"oi" in "oil", "boil", and "soil".
Now that you know the origin of the expression, you can probably guess its meaning. So what do you
think the idiom "be hoist with one's own petard" means? It means creating problems for yourself.
Have you ever had a plan backfire on you? You may have planned to create a problem for someone,
but something goes wrong and you end up creating problems for yourself. Instead of the other person,
you end up having egg on your face. Just like the unpredictable bomb (petard), it blows up on your
face, instead of on the face of your opponent. Here are a few examples.
*Shambu wanted to murder his brother Ram but was hoist with his own petard when he accidentally
ate the poison that was intended for him.
*The teachers were hoist with their own petard when the inquiry they had asked for determined that
they were being overpaid and not underpaid.
What is the difference between a "housewife", "housekeeper" and "housesitter"?
(P. Rajagopal, Hyderabad)

A "housewife" is a married woman who looks after her house. She does not have a job outside the
house; she is not employed by anybody else. She spends all her time running the house. Cooking,
cleaning, shopping, looking after the kids and the husband. A "housekeeper", on the other hand, is
someone who is hired to look after someone else's house. The housekeeper is usually responsible for
the cooking and the cleaning of the house. She may or not stay with the owners.
*Rama said that she couldn't afford a housekeeper.
A "housesitter" is also someone who is hired. In this case, the individual is hired to look after the
house while the owners are away. For example, if you and your family decide to take a vacation, but
are scared that someone may break into your house, you may decide to hire a housesitter. It is his/her

job to take care of the house while you are away. Just like you have "babysitters", you now have
"housesitters". These people stay inside the house; they are not like the watchman whom you post
outside for security.
*Ashish is a reliable housesitter. You can call him.
How is the word "flibbertigibbet" pronounced?
(Abdul Jabbar, Vikarabad)

The first "i" is like the "i" in "bit", "pit", and "sit", while the "e" in the second syllable is pronounced
like the "a" in "china". The following two vowels are usually pronounced like the "i" in "sit" and "bit".
The "g" in the fourth syllable is like the "j" in "jam", "juice" and "Jew". Any idea what the word
means? When you say that someone is a "flibbertigibbet" it means that the individual talks aimlessly.
He/she just rambles.
*Please, I don't' want to spend time with that flibbertigibbet.
*The flibbertigibbet is here to see you again.
*** *** ***
"Did you know that rain is the sound of angels flushing" — Al Bundy

April 30, 2002
Know your English
"I HAVE been waiting for an hour. Where were you"

"I am sorry. I had to go to the station. You see..."
"....to the station! I told you that I had to send all this stuff by this afternoon. I've been working myself
up into a lather trying to...."
"....what did you say? Working yourself up into a lather? I have never come across that expression
before."
"When you say that someone has been working himself up into a lather it means he has been working
very hard."
"I see. But what is the connection between lather and working very hard? I mean...."
".... the lather refers to the sweat. Here's an example of how to use the expression. You need to work
yourself up into a lather. The study has to be completed today."
"How about this example? Don't work yourself up into a lather. The assignment isn't due until next
month."
"That's a good example. Atul worked himself up into a lather trying to get the project completed."
"That sounds like Atul. He and Dilip have always been very hard working."
"Dilip! Dilip doesn't need to work anymore. He...."
"....what do you mean by that? Everyone has to work."
"Not everyone. Dilip doesn't have to. That's for sure. Haven't you heard? He won the lottery a couple
of months ago. And ever since then, he has been riding the gravy train."
"He's been riding the gravy train? What are you talking about"
"When you say that someone `rides the gravy train' what you mean is that he/she is living in luxury."
"Leading a very comfortable life."
"That's right. It is an expression that is mostly used in informal contexts."
"I see. Can I say, even if I had a million dollars I wouldn't want to ride the gravy train."
"You cannot."
"Why not? What's wrong with it"
"There's nothing wrong with it. It's not true, that's all. You won't work yourself up into a lather getting
anything done. That's for sure."
You have a point there. I'd probably hire others to do my work."
"Many people think that the kind of job that I have right now is a gravy train."
"Your job is a gravy train! What does that mean"
"Well any job that gets you a steady supply of easy money is called a gravy train."
"Easy money"
"A situation when you don't really have to work hard."

"In that case, I agree. Your job is a real gravy train. . Are you as relaxed as this when you are at the
office?"
"I shall not answer such dumb questions"
"Some people just don't know what is good for them. I'd be willing to ride the gravy train any time."
"Talking about trains. Why did you go to the station this morning"
"My uncle arrived this morning. His train was two hours late."
"Which uncle are you talking about"
"The one who gave you a big lecture on why young girls shouldn't wear jeans and T-shirt."
"Oh that old fuddy-duddy. Is he..."
"....that old what"
"F..u..d..dy..d..u..d..d..y. The ù' is pronounced like the ù' in `mud', `bud' and `cud'."
"And the stress is on the first syllable of `fuddy', I suppose"
"That's right."
"What does the word mean"
"An individual who has very old fashioned ideas and attitudes. "
"That's not very surprising. Many people think that my grandfather is a fuddy-duddy. But when you
talk to him you realise that he isn't one."
"You are a fuddy-duddy."
"I am not!"
"Didn't you say last week that a woman's place was at home"
"I did not! That's what my friend Amarnath said."
"Well, in that case, you have friends who are a bunch fuddy-duddies."
"Amarnath is a fuddy-duddy all right. He always wears an old-fashioned glasses".
"That's true. But you cannot say that he wears àn old fashioned glasses'. You will have to say òld
fashioned glasses'."
"I see."
"Tell Amarnath to get rid of his old fashioned glasses."
"That seems to be the trend these days".
"That's true. Hey where are you going"
"Got to take my fuddy-duddy uncle to my father's office."
"But what about all this work? You'd promised to help me."
"You can work yourself up into a lather I guess."
*** *** ***
"I always pass on good advice. It is the only thing to do with it. It is never of any use to oneself." —
Oscar Wilde

May 07, 2002
Lackadaisical, frosty ...
"WHAT ARE you reading"?

"Oh, it's an article about people like you. You know about people who are...."
"....about people like me? Must be interesting. Here, let me take a look at it. Hey, how do you
pronounce this word? L..a..c..k..a..d..a..i..s..i..c..a..l"
"Well, the first à' is like the à' in `cat', `bat', and `fat', while the second is pronounced like the à' in
`china'."
"The next syllable is pronounced like the word `day', I suppose"
"That's right! And the vowels in the last two syllables are pronounced like the à' in `china' again."
"And the main stress is on the third syllable, right"
"Right again! By the way the `s' sounds like the `z' in `zip', `zero', and `zoo'."
"OK, so it's pronounced lackadaisical. But what does the word mean?"
"The word `lackadaisical' means someone who is very lazy. Someone who lacks enthusiasm and
effort."
"Lazy? Do you mean to say that you think I am lazy?"
"Yes, I do think that you are lackadaisical when it comes...."
"....I am not lackadaisical. How about this example? My lackadaisical cousin slept all day."
"Are you sure that you are not talking about yourself?"
"I won't answer the question. Was the example OK?"
"Sounds fine. "
"Our lackadaisical MLA arrived four hours late for the meeting."
"Did he have anything sensible to say?"
"Of course not! But what impressed me was his knowledge of Hindi."
" And what surprised me was that he had a very good command over the language."
"Well, one cannot have command òver' a language."
"That's right! You have told me that several times. One can have command over people, but not over
`language'."
"Exactly!"
"Ramesh has good command of English and not...."
"Ramesh has good command over English."
"Unfortunately not many people are interested in their mother tongue these days. They are only
interested in mastering English."
"Sad, but true. Just look at Ramesh. He can hardly...."
"....how is he by the way? Does he still continue to be frosty?""Frosty"
"Yes, when you tell someone that he/she is frosty, what you ...."

"....I know what frosty means. It means `cold'. So when you say that someone is `frosty' what you are
probably implying is that the person is unfriendly."
"Very good. "
"Many people think that you are very frosty."
"Me? Frosty? That's impossible. I am one of the friendliest guys around. I have a nice smile and I ...."
"....according to some of my friends that so called friendly smile of yours is very frosty."
"Oh, please. You are cracking me up."
"Cracking you up? What does that mean"
"When you crack someone up, you cause the person to laugh. For example, Alok told a joke that
cracked everyone in class up."
"It was my job to crack the audience up by telling jokes before the screen went up."
"He had hoped that the anecdote would crack his boss up. But it didn't. So he decided not to ask for
the raise."
"A very sensible thing to do in my opinion."
"It is also possible to say, `break someone up'. Crack someone up and break someone up mean the
same thing."
"I see. How does this sound? It was the clown's job to break the kids up by doing a lot of silly things."
"Bharath told a joke yesterday which broke up everyone."
"Yes, that Bharath has an excellent sense of humour, doesn't he"
"He certainly does. People always crack up when they are in his company."
"Does crack up mean to start laughing or something"
"That's right. When people `crack up' they begin to laugh. For example, one can...."
"....wait. Let me try. Our teacher cracked up the entire class with her silly jokes."
"Atul said something that cracked us all up."
"I am sure it wasn't intentional."
"What do you mean"
"Well, Atul is so frosty. I can't imagine him telling a joke."
"Atul? Frosty? You are cracking me up."
"If you don't stop contradicting everything I say, maybe I will crack you and..."
"...I get the picture."
"Good."
*** *** ***
"I think we should forget about neutering the pets and concentrate on the owners." — Robert J.
Howe

May 14, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "red-faced"?
(R. Ajay, Madurai)

When you say that someone was "red-faced" what it implies is that the individual was very angry or
embarrassed about something. Here are a few examples.
* When the teacher's pants tore, he stood red-faced in front of the class.
* When the chairman accused Suman of stealing, she became red-faced.
* We saw a red-faced Shyamala being led away by the police.
When people with fair complexion become angry or embarrassed about something, the blood rushes
to their face and turns it red. The same thing happens in the case of people with dark complexion as
well. The only difference is that their face doesn't turn red!
How do you address a female Mayor? "Mayor" or "Mayoress"?
(S. K. Sharma, Vishakapatnam)

It depends on you, I guess. "Mayoress" is a word, which is mainly used in Britain. It can be used to
refer to a woman who is a Mayor. It can also be used to refer to the Mayor's wife.
Does this mean that a lady Governor can be called a "Governess"? I don't think so! This is the age of
equality and therefore it is not surprising that many word's that maintain the gender distinction are
going out of use.
Words like "authoress" and "poetess" are considered old fashioned and are seldom used these days.
Similarly, "chairman", "spokesman", and "stewardess" have been replaced by gender free terms like
"chairperson", "spokesperson'', and "flight attendant''. By the way, Americans address a woman who
is a mayor as "Mayor'', not "Mayoress''.
What is the difference between "on foot'' and "by foot''?
(K. J. Prabhakar, Chintalpudi)

When you get from one place to another using some mode of transportation, you usually say "by''. For
example,
* Aparna went to Mumbai by train.
* We are planning to go by car.
* The refugees came by boat.
When you walk from one place to another, then you say "on'' and not "by''.
* He went on foot.
* Mythreye is going on foot, not by car.
* She walked to the hospital.
What is the difference between "on foot'' and "by foot''?
(K. J. Prabhakar, Chintalpudi)

When you get from one place to another using some mode of transportation, you usually say "by''. For
example,
* Aparna went to Mumbai by train.

* We are planning to go by car.

* The refugees came by boat.
When you walk from one place to another, then you say "on'' and not "by''.
* He went on foot.
* Mythreye is going on foot, not by car.
* She walked to the hospital.
What the meaning of "smell a rat''?
(P. Sailaja, Chennai)

This expression has more or less the same meaning as "smell something fishy''. When you smell a rat,
you suspect or realise that something is seriously wrong. Perhaps someone is trying to deceive you or
trying to harm you. This is an expression that is normally used in informal contexts. Here are a few
examples.
* If I don't return Amarnath's calls, he will smell a rat.
* Though his behaviour became very curious, his wife didn't smell a rat.
* I smelt a rat when Venkat started being helpful.
Is it OK to say, "I have forgotten my briefcase at home''?
(S. Sandeep)
It's very common to hear people say, "I have forgotten my umbrella at the office'', or "I have forgotten
my glasses at home''. Careful users of the language, however, frown on such sentences. They argue
that the word "forget'' should be used to talk about things that have been left behind accidentally.
For example, it is O.K to say, "I have forgotten my notes'', or, "I have forgotten to bring my
assignment''. When you use the verb "forget'', the place should not be mentioned. If you wish to
specify the place, then the verb "leave'' should be used. Here are a few examples.
* I have left my umbrella at home.
* Oh no! I've left my lecture notes on the dining table.
* She said that she had left her keys at her friend's house.
What do the letters P. R. stand for in P. R. man?
(C. Umapathi, Srikakulam)

They stand for "public relations''.
***
``Critics are to authors what dogs are to lamp-posts.''— Jeffrey Robinson

May 21, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning of "hogwash"?
(Geetha Udaykumar, Mannarkudi)

This is a word, which is normally used in informal contexts. When somebody says something and you
respond by saying, "hogwash", what you are implying is that as far as you are concerned what the
individual has said is nonsense. Here are a few examples.
*What she told me was hogwash.
*Enough of this hogwash. Now sit down and tell me what really happened.
*I have no time to listen to your hogwash, Seema.
The word has the same meaning as "baloney".
*Don't give me that baloney Ashwin. Tell me what really happened.
*I am not here to listen to your baloney.
*His baloney didn't go down well with the boss.
*Bad food and drink can also be called "hogwash".
*The stuff that was served at the wedding was hogwash.
*Don't go to the new restaurant. The food is hogwash.
*I don't want to eat any more of this hogwash.
Shouldn't it be World Trade Centre and not "Center"?
(P. P. Hafeez, Kerala)

Well, I wouldn't go around telling the Americans that they have got the spelling wrong! As it is they
are pretty upset about what happened on September 11. And I am sure they wouldn't take kindly to an
Indian questioning their ability to spell.
Getting back to your question, the word "Center" has been spelt correctly. That's the way the
Americans spell it. A few words, which end in "re" in British English, the Americans spell it "er".
Here are a few examples: meter, center, and theater.
Which of the following sentences is correct? "He walked into the apartment" or "He walked in
the apartment"?
(B. Abhishek, Bangalore)

Both the sentences are grammatically acceptable, but their meaning is very different. When someone
"walks into" an apartment he enters it. In other words, the individual has stepped into the apartment.
He was outside all the while and now he has stepped inside.
Similarly, when you say that someone has "moved into" his new apartment, what you are implying is
that he has shifted to his new apartment. He has made the new place his home. When you say that
someone "walked in the apartment" what you are saying is that the individual walked around inside
the apartment.
Unlike the earlier example, the individual is not entering the apartment. He is already inside and he is
moving about. The action takes place within the apartment.

How is the word "sour" pronounced?
(John Paul, Trivandrum)

Many Indians tend to pronounce the word like "four", "pour", and "door". This word, however, is not
pronounced in that fashion. The word "sour", rhymes with "shower", "our", and "power".
What is the meaning of the idiom "sink your teeth into something"?
(P. K. Abu Baker, Calicut)

When you sink your teeth into something you undertake to do something; you perform the task with a
great deal of enthusiasm and interest. Here are a few examples.
*His new role as a villain gave him something that he could sink his teeth into.
*The new project is really interesting. Can't wait to sink my teeth into it.
It is also possible to say "get one's teeth into something". Here are a few examples.
*He just couldn't get his teeth into his new role.
*My wife has been telling me to get my teeth into some social work.
How is the word "onion" pronounced?
(Athiya Fathima, Chennai)

The "on" in the first syllable is pronounced like the "un" in "fun", "bun", and "sun". The following "i"
is like the "y" in "yes", "yellow", and "young". The final "o" is like the "a" in "China". The main
stress is on the first syllable.
*** *** ***
"Once you've put one of his books down, you simply can't pick it up again." — Mark Twain talking
about Henry James.

May 28, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "dinner" and "supper"?
(Nellai S. Murugan, Chennai)

The word "dinner" is normally used by Indians to refer to the meal that is eaten in the evening. Native
speakers of English, on the other hand, use the word to refer to the main meal of the day. Some people
have their main meal in the afternoon, while others have it in the evening. So what we call "lunch"
may be referred to as "dinner" by native speakers of English. The important thing to remember here is
that "dinner" is considered by some to be the most important meal of the day. "Supper", on the other
hand, is something that is had only in the evening. And unlike "dinner", it is usually a very light meal.
One can have it early in the evening or just before going to bed. Americans tend to use the word
"supper" quite often. It is usually a meal eaten at home with members of the family. When you invite
someone to have a meal with you in the evening, you usually ask him/her to have "dinner" with you,
not supper. The Prime Minister of India hosts dinners and not suppers.
How is the word "tete-a-tete" pronounced?
(K. Sankara Narayana, Kurnool)

"Tete" rhymes with the words "date", "hate", and "late". In other words, the final "e" in the word is
silent. The "a" which occurs in between is pronounced like the "a" in "bath", "path", and "mask"; the
main stress is on the second "tete". Any idea what the word means? When you have a "tete-a-tete"
with someone you have a chat with him/her. A "tete-a-tete" is usually a private conversation between
two individuals. Here are a few examples:
*The Principal had a tete-a-tete with the Head of the English Department.
*Rahul has regular tete-a-tete with Shoba.
What is the meaning of the idiom "to be all thumbs"?
(Keshav Murthy, Uduvalli)

When you say that someone is "all thumbs" what you are implying is that the individual is very
clumsy when it comes to working with his hands. He is very awkward and keeps making many
mistakes. A person who is all thumbs will not be good at things like painting, stitching, and sewing.
*I never ask Govind to dust those expensive vases. He's all thumbs.
*When it comes to catching, Das is all thumbs.
What is the meaning of "double whammy"?
(K. P. Pillai, Kochi)

The expression "double whammy" first appeared in a cartoon strip, which was quite popular in
America in the 1920s. Al Capp, the author of the comic strip "Li'l Abner" used this expression to refer
to an intense stare, which had a withering effect on its victims. It's meaning has undergone a
considerable amount of change since then. This is how slang dictionaries define "double whammy" —
"double the portion of something, especially something troublesome." When you get a "double
whammy" of something, it is usually something really bad. Here is an example:
*We thought he'd come alone, but he gave us a double whammy by bringing his wife and children.

Is it OK to say, "Me too"?
(Sushant Kumar Suman, Katihar, Bihar)

When somebody says he likes something and you wish to agree with the individual, you usually say
"Me too". For example, when your friend says that he likes masala dosa and you wish to agree with
him, you usually say "Me too". Similarly, when your friend says that he doesn't like masala dosa, you
agree with him by saying "Me neither". Here are a few more examples.
"I didn't like the movie." "Me neither."
"I love to walk in the rain." "Me too."
"Me too" and "Me neither" are heard quite frequently in speech, but they are frowned upon when they
appear in writing, especially in formal contexts. If one wishes to be grammatically correct, then one
should say, "So do I" and "Neither do I."
"I didn't like the movie." "Neither did I."/"I didn't either."
"I love to walk in the rain." "So do I."/ "I do too."
Can "do" and "make" be used interchangeably?
(N. Srinivasulu, Alur)

No, they cannot. Here are some fixed expressions where they cannot be used interchangeably. One
cannot use "do" in the sentence below.
*Archana, let's make a suggestion.
Similarly, one cannot replace the verb "do" with "make" in the example given below.
*Who is doing the laundry this week?
***
"Love is the dawn of marriage, and marriage is the sunset of love." — French saying.

June 04, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "friend" and "companion"?
(S. Sateesh, Bangalore)

The meaning of the word "friend" has undergone several changes. I understand that during
Shakespeare's time the word was used to refer to one's mistress! Nowadays, of course, the word
"friend" is used to refer to someone whom you have known for some time and with whom you have a
reasonably good relationship. The individual could be someone in whom you confide; a person to
whom you tell your problems. The "friend" may be living in the same city, could be living thousands
of miles away. In the case of a friend there is an emotional bonding, but there does not have to be
physical proximity. You and your friend need not be together all the time. A "companion", on the
other hand, is an ambiguous term. This individual could be like a friend in that he/she may be very
close to you. For example, Dr. Watson was Holmes' constant companion; he went wherever the great
detective went. They got along famously and they were good friends. The word "companion" can also
be used to refer to someone who accompanies you on a journey. You may talk to him, share food with
him, but once you get off the train/bus, you may never see him again. While the word "friend" stresses
the emotional bonding between individuals, "companion" stresses the physical presence of the
individual being referred to.
How do you pronounce "rendezvous"?
(D. Priyanka, Hyderabad)

The "e" in the first syllable is pronounced like the "o" in "hot", "pot", and "lot", while the "ez" in the
second syllable is like the "i" in "sit", "pit", and "bit". The final "ous" is like the "oo" in "fool", "cool",
and "pool". The main stress is on the first syllable. Any idea what the word means? When you
"rendezvous" with someone, you agree to meet the individual at a specific time and place. For
example.
* The young couple will rendezvous at the park this afternoon at 5:00 o'clock.
* The new coffee house has become a rendezvous for college students.
What is the meaning of the idiom "under a cloud"?
(N. Balasubramanian, Sholinghur)

When you say that someone is under a cloud what it implies is that people are suspicious or have a
poor opinion of the individual because they think that he has done something bad. In our country,
politicians are always under a cloud. Here are a few examples.
* Rohit left the firm under a cloud
* The firm's reputation is under a cloud at the moment.
Is it OK to say "My Mrs."?
(Vasu, Kakinada)
In India it is fairly common for a man to refer to his wife as his "Mrs." "My Mrs. is not feeling well"
is a sentence that one hears very often. Friends often ask, "How is your Mrs." or "How is your family"
The word "family" is often used to refer to the wife as well. Indians use these expressions in both
formal and informal contexts. A native speaker of English does use the word "Mrs." to refer to his
wife, but he does so usually in informal contexts. He uses the word jocularly; and never in formal
contexts. When talking about his wife, a native speaker refers to her as "my wife" or calls her by her
name.

What is the meaning of the word "humongous"?
(P. V. Krishnamurthy, Chennai)

This is a word, which has been around for quite some time, but is still to find a place in most standard
dictionaries. The first syllable "hu" rhymes with the words "few", "cue" and "due". The "o" in the
second syllable is like the "o" in "cot", "hot", and "not" and the final "ous" is pronounced like the
"ous" in "famous"and "dangerous". The main stress is on the second syllable. When you say that
something is "humongous" what you are implying is that it is huge. The word is considered to be
slang and it is therefore generally used in informal contexts.
* Anita lives in a humongous house in Mumbai.
* Ravi's father-in-law has a humongous nose.
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I look forward to working with you" or "I look
forward to work with you"?
(Prem, Nazerpet, Tenali)

"Look forward to" is usually followed by a gerund. That is, a word ending in "ing"- "working",
"meeting"and "eating". For example.
* Priya looked forward to meeting Tendulkar.
* Vimal is looking forward to going to Shimla.
***
"My life has no purpose, no direction, no aim, no meaning, and yet I'm happy. I can't figure it out.
What am I doing right">
— Charles Schultz

June 11, 2002
Walking papers, Living high off the hog, ...
"Hi! WHAT are you doing here? I thought you and your sister were leaving for Mumbai today."
"We had to cancel our tickets. There is a crisis in Mumbai. My uncle rang up last night saying that he
had lost his job."
"Good grief! Your uncle got his walking papers! That's too bad."
"I didn't say anything about my uncle getting his walking papers. All I said was that he had lost his
job."
"That's what the expression `get your walking papers' means. When your boss gives you your walking
papers, he/she is asking you to leave."
"In other words, he/she is giving you the sack."
"That's right. The situation is really bad these days."
"After Anu got her walking papers, she started her own company. I understand she is doing really
well."
"As soon as she took over, Prema gave the manager his walking papers. Later, without telling anyone,
she hired her own son to do the job."
"That sounds like Prema. A very practical person. Have you heard the latest about Sujatha's father"
"Has the poor man been given his walking papers too"?
"No, no. Nothing like that. He has bought a new house."
"Oh, that! Yes, Ramesh told me. He has been living rather high off the hog lately."
"Living high off the hog? I've never heard that expression before!"
"Well, when you say that someone has been `living high off the hog' what it means is that the
individual is leading a very comfortable life. He has a lot of money and is in a position to eat all the
good things."
"I see."
"It is also possible to say `live high on the hog'. Shekar has been living high on the hog ever since he
got his promotion."
"I see."
"My next door neighbour lost his job several months ago. How he still manages to live high on the
hog is beyond me."
"Maybe he has a lot of money saved up. By the way, what is the connection between a `hog' and
living comfortably"
"Good question. Do you know what a hog is"?
"Of course, I do. It's a pig."
"Yes, that's right. I understand that the best cuts of meat in a hog are located high up on the hog's side.
These choice cuts of meat are pretty expensive."
"And if you are able to buy these choice cuts of meat every day, you must have a lot of money. You
must be fairly well to do."

"Exactly."
"So, did you go to your friend's house to watch the opening match of the World Cup"?
"Unfortunately, I did. I should have just watched the game at home."
"Why do you say that "?
"Well, he had invited a whole bunch of people whom I didn't know. And these guys were more
interested in liquoring up than in anything "
"Liquoring up? Does it mean to drink in excess"
"Exactly."
"In our movies, the hero always liquors up whenever he loses the girl."
"That's true. Why he just doesn't look for another girl is beyond me."
"True."
"It is also possible to liquor someone up. When you liquor someone up..."
"... what that expression probably means is that you try and get someone drunk. You get this other
person to drink a lot of alcohol."
"Exactly! At the party the other day the guests were trying to liquor up my friend."
"Did they succeed"?
"No, they didn't."
"What about you? Did they manage to liquor you up"?
"Me? Certainly not! Imagine me coming home liquored up. I would never be able to live that down."
"To live it down? What does that mean"
"The expression `to live something down' means to overcome some embarrassing or troublesome
problem."
"I see. How about this example? On Independence Day the Principal made such a terrible speech that
he will never be able to live it down."
"That's an excellent example. When I was young I was asked to present a bouquet of flowers to the
principal. Unfortunately, as I was approaching her, I tripped and fell. It was so embarrassing. I have
never lived the incident down."
"Every person has some incident that he/she would like to forget."
"That's true!"
*** *** ***
"Now I know what a statesman is: he's a dead politician. We need more statesman."— Bob Edwards

June 18, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "megalomaniac" and "kleptomaniac"?
(A. Jayaraman, Hyderabad)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation of these words. The "e" in the first syllable of "megalomaniac"
is like the "e" in "set", "bet", and "pet". The "a" in the second syllable and the "o" in the following
syllable sound like the "a" in "china". The "a" in "man" is like the "ay" in "day", "may", and "say",
while the "a" in the final syllable is like the "a" in "cat", "bat", and "hat". The "i" is like the "i" in "it",
"bit" and "sit". The stress is on the fourth syllable "ma". Megalomania is a form of madness; the
individual has delusions of grandeur. He/she has an exaggerated sense of his/her importance. I guess
we could say that many politicians are megalomaniacs. Here are a few examples.
* At the party, the megalomaniac wanted everyone to touch his feet.*If I were you, I wouldn't go
anywhere near that megalomaniac.
In the word "kleptomaniac" the "e" and the "o" are pronounced like the "e" and "o" in megalomaniac.
The main stress once again is on "ma". A "kleptomaniac" is someone who has a compulsive desire to
steal things. It's a kind of disease; the individual cannot control himself. He may have a lot of money,
but wherever he goes he will walk away with something. He may come to your house and walk away
with a spoon or two. Here are a few examples.
* The millionaire is a confirmed kleptomaniac.
* The kleptomaniac walked away with a couple of towels from the hotel.
What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "the apple of one's eye"?
(N. V. S. Kaushik, Hyderabad)

When you say something is the apple of your eye what you are implying is that the object is a prized
possession; it's an object that you look after with a great deal of devotion. Similarly, when the apple of
your eye happens to be a person, then he/she is a person whom you like very much. Here are a few
examples.
* Anita is the apple of her father's eye.*Don't say anything nasty about that painting. It's the apple of
Seema's eye.
The idiom has been around for several hundred years. The "apple" here doesn't refer to the fruit, but
the "pupil" in one's eye. People felt that the shape of the pupil was similar to that of an apple's. In fact,
for quite some time the word "aeppel" was used to refer to both the eye and the fruit. The pupil is a
priceless possession because without it we will be deprived of our vision; we will not be able to see.
And vision is something that all human beings value. That's why the expression, "the apple of one's
eye" came to mean something that is greatly valued or treasured. By the way, remember that it's "the
apple of one's eye" and not "eyes".
Which of the following sentences is correct? I am suffering from a headache or I am suffering
from headache?
(S. Geethanjali, Vijayawada)

The article "a" usually precedes minor aches and pains like "headache", "sore throat" and "cold". One
usually says "a headache", "a sore throat", "a cold", etc. In the case of other aches like "stomach-
ache", "earache" and "toothache", there is a difference in the manner in which Americans and the
British treat them. In British English, these words are considered uncountable nouns. As a result, the
article "a" does not precede them. In American English they are considered countable nouns; therefore

it is common to hear Americans say "a cold" or "a stomach-ache". Also, while it is common for us
Indians to "suffer from a headache/toothache", native speakers of English generally do not use
"suffer" with these minor ailments. They usually say, "I have a headache", "I have a stomach ache",
and "I have a toothache".
Is it OK to say, "I don't want no excuses"?
(A. G. Sivaraman, Coimbatore)

You could probably get away with such a sentence in speech, but not in writing. It is quite common to
hear even native speakers of English use a double negative in a sentence. We hear sentences like, "I
don't want nothing from you", "I ain't got no kids", and "I don't have no money". Such sentences,
although they are common in certain dialects of English, are considered to be non-standard. A person
coming up with such sentences would be considered to be illiterate or not well educated. Even in
speech, one might get away with them in very informal contexts, not in formal ones. While such
sentences may be acceptable in speech they would definitely be frowned upon in writing.
*** *** ***
"When a man tells you that he got rich through hard work, ask him "Whose"?— Don Marquis

June 25, 2002
What is the difference between "introvert" and "taciturn"?
(Ankan Ghosh, Kolkata)

"Introvert" is a neutral term. When you say that someone is an "introvert" or is "introverted" what you
are implying is that the individual doesn't really say much. Perhaps he is a very shy person and as a
result finds it difficult to open his mouth in the presence of others. He may be a person who would
like to talk to other people, but is afraid to. Here are a few examples.
* Some of the students in my class are extremely introverted.
* Anand, unlike his brother Suresh, is an introvert.
* Sushma prefers introverts to extroverts.
By the way, the "o" in the second syllable is pronounced like the "a" in "china". The stress is on the
first syllable "in". In the case of "taciturn", the "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "cat", "bat",
and "act". The "i" in the second syllable sounds like the "i" in "bit", "lit", and "hit" and the final "turn"
is pronounced like the word "turn". The stress once again is on the first syllable.
Unlike the word "introvert", "taciturn" is not a neutral term. It has a negative meaning associated with
it. When you refer to an individual as being "taciturn" what you are implying is that he is
uncommunicative. He doesn't like to talk and when he does, he speaks very grudgingly. The word
suggests that the individual is not very friendly. Here are a few examples.
* Priya's responses were taciturn. She answered mostly in monosyllables.
* The taciturn man responded coldly.
* We will invite you to join us provided you don't bring your taciturn boyfriend.
How is the word "dais" pronounced?
(S. Praneeth, Warrangal)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "ay" in "say", "day", and "bay", while the following "i" is like
the "i" in "ink", "pink", and "sink". The final "s" sounds like the "s" in "sink", "see", and "sit". The
stress is on the first syllable. A dais is a raised platform behind which a speaker stands when he is
giving a talk. Here are a few examples.
* When the shooting started, the man took cover behind the dais.
* The speaker was so short he had to stand in front of the dais.
* The club decided to give the dais a new coat of varnish.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "let's get down to brass tacks"?
(K. Umapati, Mysore)

When you tell someone that you want to get down to brass tacks what you are saying is that you
would like to talk about the basic facts of a particular situation. In other words, you would like to talk
about the essentials. Here are a few examples.
* Let's get down to brass tacks. Who is going to pay for the broken window?
* The General wanted to get down to brass tacks. He wanted to know how many soldiers had been
posted along the border.
* Let's get down to brass tacks, shall we? Are you or are you not going to pay me?

Several explanations have been provided by scholars as to the origin of this expression. Some say that
in Cockney, a dialect that is spoken in London, "brass tacks" is rhyming slang for "facts". So what
you are actually saying when you say "let's get down to brass tacks" is "let's get down to the facts".
Another explanation is that during the old days shopkeepers used brass tacks to measure the length of
a piece of cloth. I understand that people who used to sell cloth often had two brass tacks nailed on
top of the shop counter. The distance between the two tacks used to be precisely one yard. So when a
customer wanted to know how long a piece of cloth that he/she was interested in was, the shopkeeper
"got down to brass tacks". He used the tacks to determine the length of the cloth.
Why are ships called "she"?
(M. Chaitanya, Palamaner)

There are several explanations for this. Some say during the early days of sailing every ship was
always dedicated to some goddess, and as a result the ship was referred to as "she". Another theory is
that the crew always thought the ship represented their mother and as a result treated it with a great
deal of respect. In most Romance languages the ship is always referred to as "she" and it is quite
possible that English sailors began to adopt this practice as well.
***
"History is an account, mostly false, of events, mostly unimportant, which are brought about by rulers,
mostly knaves, and soldiers, mostly fools." — Ambrose Bierce

July 02, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between an "intruder" and an "infiltrator"?
(G. Mahaboob Basha, Anantapur)

An "intruder" is someone who enters another person's property illegally - without the owner's consent.
The act of intrusion may be accidental or deliberate. A thief who enters your house is an example of
an individual who intrudes on your property intentionally. Sometimes when you go out on long walks
you may intrude on someone else's property without being aware of it. Maybe you didn't see the sign
that said, "Private Property: Keep Out". Whether you enter another person's property intentionally or
accidentally, the moment you enter it, you have become an intruder. Technically, you are breaking the
law.
*The police shot the intruder.
*The intruders were caught as soon as they crossed the border.
An "infiltrator" is someone who enters a country or an organization without the others being aware of
it. The individual enters secretly and he uses a lot of cunning to get in. The word "infiltrator" has a
negative connotation associated with it, and is normally used in politics and the military. Unlike an
"intruder", one cannot become an "infiltrator" accidentally. If you wish to become an infiltrator,
everything has to be carefully planned so that you can gain access to whatever it is you want without
drawing attention to yourself. It doesn't take much to become an "intruder", but not all of us are
capable of becoming "infiltrators".
*According to the army the infiltrators were caught.
*We caught the infiltrator with the documents.
What is the meaning of the idiom "not let the grass grow under one's feet?
(S. Balasubramnian, Thiruvidaimarudur)

When you tell an individual "not to let the grass grow under his feet", what you want him to do is to
stop wasting time, to stop delaying. You want the person to get on with the job on hand, instead of
trying to put things off. Here are a few examples.
*The Chairman let the grass grow under his feet. As a result, the project wasn't completed on time.
*You can't let the grass grow under your feet. You have millions invested in this project.
What is the origin of "Uncle Sam"?
(B. Bhanu, Trichy)

It is quite common for people, both American and non-American, to refer to the American
Government as "Uncle Sam". This is an expression that is generally used in informal contexts.
*Uncle Sam did not take kindly to the comments made by our Government.
*Uncle Sam will punish those who do not pay their taxes.
It is interesting to note that the "Sam" referred to is not the first name of some well-known President
or some famous American General. "Sam Wilson" from whom we get "Uncle Sam" was in fact a meat
inspector who lived in the United States in the early 19th century. According to one explanation Sam
Wilson, an elderly gentleman, was hired by the U.S Army to inspect the meat bought by them. Most
of his fellow workers always addressed him as "Uncle Sam". It was Sam's job to inspect the meat and
okay it. When he found that the meat was satisfactory, then he put his initials on the container. Instead

of "SW", he used to write "U.S". When people asked whether the initials "U.S" stood for the "United
States", they were told that it stood for "Uncle Sam"! There is however little evidence to support this
story.
How is the word "potpourri" pronounced?
(P. Sadasivam, Chennai)

The "o" in the first syllable is like "o" in "go", "so", and "no"; the following "t" is silent. The "pour" in
the second syllable is pronounced like the word "poor". The "i" in the final syllable is like the "i" in
"it", "hit", and "sit". This is one of the ways of pronouncing the word. A "potpourri" usually consists
of a mixture or an assortment of dried flower petals and leaves, and sometimes, aromatic spices. It is
normally used to perfume a room. When you say that there was a potpourri of things in a room, what
you mean is that there were very different objects in the room; objects which didn't form a set of any
kind. Here are a few examples.
*The architect has employed a potpourri of styles to build the house.
*The room consisted of a potpourri of dolls and cars.
*** *** ***
"There's a difference between beauty and charm. A beautiful woman is one I notice. A charming
woman is one who notices me." — John Erskin

July 09, 2002
Know Your English
"CONGRATULATIONS! Looks like your favourite football team won the World Cup. How did you
celebrate the event? Did you go out to eat?"
"No, I didn't go out. All that excitement made me really tired. After the game, I conked out."
"You what?"
"C..o..n..k..e..d. The ò' in the first syllable is like the ò' in `hot', `pot' and `not'. When you say that
someone has `conked out' it means he/she has fallen asleep. That's one of the meanings. It's an
expression used mainly in informal contexts."
"I see. Can I say, I was so tired that I conked out during the movie"
"I suppose you could. The Minister conked out during the meeting."
"I tried to keep awake, but I conked out after midnight."
"Well, if you conked out immediately after the game, when did you ring up Sujatha?"
"The following day. And when I reminded her of the bet we...."
"....was she disappointed with the way Germany played?"
"Disappointed? She was hopping mad. When I teased her about the way her favourite team played,
she almost bit my head off."
"Bit your head off? I've never come across that expression before."
"When you bite someone's head off, you speak to him/her very angrily. Here are a example.
*"When I asked my boss for a raise, he bit my head off."
*"When the student walked in late, the teacher bit his head off."
"Nowadays it's the students who bite the teacher's head off."
"That's true. Teachers are scared of their students these days."
"Terrified would be a better word."
"When my father forgot my mother's birthday, she nearly bit his head off."
"Really? That doesn't sound like your mother. By the way, it is also possible to say `to chew someone
out'. When you `chew someone out' you scold the individual."
"I see. Can I say, my mother chewed out my father for forgetting her birthday"
"That sounds good to me. When I informed my boss that I was planning to take the weekend off, he
gave me a good chewing out."
"That is to be expected I guess. When I asked Sujatha for the hundred rupees that I had lent her, she
chewed me out."
"Maybe my boss and Sujatha were related in their previous birth. They keep biting everyone's head
off."
"God knows! Anyway, why is your boss so much in the news these days? Every week I see his name
in the newspaper."
"He thinks his younger brother is trying to muscle him out of his job."

"Muscle him out of his job? What does that mean?"

"Well, when you try to muscle someone out of something you are trying to force or push him out of
something. In...."
"...you are trying to get rid of the person?"
"That's right! Here is an example. *The younger generation is trying to muscle out the older
generation of politicians."
"They will never succeed. In our country, it's always the 'oldies' who succeed in muscling out the
youngsters."
"How about this example? President Bush is trying to muscle out leaders he doesn't like."
"That's an excellent example."
"If your boss is worried about his job, the company must be in a mess. Is any work getting done?"
"Not really. Most of our time is spent in the canteen."
"In the canteen? What do you do? Drink lots of tea."
"We munch out. You see..."
".... munch out or lunch out"
"Munch out. It's an informal expression meaning to overeat."
"I see. Whenever my mother makes puris, I just munch out."
"As you know, I am on a diet these days. So I try not to munch out."
"You're on a diet? Can't see any difference. You're round as ever."
"You'll notice the difference in two weeks' time. I've stopped munching out on cake and potato chips."
"So what do you do when you are hungry?"
"I munch out on cashew nuts!"
*** *** ***
Prayer of the modern American: "Dear God, I pray for patience. And I want it right now!" — Oren
Arnold

July 16, 2002
What is the meaning of "go bananas"?
(Ch. Suryarayan, Kakinada)

When you "go bananas" you behave in a slightly crazy or silly fashion. The expression is considered
slang and is therefore used only in informal contexts. Here are a few examples.
* The children will go bananas when they see the cute little puppy.
* Aparna went bananas when she was introduced to Brad Pitt.People from the Far East — the
Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, who have settled down in the U.S are sometimes referred to as
"bananas". Reason? Though they are yellow on the outside they are white on the inside. In other
words, although these individuals have a yellow complexion, they behave like the typical white
American. Do you know what the Indian who behaves like a "sahib" is sometimes called? "Coconut".
Brown on the outside, but white on the inside! Do not call anyone a "banana" or a "coconut" to his/her
face. You are likely to get into trouble.
What is the difference between "alibi" and "excuse"?
(Sujeet Kumar, Patna)

The "a" in the first syllable of "alibi" is pronounced like the "a" in "cat", "bat", and "hat". The first "i"
is like the "a" in "china", while the second "i" is like the "y" in "by" and "my". The stress is on the
first syllable. The word "alibi" is generally used in law. An alibi is an argument or a defence, which
shows that an individual couldn't have committed the crime that he/she has been accused of. Let's
suppose the police arrest you because they suspect that you were involved in a bank robbery. You
need to prove that you didn't do it. If you can prove you weren't in town when the crime took place,
then that will become your alibi. Or if a friend vouches that you were with him when the bank was
being robbed, then he/she becomes your alibi. Here are a few examples.
* The Minister has an alibi — he was in Chennai when his rival was murdered.
* The police did not expect the driver to have an alibi — unfortunately, he did.
One usually gives an alibi in order to escape a punishment or blame of some kind. When used in this
sense, the word does not have a negative connotation. The word "excuse", on the other hand, does.
When someone says, "That's just an excuse" what he is implying is that the reason given is
unsatisfactory or untrue. In informal contexts, the word "alibi" is used to mean "excuse". This is
particularly true in American English.
* Divya , what is your alibi for not doing your homework?
* Don't offer any alibis for losing the match.
Some people object to this use of the word "alibi"; they feel that it is non-standard. But the point is
native speakers of English use "alibi" and "excuse" interchangeably in informal contexts.
Why do we play practical jokes on April 1 ?
(K. Savithri, Trichy)

There are several theories regarding this. I understand that many European countries for a very long
time celebrated New Year's Day on April 1 . Things changed however when the Gregorian calendar
replaced the Julian calendar. New Year's Day was shifted from April 1 to January 1 . But some people
who either didn't know about this change or refused to accept it, continued to celebrate New Year's
Day on April 1. Such people were thought to be fools and they soon became the butt of practical

jokes. They were sent silly gifts and were invited to parties that were not going to take place.
What is the meaning of "fait accompli"?
(E. Raju, Vadapalani)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first word "fait" is pronounced like the word "fate". The
"a" in "accompli" is like the "a" in "amount", "allow" and "aloud". The following "o" is like the "o" in
"cot", "pot", and "hot", while the final "i" is like the "ee" in "beef", "feel", and "feet". The main stress
is on the second syllable of "accompli". This is one way of pronouncing the word. When you say that
something is a "fait accompli" what it implies is that a decision regarding a matter has already been
made and cannot be changed. There is no point in discussing it or arguing against it. The expression is
French in origin. Here are a few examples.
* Sunder married a woman his parents disapproved of and presented them with a fait accompli.
* When they realised they were being presented a fait accompli, the members became very angry.
*********
"A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes." — Mark Twain

July 23, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "hospice" and "hospital"?
(Lalitha V. Ramani, Salem)

A "hospital" is a place where people go to get some medical treatment when they are sick or injured.
Most major cities have several hospitals. When you go to a hospital, you generally hope to come back
alive. When you go to a 'hospice', on the other hand, you go with no such hope. One generally goes to
a hospice knowing he/she is going to die.
A hospice is a special hospital where people who are terminally ill get admitted. These people have no
hope of being cured. So, unlike a hospital, a hospice not only takes care of the medical needs of a
patient, but also looks after his emotional needs. The focus here is on keeping people as comfortable
as possible — both physically and emotionally. By the way, the final "pice" in 'hospice' rhymes with
the words "miss" and "kiss". The final 'e' is silent and the main stress is on the first syllable. Here are a
few examples.
* The Minister said that the Government was thinking of opening a hospice for AIDS patients.
* Hemant spent the last few months of his life in a hospice.
What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "dark horse"?
(K. Duraiswami, Tiruvallur)

A "dark horse" is someone whose abilities, plans or feelings are a mystery to others. He is an
individual whom people know little or nothing about.
* I didn't know that Vinita could paint. She's such a dark horse.
* Sharma is a bit of a dark horse. Did you know that he is the author of several books?
This is an expression which is frequently used in political contexts. When you say that a candidate
was a dark horse what you mean is that although the individual was relatively unknown, he succeeded
in winning the election. It is believed that Benjamin Disraeli was the first person to use this
expression. In the context of sports, a dark horse is usually someone who wins a tournament or an
event although no one expected him to. Here are a few examples.
* I can't say which team will win - there are two or three dark horses in the tournament.
* Meera could be a dark horse for a medal in the 400 metres event.
As you have probably guessed by now this is an expression that comes from the world of horse
racing. When a totally unexpected horse wins the race, it is often called a "dark horse". A "dark horse"
doesn't have to be dark in colour. The word "dark" here means "secret" — the trainer of the horse
keeps the potential of the horse a secret. Everyone is kept in the dark about the capability of the horse.
How is the word "flour" pronounced?
(T. Venkat Rao, Nellore)

It's pronounced the same way as the word "flower". It rhymes with "shower", "our", and "power".
What is the difference in meaning between "That may be the reason she didn't turn up" and
"That might be reason she didn't turn up"?
(Venkatesh D. Pastay, Hubli)

For most people the two sentences have more or less the same meaning. Careful users of the language,
however, maintain a subtle distinction between the two. In the two examples, "may" and "might"

indicate "possibility". Some argue that "might," indicates a lesser degree of possibility than "may". By
the way, the word "might" is not the past form of "may".
* It may rain tomorrow. (50% chance of rain)
* It might rain tomorrow. (30% chance of rain)
What is the meaning of "Jack Robinson"?
(Sushma Dongre, Karnataka)

The complete expression is "before you can say Jack Robinson" and it has been part of American
slang for over 200 years. When you do something before anyone can say Jack Robinson you do it
very quickly. As to who this Jack Robinson was no one is really sure. According to one story, he was
a well to do gentleman who would go around knocking on other people's doors, but would disappear
before he could be announced. Here are a few examples.
* Before I could say Jack Robinson she shut the door.
* The lion disappeared before anyone of us could say Jack Robinson.
*** *** ***
"I believe we should all pay our tax bill with a smile. I tried — but they wanted cash." — Anon

July 30, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "tasty" and "tasteful"?
(B. Lakshmi Chandrasekhar, Vijayawada)

The word "tasty" is generally used when one is talking about food. When you say that something is
"tasty" what you mean is that it smells and tastes good; it is appetizing. Here are a few examples.
*Try the sambar, Vinod. It is very tasty.
*The food that was served at the party was very tasty.
The word "tasteful", on the other hand, is not used in the context of food. . When you say that
something is tasteful what you are implying is that it is very elegant or attractive. It is in good taste.
This is a word that is normally used when referring to the manner in which something has been
furnished or decorated. Here are a few examples.
*The hotel has been tastefully furnished.
*Though Vibha spent a lot of money, she has a tastefully decorated home.
How is the word "penchant" pronounced?
(G. V. Chalapathi Rao, Nellore)

This is a word of French origin and as you may expect there is a big difference in the manner in which
the French and the English pronounce it. Here's how the Englishmen pronounce the word.
The first syllable sounds like the word "pen", while the "a" in the second is pronounced like the "a" in
"china". The "ch" is like the "ch" in "chips", "cheap", and "choose"; the main stress is on the first
syllable.
Any idea what the word means? When you have a penchant for something, you have a strong liking
for it. You tend to do it. The word is generally used in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*Divya has a penchant for wearing jeans and T-shirt.
*Many writers in our country have a penchant for the florid.
What is the meaning and origin of the idiom, "Don't count your chickens before they hatch"
Some people, as soon as they buy a lottery ticket think they are going to win. They begin to make
plans as to what they are going to do with the money when they get it. When you tell such a person
"not to count your chickens before they hatch" what you are doing is warning him.
You are telling the individual not to celebrate prematurely; you are advising him not to count his
profits before he has the money in his hand. You are asking him to wait for the lottery results to be
announced before he starts making plans. Here are a few examples.
*Ask Suresh. He may be willing to lend you some money. But don't count your chickens before they
hatch.
*Stop talking about the places you are going to see. You still haven't got your visa yet. Don't count
your chickens before they hatch.
This is an expression which comes from a story in Aesop's Fairy Tales. In the story a woman is
carrying a basket of eggs. While she is walking, she begins to think about ....how many chicks she
will soon have...how much money she'll make by selling the chicks...the things she'll buy with all the
money...As she is thinking about all this, she drops the basket of eggs!

Result? The woman is left with no eggs and no chicks. Hence the expression, "don't count your
chickens before they hatch".
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I am busy the next week" or "I am busy next
week"?
(S. Janakiraman, Chennai)

Both are correct. When you say that you are busy next week what you mean is that you are busy the
week after this one. You are going to be busy from Monday onwards.
But when you say that you are busy "the next week" what you are implying is that starting today you
are going to be busy for the next seven days. Today is Tuesday. So you are going to be busy till next
Monday.
When you say that you are going to be busy "the next month" what you are implying is that you are
going to be busy the next thirty days. In other words, you are going to be busy from 30 July to 29
August.
*** *** ***
"The trouble was, I went into marriage with both eyes closed — her father closed one and her brother
closed the other." — Max Kauffmann

August 06, 2002
Know your English
"HI. I'VE been trying to get in touch with you since 8: 00 o'clock. But every time I rang up, your line
was busy. Whom have you been talking to?"
"I haven't been talking to anyone. My friend Ramani is here. The telephone has been ringing off the
hook ever since he arrived early this morning."
"The telephone has been ringing off the hook? Does it mean that the phone has been ringing non
stop?"
"Exactly! When you say that the phone has been ringing off the hook what it means is that it has been
ringing constantly. Here's an example. Whenever Achala is at home the phone keeps ringing off the
hook."
"I know. Her parents keep complaining about it all the time. How about this example? When I entered
the house this morning the phone was ringing off the hook."
"Sounds great. Ever since people came to know that Mr. Sunderam has been nominated for an award,
his phone has been ringing off the hook."
"Didn't you tell me that Ramani was going to stay in a hotel while he was here"
"He was planning to. But I believe that the people who are hosting the conference tried to put him up
in a grungy little hotel."
"What hotel"
"G..r..u..n..g..y". The ù' is pronounced like the ù' in `cut', `but', and `hut' and the final `g' is like the `j'
in `jug', `juice', and `joy'. When you say that something is `grungy' it means it is smelly and dirty."
"Dirty and smelly, eh? Sounds like your kitchen. Can I say that your kitchen is grungy"?
"My kitchen is definitely not grungy! You get your grungy feet off the sofa."
"My! My! Somebody is getting to be really sensitive. I don't like going to the new Udipi restaurant.
There is always some grungy stuff on the table."
"It is also possible to say there's always grunge on the table."
"I see. Since Ramani didn't want to stay in some grungy little hotel, he moved in here, did he? How
long is he here"?
"Four days."
"Four days? Poor guy. Will he be able to put up with your cooking for four days"?
"He doesn't have to. You know Ramani. He's one smart cookie. He rang up his friends as soon as he
landed here. His dinners have been taken care of."
"Yes, he was always quite a popular guy. But what does one smart cookie mean? Does it mean
someone who is very smart"?
"That's right. This is an informal expression meaning ìntelligent'. For example, I can say, Promod is
one smart cookie. I wouldn't be too surprised if he becomes the CEO of the company."
"My cousin Shanthi is one smart cookie. She knows what she wants and how to get it."
"She may become a politician, then. Some of us have absolute contempt for politicians, but they are a
bunch of smart cookies."

"That they are. They swindle all the money and talk to us about corruption."
"And we are left to do the bellyaching."
"Bellyaching. What does that mean"
"Do you know what a belly is"
"Of course, I do. You usually refer to your stomach as your belly."
"And what do you do when you have a really bad stomach ache"
"When I have a stomach ache, I moan and I groan. I complain about...."
"....exactly! That's what a lot of people do. Complain. And that's what the expression `bellyaching'
means. To complain."
"I see. So, can I say, I don't like talking to Vijay. He's always bellyaching about something or the
other."
"That's a very good example. We should stop bellyaching about the corruption in our country."
"Ganguly always used to bellyache about not having a best-of-three final."
"I guess he will stop bellyaching now."
"Probably will. Did you see him wave his shirt after India's incredible win"
"The whole country did. Makes you wonder, doesn't it"
"What"
"What else he would take off if India were to win the World Cup!"
*** *** ***
"He knows nothing; he thinks he knows everything; that clearly points to a political career." —
George Bernard Shaw

August 13, 2002
WHAT IS the origin of "salad days"?
(M. Angappan, Cuddalore)

Shakespeare is believed to have coined this expression. He first used it in "Antony and Cleopatra". In
the play Cleopatra says, "My salad days, When I was green in judgement, cold in blood..." The
expression "salad days" refers to the days when we were young and relatively inexperienced. Those
growing up days when we repeatedly kept making mistakes because of our lack of experience. So
even those who have never eaten salad have had salad days! The expression is considered to be rather
old fashioned. Here are a few examples.
*John was in his salad days then and fell in love easily.
*The town did not seem to have changed much since his salad days.
It's been pointed out several times in this column that one of the meanings of "green" is
inexperienced. For example when you say, "Mohan is too green for the job" what you are implying is
that he is too inexperienced for the job. The expression "salad days" too means inexperienced. What is
the connection between "salad" and "green"? Well, a salad is usually made of raw vegetables. In other
words, green vegetables! Since salad was mostly green in colour, people began to refer to one's early
days as "salad days". By the way, the first "a" in "salad" is like the "a" in "act", "fact", and "pact",
while the second is like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable.
What is the difference between "plump" and "fat"?
(K. Shyam, Chennai)

When an individual is plump or fat, he is overweight. The word "fat" has a negative connotation
associated with it. When you say that someone is "fat", what you are implying is that he is overweight
and doesn't present a pleasant sight. It is considered impolite to call someone fat to his face. The word
"plump", on the other hand, is normally used to indicate approval. When you say that someone is
plump, what you are implying is that the individual is overweight in a pleasant sort of way.
In other words, you approve of the soft rounded body that the individual has! The individual though
overweight is not unpleasant to look at. In the 60s and 70s many of our movie heroines were plump.
What is the meaning of "cul de sac"?
(Ranjeet Gupta, Patna)

It is a street that is open at one end only; in other words, the street has an entrance but no exit. You
enter and exit the street the same way. Americans call it a "dead end". Some refer to it as a "blind
alley".
The "u" in "cul" is like the "u" in "but", "hut", and "shut". The "e" in "de" is like the "i" in "bit", "hit",
and "sit", while the "a" in "sac" is pronounced like the "a" in "sat", "fat", and "bat". The main stress is
on "cul". The Americans tend to put the main stress on "sac". Here are a few examples.
*They live in a huge house in a quiet cul de sac.
*By the time the thief realised he had entered a cul de sac, it was too late.
Which of the following sentences is correct? "I am waiting for your reply" or "I am awaiting for
your reply"?
(Jayashree Mishra, Bhubaneshwar)

The second sentence is wrong. One does not "await for" something or someone; one merely "awaits"
something or someone. Here are a few examples.
*We are awaiting instructions from the Chairman.
*We are waiting for instructions from the Chairman.
*She was awaiting the arrival of her parents.
*She was waiting for the arrival of her parents.
"Await" is considered to be much more formal than "wait".
How do you pronounce the word "blithe"?
(B. Prabhakar, Secunderabad)

The "i" is pronounced like the "y" in "my", "by", and "fly". The following "th" sounds like the "th" in
"this", "those", and "there". The final "e" is silent. One of the meanings of "blithe" is happy and
carefree. It is a word that is mostly used in formal contexts.
*Nataraj is one of those blithe spirits who cannot remain in one place for long.
*Promod was blithely unaware of the trouble he had caused.
*** *** ***
"Your manuscript is both good and original; but the part that is good is not original, and the part that is
original is not good." — Samuel Johnson

August 20, 2002
Know Your English
"SO, DID you finally manage to talk to your boss"?

"Yes, I talked to him about my raise. Believe it or not he said yes to everything. He is such a
pushover. I couldn't believe it when he..."
"...you mean you knocked him down"?
"Knocked him down? What are you talking about"?
"You said that you pushed him over, didn't you"
"I didn't say I pushed him over. I said `pushover'."
"What's the difference"?
"When you say that someone is a `pushover' what you mean is that the individual can be easily
influenced or won over. He can be easily got around. For example, getting money from Bala is very
easy. He is such a pushover."
"My school principal, Amritavalli, is no pushover."
"Many people thought the West Indies would be a pushover. But they managed to defeat us in the
series."
"If you ask me, as far as test cricket is concerned we are the pushovers."
"You are probably right."
"What does `push over' mean? Does it mean to push something or someone over"
"That's right. When you push someone over, you knock him down. For example, the students were in
such a hurry to get out that they nearly pushed the teacher over."
"Wonder if they did it on purpose. How about this example? The thief pushed the tables over and
escaped."
"Sounds fine. Now that I have got the raise, I had better knuckle down on the project."
"Knuckle down? You mean `knuckle under', don't you"
"No, I don't! I mean `knuckle down'. When you knuckle down to do something, you get busy doing
it."
"In other words, you get busy doing what you are supposed to...."
"....that's right. You don't waste your time fooling around. Here's an example. If you want to get
through this exam, you'll have to knuckle down and work hard."
"My cousin Padma knuckled down and finished her Ph.D."
"I know. A truly fantastic achievement. Hats off to her."
"How about this example? I always knuckle down a few days before the exams begin."
"You need to knuckle down much earlier than ...."
"....OK, OK, don't give me a lecture. Now tell me, what does `knuckle under' mean"?
"Well, when you knuckle under to someone, you do what he wants or tells you to do."
"His wish is your command"

"Something like that. If I were you, I would knuckle under to your boss. If you don't, chances are you
might lose your job."
"I have a cousin who knuckles under to his wife."
"Nothing wrong in that. If one is prepared to knuckle under to the boss, why not the wife? Sujatha is
too stubborn to knuckle under."
"The Prime Minister refused to knuckle under to the Opposition."
"I don't think it...."
"....so, tell me. How did you manage to get the raise"
"I said nice things about him. I told him he had great managerial skills. I also ...."
"....don't tell me your boss believed all that"
"He lapped it all up."
"Lapped it all up"
"When you praise someone and the individual `laps it all up', it means that the person accepts or
believes it completely."
"Even though you may have been lying through the skin of your teeth"
"Yes. The person is very eager to hear you say some nice things about him. He wants you to sing his
praises. It's music to his ears. The committee lapped up the lies without raising a single question."
"Even though `Devdas' has got very bad reviews, the public is lapping it up."
"The ageing film star lapped up all the compliments that came in her direction."
"Just like your boss."
"Just like my boss."
"Some of these old people are such pushovers."
*** *** ***
Coughlin's Law: "Don't talk unless you can improve the silence." — Laurence C. Coughlin

August 27, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression, "when the chips are down"?
(B. R. Rao, Hyderabad)

When you say that the chips are down, what you mean is that you are in a difficult or dangerous
situation. It's the type of situation, which helps you realise who your true friends are. Here are a few
examples.
* When the chips were down, all the employees rallied around the Chairman.
* Sekhar was always there to help out when the chips were down.
The "chips" referred to here are not potato chips! Though one could argue that running out of potato
chips during a party can lead to a "difficult" situation. No, the "chips" referred to in the expression are
the ones that are generally used in gambling. We have all seen movies where the hero and the villain
play cards and they keep increasing the stakes by throwing plastic chips on the table. These coloured
chips are a substitute for money. So when you are gambling and you find that your chips are down,
what it means is you are losing. You are in a "difficult situation" because you don't have much money
left. Another expression, which has more or less the same meaning, is "when the going gets tough".
You know what they say, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going"!
What is the meaning of "Teflon"?
(S. Mercy, Trichy)

Teflon is a coating given to a pot or a pan to prevent food from sticking to it. Nowadays the word is
being used with people as well. Jimmy Carter, for example, called Ronald Reagan a "Teflon
President". What he meant was, although there were a lot of scandals during Reagan's Presidency, the
President himself came out looking squeaky clean — none of the mud that was being flung around
ever stuck to him. Reagan had the ability to keep the criminal charges levelled against him from
sticking — just like the Teflon coated pan has the ability to keep food from sticking to it.
* I call my cousin "Teflon Suma" because she is impervious to all criticism.
* Janaki is one of those Teflon politicians I have absolute contempt for.
What is the question tag to be used in the following sentence? "I am older than you".
(P. K. Rajaratnam, Trichur)

Normally the question tag for "am" is "aren't". Here are a few examples.
* I am older than you, aren't I?
* I am good looking, aren't I?
In highly informal contexts, Americans, use "ain't". The word rhymes with "saint", "paint", and
"faint".
* I am older than you, ain't I?
* I am handsome, ain't I?
The use of "ain't" is considered to be non-standard.
How is the word ''malevolence'' pronounced?
(Nishant, Patna)
The "a", the "o", and the second "e" are pronounced like the "a" in "china". The "e" in the second

syllable "le" sounds like the "e" in "set", "bet", and "pet". The final "e" is silent and the main stress is
on the second syllable. Any idea what the word means? When you say that someone is "malevolent"
what you mean is that he is spiteful; the person wishes to harm others. Here are a few examples.
* The villain gave the old man a malevolent look.
* The malevolence that was displayed was frightening.
* The bombing was an act of malevolence.
What is the difference between "nevertheless'' and "nonetheless''?
(Shriti Raj, Ranchi)

As far as the meaning is concerned, there is no difference. The two words can be used interchangeably
to mean "in spite of".
* Venkatesh hadn't trained for the event. Nevertheless, he won.
* Venkatesh hadn't trained for the event. Nonetheless he won.
* There may nevertheless/nonetheless be other reasons for the strike.
"Nonetheless" and "nevertheless" are considered to be formal. Till some time ago the word
"nonetheless" was written as three words — "none the less". In fact, if you look at some of the old
dictionaries the word "nonetheless" is not even listed.
***
"One should always be in love. That is the reason one should never marry." — Oscar Wilde

September 03, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "day-to-day" and "day by day"?
(R. Balaji, Paramakudi)

"Day by day" means gradually, as time goes by. Here are a few examples.
*Day by day, Sumitra's health began to decline.
*Mohan's bowling improved day by day.
When you say that something is a "day-to-day" matter, it means that it is an everyday matter. It is
something ordinary and happens routinely. This is one of the meanings. For example, I can say,
*Prof. Bhatnagar has been asked to look after the day-to-day administrative needs.
*The maid's day-to-day responsibilities will include picking up the children from school and cutting
vegetables.
Another meaning of "day-to-day" is planning for one day only. You don't really plan for the future.
*Meera organised the cooking on a day-to-day basis.
*Ever since Ajit discovered he had AIDS, he has been living a day-to-day existence.
Why is the press often referred to as the "fourth estate"?
(B. Satish, Secunderabad)

Sir Edmund Burke referred to the press in this manner. During one of his speeches in the British
Parliament, Sir Edmund talked about the three estates of the realm: the Lords Spiritual, the Lords
Temporal, and the Commons. Then looking at the reporters sitting in the press gallery, Burke
apparently said, "Yonder sits the Fourth Estate, more important than them all". The term "fourth
estate" was originally used to refer to newspapers, but nowadays it is being used to refer to the other
media as well — radio, television, etc. Sometimes the BBC is jocularly referred to as the fifth estate!
By the way, the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal refer to the members in the Upper House of
Parliament, namely the House of Lords; and the "Commons" refers to the members of the Lower
House, the House of Commons.
How is the word "pejorative" pronounced?
(D. Ananathmurhty, Chennai)

The "e" in the first syllable and the "i" in the fourth are pronounced like the "i" in "it", "bit", and "sit".
The "o" sounds like the "o" in "hot", "not", and "lot", while the following "a" is like the "a" in "china".
The final "e" is silent and the main stress is on the second syllable. Know what the word means? A
pejorative word or expression is one which expresses criticism of someone or something. Pejorative is
generally used in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*Devi made several pejorative comments about the way the matter was handled.
*My teacher thinks that "Yankee" is a pejorative term.
Why do we say "an MBBS" and "an MP"?
(K. Mubarak, Chennai)

The rule for using the articles "a" and "an" is quite simple. Use "a" before words that begin with a
consonant sound and "an" before words that begin with a vowel sound. Notice that I am not referring
to the letter which a word begins with, but the sound. Try this out. Say M.B.B.S. Now say the word

"monkey". Do you hear a difference between the "m" in monkey and "MBBS"? The letter "m" when
said in isolation, as it is done in the case of "MBBS" and "MP", begins with a vowel sound. That's the
reason why you use the article "an". But the same letter in words like "monkey" and "man" begins
with a consonant sound. This also explains why the word "university" although it begins with the
letter "u" does not take the article "an" before it. The word does not begin with a vowel sound; the "u"
in university sounds like the "y" in "yes".
What is the meaning of "volte-face"?
(Raju, Chennai)
It is very common to hear politicians say one thing one day and on the very next day say the exact
opposite. This is what we mean by a volte-face. To say the exact opposite; to do a complete
turnaround. It's a total change in one's attitude towards something or someone. Here are a few
examples.
* The Chairman's speech represents a complete volte-face in company thinking.
* Some of the Ministers didn't go along with the party's volte-face on education.
By the way, the "o" in "volte" is like the "o" in "hot", "pot", and "not". Some people pronounce it like
the "o" in "go", "so", and "no". The "a" in "face" is like the "a" in "bath" and "path" and the main
stress is on "face". The final "e" in both the words is silent.
*** *** ***
"Those who can, do; those who can't, teach. And those who can't teach, teach the teachers."— G. B.
Shaw
(Know Your English completes 20 years.)

September 10, 2002
Know your English
"WHY DIDN'T you attend the cultural programme yesterday? It was really good."
"Yes, my neighbour told me that it was great. But after all the work I'd put in last week, I needed
some time to relax. I needed downtime."
"Downtime? What does it mean"
"It's a term that was first used in factories. A factory's `downtime' is the period when its machines are
switched off."
"I see. I've heard the term being used with computers."
"That's right. It's also used with computers. A computer's downtime....."
"....is the period when it is switched off. When it is not in use."
"Exactly! So when a person talks about `downtime', he is referring to the period when he does not
work. He relaxes."
"If it's downtime you want, work for a government organisation."
"That's one of the reasons why many people join Government organisations! Downtime resulted in the
production costs of the movie going up."
"Downtime is something that I am really looking forward to."
"Last year we didn't get downtime between projects. It was just terrible."
"That's because you were doing projects for so many different companies. Are you doing the same
thing this year"
"No, this year the boss has decided to zero in on one or two big companies."
"Zero in on? Does it mean focus on"?
"Well, yes. I can say the camera zeroed in on Sachin's shoes."
"He zeroed in on the dead puppy."
"What a terrible example! I picked up the binoculars and zeroed in on the parrots that were sitting on
the tree. It is also possible to zero in on a problem or a subject."
"You give your complete attention to the problem or subject. Is that what it means"?
"Right again. For example, the opposition has zeroed in on the problem of unemployment."
"The newspapers haven't zeroed in on the local problems."
"Local problems don't always sell newspapers. Here's another example. To keep the meeting short, the
two lawyers zeroed in on three clauses in the contract."
"Talking about lawyers. Does your company still retain Vasudevan"?
"No, they fired him long ago. He was goldbricking and my boss didn't like it."
"Goldbricking? I've never come across that term before."
"It means to be lazy. To avoid doing one's duty."
"Like our Government officials! I wish somebody would tell these people to stop goldbricking and do
some work for a change."

"Goldbricking is what our politicians are born to do. Even those who are not goldbrickers become
one....."
"....goldbrickers? Does it mean someone who is very lazy"?
"Exactly! A goldbricker is someone who spends his time doing nothing. Madhu is such a
goldbricker."
"If you think he is a goldbricker, you should meet his brother."
"I have met plenty of goldbrickers in my life, but Madhu takes the cake."
"We've talked about `goldbricking' and `goldbricker'. Does the word `goldbrick' exist"
"Yes, it does. A `goldbrick' is someone who is very lazy."
"Stop wasting your time and get back to work you goldbrick. How does that sound"?
"Sounds great. Our cable operator is such a goldbrick."
"I know. He doesn't know anything. He can't answer even simple questions. He just...."
"..... George Bush is the only person who seems to have an answer to all problems."
"What do you mean"?
"You give him any problem and his answer is get rid of Saddam Hussein and the problem will be
solved."
"He's zeroed in on Iraq, hasn't he? Every time he talks about Iraq he keeps saying Ì am a patient man.
I am a patient man'."
"Well after he had killed Caesar, Brutus kept saying that he was an honourable man!"
*** *** ***
"When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you sit on a red-hot cinder a
second seems like an hour. That's relativity." — - Albert Einstein

September 17, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "once in a blue moon"?
(D.S.R. Ramaswamy, Bangalore)

When something happens "once in a blue moon" it happens very rarely. Here are a few examples.
* My brother Gopal lives in Russia. I see him once in a blue moon.
* We have visitors once in a blue moon.
* How often does Tendulkar come to office? Once in a blue moon.
There are several explanations as to the origin of this expression. According to scientists, whenever a
volcano erupts, the sulphur and dust particles that are thrown up into the atmosphere often cause the
moon to appear blue for some time. When the volcano on Krakatoa (an island between Java and
Sumatra) exploded in 1883, rocks were hurled thirty miles high into the air and dust from the volcano
fell nearly three thousands miles away. After this eruption the moon looked blue for several days.
Luckily for us, volcanoes don't erupt every day, so a blue moon continues to be a rare phenomenon.
Another explanation offered by scholars is the following. On very rare occasions we have two full
moons within the same month. The editors of "Maine Farmers Almanac" used to indicate the first full
moon of the month in red and the second, when it did occur, in blue!
What is the origin of "honeymoon"?
(K. Ananthanarayanan, Kanyakumari)

In the old days people wanted their marriage to start on a sweet note. It was therefore customary for
newlyweds to drink mead for a month. Mead was a drink made from honey. The "moon" refers to the
period of thirty days or one month that the couple was expected to drink the mead. After the first
month, the couples came face to face with reality; they realised that their affection, like the moon,
would wax and wane. By the way, the word "honeymoon" need not always be used to refer to the
holiday that newly married couples take immediately after marriage. The term is now being used to
refer to an early stage in any activity when people are happy with each other because everything is
going smoothly. Here are a few examples.
* The President's honeymoon period with the press is over.
* The honeymoon between my boss and me still continues.
* The allegations made it clear that the honeymoon stage was over.
How is the word "vivacious" pronounced?
(B. Bhanumathi, Hyderabad)

The "i" in the first syllable is like the "i" in "hit", "bit", and "sit", while the following "a" sounds like
the "ay" in "say", "day", and "pay". The "c" is pronounced like the "sh" in "sheep", "ship", and "shout"
and the final "iou" is like the "a" in "china". The main stress, by the way, is on the second syllable.
When you say that something is vivacious, what you mean is that it is full of life; it is full of energy.
The word is generally used with women. Here are a few examples.
* Sarita's daughter is a vivacious little thing.
* Malini's vivacious manner put some life into the drab meeting.
* Not many people consider Patna to be a vivacious city.

What is the difference between "appraise" and "apprise"?
(L. Sandhya, Cochin)

When you "appraise" someone of something, you provide the individual with an estimate of the value
of something. In other words, you are judging the object's worth.
* Ram appraised the car carefully before offering to buy it.
* The expert appraised the painting at half what I had paid for it.
The "a" in the first syllable of "appraise" is like the "a" in "china", while the second syllable is
pronounced like the word "praise". The stress is on the second syllable.
When you "apprise" someone of something, you inform him of it. This is a word that is used in formal
contexts and is generally considered to be old fashioned. The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in
"china", while the second syllable is pronounced like the word "prize". The stress once again is on the
second syllable.
* The Prime Minister was apprised of the situation in Kashmir.
* The President was apprised of the Minister's arrival.
*** *** ***
"Love is a delusion that one woman differs from another."— H. L. Mencken

September 24, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "scot-free"?
(Geetha Udhyakumar, Mannargudi)

When you say that someone escaped "scot-free" what you are implying is that the individual escaped
a tricky situation without being punished or harmed. The expression carries with it a sense of
dissatisfaction. You feel that the individual deserved to be punished, but he wasn't. Here are a few
examples.
*His father is a politician and so he got off scot-free.
*Sanjay got away scot-free because people refused to testify.
*Renu made sure that Jyothi didn't get off scot-free.
Many people think that the "scot" used in the expression refers to the people in Scotland. It doesn't.
"Scot" is the old word for what we today call "tax". So in the old days when you got off "scot-free"
you got off "tax-free". In other words, you escaped without having to pay your taxes. Nowadays, it's
only politicians who manage to escape scot-free!
What does `viz' stand for?
(A. Vasu, Guntur)

Viz. is the abbreviated form of the Latin "videlicet". The "i" in "viz" is pronounced like the "i" in
"bit", "it" and "pit". The word is normally employed in formal writing and is used to expand on or
clarify what has already been said. Here are a few examples.
*The Department offers two modules in Teaching English as a Second Language, viz. Applied
Linguistics, and Principles of Language Teaching.
*I want to talk about a major threat facing our society, viz. global warming.
The word can be replaced by "namely", and in speech most people tend to say "namely" rather than
"viz".
What is the meaning of "drive someone round the bend"?
(K. Hari Krishna Prasad, Guntakal)

When you "drive" or "send someone round the bend" you make him really angry by doing something
which annoys him. It is an expression mostly used in informal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*His wife's constant whining was driving Rajeev round the bend.
*The heat and the frequent power cuts were driving Neha round the bend.
*The leaky faucet was sending Chaitra round the bend.
It is also possible to say "round the twist".
What is the meaning of "Would you like to powder your nose"?
(C. Anasuya, Hyderabad)

This is a question that is often asked of ladies. When somebody asks a woman whether she would like
to powder her nose, what the person wants to know is whether she would like to use the bathroom.
Native speakers of English don't ask you directly whether you would like to use the bathroom. It is
considered impolite to do so. As a result, they ask the question in a roundabout way. "Would you like
to freshen up" "Would you like to wash your hands" Unlike the earlier question, these can be posed to

both men and women.

What is the difference between "due to" and "owing to"?
(Amit Kumar, New Delhi)

As far as the meaning is concerned there is no difference. Both "due to" and "owing to" can be used to
mean "because of". Many people use the two words interchangeably. Here are a few examples.
*Owing to/Due to bad weather, all flights were cancelled.
*Ramesh was late, owing to/due to the heavy traffic.
*Owing to/Due to the groom's illness, the wedding was postponed.
*The wedding was postponed due to/owing to the groom's illness.
Careful users of the language argue that "due to" should not be used at the beginning of a clause. But
even educated native speakers of English begin clauses with "due to". One difference between "due
to" and "owing to" is that "due to" can be used after the verb "to be"; "owing to", on the other hand,
cannot. For example, it is OK to say, "Their success was due to hard work and brilliant planning."
You cannot say, "Their success was owing to hard work." Similarly it is OK to say, "The actor's
success was due to his wife", but you cannot say, "The actor's success was owing to his wife."
*** *** ***
"It's a recession when your neighbour loses his job, it's a depression when you lose your own." —
Harry. S. Truman

October 01, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between a "lawyer" and an "attorney"?
(B. Harish, Bhilai)

People in general tend to use the two words interchangeably. But I understand that there is a
difference between the two. A "lawyer" is someone who knows the law and has been admitted to the
bar. He advises his clients about their legal rights and often pleads their cases in a court of law. In the
strictest sense an attorney need not be a lawyer; in other words, he need not be someone who practices
law. An "attorney" is someone empowered to act in a legal capacity on someone's behalf. For
example, when you give the power of attorney to someone, you are authorising the individual to act
on your behalf. This individual need not be a lawyer; he could be anyone - your brother, husband or
friend. If you wish to use the word "attorney" to mean "lawyer", then the correct term is "attorney at
law". Remember the famous Perry Mason? He was an "Attorney at law".
What is the meaning of "chock-a-block"?
(S. Karthick, Trivandrum)

This is an expression, which is mainly used in informal contexts. Chock-a-block means, "completely
full; tightly packed". The expression is usually followed by "with". The main stress is on "block". The
first word "chock" is pronounced like the first syllable of "chocolate". Here are a few examples.
*The cupboard was chock-a-block with hundred rupee notes.
*I wouldn't go there now. The place will be chock-a-block with tourists.
*On Friday evening, Ashok's house was chock-a-block with guests.
What is the meaning and origin of "between Scylla and Charybdis?
(P. Gulsar, Kanyakumari)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation of the two words. The "sc" in "Scylla" is pronounced like the
"s" in "sit", "sip", and "set", while the following "y" is like the "i" in "it", "is", and "hit". The final "a"
is like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable. The "ch" in "Charybdis" is
pronounced like the "k" in "kit", "kill", and "kiss". The following "a" is like the "a" in "china", while
the "y" and the final "i" are like the "i" in "kit", "pit", and "sit". The main stress is on the second
syllable.
Scylla and Charybdis are two rocks located in a narrow sea passage in the Straits of Messina. Scylla is
located on the Italian side, while Charybdis is on the Sicilian side. In ancient Greek mythology, Scylla
was a female monster with twelve feet and six heads. She had razor sharp teeth and was capable of
ripping apart sailors who had the misfortune of coming too close to her. Charybdis was a whirlpool. It
was seen as a monster, which gulped down huge amounts of water and in the process sucked in sailors
who accidentally got close to it. When Ulysses tried to make his way through this narrow passageway,
Scylla managed to kill six of his sailors. When you say you are between Scylla and Charybdis what
you are implying is that you are between the devil and the deep blue sea. You are being threatened by
two dangers at the same time and in trying to avoid one you fall victim to the other. The two dangers
are often seen as representing life. Trying to avoid one mistake, we often end up making another.
Shakespeare used this expression in his "Merchant of Venice" - "When I shun Scylla your father, I fall
into Charybdis your mother."
*Revathi wanted to be on good terms with both her in laws and her parents. But the effort of pleasing
one without offending the other was like steering between Scylla and Charybdis.

What is the meaning of "sine qua non"?

The "i" in "sine" is pronounced like the "i" in "pit", "bit", and "sit", while the following "e" is like the
"ay" in "day", "bay", and "say". The "a" in "qua" sounds like the "a" in "bath", "path", and "ask". The
final word is pronounced like the word "known". The main stress is on "non". This is one of the ways
of pronouncing the word. Sine qua non means something that is absolutely essential. It is mostly used
in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
*In my opinion patience is a sine qua non for a teacher.
*Sachi says that a sense of humour is a sine qua non for a job in her company
*** *** ***
"Before marriage, a man yearns for the woman he loves. After marriage, the 'Y' becomes silent." —
Anonymous

October 08, 2002
Know your English
"I MET your friend Brijesh yesterday."

"Don't talk to me about that guy! He's a nut case. A couple of weeks ago he got into a fight with the
Principal's son."
"Yes, he told me. Has he managed to keep his nose clean since then"
"Keep his nose clean? How am I supposed to know? You don't expect me to check under his nose, do
you"?
"Nobody in his right mind would ask you to do that. When you tell someone to keep his nose clean,
what you are asking him to do is to stay out of trouble."
"Keep your nose clean means stay out of trouble? You must be joking!"
"No, I am not. It's one of those informal expressions used mainly in American English. For example,
the warden told the prisoner to keep his nose clean."
"For the past couple of years your hero Salman Khan has had a difficult time trying to keep his nose
clean. Wherever he goes, trouble follows him."
"Ever since his friend was arrested and sent to jail, Ajay has made it a point to keep his nose clean."
"Yes, and he's been working really hard. He's even got through the entrance exam."
"Yeah, I know."
"But did you know that Sujatha failed the test"
"She told me about it yesterday. She was feeling really terrible. So, she dropped in hoping to get an
ego massage. But...."
"....an ego massage? What is that"
"Well, when you give someone an ego massage what you do is to flatter them. You tell them nice
things so as to make them feel happy."
"In other words, you stroke their ego."
"I guess you could say that. Sujatha didn't get the ego massage that she was looking for."
"She came to you for an ego massage? She must have been pretty desperate."
"Probably was. After losing in the election, the last thing that the candidate wanted from her well
wishers was an ego massage."
"I thought ego massaging was the only thing that politicians were interested in. How about this
example? Teachers, I am told, need an ego massage once in a while."
"Sounds good to me. But who is going to give it to them? Students? Fat chance!"
"Anyway, what did you tell Sujatha"
"I told her that she ought to have worked harder."
"That must have made her hopping mad. Did she give you one of her famous stares"
"Funnily enough, she didn't. She gave me a delicious smile and said...."
".....a delicious smile? I have heard of delicious cakes and what not. But can a smile be called

delicious"
"Yes, it can. The word `delicious' can be used in a figurative sense as well. When you refer to a smile
as being delicious what you are implying is that it is pleasurable to look at. It is a wonderful smile."
"I see. Can I say, Sanjay has a delicious sense of humour"
"You certainly can. Here's another example. Ashwin told us a delicious joke."
"The only thing I know about Ashwin is that he makes delicious parathas."
"Yes, his parathas are scrumptious."
"They are what"
"S..c..r..u..m..p..t..i..o..u..s. The ù' in the first syllable is like the ù' in `cut', `hut', and `shut'. The ìou'
is like the à' in `china'. The "t" is like the "sh" in "sheet", "ship", and "shoot". The main stress is on
the first syllable."
"But what does the word mean? Does it mean the same thing as delicious"?
"That's right! The word `scrumptious' is normally used to talk about food. For example...."
".....let me. The meal at the restaurant was scrumptious."
"That's a good example. The chocolates Arjun brought from Dubai were scrumptious."
"Is scrumptious a formal word"?
"No, it isn't. It is normally used in informal contexts. Like the word delicious, it can be used
figuratively as well to mean pleasing and delightful"
"Can I say Janaki's smile is truly scrumptious"?
"I haven't seen Janaki smile. But I would have readily agreed if you had said that Goldie Hawn's smile
is scrumptious."
*** *** ***
"Heaven is an American salary, a Chinese cook, an English house, and a Japanese wife. Hell is
defined as having a Chinese salary, an English cook, a Japanese house, and an American wife." —
James H. Kabbler III.

October 15, 2002 (NOT PUBLISHED-VENKAT)
October 22, 2002
Know your English
"HAVE YOU decided which restaurant we are going to? Or are you...."
"....I made up my mind a long time ago. I don't shilly-shally like you."
"You don't what"?
"Shilly-shally. Someone who shilly-shallies can't make up his mind about something. He remains
quite undecided."
"Sounds like my cousin Geetha. She can never make up her mind about anything."
"Here's an example. If you keep shilly-shallying, we are going to be late for the concert."
"Anoushka shilly-shallied for two days. Finally, she said no."
"I have no clue who you are talking about."
"Never mind. Venkatesh never shilly-shallies. He is always sure about what he wants to do. Anyway,
which restaurant are we going to"?
"Utsav. It was recommended by Kala."
"Kala? Your friend with those unusually short fingers"?
"Yes, I am talking about the lady with the pudgy fingers."
"What"?
"P..u..d..g..y. The ù' is pronounced like the ù' in `cut', `but', and `hut'. The `d' and the `g' together
sound like the `j' in `jam', `juice', and `jump'. The main stress is on the first syllable. Do you know
what the word means"?
"I can guess. You said that Kala had pudgy fingers. Well, Kala's fingers are short and fat. So I guess t
hat's what the word "pudgy' means. Short and fat."
"Very good."
"Can the word be used with people as well"?
"Yes, it can. For example, Sharmila's husband is pudgy."
"How about this example? The pudgy child was eating all the time."
"Sounds good to me. Like the word `shilly-shally', `pudgy' is mostly used in informal contexts."
"I figured as much."
"P..o..d..g..y and p..u..d..g..y mean the same thing."
"So can I say Ashwin has podgy fingers"?
"Yes, `pudgy' and `podgy' can be used interchangeably. `Pudgy' is mostly used in American English."
"Kavita's husband is a podgy little man, isn't he? Wonder why she married him."
"He may be podgy, but I am told that he is absolutely brilliant. His knowledge of nuclear physics is
supposed to be encyclopaedic."
"Is supposed to be what"?

"E..n..c..y..c..l..o..p..a..e..d..i..c. The first syllable èn' is pronounced like the word ìn'. The `cy' is like
the `cy' in `cycle'. The following ò' is like the à' in `china'. The àe' in the fourth syllable is like the
èe' in `bee', `see', and `knee'."
"I thought it was p..e..d..i..c."
"That's another way of spelling the word. The important thing to remember is that the main stress is
on the fourth syllable. Do you know what the word means"?
"I think I do. Someone who has a great deal of knowledge of a particular subject. Someone who
knows a lot about something. An expert."
"Well, I guess you could say that. When you say that someone's knowledge is encyclopaedic, what
you are implying is that the individual has knowledge of a wide variety of subjects. He is like an
encyclopaedia."
"I see. Can I say, in matters relating to cancer Suresh's knowledge is encyclopaedic."
"You certainly can. Sushmita has an encyclopaedic knowledge of Carnatic music."
"Really! I didn't know that! My cousin Anand has an encyclopaedic knowledge of the local
restaurants."
"Talking about restaurants. Shall we make a move? I am really famished."
"What"
"F..a..m..i..s..h..e..d. The à' is like the à' in àct', `pact', and `fact'."
"Famished. Does it mean extremely hungry or something"?
"That's right. When you say that you are famished it means you are very hungry. It's a word that is
generally used in informal contexts. Here's an example. Isn't lunch ready yet? We are all famished."
"When's dinner? I am famished."
"I am famished because I didn't have lunch this afternoon."
"So, shall we go then"?
"You bet."
*** *** ***
"I never married because there was no need. I have three pets at home which answer the same
purpose as a husband. I have a dog which growls every morning, a parrot which swears all afternoon,
and a cat that comes home late at night."— Marie Corelli

October 29, 2002
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "three sheets in the wind"?
(M. Kiran Kumar, Narsapur)

This is a relatively old expression, which is not often heard these days. When you say that someone is
"three sheets in the wind" or "three sheets to the wind" what you mean is that the individual is very
drunk. Here are a few examples.
* Mohanty was three sheets in the wind by the time we arrived.
* If Sunil is three sheets in the wind, don't discuss anything important with him.
* Many of the students were three sheets in the wind at the party.
The expression "three sheets in the wind" was quite popular with sailors till the late 19th century —
when wooden ships were common. The "sheets" refer to the "ropes" or "chains" tied to the lower
corner of sails; they do not refer to the sails themselves. I understand that on the lower edge of a sail
there were usually four "sheets" or ropes attached. By tightening or slackening the sheets one
controlled the sail. If the sheet was not tied and allowed to run free, then the sail was said to be "in the
wind". When three sheets were not tied and left hanging loose, then the sails merely flapped around
and the ship moved in a jerky sort of way. In other words, when three sheets were in the wind, the
ship wallowed and staggered like a drunken sailor!
How do you pronounce the word "formulae"?
(K. Jyotsna, Secunderabad)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "for", while the "mu" in the second syllable rhymes
with "due", "few", and "cue". The final "ae" is like the "ee" in "fee", "bee", and "see". The main stress
is on the first syllable. "Formulae" is the plural of "formula".
What is the meaning of "what on earth"?
(Md. Khalid Ahmed, Jagital, A.P)

This is an expression, which is normally used at the beginning of a sentence to make it intense or
stronger. It is used to indicate irritation, surprise, etc. Here are a few examples.
What on earth is Suman trying to do?
What on earth is that terrible smell?
What on earth could Rohan possibly want?
How is the word "proactive" used?
(M. Ram Mohan, Narsampet)

This is a word, which is being used quite often these days. Most of us are reactive rather than
proactive. Whenever changes take place, we react to them. Proactive people are those who do things
to bring about changes. They don't wait for changes to be brought about, they bring them about. They
cause the change. They take action themselves, rather than wait for something to happen.
* We must adopt a much more proactive approach to solve the water crisis.
* Our politicians must learn to be proactive.
* The country needs to take proactive steps to stop terrorism.

What is the difference between "continually" and "continuously"?
(G. Sanakaran, Chennai)

We Indians love our cricket and for the sake of the game we are willing to do anything. During the
recent test match against the West Indies some people in Chennai went to the temple and prayed that
it shouldn't rain on the five days of the match. And this was at a time when the Chief Minister of
Tamil Nadu was fighting with the Chief Minister of Karnataka for water! Frankly, I wish it had rained
continuously on those five days. So, what does "continuously" mean? It means non-stop, without any
interruptions. Here are a few examples.
* It rained continuously last night.
* Bala's mother-in-law spoke continuously for three hours.
When you say that it rained continually yesterday, what you are implying is that it rained most of the
day, but there were interruptions. There were spells when it was not raining. So continually means
"with interruptions" and carries with it a sense of annoyance. Here are a few examples.
I am fed up of the continual interruptions.
The continual noise from the playground was driving Mohan crazy.
*** *** ***
"Men are simple things. They can survive a whole weekend with only three things: beer, boxer shorts
and batteries for the remote control." — Diana Jordan

November 12, 2002
HOW IS the word "shenanigans" pronounced?
(P. Habeeb Rahman, Madurai)

The "e" in the first syllable and the "i" in the third syllable are pronounced like the "i" in "pit", "bit"
and "hit". The "a" in the second syllable sounds like the "a" in "act", "pact", and "fact". The final "a"
is like the "a" in "china", while the final "s" is like the "z" in "zip", "zoo", and "zero". The main stress
is on the second syllable. Do you have any idea what the word means? "Shenanigans" is normally
used to refer to the dishonest practices or immoral behaviour of people. The word is mostly used in
informal contexts and carries with it a sense of disapproval. Here are a few examples.
*The magazine focuses on the shenanigans of movie stars.
*The Minister knew about the private shenanigans of those working under him.
*When the newspapers exposed his business shenanigans, Promod resigned.
The word is also used to refer to any high-spirited behaviour. According to one theory, "shenanigans"
comes from the Irish saying "Shee nanna gasne" meaning "the Shee are rattling the dishes". The
"Shee" were spirits, which indulged in a lot of mischief — they were particularly fond of moving
furniture around in a house!
What is the meaning of "laughing all the way to the bank"?
(D. Kumar, Chennai)

This is an expression that is normally used in informal contexts. When you say that someone is
"laughing all the way to the bank" what you are implying is that the individual has managed to make
tons of money very easily. He has made a large sum of money because of someone else's stupidity.
*Ramesh said that the product wouldn't sell. His competitors however decided to market it. Now they
are laughing all the way to the bank.
*If we don't take this opportunity, our neighbours will. You can be sure they will be laughing all the
way to the bank.
*Suresh decided to distribute a film that no one else would touch. Now he is laughing all the way to
the bank.
What is the difference between "verbal" and "oral"?
(P. Seetha, Chennai)

There is a tendency to use the two words interchangeably, but careful users of the language make a
distinction between the two. The word "oral" implies that what has been communicated is through
word of mouth. Talking is involved. Students doing an M. Phil or a Ph. D. have an oral examination
once they submit their dissertation. An individual may be willing to confess to a crime orally; he/she
may refuse to give a written confession. "Verbal" refers to the actual words used to communicate with
another individual. But unlike "oral", verbal can also include the written form of communication.
What is the meaning of "firing on all cylinders"?
(P. Murali, Tuticorin)

When you say that a company is firing on all cylinders what you mean is that the company is working
at full strength. It is operating as powerfully and effectively as possible. When an individual is firing

on all cylinders it means that he is making every possible effort to complete something. Here are a
few examples.
*Ever since Gopal became the captain, his club has been firing on all cylinders.
*Geetha is firing on all cylinders because she wants to finish the project tonight.
*By the end of the third month, the Chicago Bulls were firing on all cylinders.
What is the meaning of "high tea"?
(S. Nallasivan, Chennai)

In India, having tea around 5:30 in the evening along with a couple of samosas and biscuits is
considered to be "high tea". High tea is generally much heavier than that. In England, for example, it
is a heavy meal usually taken during the early evening hours. People invariably skipped their dinner
after high tea. In the late 19th century "high tea" was an elaborate affair. What did it contain? Well,
here's a British newspaper telling us what a high tea should include. "High tea should have cold roast
beef at the head of the table, a cold Yorkshire pie at the bottom, a mighty ham in the middle. The side
dishes will comprise soused mackerel, prickled salmon, sausages and potatoes, etc. Rivers of tea,
coffee, and ale, with dry and buttered toast, scones, muffins and crumpets, jams and marmalade." It's
not surprising that most people refused to have dinner after such a heavy meal!
*** *** ***
"Marriage is not a word, but a sentence."— Anonymous

November 19, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "swap" and "swop"?
(S. Janardhanan, Udumalpet)

As far as the meaning is concerned there is no difference. "Swap" is much more common than
"swop". When you "swap" something with someone you exchange things with him/her. Here are a
few examples.
* Last week I swapped cars with Narender and went for a long drive.
* The terrorists wanted to swap hostages for political prisoners.
The word can also be used to mean to replace something with something else.
* Bhaveen swapped his suit for a pair of jeans and T-shirt.
* Jyothi refused to swap the laidback lifestyle of a student for that of an actress.
What is the meaning and origin of "heard it on the grapevine"?
(Deepak, Chennai)
Gossip. How we all love it. It's music to our ears! When someone gives us some juicy news and warns
us not to tell anyone, what is it that we normally do? We promptly pass on the information to
someone else and ask that individual to keep it under his hat. But he in turn informs someone else;
and on and on it goes. This is what we mean by the expression "hear something on/through the
grapevine". It's information you hear from someone who in turn has heard it from someone else! The
information therefore may or may not be totally reliable. Here are a few examples.
* Mahesh heard through the grapevine that he was being promoted.
* We heard through the grapevine that the students were unhappy with the course.
This is an expression, which has been a part of the English language for well over one hundred years.
According to one theory, the idiom came into existence when F. B. Morse came up with the idea of
the telegraph.
When Morse managed to send his message "What God hath wrought" over the wire between
Washington and Baltimore, many companies got interested in the telegraph. They put up telegraph
poles and lines from one place to another. During the early years, the workmanship was very poor; the
telegraph lines often crisscrossed. The wires reminded people of the crooked grapevine. Since
information was being received through these wires, people came up with the expression "through the
grapevine". As to why people began to believe that the information received through the grapevine
was unreliable, we have to go back to the American Civil War that took place between 1861 and
1865. During this period, military commanders began to send battlefield reports in the form of
telegrams. What the enemy used to do was to send false reports of the same battle and as a result
people were unsure which report to believe. Therefore anything heard through the grapevine was
considered unreliable.
Is it OK to say that a person is "squeaky clean"?
(P. M. A. Namboodiripad, Cochin)

Yes, it is. When you say that an individual is "squeaky clean" what you are implying is that you
cannot find any fault with him/her. He/she has lead a very moral life and has never done anything
wrong. This is the kind of image that many of our crooked politicians try to project. The expression is
mainly used in informal contexts. Here are a few examples.

* When I got to know him, I realised that he wasn't so squeaky clean after all.
* Prakasham claims that he is squeaky clean, but we all know better.
The expression comes form the world of window washing. When you run your finger along a clean
pane of glass, you'll find that the glass squeaks!
What is the meaning of "ipso facto"?
(K. Ajit, Banglaore)

"Ipso facto" comes from Latin and it means "by the fact itself". It is an expression which is mainly
used in formal contexts. Here are a few examples.
* Hema is a snob; ipso facto she is disliked by all her colleagues.
* If a crime occurs then there is ipso facto a guilty party.
* An American, ipso facto, has no right to an Indian passport.

November 26, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "robbery" and "burglary"?
(S. Rajan, Chennai)

When you are being robbed, you are usually aware of it. The person who is robbing you is there
standing in front of you and demanding that you hand over the money, jewellery, etc. In the case of a
robbery, there is always a threat of violence. You could end up getting hurt or even killed! Here are a
few examples.
*When Chaitra walked into the bank there was a robbery in progress.
*All the robberies took place around 3:00 in the afternoon.
*The robbery was meticulously planned.
In the case of a burglary, on the other hand, there is no threat of violence. A burglar is like a thief.
What does a thief do? He merely takes away something that belongs to you without your being aware
of it. You become aware of the fact that you have lost something much later. A burglar enters your
house illegally and takes away things that he is interested in. He plans meticulously and takes care not
to be seen by you. When he strikes, you may be fast asleep, or you may not be at home.
*When the Jains were away for the weekend their house was burgled.
*There was a burglary in our neighbourhood yesterday.
*The burglary didn't go off as planned.
What is the meaning of "horse-trading"?
(P. Jaya Ramaiah, Khammam)

In our country this word is normally associated with politics. Whenever a government falls, a lot of
horse-trading goes on before another government is formed. If you think this is because some of our
politicians look like horses, then you are being terribly unfair— especially to the horses! Coming back
to the expression, "horse-trading" is normally used to indicate a hard bargaining of some kind. The
two bargaining parties show an understanding of the problem and the negotiations are done in a clever
manner. Shrewd bargaining is always involved in "horse-trading". This is how the expression is being
used in American English.
*If you want to do some horse-trading you'd better take Venkat along.
*After a lot of horse-trading Amrit agreed to let Jai become the President.
*The deal isn't complete yet. We'll have to do some horse-trading tomorrow.
In British English, the term is normally used to show disapproval. It carries with it the sense that the
negotiations are unofficial. There is also the implication that too many compromises have been made
to arrive at some sort of an agreement. Here are a few examples.
*The MLAs were involved in a lot of political horse-trading to arrive at a consensus candidate.
*They are horse trading with the Congress party over the mid day meals scheme.
What is the meaning of "fresh off the boat"?
(P. Senthil Saravana Durai, Vazhavallan)

This is an expression that began to be used in the United States when it had a lot of immigrants
arriving by ships in the early decades of the twentieth century. When you say that someone is "fresh

off the boat" what you are implying is that the individual is new to the place. He is a newcomer and
therefore can be cheated easily. Very often the expression is reduced to F. O. B. The expression "just
off the boat" means the same thing as "fresh off the boat". Here are a few examples.
* I am not fresh off the boat, Rajeev. I know what you are trying to do.
* Vinay is just off the boat. Try and be nice to him.
How is the word "rapport" pronounced?
(R. Kiran, Bellary)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "act", "cat", and "bat". The "or" sounds like the "or" in
"fort", "port", and "support". The final "t" is silent and the main stress is on the second syllable. When
two individuals have a good "rapport" with each other it means that they get along very well because
they understand each other. They understand each other's feelings and ideas. Here are a few examples.
* Ashok was able to establish an excellent rapport with his students.* It took Vinita several years to
build a close rapport with Uma.
*** *** ***
"The United States is a nation of laws: badly written and randomly enforced." — Frank Zappa

December 03, 2002
Bush telegraph, Give a straw
"I NEED to send a packet to the States. Do you know anyone who is going"
"Anuradha. She is going to Florida for her honeymoon."
"How do you know? Who told you"?
"The bush telegraph."
"The bush telegraph? Don't tell me that George Bush sent you a telegram."
"No, George Bush was keen that I should get this piece of news immediately. So, instead of sending
me a telegram, he rang me up."
"Ha! Ha! Very funny!"
"Nice try, don't you think? The `bush telegraph' refers to the manner in which information is passed
on from one individual to another through word of mouth."
"One person hears something. He in turn tells someone else and that person goes on....."
"....to tell someone else! It's something like ...."
"....it means the same thing as `heard on the grapevine'."
"I guess you could say that. The information passes quickly from one person to another. Here's an
example. The bush telegraph tells me that the Principal has quit."
"According to the bush telegraph, your company is in big trouble."
"I heard on the bush telegraph that Bush is going to bomb Iraq soon."
"When it comes to Iraq, George Bush doesn't beat around the bush, does he"?
"No, he doesn't. He, Tony Blair and Jack Straw are pretty clear about the changes they want."
"A regime change. That's what they are blaring for!"
"Yes, and they don't give a straw for other peoples opinions."
"Give a straw? What does it mean"?
"When you don't `give' or `care' a straw for something, you don't give it much importance. You think
that it's of little value."
"You think that it's insignificant."
"That's right!"
"Can I say, I don't give a straw for the American President's opinion"
"You can. Here's another example. I don't care a straw for my Chairman's new book. But everyone
else in the office seems to think that it's great."
"My cousin bought some property last year. He paid a huge amount for it. Right now, it isn't worth a
straw."
"What do you think will happen in Iraq"?
"I have no clue. But the latest straw in the wind suggests that change is ...."

"....straw in the wind? Are you referring to Jack Straw"?

"Most definitely not. I am talking about the ordinary straw. When you say that something is a `straw
in the wind' it means that it is an indication of what is likely to happen in the future. For example, the
sacking of the teachers is just a straw in the wind. I think the management is trying to replace all the
old teachers with new ones."
"The union's refusal to meet the chairman over this trivial matter is just a straw in the wind in terms of
the union-management relations. I have a feeling that they are planning to go on strike from next
month."
"Some people feel that India's recent loss to the West Indies in the one day internationals is a straw in
the wind in terms of our chances of winning the world cup."
"I can tell you one thing though. If India doesn't win the world cup millions of people are going to be
terribly disappointed."
"So let's hope that our men in blue don't make the rest of the country blue."
"I tell you, the kind of enthusiasm that the game generates is unbelievable. In the final match against
the West Indies although we had lost seven wickets, my friends kept saying that we would win the
match."
"They were clutching at straws."
"Another expression with straw! That is the last straw. I don't want to deal with straws."
"You know what my answer to that is"
"You don't care a straw for my opinion!"
"Brilliant!"
*** *** ***
"I've been in love with the same woman for forty one years. If my wife finds out, she'll kill me."—
Henry Youngman

December 10, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "figure something out" and "figure something up"?
(T. Chary, Bangalore)

When you figure someone out, you begin to understand the individual better. Similarly, when you
figure something out, you begin to understand it better. Here are a few examples.
* Rohini was able to figure out the problem.
* Varsha is a new student in class. No one has been able to figure her out.
* It took Balaji some time to figure out what Malar was trying to say.
When you "figure something up", you add up the numbers. You total the amount of something.
* Neha and Nandita took turns figuring up the bill.
* I am in a hurry. Could you figure the bill up, please?
* Jyoti, please figure up how many bags of cement we will need.
What is the meaning and origin of "to draw first blood"?
(K. Vidyasagar, Tirupati)

When you "draw blood" you make your opponent bleed. Therefore, when you "draw first blood", you
hurt your opponent before he hurts you. In which sport does one aim to do this? Boxing, of course!
According to some scholars, the idiom "to draw first blood" comes from the world of boxing. The
expression is also used metaphorically to mean, "to score a victory over someone". Here are a few
examples.
* In the debate, it was the visitors who drew first blood.
* We were hoping to draw first blood. Unfortunately, we didn't.
The expression "draw blood" has another meaning as well. When you "draw blood" you succeed in
hurting someone's feelings. Here are a few examples.
* The teacher's caustic remarks clearly drew blood.
* Sailaja's remarks were intended to draw blood.
Why do we say "donkey's years"?
(S. Ashwin Kumar, Korutta)

When you say that someone has been around for "donkey's years", what you are implying is that
he/she has been around for a long, long time. The expression is mostly used in informal contexts.
* It's been donkey's years since I talked to Sarita and Ganesh.
* The project has been going on for donkey's years.
* Ranjeet has been with this company for donkey's years.
The expression seems to suggest that donkeys live for a long time. I don't know how many years a
donkey lives, but this expression has nothing to do with the life span of a donkey. What is it that
donkeys have that are extremely long? Ears, right? In fact, that's where the expression comes from.
The original expression was "donkey's ears" and not "donkey's years"! Makes sense now doesn't it?

After a bad cold, the nose looks red and the skin starts peeling. Is there a word for this?
(T. Balasubramanian, Chennai)

"Cold sores" are small spots, which appear on the nose and lips when one has a cold. The word is
mainly used in British English.
Which is correct? ènamoured of' or 'enamoured about'?
(S.V.L. Narayan, Secunderabad)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "e" is like the "i" in "bit", "hit", and "sit"; the following
"a" sounds like the "a" in "bat", "cat", and "fat". The final "oure" sound like the "a" in "china". The
main stress is on the second syllable.
One can be "enamoured of" or "enamoured with" someone or something, but one cannot be
"enamoured about" something. When you are "enamoured of" something or someone you are
extremely fond of that person or thing. Here are a few examples.
* Someone told me that Naila is enamoured of Bruce Willis.
* Sreetilak wasn't enamoured with the idea of walking ten miles.
* Unlike many people I know, Gauri isn't enamoured of the United States.
*** *** ***
" In politics, if you want anything said, ask a man; if you want anything done, ask a woman." —
Margaret Thatcher

December 17, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "death" and "demise"?
(K. Gowtham, Visakhapatnam)

Both are used to refer to the "end or ending of life". Of the two, "death" is more common. One can use
it with people, animals, plants, and things.
*Sunita went into a depression after the death of her pet parrot.
*If the bill is passed, it will be the death of communism.
"Demise", unlike "death", is mostly used in formal contexts. When used with people, it is normally
used with those who are fairly well known. One can talk about the demise of a President or an actor,
but one does not talk about the demise of a beggar. Unlike "death", "demise" is generally not used
with animals. One does not generally talk about the "demise" of a dog. Some scholars argue that
"demise" is a pretentious way of saying "death". They suggest that this is a word which is best
avoided. But we Indians use it quite a bit.
*The President's untimely demise led to all kinds of complications.
Like the word "death", "demise" can be used to indicate the failure of an enterprise.
*If this trend continues, it will result in the demise of the pop music industry.
By the way, the "e" in "demise" is pronounced like the "i" in "it", "bit", and "sit". The "i" is like the
"y" in "my", "by", and "fly". The "s" is like the "z" in "zip", and "zoo"; the final "e" is silent. The main
stress is on the second syllable.
Why do westerners say, "to tie the knot"
(V. Krishnamoorthy, Srirangam)

As everyone knows "to tie the knot" means to get married. Here are a few examples.
*Sekhar and Rubina tied the knot long time ago.
*Prahalad has no intention of tying the knot.
In India people literally tie a knot of some kind when they get married. The groom puts a knot on the
"thali"; sometimes the garments worn by the bride and the groom are knotted together. But in Europe
and America couples exchange rings. So why does "to tie the knot" mean to get married? Scholars
have come up with different explanations for this. Many believe that the expression goes back to the
Roman times. On the day of the wedding, the bride used to spend a lot of time tying knots on her
bridal girdle. And it was the "duty" of the groom to untie all of them!
Which is correct? "... a half hour... " or "... an half hour... ."?
(R. Sundarajan, Chennai)

Since the "h" is usually pronounced in "half", we tend to use "a" instead of "an". In the case of some
words we can use either "a" or "an". For example, in the case of "hotel" we can either say "an hotel"
or "a hotel". Those who tend to say "an hotel" tend to drop the "h" in "hotel". They pronounce the
word "otel".
How is the word "innuendo" pronounced?
(S. Rajan, Chennai)

The "i" is like the "i" in "it", "sit", and "hit". The following "u" is like the "u" in "university" and

"unique", while the "e" sounds like the "e" in "set", "bet", and "pet". The final "do" rhymes with "so",
"go", and "though". The main stress is on the third syllable "en". Any idea what the word means? An
innuendo is a statement in which you indirectly say something uncomplimentary about someone. It is
often a statement which has a double meaning. The plural can be spelt either "innuendoes" or
"innuendos". Here are a few examples.
*The author instead of focussing on facts has resorted to innuendos.
*Both the candidates have resorted to innuendoes.
What is the meaning of "Rapunzel's tresses"?
(B. Ramamohan Rao, Tirupati)

Rapunzel is a character who appears in a fairy tale. According to the story, Rapunzel is a beautiful girl
who has lovely long hair (tresses). Unfortunately for our heroine she is locked up in a castle by a
mean old witch. One day a young Prince sees Rapunzel standing near a window and falls in love with
her. He asks her to let down her hair so that he can use it to climb up to where she is! Every time he
wants to see her, he shouts "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair for I may climb the golden stair."
Wonder what oil she used to make her hair so long and strong!
***
"Golf is like a love affair: if you don't take it seriously, it's no fun; if you do take it seriously, it breaks
your heart." — Arnold Daly

December 24, 2002
WHAT IS the difference between "hearty" and "heartfelt"?
(N. Dharmeshwaran, Guduvancherry)

When you refer to an individual as being "hearty" you are implying that he is very cheerful and
energetic — perhaps overly so.
* Nishkala wants to marry a hearty young man with tons of money.
* Madhan was a hearty, athletic young man who often got on other people's nerves.
The word can also be used to talk about one's feelings and opinions. Hearty feelings or opinions are
those that are strongly felt or held. Here are a few examples.
*The teachers were in hearty agreement with the sentiments expressed.
*The Chairman gave his hearty approval to the new plan.
"Heartfelt", on the other hand, is normally used to refer to one's feelings. It means deeply or sincerely
felt. Here are a few examples.
* Sailaja, please accept my heartfelt apologies for being late.
* My heartfelt sympathy goes out to the remaining members of the family.
I don't find the word "bus stand" in the dictionary. Why is that?
(P. Senthil Saravana Durai, Vazhavallan)

Though the word "bus stand" is used very frequently by Indians, it does not find a place in many
dictionaries because native speakers of English do not use it. They tend to use the word "bus stop" to
refer to the place where a bus stops to pick up passengers. A bus stop, which offers protection against
the sun, rain, etc., is called a "bus shelter". Indians also use the word "bus stand" to refer to the place
where buses going to and coming from different destinations are parked. Native speakers refer to such
a place as "bus station" or "terminus". So, is it wrong to say "bus stand"? Not in the Indian context.
What is the meaning and origin of "lock stock and barrel"?
(K. V. R. Rao, Hyderabad)

This is an expression, which has been around for several hundred years. Do you know anything about
guns? I understand that the "lock", "stock" and "barrel" are different parts of a gun; they were
originally different parts of a musket. The wooden "stock" was that portion which you placed against
your shoulder when you fired the gun. The "lock" ignited the gunpowder and the bullet came out of
the "barrel". Together the "lock, stock and barrel" made up the entire gun. It is not surprising therefore
that the idiom means "including everything; every part of something". Here are a few examples.
*Shyam is moving his company lock, stock, and barrel from Patna to Bangalore.
*Ravi wanted to turn over his assets to the Government lock, stock and barrel.
How is the word "awry" pronounced?
(N. Shantha, Secunderabad)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "about", "amount" and "china". The final "y" is like the
"y" in "by", "fly", and "my"; the main stress is on the second syllable. The "w", by the way, is silent.
When you say that something went "awry" what you are implying is that it didn't go according to plan
or along expected lines. Here are a few examples.

* The students were upset because their carefully laid out plans went awry.
* Divyashree was furious when she learned that her plans had gone awry.
The word can also be used to indicate that something is not in its normal or proper position.
*The artist was upset when he found that his paintings had been hung awry.
"Awry", by the way, is a word that our bumblebee specialist, Navjot Singh Siddhu, uses quite a bit.
What is the meaning of "zero-sum game"?
(J. Venkatesh, Coimbatore)

It is a situation where you have two people competing and when one of them wins something, the
exact amount is lost by the other. In other words, when you gain, the other individual loses and when
the other person gains, you lose. The important thing to remember is that the amount gained is
equivalent to the amount lost. Here are a few examples.
*The two companies are playing a zero-sum game, where both are competing for the same paltry
resources.
*Television has become a zero-sum game, with networks gaining audience only at each other's
expense.
*** *** ***
"First the doctor told me the good news: I was going to have a disease named after me." — Steve
Martin.

December 31, 2002
"Know your English"
"WHAT ARE you reading"

"Tell you later. First tell me how to pronounce c..h..a..g..r..i..n?'
"The `ch' is pronounced like the `sh' in `ship', `sheet', and `shelf'. The following à' is like the à' in
àct', àpple', and `fact'. The second syllable is pronounced like the word `grin' and the main stress is
on the first syllable. That's the way the British pronounce the word."
"You mean the Americans pronounce it differently"
"Yes. They pronounce the à' like the à' in `china'. As for the ì', well it sounds like the èa' in `beat',
`seat', and `meat'. The stress is on the second syllable."
"Wow, the Americans pronounce the word very differently!"
"That's right! Any idea what the word means"
"Not a clue."
"It's a feeling of disappointment or annoyance."
"Disappointment or annoyance, eh? I guess it's like watching our cricket team in action. How about
this example? Much to Ganguly's chagrin he was out without scoring."
"We are so used to seeing our team losing abroad that I don't think that anyone is chagrined by their
performance. Or should I say non-performance!"
"Mohan appeared chagrined when he was informed that he hadn't got the promotion."
"That's a good example. But remember, the word `chagrin' is normally used in formal contexts. So,
can you tell me now what it is that you are reading"
"Some article about why we lost the test series in New Zealand."
"That's very simple. We always lose abroad because our batsmen don't know what to do when the ball
rises above knee level."
"What are you talking about? We have the best batting line up in the world."
"Oh, please! Don't believe everything you hear on TV. The best batting line up in the world! That is
so screamingly funny."
"Screamingly funny! Is it OK to say that something is screamingly funny"
"Yes, it is. When you say that a joke is screamingly funny, what you are implying is that it is
extremely funny."
"So, `screamingly' means èxtremely' in that context"
"That's right."
"So, can I say, the movie that I saw yesterday was screamingly boring"
"You certainly can. I found the comments made by our captain after he had lost the series screamingly
funny."
"Why do you always have something nasty to say about our cricket team"
"Because I know that it razzes you. And I love razzing you."

"Razzes me? I haven't come across that expression before. What does it mean"
"This is an expression mostly used in informal contexts in American English. When you `razz
someone' you tease the individual, often in an unkind manner."
"I see. So the next time you tease me, can I say, `Stop razzing me'."
"Yes, you can. Don't know if I will stop razzing you, though. Here's another example. At the wedding
Sowmya as usual was razzing me about my rotten dress sense."
"The media will start razzing our players again."
"You think the players care? For them it's money first. Cricket, later."
"There you go again. Don't make fun of my heroes."
"OK. What are your plans for the evening"?
"I am going to my friend's house. He is having a New Year bash. What about you"
"Nobody has invited me. They all say that I am a party pooper."
"A party what"
"P..o..o..p..e..r. The òo' sound like the òo' in `cool', `fool', and `pool'."
"But what does the word mean"
"Do you know what `party animal' means"
"Of course, I do. A `party animal' is someone who loves attending parties. For example, I can say that
Sunil is a party animal."
"A party animal is someone who enjoys parties and makes sure that others enjoy it too. A party
pooper, on the other hand, is someone who ruins parties."
"How does he do that"?
"Either by leaving the party very early or by being extremely dull while he is there."
"I see. Can I say, don't invite Mukesh. He is such a party pooper."
"Sounds good to me. Please don't leave so early. Don't be a party pooper."
"Well, I have to go. Have to buy a couple of things for the party."
"Have a good time. By the way, Happy New Year!"
"Happy New Year!"
*** *** ***
"A bachelor is a selfish, undeserving guy who has cheated some woman out of a divorce." — Don
Quinn

January 07, 2003
Know your English
"HELLO there!"
"Where have you been? I have been waiting here for eternity."
"For eternity, indeed! Stop using hyperbole and tell me exactly how long you have been waiting"
"Stop using what"
"H..y..p..e..r..b..o..l..e. The `y' sounds like the `y' in `my', `by', and `shy'. The following è' is like the
ìr' in `first', `thirst', and `dirt'. The ò' is pronounced like..."
"...let me guess. It's probably pronounced like the ò' in `hole' and `pole'."
"No, it isn't. It's pronounced like the à' in `china' and the final è' is like the ì' in `sit', `bit', and `hit'.
The main stress is on the second syllable `per'. Any idea what the word means"
"No. Haven't a clue."
"It's an exaggerated statement. When someone uses `hyperbole', they usually say nice things about
something just to make it sound much more impressive than what it actually is."
"I see. It's something that our politicians do all the time. Can I say, our politicians use hyperbole all
the time"
"I suppose you could. Here's another example. Promod is well known for his use of hyperbole.
Whenever someone comes up with an idea, he says, "That is a truly brilliant idea. One day you are
going to win the Nobel Prize'."
"I guess a little hyperbole can make a speech effective."
"It certainly can. But too much of hyperbole is likely to bore the audience. So, tell me how have you
been? How was the New Year bash"?
"Oh, it was just great. Naresh must have invited over a thousand people. So,...."
"...there you go again. A thousand people!"
"It was probably closer to fifty."
"That sounds more like it. Anything interesting happen"
"Nothing much. Except that Rohini's cat disappeared for some time."
"Disappeared? What happened"
"Nobody knows. We all saw it on TV around 10: 30. And...."
"...you saw the cat on TV? Which channel"
"Which channel? What are you talking about"
"You said the cat came on TV. So, what I want...."
"...I didn't say it came on TV. I said it was on TV."
"Exactly! When you say that something was on TV, it means that it appeared on television."
"Really? So, can I say I saw Bush and Blair on TV last night"
"Yes, you can. Bush and Blair are a permanent fixture these days. When are you coming on TV"?

"Probably never. But suppose I want to say that the cat was standing on top ...you know..."
"....then you say the cat was on the TV. It means that it was standing on top of the television set."
"I see. Your glasses are on the TV."
"I never leave my glasses on the TV. I always leave them on the microwave."
"Okay, I think I have got the hang of it. Other than the missing cat, the party was a blast. After the
party, Naresh and his friends went out and painted the town red."
"I am sorry to hear that."
"What do you mean that you are sorry? Doesn't `paint the town red' mean to enjoy oneself
thoroughly"
"Yes, it does. But it also carries with it the suggestion that you were reckless. It also...."
"....tell me what is the origin of this expression?'
"There are several theories and...."
"....one theory will do."
"OK. Everyone agrees that the expression started in America. According to some, `to paint' was
originally a slang expression meaning `to drink'. And what happens when someone drinks a lot"?
"How am I supposed to know"
"When someone drinks a lot their nose and face become red!"
*** *** ***
"Politicians are like diapers. They both need changing regularly and for the same reason." —
Unknown

January 14, 2003
Surrounded, potboiler, bang-up job
"YOU LOOK angry. What's the matter"?

"I went to see the new book shop on M. G. Road. But...."
"...I am planning to go there this evening. How is the place"?
"I have no idea. You see I just couldn't get near the shop. I think somebody very, very important is
coming. The shop is surrounded on all sides by the police."
"You don't have to say `surrounded on all sides'."
"What do you mean? I have heard many people say `surrounded on all sides'."
"It's true many people say that. But you don't need to. When you say the police surrounded the
criminal, what you mean is that the criminal was in the middle and the police were all around him."
"In other words, they were on all sides."
"That's right."
"So, when you say that he was surrounded on all sides, you are merely repeating yourself."
"I guess you could say that."
"But tell me, is it wrong to say `surrounded on all sides"'?
"Let's just say that careful users of the language frown upon it."
"I see. Guess what I saw hanging in front of the shop"
"What"?
"A huge poster of your favourite author's latest book."
"I have read it already. Didn't particularly care for it."
"Really? Arun said that it was great."
"Not very surprising. Arun would just love a potboiler like...."
"....potboiler? What is a potboiler"?
"A potboiler is usually a book written very quickly by an author in order to make some money."
"And since the book has been written quickly, it probably isn't of good quality."
"Exactly. A `potboiler' helps to `keep the pot boiling'. In other words, the author writes such books so
that he doesn't go hungry. He makes enough money to keep the pot boiling in his house."
"I like reading potboilers."
"So do I. Especially when I am on a train. Helps me to while away the..."
".... do you think your favourite author's potboiler will become a bestseller"?
"I wouldn't be too surprised if it did. Stranger things have happened."
"Yes, that's true."
"Went to Seetha's house yesterday. And I was...."
".... did you see their renovated dining room"?

"Yes, I must say that they have done a bang-up job with..."
"....a bang-up job? What does it mean"?
"Well, when you say that someone has `done a bang-up job' what you are implying is that he/she has
done a very good job."
"Can it mean, an excellent job"?
"Yes. Here's an example. Have you seen your school's new homepage? Your Principal has done a
bang-up job with it."
"I don't think it was the Principal. He doesn't know anything about computers. How about this
example? Mahidhar did a bang-up job on his physics project. Even the Principal had nice things to say
about it."
"That's an excellent example. The captain did a bang-up job leading the team."
"Wonder when Ganguly will do a bang-up job...."
"....forget about the Indian cricket team."
"I would like to, but I can't. If our batsmen cannot cope up with the pace of...."
".... what"?
"If they cannot cope up with the pace of.... I am sorry. Although you have told me several times, I
keep forgetting. It is not `cope up with', but `cope with'."
"Exactly! Our batsmen are unable to cope with the bouncy tracks."
"How about this example? I am unable to cope with all this pressure."
"Sounds good to me. Let's hope that our cricket team learns to cope with pressure in South Africa."
*** *** ***
"All men make mistakes, but married men find out about them sooner." — Red Skelton

January 21, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the idiom "show someone a clean pair of heels"?
(N. Kamesh, Chennai)

This is a relatively old expression, which means to run faster than someone who is trying to catch you.
Some people consider the idiom to be old fashioned. Here are a few examples.
*The thief jumped down from the balcony and showed the policeman a clean pair of heels.
*The students showed the Security Guard a clean pair of heels.
Another meaning of "show someone a clean pair of heels" is to defeat an individual easily.
*When it comes to growth in the markets, China has shown Russia and America a clean pair of heels.
*Half way through the race, Mankad picked up his pace and showed everyone a clean pair of heels
The expression comes from the sport (if one can call it that) of cockfighting. The Romans, I
understand, were extremely fond of this sport. What they used to do in order to make the fights really
bloody was to attach metal claws or spurs to the feet of the birds. You can just imagine the result. But
sometimes a bird refused to fight and simply ran away. Since it didn't get involved in the fight, the
feet of this bird were not bloodied. The bird ran away showing a clean pair of heels!
When do we say, "Nice to meet you" and "Nice meeting you"?
(P. Govind, Hyderabad)

When you are introduced to someone, you can either say, "Nice to meet you" or "Nice meeting you".
But when you take leave of an individual what you normally say is "Nice meeting you". Although
some people say "Nice to meet you", "Nice meeting you" is the more common of the two.
What is the meaning of "economically inactive"?
(B. Ranjani, Pune)

Let's hope you are not. You are not a software engineer are you? Many of them are now economically
inactive. Guessed the meaning? "Economically inactive" is the politically correct way of saying that
an individual is unemployed.
What is the difference between "They closed up the shop" and "They closed down the shop"?
(K. Lalitha, Madurai)

If you own a shop, you want to "close up" and not "close down". When a shop "closes down" it means
it is going out of business. There is no tomorrow for the shop. Here are a few examples.
Many theatres were forced to close down last month.
If the economy does not improve we must think of closing down the business.
When you 'close up' your shop what you are doing is locking the shop up. It is not open to the public
for some time. For example, when you lock up your shop for the night, you are `closing up' — during
this period people cannot buy anything. So when you close up you are not open for business. Here are
a few examples.
*Hurry up please, we are closing up in another ten minutes.
*The Manager said that he would do the closing up today.

What is the meaning and origin of "blockbuster"?
(G. Satish, Chennai)

This is a word which is usually associated with a hit movie or a highly successful book. Here are a
few examples.
*Have you seen the latest blockbuster from Bollywood?
*They are predicting that his new book will be a blockbuster.
Originally 'blockbuster' had nothing to do with movies or books. Believe it or not, the word was first
used during World War II to refer to bombs. 'Blockbuster' was Air Force slang to refer to large bombs
weighing as much as 8000 pounds. These bombs were so powerful that they were capable of
destroying an entire city block. Hence, "blockbuster". Once the war ended, the people in advertising
popularised the word.
*** *** ***
"Sometimes I think war is God's way of teaching us geography." — Paul Rodriguez

January 28, 2003
WHY IS an Englishman often referred to as a "pommy"?
(V. Karthik, Bangalore)

"Pommy" is what the Australians call the English. It is considered to be an offensive term. As you
probably know the first Englishmen to settle in Australia were convicts who were rotting in English
prisons. As the prisons were becoming overcrowded, His Majesty's Government decided to get rid of
the unwanted criminals by shipping them off to Australia. When the prisoners were on board the ship,
they were made to wear shirts with the letters POHM printed on them. "POHM" stood for "Prisoner of
Her Majesty". "POHM" began to be pronounced "pom", the "o" sounding like the "o" in "hot" and
"pot".
What is the difference between "councillor" and "counsellor"?
(M. Krishnan, Hyderabad)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. Both words are pronounced the same way. The "ou" in the first
syllable sounds like the "ou" in "found", "pound", and "bound". The "c" and the "s" are pronounced
like the "s" in "sell", "sip", and "sent". The "i" in "cill" and the "e" in "sell" are not pronounced by
many people. The final "o" is like the "a" in "china" and the stress is on the first syllable. In American
English, both words are spelt with only one "l".
A "councillor" is a person who has been elected to a council. It could be one that governs a city or
state. A "councillor" is a public figure. Here are a few examples.
* The students complained to the councillor.
* The councillor refused to meet the press regarding the problem.
A "counsellor", on the other hand, is someone who advises and helps people who have problems.
* The school counsellor met the parents and told them what the problem was.
* I am sorry; I am not interested in meeting the counsellor.
Can you say that something is "vanilla"?
(R. S. Shekhar, Chennai)

Yes, you can. Vanilla ice cream is not everyone's favourite ice cream. In fact, many people say that it
is too plain and that there's nothing exciting about it. They'd prefer eating chocolate ice cream, or
strawberry ice cream, or... you get the picture. But as far as I am concerned east or west, vanilla is the
best. Unfortunately I am in the minority. People have started using "vanilla" to refer to things other
than ice cream. When you say that something is vanilla what you mean is that it is dull and plain.
* The movie that we saw was vanilla.
* You don't expect to hear vanilla music here, do you?
* Anjali's presentation was vanilla. She knows it too.
What is the difference between "mentally retarded" and "mentally challenged"?
(Vandala Krishna, Hyderabad)

There is no difference. "Mentally challenged" is now considered the polite way of referring to
someone who has a mental disability. "Retarded" is considered offensive. Here are some more
politically correct terms that are often used these days. "Horizontally challenged" (fat person),

"vertically challenged" (short person), "aesthetically challenged" (ugly person), "visually challenged"
(needs glasses), and "physically challenged" (has a physical disability). There are many more
politically correct terms. Here's another one for the road: "petroleum transfer engineer" (the man at the
petrol station who fills petrol in your car)!
When do you say "good morning"?
(A. V. S. Sundaram, Chennai)

This is a question that has been answered several times in this column, but letters continue to pour in
regarding its use. Native speakers normally use this expression till noon. After that, it becomes "Good
afternoon".
According to some Indians, you say "good morning" when you run into an individual for the first time
that day — it doesn't really matter what time of day it is. So you get some people wishing you a
"Good morning" at about 6:00 in the evening. Is it OK? Hey, how does it matter? A native speaker
may find it funny, but we Indians don't. Why? Because we know that everything is maya. Morning,
evening, afternoon, they don't really exist. It's all an illusion.
*** *** ***
"Marriage is bliss. Ignorance is bliss. Therefore ...." — Anonymous

February 04, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "lengthy" and "long"?
(T. Kamala, Hyderabad)

Careful users of the language make a distinction between the two. When you say that a movie is long,
what you are talking about is the duration of the movie. Similarly, when you say that a report is long,
what you are talking about is the length of the report. You are saying is that the report has run into
many pages. You are not talking about the quality of the movie or the report. The word "lengthy" on
the other hand, has a negative connation. When you say that a movie was lengthy, what you are
implying is that it was too long; that it lasted longer than you had expected it to or wanted it to. You
are suggesting that it was boring. Similarly, when you talk about a lengthy document what you are
saying is that it was heavy going; that it was difficult to read. Here are a few examples.
* If you want to get a membership, there is a lengthy and complicated procedure.
* They arrived at a settlement after a lengthy negotiation.
* My boss had a long telephone conversation with his wife.
* We had a long discussion after you left.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to pour oil on troubled waters"?
(D. Kumar, Madurai)

When you pour oil on troubled waters or water what you are doing is calming things down. You are
bringing about an end to a quarrel by making use of diplomacy. You are getting people's temper under
control. Here are a few examples.
*We need Anand. He is the kind of person who will pour oil on troubled waters.
*That wasn't a nice thing to say to Bharath. It certainly didn't help pour oil on troubled water.
I understand that when the sea is rough and you pour oil on it, the waves do calm down. In the old
days, captains who were in charge of whaling ships often ordered the crew to pour whale oil during
stormy weather. How times have changed. Earlier, people used to pour oil to calm things down.
Nowadays, people are willing to go to war for the sake of oil. Anyway, the expression comes from a
story told by Bede. In this story, a priest is requested to accompany the bride-to-be of King Oswy.
Before he sets sail to where the queen is, he is warned by Bishop Aidan, an Irish monk, that there will
be a violent storm while he is out at sea. The monk gives the priest a bottle of oil and tells him to pour
the contents of the bottle into the sea when the waters get rough. While the priest and the future queen
are returning, sure enough there is a big storm. The priest then pours the oil into the sea, and it
becomes calm. Reminds you of some the miracles that we see in our movies, doesn't it?
Can the word "heart throb" be used with woman?
(K. V. P. Rao, Visakhapatnam)

The dictionaries define a heart-throb as an actor or a singer who is very popular with women. The
word is generally not used with women. Brad Pitt, for example, is usually referred to as a heart-throb.
Actresses and female singers who are very popular with the opposite sex are usually called
"sweethearts". Julia Roberts, for example, is always referred to as "America's sweetheart" by the
popular media. The word "sweetheart" can be used with men as well.
How is the word "rapprochement" pronounced?
(Shyamlala Khoudwal, Gurgaon)

The vowel in the first syllable sounds like the "a" in "rat", "bat", and "sat". The "o" in the second
syllable and the final "e" are pronounced like the "o" in "hot", "pot", and "got. Some people
pronounce the "o" like the "o" in "pole", "sole", and "hole". The "ch" is like the "sh" in "ship",
"sheet", and "shoot". The following "e" is silent, while the final "nt" sounds like the "ng" in "sing",
"bring", and "ring". The main stress is on the second syllable "pro".
Any idea what the word means? Rapprochement is a word that is normally used in formal contexts. It
is used to indicate the establishment of a good relationship between two countries after they have been
hostile towards each other for some time. The word can be used with groups of people as well. Here
are a few examples.
*The article argues that there are signs of rapprochement between the two parties.
*There are no signs of rapprochement between the United States and Iraq.
*** *** ***
"The reason grandparents and grandchildren get along so well is that they have a common enemy."
— Sam Levenson

February 11, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "blue blood"?
(B. Prabhuraj, Tiruvannamalai)

When you say that someone has blue blood running in his veins what you mean is that he comes from
a royal family. He is a person of high or noble birth.
*Raju is a blue blooded aristocrat.
*Don't be crazy. There's no blue blood running in her veins.
"Wanted, tall, fair, slim girl for...." Ring a bell? That's what you normally find in the matrimonial
section these days. Such ads often upset a lot of people. They say that this country of ours is very
colour conscious. Well, I have news for them. People all over the world are colour conscious. Even
the Europeans. "Blue blood" is actually a translation of the Spanish term "sangre azul". At one time,
the Moors (people of the Arab race) ruled over much of Spain. The Moors were dark complexioned
and during the seven centuries that they ruled Spain, a lot of interracial marriages took place. But the
Spanish aristocrats who lived in Castile did not intermarry with the Moors. As a result, they remained
extremely fair and began to distinguish themselves from their rulers and fellow aristocrats by calling
themselves "sangre azul". What they meant by this was that because of their very fair complexion, the
veins in their arms looked blue. It was as if blue blood was running in their veins. How vain can one
get! Anyway, this term was borrowed by other European countries to describe a nobleman. In
England, the expression was borrowed to refer to prestigious institutions as well. Did you know that
universities like Oxford and Cambridge are called "blue brick" universities in England?
What is the difference between "residence" and "home"?
(M. Dickens Leonard, Trichy)

Both these words have several different meanings. I will limit myself to one — the place where one
lives. Home is usually a place where one stays and to which one is emotionally attached. "Home", as
the saying goes, "is where the heart is". There is a lot of sentimental value attached to a home. A
millionaire may have several houses, but he usually has one home. Not every house can become a
home. As for the word "residence", we Indians are terribly fond of it. We use it synonymously with
"house" and "home". According to the dictionaries, "residence" is a formal word for "home". But it's
no ordinary home either. It's usually something huge and imposing; like the Raj Bhavan. We therefore
talk about the "Governor's residence". A native speaker doesn't usually refer to a one bedroom
apartment, or a two bedroom house as his "residence".
How is the word "moustache" pronounced?
(Dilip, Chennai)
Depends on which side of the Atlantic you are from. An Englishman would pronounce the "ou" in the
first syllable like "a" in "china". The following "a" sounds like the "a" in "path", "bath", and "pass",
while the final "che" is like the "sh" in "sheet", "sheep", and "shoot". The main stress, as you have
probably guessed, is on the second syllable. As for the Americans, well, they always do things
differently. First of all, they spell the word differently. It's spelt "mustache". The "u" is like the "u" in
"cut", "but", and "gut". The "a" in the second syllable is like the "a" in "act", "pact", and "fact". The
main stress is on the first syllable.

What is the meaning of "umpteen"?
(U. Dharini, Thiruvarur)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first syllable "ump" rhymes with "bump", "pump", and
"lump". The "ee" is like the "ee" in "fees", "bees", and "sees". The main stress is on the second
syllable. Umpteen can mean "many" or "a lot of". Here are a few examples.
*I emailed Janani umpteen times, but she never responded.
*Bhaveen revised the paper umpteen times before submitting it.
*Naila has seen the movie umpteen times.
What is the meaning of "de facto"?
(M. Murthy, Bangalore)

It means "actual, though not official". The following examples will make the meaning clear.
*English is the de facto language of the software industry.
*Every one knows that he is the de facto Chief Minister of the State.
The first word can be pronounced in two different ways. The "e" can either be pronounced like the
"ay" in "day" or like the "ee" in "feed", "need" and "deed". The "fact" is pronounced like the word
"fact" and the final "o" sounds like the "oe" in "toe", "foe", and 'hoe". The main stress is on the first
syllable of "facto".
*** *** ***
"A woman's mind is cleaner than a man's. She changes it more often." — Oliver Herford.

February 18, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "win something hands down"?
(Kavitha, Chennai)
It means to win very easily, to win without any real effort. Here are a few examples.
* The local team won the tournament hands down.
* I am sure that Sarita will win the nomination hands down.
* I wouldn't worry if I were you. You will win hands down.
It's interesting to note that many English idioms come from the world of horse racing and boxing.
Tells you something about the English, doesn't it? To "win something hands down" comes from the
world of horse racing and it has been part of the English language since the mid 19th century. I
understand as the jockey approaches the finish line, he sometimes loosens his hold on the reins. He
does this when he is very confident of winning the race; when he thinks that he will win it easily.
When the jockey loosens his hold on the reins, he drops his hands. Hence, the expression, "to win
hands down".
What is the meaning of "sell someone short"?
(P. Anuradha, Hyderabad)

When you sell someone short what you are doing is underestimating the individual. You fail to see the
redeeming qualities of the person. The expression, which is mostly used in informal contexts, can be
applied to objects as well. Here are a few examples.
* This is a really beautiful house. Why do you sell it short?
* When you say that Vijay doesn't know anything about painting, you are selling him short. Do you
know that he is one of the most respected art critics around?
* If I were you, I wouldn't ask Bala. He always sells people short.
What is the correct pronunciation of "research"?
(B. Dinesh, Bangalore)

The word can be pronounced in two different ways. Some people pronounce the "e" in the first
syllable like the "i" in "bit", "sit", and "hit". The second syllable sounds like the word "search". When
pronounced this way, the main stress is on the second syllable. Others pronounce the "e" in the first
syllable like the "ee" in "fees", "bees", and "knees". The second syllable is once again pronounced like
the word "search". When pronounced in this manner, the main stress is on the first syllable.
Americans tend to put the stress on the first syllable.
Which of the following is the correct spelling? Judgement or judgment?
(C. Sekhar, Nellore)

The British spell the word with an "e" and the Americans spell it without the "e". The pronunciation
remains the same. Within India, I would spell the word with an "e". If you spell it the American way,
people will conclude that you don't know your spelling.
Is it OK to say, "each and every"?
(J. Shantha, Bhuveneshwar)

One hears this expression every day. It isn't just us Indians who use it, even native speakers use it

frequently in their daily speech — both in formal and informal contexts. Careful users of the language
however frown when someone says "each and every". They contend that "each" or "every" is
sufficient on its own. People who are fond of this expression argue that it can be used when you wish
to make something doubly clear; when you wish to lay extra emphasis on something. For example, I
want each and every teacher to be here by 9:00 tomorrow.
Why do we say "movie buff" and "computer buff"?
(G. Ram, Bangalore)

When you say that someone is a movie buff what you mean is that the individual is very enthusiastic
about movies. Similarly, a computer buff is someone who is very enthusiastic about computers. And
right now, thanks to the World Cup, we have cricket buffs turning into couch potatoes. But do you
know that "buff" is actually a colour? It is pale yellow-brown. In New York City in the early 19th
century, buff overcoats were given to individuals who volunteered to put out fires. These people
weren't there for the money, they volunteered because they enjoyed putting out fires. It takes all kinds
to make the world, doesn't it? Since they were very enthusiastic about their work, the word "buff"
began to be used to mean "an enthusiast of something".
***
"My wife and I were happy for 20 years. Then we met." —
Rodney Dangerfield

February 25, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "pipe dream"?
(K. Sunder, Chennai)

For about a year now, everyone has been talking about what a great one-day team we have. Many of
our pundits predicted that we might even win the World Cup. The manner in which our team lost to
Australia, well... winning the championship seems nothing more than a pipe dream. When you say
that something is a "pipe dream" it means that it will never happen; it's a wish or an idea that is
impossible to achieve or carry out. Here are a few examples.
*Janaki is hoping to get a big raise. But with the company in the red, it is nothing more than a pipe
dream.
*Buying a house is a pipe dream. We don't have the money.
*Computers in every room! That's a pipe dream.
The "pipe" does not refer to drain pipes. When they get clogged, they give nightmares! In the
expression "pipe dream", we are talking about a pipe used to smoke opium. When you smoke opium, I
understand you have beautiful visions and wonderful dreams. Once the effect of the drug wears off,
you come face to face with reality. Sometimes, reality can be very ugly - as ugly as our batting display
against Australia!
What does "bête noire" mean?
(G. Balagopal, Trichy)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first word "bête" is pronounced like the word "bet". The
second word is pronounced "nwa". The "n" sounds like the "n" in "nip", "no", and "nice". The "w" is
pronounced like the "w" in "wit", "win", and "will" and the final "a" sounds like the "a" in "par",
"far", and "jar".
This is a French expression meaning "black beast". In English, it is used to refer to something or
someone that you hate. The expression can also be used to refer to someone or something that annoys
you. You know, someone who is a real pain in the neck! Here are a few examples.
* Everyone knows who President Bush's bête noire is.
* Physics was my bête noire when I was in school.
*Mala's bête noire is dust on the furniture.
What do you call a person who collects gramophone records?
(B. Vijay Kumar Prabhu, Kochi)

According to some dictionaries, such a person is called a "discophile".
What is the correct pronunciation of the word "adult"?
(Aparna Ram, Hyderabad)

There are two different ways of pronouncing this word. One way is to pronounce the "a" like the "a"
in "cat", "bat", and "sat". The "u" sounds like the "u" in "cut", "but", and "hut". When pronounced in
this manner, the stress is on the first syllable. Another way, is to pronounce the "a" like the "a" in
"china". When pronounced this way, the main stress is on the second syllable. Both pronunciations are
acceptable.

Which is correct? "Consult with" or "consult"?
(V. Sudha, Vizag)

You can use either; both have more or less the same meaning. "Consult with" is considered to be
American.
*Kapilan consulted his parents before taking up his new assignment.
*Suma consulted with her lawyers before the press conference.
*Nandita sold the house without even consulting Gauri!
What is the difference between "money" and "funds"?
(K. Krishanmurthy, Trivandrum)

When people like you and me run out of cash, we normally use the word "money". You ask your
friend whether you can borrow some money, not funds. Nowadays it is becoming common for parents
to give their children "pocket money". Money is the everyday word; "funds", on the other hand, is a
grander word. It is normally used to refer to large sums of money. Funds are usually allotted for a
particular purpose. For example, all the projects that the government starts are allotted funds. And
what do our politicians do? They steal from these funds. When a project, company or government
runs out of money, you normally say that they have run of out funds.
*** *** ***
"Hermits have no peer pressure." — Steven Wright

March 04, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "big cheese"?
(Malini Krishnan, Hyderabad)

When you refer to someone as being the "big cheese" it means that he is a very important person. He
could be your boss, or the leader of some organization. Don't use this expression in a formal context
because it is considered to be slang. Other expressions that have more or less the same meaning are
"bigwig", "hotshot", "top banana", and "top dog". Here are a few examples.
*Neha got a note from the big cheese telling her to cancel her trip.
*I wouldn't say anything against Babu. He is the big cheese around here.
*The big cheese has promised to give everyone a raise.
As for the origin, well, you may be surprised to know that the "cheese" has nothing to do with the
cheese we eat. The word is actually from the Hindi "chiz" meaning "thing". I understand that Anglo
Indians used the word "chiz" quite a bit in their speech. Instead of saying "real thing" they used to say
"real chiz". "My friend is the real chiz", meaning my friend is a genuine guy or a first rate guy. (It is
quite possible that "real cheese" is a translation of the Hindi "asli chiz" meaning "real thing".) The
word "chiz" was recorded in the Hobson-Jobson dictionary and it became quite popular in England in
the 19th century. The Englishman replaced "chiz" with the more familiar "cheese". When the
Americans got hold of the expression, "real cheese" became "big cheese". The Americans always like
things big, don't they?
What is the difference between a "complex story" and a "complicated story"?
(T. Murthy, Bangalore)

People reviewing films make use of these words frequently and they tend to use them
interchangeably. Careful users of the language make a distinction between the two. The word
"complicated" has a negative connation associated with it. It implies that the story has not been well
thought out, that it is very confusing. A "complicated task", for example, may not necessarily be a
difficult task. It is one that involves a number of steps which could perhaps be reduced; it could be
made much simpler. A "complex story", on the other hand, suggests that it can be read at different
levels. It is intricate. When you say that the story was complex, you are paying the author a
compliment. Most of our film stories are complicated and not complex.
What is the meaning of "quasi"?
(M. Amarnath, Warrangal)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "a" in the first syllable can be pronounced like the "a" in
"path", 'bath", and "calm", while the following "s" is like the "z" in "zip", "zoo", and "zebra". The "i"
is like the "i" in "fit", "bit", and "sit". The main stress is on the first syllable. Another way to
pronounce the word is to pronounce the "a" like the "ay" in "day", "say", and "pay" and the final "i"
like the "y" in "my", "by", and "cry".
The stress once again is on the first syllable. One of the meanings of the word "quasi" is "almost" or
"partly". The word is usually attached to a noun. Here are a few examples.
*Renu hopes to join a quasi government organization.
*Many people see Murali as a quasi political figure.
*I am not interested in meeting some quasi official.

Which is correct? "Description of" or "description about"?
(Vasudevan, Chennai)
It is always a "description of" something and never "description about" something. Description about
is wrong. Here are a few examples.
*Vinita gave the police a description of the man.
*Vijay's description of the cave was truly amazing.
*Alok's description of the camel had everyone in splits.
What do you call a female watchman?
(G.Suhakar, Mysore)
Since this is the age of being politically correct, I guess one shouldn't call her a "watchman". "Guard",
"Security", "Security Guard" are all possibilities. There's nothing sexist about these terms.
*** *** ***
"Life is a waste of time, time is a waste of life, so get wasted all of the time and have the time of your
life." — Tom Waits

March 11, 2003
Why does "fortnight" mean two weeks?
(A. Shashidhar, Trichy)

Maybe people thought that spending one night in a fort was equivalent to spending two weeks at
home! Just kidding! Actually, "fort" in the word "fortnight", is a shortening of "fourteen". So,
"fortnight" is "fourteen nights". In the old days, some countries in Europe kept track of time by
counting the number of nights rather than days. They believed that night preceded day. So, instead of
saying "I will meet you in two days", they probably said, "I will meet you in two nights". In Old
English, we also had the word "sennight". Can you guess what it means? "Sen" is a contraction of
"seven".
What is the difference between a "simple solution" and a "simplistic solution"?
(P. Mahesh, Hyderabad)

Simplistic is derived from simple, but the two words have very different meanings. When you give a
simple solution to a problem, what you are doing is providing an easy solution. You study the
problem taking into account all the facts and then provide a solution, which is uncomplicated. While
the word "simple" has a positive connotation associated with it, the word "simplistic" has a negative
meaning. When you say that a solution is "simplistic" what you are implying is that it is naive. The
person offering the solution hasn't taken into account all the facts and therefore the solution is
oversimplified. It is perhaps downright stupid. Not many of us are capable of offering simple
solutions to problems; but we are definitely capable of offering simplistic ones! Here are a few
examples.
*According to some experts, getting rid of Saddam Hussein is a simplistic solution to the Middle East
problem.
*The simplistic solution he offered was rejected by the members of the Board.
*What I asked for is a simple solution, not a simplistic one.
Is it OK to say "She is in urgent need for a loan"?
(B. Harish, Bangalore)

No, it isn't. "In urgent need" is usually followed by "of" and not "for". Here are a few examples.
*Sunder is in urgent need of some money.
*Sekhar and Co. is in urgent need of a secretary.
* Devi's car is in urgent need of a wash.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to pull out all the stops"?
(Sandeep, Warrangal)
When you pull out all stops to do something, you put all your energy into doing it. You make a
tremendous effort to achieve something. Here are a few examples.
* The team needs to pull out all the stops to win the World Cup.
*Siddhesh will have to pull out all the stops to get through the exam.
*The Government pulled out all the stops for this year's Republic Day parade.
The expression comes from the world of music. The "stops" refer to the "stops" in a pipe organ — a

musical instrument, which is normally played in church. Sound is produced in an organ when air
passes through its pipes. The "stops" control the flow of air through the pipes. I understand that in
order to increase the volume of the organ, you pull the stops out. The more "stops" you pull out, the
louder the organ gets.
What does "turn on the waterworks mean"?
(G. Muralidharan, Chennai)

This is what some of our former heroines in our regional films were famous for. Whenever something
bad happened, what was it that they did? They cried. Cried buckets. And that is what the expression
"turn on the waterworks" means. Here are a few examples.
*When Rohini hurt her knee she turned on the waterworks.
*Every time Raju saw the film he turned on the waterworks.
*When his girlfriend turned him down, Bhaveen turned on the waterworks for ten minutes.
*** *** ***
"Love, the quest; marriage, the conquest; divorce, the inquest." — Helen Rowland

March 18, 2003
HOW DO you pronounce "w..o..u..n..d"?
(R. Muthaliyappan, Villupuram)

It can be pronounced in two different ways and the way you pronounce it depends on the meaning.
One of the meanings of w..o..u..n..d is to hurt or injure someone. When used in this sense, the "ou" is
pronounced like the "oo" in "cool", "pool", and "fool". The boy was wounded in the fight. The past
tense of the verb "wind" (meaning to turn or twist something repeatedly) is also spelt "w..o..u..n..d".
The boy wound the clock for his grandfather. The "ou" in this case sounds like the "ou" in "round",
"pound", and "bound".
What is the difference between "horrible" and "horrific"?
(Uma Devi, Cochin)

The word "horrible" has lost much of its sting these days. In the old days the word was used to
describe something that was really gruesome; something that made the hair stand up. Nowadays
anything and everything is called "horrible". It has become synonymous with "bad" and "nasty". You
talk about a "horrible meal", a "horrible vacation", a "horrible person" and so on and so forth.
"Horrific" is a stronger word than "horrible"; it conveys a stronger sense of horror. When you say
something was "horrific" it implies that it was so shocking that it upset you very badly.
* Nitya told me that it was a horrific accident.
* The attack that had been carried out by the rebels was horrific.
* I couldn't sleep after reading about the horrific incident.
By the way, the main stress in "horrific" is on the second syllable.
What is the meaning of "flogging a dead horse"?
(S. Nagamanikandan, Erode)

There is no point in beating a horse that is already dead. So when you say that someone is flogging a
dead horse what you are implying is that the person is wasting his time or effort trying to do
something that is impossible. It can also mean to talk about things that no one is interested in
anymore. Here are a few examples.
* Raju is asking for more funding for his project. I think he's flogging a dead horse.
* Talking about honesty to a bunch of politicians! That's what I call flogging a dead horse.
* Listen Ganga, I am not interested in going to the U.S. So why do you flog a dead horse?
What do you call a member of the Mafia?
(K. Balajee, Chennai)

A member of the mafia is called a "Mafioso". The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "path",
"bath", and "father". The following "i" is like the "i" in "kit", "bit", and "pit". The "o" in the third and
fourth syllable sound like the "o" in "go", "so", and "no". The stress is on the third syllable. The plural
of "Mafioso" is "Mafiosi".
What is the meaning of "to cap it all"?
(Abha Sethi, Chandigargh)

This is an informal expression that is frequently used in speech. It is normally used when you are

talking about a sequence of bad events. Suppose a person has had the worst day of his life. How will
he go about telling you this? Well, he will probably begin by saying that first this happened and then
that happened. He will continue with the list of things that went wrong. And when he comes to the
end of the list he will say "finally". Instead of saying "finally" or "believe it or not" the person can say
"to cap it all". Here are a few examples.
* To cap it all, the train was running was twenty hours late.
* To cap it all, she found that she had left her credit card at home.
Which of the following is correct? "Write someone" or "write to someone"?
(L. Ajay, Hyderabad)

It depends on which side of the Atlantic you are from. Americans tend to say "I'll write Mohan Raj
about it", while the British say "I'll write to Mohan Raj about it". I think in the Indian context you'd be
better off saying "write to someone".
*** *** ***
"People in hell - where do they tell people to go" — Red Skeleton

March 25, 2003
"On the warpath"
"No. Don't want to meet her either. Understand she is on the warpath again."
"On the warpath! Don't tell me she is going to Iraq"
"No, no! Not even Sujatha is that crazy. When you say that someone is on the warpath, it means that
he/she is angry at someone. For example, I can say, Neha, Jyotsna, and Ashwini have been on the
warpath ever since their boss told them that they will have to work during the weekends for the next
two months."
"Can I ask Sujatha, `Why are you always on the warpath? Are you crazy or something?"
"I suppose you could. But she would probably hit you on the head with something hard."
"Guess so. Why is she on the warpath again"?
"I think her parents want her to get married. She told them to get off her case."
"Get off her case? What does that mean"?
"When you tell someone to get off your case, you are asking the individual to leave you alone. To stop
criticizing you or picking on you."
"In other words, `get off my case' means the same thing as `get off my back'!"
"You're right! Here's an example. After listening to her father's criticism for 10 minutes, Achala told
him to get off her case."
"So when Sujatha says something the next time, can I say, `Get off my case, Sujatha"'
"I suppose you could."
"How about this example? The students feel that the teacher is picking on Suresh too much. They
want her to get off his case."
"Sounds good to me. You can also say, `Get off one's tail'. It means the same thing."
"Narender, why do you always run me down? Get off my tail, will you"
"I wish I could tell my boss to get off my tail."
"I thought you had a really nice boss."
"The one I liked retired a month ago. This new one...well, let me just say that he doesn't have all his
ducks in a row as yet."
"His ducks in a row! Your new boss has ducks"
"No. When you say that someone has his ducks in a row, what you are implying is that he has
everything in place."
"In other words, he is very organised."
"That's right. He has things under control."
"How about this example? Amrit is pretty well organised. She really has all her ducks in a row."
"Good example. The Vice Chancellor made the mistake of holding a press conference without getting
all his ducks in a row."
"The leader told his group that they would start as soon as everyone had got their ducks in a row."

"So, what..."
"...but tell me, what is the connection between the expression and being organised"?
"I understand when a mother duck leads her ducklings to the water, they follow her in an orderly
fashion. They line up one behind the other."
"It's as if the duck has everything neatly arranged!"
"I guess so."
"You want to have some ice cream? My treat."
"No, I have too many things to do. I will take a rain check on that one."
"A rain check in the summer? Wish it would rain though."
"When you invite me somewhere and I say Ì'll take a rain check', what it means is that I accept your
invitation. But I'll come with you some other day, not immediately."
"In other words, you will have ice cream with me some other day, but not today. You are postponing
the treat."
"Exactly! For example, when Rohini invited Sandhya for a cup of coffee, she said she would take a
rain check."
"So when somebody invites me somewhere, can I say, "I'd love to go. But I can't today. Can I take a
rain check on that one"
"Yes, you can. So can I take a rain check on the ice cream"?
"Sorry. I'll go and have the ice cream by myself. In the meanwhile, you can get all your ducks in a
row. Have fun doing it."
*** *** ***
"If your wife wants to learn to drive, don't stand in her way." — Sam Levinson

April 01, 2003
Know your English
"HAVE YOU taken a look at my assignment"?

"Yes. It's terrible. There are too many mistakes. Tell me, what's the difference between it's and its"
"Is there a difference"?
"You bet there is. There is a big difference between the two. Ìt's' is a contraction of ìt is' or ìt has'.
For example instead of writing Ìt is raining', you can write, Ìt's raining'."
"And instead of saying Ìt has been raining since yesterday', I can say, Ìt's been raining since
yesterday'."
"Exactly! Remember, ìt's' is like `he's' and `she's'.
"I think I understand. But what about ìts"'
"Ìts', on the other hand, indicates possession. It is normally used to indicate that something belongs or
relates to a place or thing. The cat is licking its paws. In this example, you cannot use ìt's'."
"What about this example? The baby is looking for its mother."
"Good example. The dog tripped over its own feet."
"Just like your former boss!"
"My former boss? What are you talking about"?
"I saw him in the supermarket yesterday. You see...."
".... you couldn't have seen him yesterday."
"What do you mean I couldn't have? I tell you I saw him."
"He is in Arunachal Pradesh. You probably have your wires crossed."
"Have my wires crossed? What are you talking about"?
"When someone says that you have your wires crossed, what it means is that you are very confused
about something. Here's an example. When the police started questioning the old man he got his wires
crossed about who came running out of the club. First he said that it was Prahalad who ran out, but
later he said that it was Paul."
"How about this example? During the interview the poor candidate really had his wires crossed. He
had no clue what he was saying.
"Sounds good. Poor Sanjay, half the time he doesn't know what he is talking about. He really has his
wires crossed."
"But tell me, what is the connection between the expression and getting confused"?
"It's as if your brain has been wrongly wired."
"My brain has been wrongly wired? In other words, you are looking at the brain as an electrical circuit
of some kind. Is that it"?
"A circuit, which hasn't been properly wired."
"Well, in that case, you have your wires crossed, not me. Tell me, why don't you believe that I saw
your boss yesterday"

"You ask such tiresome questions. Could we...."

"...tiresome? You mean tiring, don't you"?
"No, I mean tiresome."
"What's the difference"?
"Well, you when you say that something or someone is tiresome what you are implying is that the
object or person is making you feel irritated, annoyed, or bored."
"Nice to know that I am getting you irritated. When I visited my uncle's house, he asked me some
tiresome questions. How does that sound"?
"Good. My friend's wife can prove to be tiresome at times."
"My cousin lost my father's tax forms. So my poor father had to go through the tiresome process of
filling them out again."
"I suppose you know what tiring means"
"That's easy. Anything that makes you feel tired I guess."
"Exactly! I have had a tiring day. I think I will go to bed."
"Wait, wait! You haven't finished talking about my essay. I consider you as my friend. So please, be
honest."
"You cannot say `consider as'. The word `consider' is not followed by as. You say, I consider you my
friend."
"I consider Tendulkar the best batsman in the world."
"Nobody will argue with that. Not in India any way."
"I am considered handsome and...."
".... now, you definitely have your wires crossed. Maybe you need glasses. Go see an eye doctor and
come back tomorrow. We will discuss your essay then."
*** *** ***
"Speeches: If you haven't struck oil in the first three minutes, stop boring." — George Jessel

April 08, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "disused" and "unused"?
(K. Laxman, Secunderabad)

Something that has never been used can be called "unused". For example, there are people who buy
expensive pens and keep them in their cupboard. They never write with them; the pens remain
unused. When you get married, you usually get a lot of presents. Some of them remain with you for
several years, unused. And then you come up with a bright idea. You rewrap the unused items and
give them to your friends when they get married! "Disused", on the other hand, means that something
is no longer in use. It was used once upon a time, but it no longer is. For example, when you say that a
building has fallen into disuse what you are implying is that people no longer live in it. The building
was used once upon a time, but not anymore. Perhaps it has become too dangerous to live in.
Similarly, we can talk about "disused mines" and "disused bridges".
* Please return your unused cheque books.
* The old car rusted from disuse.
Why is the platform that models walk on called a "catwalk"?
(Vishal Eswar, Vadapalani)

I have never had the opportunity to walk on one of these things, but I am told they are pretty narrow.
One requires a certain amount of skill to walk on them. You not only have to walk briskly but also
look graceful. It's not the sort of thing for people with two left feet. And which animal always looks
balanced and graceful when it is walking along very narrow ledges? Certainly not man's best friend,
the dog. It's the cat. Hence any narrow walkway is called a "catwalk".
What is the meaning and origin of "many a slip between the cup and the lip"?
(S. Sudha, Mysore)

This rather old fashioned expression means don't be too sure that your plan is going to work because
anything can go wrong at anytime.
* Don't be too sure that you will have the project done by tomorrow. Remember, there's many a slip
between t . What she forgot was there is many a slip between the cup and the lip.
This is an expression which has been around for several centuries. The story goes that Neptune's son,
Ancaus had a beautiful vineyard which he was extremely proud of. He made the many slaves who
took care of it work really hard. Once an overworked slave predicted that his master would not taste
the wine produced that year.
When the grapes had been plucked and the wine extracted, Ancaus sent for the slave who had made
the prediction. He poured out a cup of wine for himself and asked the slave why his prediction wasn't
coming true. The slave apparently said, "There's many a slip between the cup and the lip". As Ancaus
lifted the cup to taste the new wine, another slave came running and said that a wild boar had entered
the vineyard and was destroying everything. Neptune's son put the cup of wine down and raced to the
vineyard. You can probably guess the rest of the story. Ancaus was killed by the boar. Moral of the
story? Drink your wine, before fighting a boar — or should it be "bore"?
How is the word "sour" pronounced?
(H. Janaki, Madurai)

It rhymes with the words "power", "tower", and "shower".

What is the meaning of "friendly fire"?
(P. Ramani, Hyderabad)

Thanks to the war that is going on in Iraq, we get to hear this expression very often on CNN and BBC.
This is an expression mainly used by the military. During the first week of the war, we heard that
several American soldiers had been killed in a "friendly fire". How being shot at or having bombs
dropped on you can ever be called "friendly" is beyond me. But when someone dies in a friendly fire
what it means is that they were accidentally killed by their own troops! So when a British helicopter
gets blown up by the Americans, the soldiers who die are not killed by the enemies, but by friendly
fire. But the result is the same — they die!
*** *** ***
"When I was growing up, there were two things that were unpopular in my house. One was me, and
the other was my guitar." —
Bruce Springsteen

April 15, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning of "coup de grace"?
(K. L. Bhatia New Delhi)

This is a French expression, which means "stroke of grace" or "stroke of mercy". It was first used to
refer to any kind of mercy killing. A "coup de grace" is the deathblow given to an individual or an
animal who/which has been very badly injured. Nowadays, the expression is used to refer to an action,
which puts an end to something. The "oup" in "coup" sounds like the "oo" in "pool", "cool", and
"stool"; the final "p" is silent. The "e" in "de" is like the "a" in "china"; the "a" in "grace" is
pronounced like the "a" in "ask", "path", and "bath". The final "ce" is like the "s" in "sit", "set" and
"seat". In other words, "grace" is pronounced like "grass". The main stress is on "grace".
* Lee administered the coup de grace by dismissing Tendulkar and Dravid in the same over.
* An unfortunate car accident dealt the coup de grace to his acting career.
How is the word "schedule" pronounced?
(Anurag Sharma, Delhi)

The Americans and the British pronounce this word differently. The English pronounce the first
syllable "sched" like the word "shed". The second syllable "ule" rhymes with "duel", "fuel", and
"mule". The Americans, on the other hand, pronounce the "sch" like the "sk" in "skit", "skin", and
"skill". The "d" sounds like the "j" in "jam" and "joke", while the following "u" is like the "u" in "put"
and "full". This is one way of pronouncing the word. The main stress, in both British and American
English, is on the first syllable.
What is the meaning of "brown noser"?
(R. Dilip, Shimoga)

Politicians and film stars are usually surrounded by brown nosers. A "brown noser" is a sycophant,
someone who flatters an individual for personal reasons. He is willing to do anything to get what he
wants. Why is a sycophant called a "brown noser"? Such an individual stoops so low that he often
rubs his nose in the dirt - and in the process gets his nose brown! Here are a few examples.
* Vikram that brown noser gave his boss a bottle of wine on his birthday.
* Prakash, you are a plain old brown noser.
* The teacher knew that the students were trying to brown nose him.
What is the meaning and origin of the phrase "to break the ice"?
(V. Sandhya, Hyderabad)

When we meet someone for the first time at a party or a meeting, we may find it difficult to get a
conversation going. When you try to break the ice, you are trying to start a conversation by trying to
put the other person at ease. Here are a few examples.
* Ashwini is very outgoing. She is always the first one to break the ice at parties.
* Sriraman attempted to break the ice by suggesting that we all play cricket.
* Rohini started with something simple to break the ice.
This is an expression that comes from the world of sailing. In the old days, when sailors were ordered
to break the ice, they did exactly that. You see, during the winter season, when rivers froze sailors
often had to get off their ships and use an axe to break the ice so that their ship could sail through.

Nowadays, we break the ice to keep the conversation flowing!

Which is correct? "The train was on time" or "The train was in time".
(Dr. R. Thirunarayanan, Chidambaram)

Both are acceptable. "On time" means punctual. Let's say your train is scheduled to arrive at 8:47. If it
is "on time" then it arrives at 8:47. Not at 8:46 or 8:48. The tragedy is that trains seldom arrive on
time in India. "In time" means before time. If your train arrives a few minutes before the scheduled
time, then it is "in time". The important thing to remember is that it is only a few minutes early. Here
are a few examples.
* The teacher was on time for class.
* Don't worry. I'll be there in time for the meeting.
*** *** ***
"Middle age is when your narrow waist and broad mind exchange places!" — Unknown

April 22, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning of "zilch"
(O. Krishnan, Pookunnan)

This is a slang term which is mostly used in American English. It means "nothing at all". The final
"ch" is pronounced like the "ch" in "children", "chips", and "chew". Here are a few examples.
*And you know what I got for doing all that work? Zilch.
*Poor Mala, she was promised many things, but what she got was zilch.
*The painting you stole is worth zilch.
How do you pronounce the word "nonchalant"?
(Gowri Shankar Ranganathan, Chennai)

There are several ways of pronouncing this word. Here's how the British pronounce it. The "o" in the
first syllable is like the "o" in "hot", "pot", and "shot". The "ch" is like the "sh" in "ship", "shin", and
"sheep". And the "a" in the second and third syllables sound like the "a" in "china". The main stress is
on the first syllable. When you say that someone is "nonchalant" what it means is that the individual is
calm and relaxed; he is not worried about anything. In fact, he is so calm that he often gives the
impression that that he doesn't care. He appears very laidback. Here are a few examples.
*Raju seemed almost nonchalant before the exam.
*The nonchalant manner in which Mahidhar answered the difficult questions angered the teacher.
*In most of our movies, during a crisis, it is the hero who remains nonchalant.
What is the meaning and origin of "wet behind the ears"?
(J. Karthick, Bangalore)

When you say that someone is "wet behind the ears" what you are implying is that the individual is
green. In other words, he is young and inexperienced and therefore very gullible. The expression "not
dry behind the ears" means the same thing. Here are a few examples.
*I wouldn't hire Pankaj if I were you. He is smart, but he is wet behind the ears.
*Vani is going into business by herself! Why, she's hardly dry behind the ears.
*Look, I want an experienced teacher. I don't want someone who is wet behind the ears.
This is an American expression, which has been around for several hundred years. When animals
emerge from their mother's womb, they are completely covered with amniotic fluid. Some mothers
lick their babies to dry them, while others leave it to the newborns to dry themselves. I understand that
the last place to become dry is a small spot behind each ear. When these spots become dry, it indicates
that the animal is a little older and possibly, a little wiser.
What is the difference between "ex" and "former"?
(C.K. Prem Kumar, Coimbatore)

Most dictionaries don't make a distinction between the two words. "Ex" is defined as "former" and
"former" is defined as "ex"! So what is the difference between an "ex-Prime Minister" and a "former
Prime Minister"? Some scholars argue that the word "ex" should be used with the immediate past
incumbent. According to these individuals, there can be only one ex-Prime Minister of India. Who

was the Prime Minister of India before Mr. Vajpayee? It was Mr. Gujral. So, he is the ex-Prime
Minister of India. And all the others who preceded him — Mr. Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi, and Mr.
Rajeev Gandhi — are the "former" Prime Ministers. A man may have several former wives, but only
one ex-wife.
What is the meaning of "lookism"?
(Suresh Menon, Cochin)

We have had "racism", "sexism" and now we have "lookism". "Lookism" or "looksism" is the
prejudiced opinion we form of people based on their looks. We may, for example, assume that
horizontally challenged people (fat) are lazy and not bright. Some people are biased against
"aesthetically challenged" (ugly) individuals! This is also a form of "lookism".
*It is impossible to avoid lookism in the modeling business. It is only the beautiful women and the
handsome men who are hired.
*Most big companies in our country practice looksism. They hire only beautiful women as
receptionists.
*How can you argue that I practice lookism? I hired an ugly guy like you, didn't I?
*** *** ***
"Be wary of a strong drink. It can make you shoot at tax collectors... and miss." — Robert A. Heinlein

April 29, 2003
WHAT IS the origin of "underdogs"?
(R. Srikanth, Choolamedu)

This is an expression that comes from the sport of dog fighting. In a dogfight, the winner usually ends
up on top, while the loser ends up on the ground — under the winner! It is from this that we get our
two expressions "top dog" and "underdog". Bookies, who kept a record of how the dogs had fared in
previous fights, labelled the two contestants of a fight as the "top dog" (the one likely to win) and the
"underdog" (the one likely to be beaten). Nowadays of course the term "underdog" is being used to
refer to competitors in politics, sports, and other activities. When you refer to a man as being the "top
dog" what you mean is that he is the person in charge. He is the one in power.
*You'd better be nice to Ashok. He is the top dog around here.
*One of the top dogs from the company answered all the questions.
*Kishore is going to be the top dog some day.
How is the word "razzmatazz" pronounced?
(R. Sadhana, Hyderabad)

The "a" in the first and third syllable are pronounced like the "a" in "act", "pact", and "fact". The
vowel in the second syllable sounds like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable. Not
many dictionaries include this word and those that do define it as the pomp, glitter, and noise which
some shows include to attract the attention of the audience. When used in this sense, the word has the
same meaning as "razzle dazzle". Here are a few examples.
*The razzmatazz of the function amused the foreign delegates.
*As expected, the award ceremony was filled with razzmatazz.
*Pramod's parties were known for their razzmatazz.
Slang dictionaries, however, define razzmatazz as "deceptive talk" or "hype".
*Don't give me all that razzmatazz Meera. How much is this going to cost me?
*Cut out the razzmatazz, will you? How stupid do you think I am?
The word can also be spelt "razzamatazz".
*** *** ***
"Never say Òops' in the operating room." — Dr. Leo Troy
What is the meaning of "putting one's foot in one's mouth"?
(S. Dhandapani, Coimbatore)

Picture this. How would you look if someone took a picture of you with your foot in your mouth?
You would look pretty silly, wouldn't you? Well, that's exactly what the expression means. When
someone puts his foot in his mouth, he has said something stupid; something, which he regrets having
said. Other expressions that have more or less the same meaning are, "put one's foot in it" and "stick
one's foot in one's mouth". Here are a few examples.
*Please don't hire Mukesh. He keeps putting his foot in his mouth all the time.
*Nandita is a likeable person, but she has an amazing talent for sticking her foot in her mouth.

*This time the Minister has really put his foot in it.
What is the difference between "word by word" and "word for word"?
(V. Rani, Chennai)

What is it that most teachers expect their students to do? They expect them to memorise the answers
from textbooks and reproduce them in the exams. When you repeat something "word for word" what
you are doing is repeating it exactly as someone else said it or wrote it. Here are a few examples.
*Mahesh memorised the speech word for word.
*Anand has an amazing memory. He took one look at the paragraph and was able to recall it word for
word.
*I will give you the gist. I don't recall word for word what was said.
According to the NTC's American Idioms Dictionary, when you look at something "word by word",
you are looking at it one word at a time.
*Meena wanted her lawyer to examine the contract word by word before signing it.
*Critics compared the two versions of the poem word by word to see what made them so different.
*Neeraja refused to go through the document word by word.

May 06, 2003
Informal expressions
Between jobs? What does that mean?

"I SAW Divyashree just now. Didn't you say that she was working in Mumbai"?
"Well, she is between jobs right now."
"Between jobs? What does that mean"?
"It's a polite way of saying that she is unemployed right now. She is looking for a job."
"Really? I know a lot of people who are between jobs."
"If I am not careful, I may be between jobs too."
"Why do you say that"?
"Well, a couple of weeks ago my new boss asked me for some feedback on a project we had done. As
usual, I began shooting from the hip and he was...."
".... you shot your boss in the hip"
"Don't be silly. You know I have never held a gun in my life. When you `shoot from the hip' what you
are doing is to speak directly and...."
".... in other words, you are being frank."
"Exactly! It is an expression that is mostly used in an informal context. Here's an example. I like
talking to people who shoot from the hip. At least you know where you stand with them."
"My uncle Gopal has a tendency to shoot from the hip, but the good thing is he always speaks the
truth."
"That's an excellent example. I told Rohini not to pay any attention to Arjun. It's his nature to shoot
from the hip, that's all."
"Well, Arjun has a tendency to shoot from the hip even with people he doesn't know. And this makes
some of them very uncomfortable."
"That's understandable. But tell me, why did Divyashree quit her job?
"I never said that she quit her job"
"You mean she got the sack"
"I don't know."
"What do you mean? Didn't you ask her what happened"?
"Of course I did. But when I did, she just sat there like a bump on a log."
"Like a bump on a log! That sounds like...."
".... do you know what it means"
"No, I have never heard the expression before. But I can guess what it means."
"O.K. Give it a shot."
"It probably means unresponsive."
"Exactly! When you say that someone was like a `bump on a log' it means that he/she was

unresponsive or immobile. Here is an example. I don't know whether the student understood what I
was saying. He just sat there like a bump on a log."
"While I was helping my father rearrange the furniture, my sister just stood there like a bump on a
log."
"I remember Sandhya's first presentation. She was so nervous that for the first 15 seconds she just
stood there like a bump on a log."
"I was there too. She should have kept quiet. Once she opened her mouth she was terrible. You
know..."
".... is it the open season on Sandhya? Why is...."
".... open season on Sandhya"?
"When you say it's the open season on someone it means it's a time when everyone is criticizing the
individual."
"Politicians all over the world get criticized all the time. So can I say it is always open season on
politicians."
"Yes, you can. And I am sure that our politicians would agree."
"How about this example? In some Arab countries, it is the open season on George Bush."
"Yes, some countries are really angry, aren't they"?
"You bet they are."
"If we had failed to make the Super Six in the World Cup then it would have been an open season on
our cricketers."
"I guess so."
"Well, don't just sit there like a bump on a log, help me move this table."
*** *** ***
"People who drink to drown their sorrow should be told that sorrow knows how to swim." —
Ann Landers

May 13, 2003
WHAT DO you call a person who clears the dishes from the table in a restaurant?
(K. Gayathri, Hyderabad)

The person who brings your food is generally referred to as the "waiter" or "server" and the one who
clears the table is called a "busser" or "busperson". What this individual does is called "bussing". Here
are a few examples.
* I think we should leave a tip for the busser.
* In many countries, students buss in order to pay their tuition fees.
* The customers were rude to the busperson.
What is the difference between "jail" and "prison"?
(V. Krishnamurthy, Pollachi)

You get sent to "jail" when you have committed a minor offense. A jail is also the place where people
are confined while they are awaiting trial. It can be a small room inside a police station or it can be an
independent building. A "prison", on the other hand, is a place where people are sent once they have
been sentenced by a judge. Someone who has committed a major crime is usually sent to prison. In
India, "jail" is the more common word.
Is it ok to say, "Tea isn't my cup of tea"?
(G. Sankaran, Chennai)

I suppose you could get away with the sentence "Tea isn't my cup of tea" if you want to sound
humorous. When you say that something isn't your cup of tea what you are implying is that it is not
something you are interested in or like. Here are a few examples.
* Cricket isn't my cup of tea. I prefer tennis.
* Sushmita turned down an invitation to the opera. It's not her cup of tea.
* Purple isn't my cup of tea, but it is a nice saree.
The expression isn't normally used with food items.
What is the meaning of "ne plus ultra"?
(Ranjeet, Patna)
This Latin expression means, "not further beyond". Nowadays it is used to mean the highest level of
excellence, something that is close to perfection. The "e" in "ne" is pronounced like the "ay" in "day",
"pay", and "say", while the "u" in "ultra" sounds like the "u" in "cut", "hut", and "but".
* Rani's career at the university reached its ne plus ultra when she was made Vice Chancellor.
* Since imports have been banned these local cigars are regarded as the ne plus ultra.
The ancient Greeks believed that the expression "ne plus ultra" was inscribed on the Pillars of
Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar) as a warning to ships not to sail any further westward. These Pillars then
were the furthest attainable point; if they ventured any further they would sail into the uncharted
waters of the Atlantic.

What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to leave someone holding the bag"?
(A. Jayaraman, Mysore)

When you leave someone holding the bag, you make him a scapegoat; you make him take all the
blame for something that you have done. Our not so beloved politicians are famous for this. Here are
a few examples.
* It was the Minister's fault, but he wasn't the one left holding the bag.
* When the window broke everyone ran away. Mala was left holding the bag.
The expression comes from the sport of bird hunting. In the old days whenever a new boy moved into
a neighbourhood, the other boys welcomed him by playing a trick on him. They used to take him to
the woods at night to do some bird hunting. The new kid on the block was usually given a sack and a
lantern to hold. When they had gone deep into the woods, the "new" boy was instructed to do two
things: 1. To keep the bag open and 2. Hold the lantern slightly above the bag. He was told that the
scared birds would fly straight for the light and in the process get caught in the bag. The remaining
boys went into the bushes to scare the sleeping birds. As you have probably guessed by now, instead
of scaring the birds, the boys went back home! Leaving the poor newcomer "holding the bag".
*********
"If it weren't for marriage, men would spend their lives thinking they had no faults at all." — Unknown

May 20, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning of "Demosthenic"?
(Giri, Vellore)
Demosthenes was a Greek orator and according to many scholars he was the greatest orator of all
times. When he was a young boy he used to stammer a lot; he had a problem producing the sound "p".
The story goes that he overcame his stammering by practicing to speak with pebbles in his mouth.
During his lifetime he became famous for his eloquent speeches which were often patriotic in nature.
Therefore when you say that someone's speech is "Demosthenic" what you are implying is that it is
eloquent and patriotic. This is one of the meanings of the word.
What is the difference between "cotton onto someone" and "cotton up to someone"?
(R. Balajee, Chennai)

When you "cotton onto someone" or "cotton to someone", you take a liking to an individual. You
agree very quickly with what he/she has to say. It is also possible to "cotton to something". Here are a
few examples.
*I don't cotton onto Shyam's way of thinking.
*Like some men Mohan didn't cotton to his mother-in-law.
*Gayathri didn't cotton to the new dining table.
When you "cotton up to someone" you make friends with an individual in order to get something. You
flatter the individual in the hopes of getting a favourable treatment from him/her. Unlike the previous
expression, "cotton up to" can be used only with people. It cannot be used with objects. Another
expression which has more or less the same meaning is "apple polishing".
*It was obvious to everyone that Sharadha was cottoning up to the new teacher.
*Ram decided to cotton up to his in laws. After all, they had a lot of money.
*Sunita tried to cotton up to the judge.
What is the meaning of "have a cow"?
(S. Ganesh, Hyderabad)

You must be a great fan of the T.V show "The Simpsons". This informal expression is used quite
often by Homer and the members of his family. When you tell someone "don't have a cow" what you
are asking them to do is to calm down. You are telling them not to get excited. Here are a few
examples.
*Anand had a cow because his daughter got her hair cut really short.
*My boss was having a cow because the project was getting delayed.
*Come on Sachi, don't have a cow!
What is the meaning and origin of "one swallow does not make a summer"?
(Ekambaram, Trichur)
A "swallow" is a bird, which makes its appearance during spring. The expression "one swallow does
not make a summer" is usually used as a sort of warning. You are telling an individual not to become
too happy about something; you are advising him to err on the side of caution. You are asking the
individual not to get too excited just because a couple of good things have happened; there is still a

long way to go yet. One good omen does not necessarily mean a happy ending. Here are a few
examples.
*As soon as we launched the product we got a huge order from Russia. We were all pretty excited.
But our boss told us to remember that one swallow does not make a summer.
*The first experiment is a success, but we should remember that one swallow does not make a
summer.
This is another one of those expressions which became popular thanks to Aesop's fables. According to
the story, a young man sees a swallow on a warm winter day. Since swallows are usually seen only
during spring, the young man thinks that spring has arrived. As a result he sells his winter coat and
then proceeds to drink with the money he has made. A few days later, it becomes extremely cold
again and the young man shivering in the cold realises that one swallow does not necessarily imply
that summer has arrived. Other expressions which have more or less the same meaning are "one grain
does not fill a sack" and "one actor cannot make a play".
*** *** ***
"My wife made me join a bridge club. I jump off next Tuesday." — Rodney Dangerfield

May 27, 2003
All about Dutch
"YOU REMEMBER the surprise physics test I had last week"

"Who can forget? You kept complaining about how tough it was and..."
"...I know, I know! Believe it or not, I ended up getting a hundred!"
"And I am a Dutchman!"
"You are not a Dutchman. You are an Indian."
"I know that! When someone says something and you respond by saying ànd I am a Dutchman' or
`then I am a Dutchman', it means.."
"...it probably means that you don't believe what the person has said."
"Exactly! Tendulkar is coming to my place for lunch. He.."
"..oh yeah? Then I am a Dutchman!"
"Good. If that painting is M. F. Hussain's, then I 0 a Dutchman."
"O.K. I think I understand. Are you ready to go"?
"Go? Go where"?
"To see the Harry Potter movie, of course. Didn't we decide on that yesterday"?
"To tell you the truth I've forgotten all about it. Can I take a rain check? I am just not in the mood to
see a movie today."
"Why? A bad day at the office"?
"Terrible day. I am in Dutch with my boss. You see,."
"..what did you say? You are in Dutch with your boss? What does it mean"?
"When you are in Dutch with someone, it means you are in trouble with that individual. For example,
Geetha is in Dutch with her parents for losing her bicycle."
"I try not to get into Dutch with anyone. How does that sound"?
"Pretty good. But the problem is you are in Dutch quite a bit."
"That's true. Why are you in Dutch with your boss"
"I was unable to find some report that he was looking for."
"Is he planning to fire you"?
"No, but he spoke to me like a Dutch uncle."
"Is your boss Dutch or something? Everything associated with him is Dutch."
"No, my boss is not Dutch. When someone talks to you like a Dutch uncle, he talks to you very
frankly."
"In other words he lectures you till you feel like a chewed up blotting paper."
"Guess you could say that. But not many people use blotting paper these days."
"You have a point there. My neighbour lectures me like a Dutch uncle every now and then."
"Shruthi complains that her husband behaves more like a Dutch uncle than a husband. He is forever

telling her..."
"...but isn't that what husbands are supposed to do? I mean..."
"...no comment."
"Looks like your favourite actress is in the news again."
"Yes. She tried the Dutch act again."
"Another expression with Dutch! Have you been eating a lot of Dutch chocolates or something"
"You know I don't like chocolates."
"That's true. Anyway, what does `Dutch act' mean"
"It means to commit suicide."
"Good lord!"
"When someone takes the `Dutch cure' or 'tries the Dutch act' he/she commits suicide. Or at least tries
to.."
"..in our country many children take the Dutch cure when they fail in a Board exam."
"That's true. Young brides also try the Dutch act when their in laws begin to pester them for more
dowry."
"There are many people who try the Dutch act repeatedly. They are not always successful."
"If you try the Dutch act and fail, then you are in Dutch with the police."
"That's a good sentence."
"So are we going to the movie or not"?
"Not today. Maybe on Sunday."
"Well in that case, we won't be going Dutch. You are going to pay."
"It's a deal!"
*** *** ***
"Programming today is a race between software engineers striving to build bigger and better idiot-
proof programs, and the Universe trying to produce bigger and better idiots. So far, the Universe is
winning."
— Rich Cook

June 03, 2003
The aroma of English
"WHAT'S THAT smell? Have you started cooking again?" "It's the aroma of fresh... ." "... .aroma!
That's a fancy word. What's the difference between àroma' and `smell'?"
"WHAT'S THAT smell? Have you started cooking again?"
"It's the aroma of fresh... ."
"... .aroma! That's a fancy word. What's the difference between àroma' and `smell'?"
"Well, a `smell' can be pleasant or unpleasant. For example you can always complain about the smell
of someone's dirty socks."
"And I can comment on the smell of your breath!"
"I guess you could. But `smell' need not always be associated with something bad. You can talk about
the smell of freshly brewed coffee."
"Or the smell of rain!"
"Yes, that's right. Àroma', on the other hand, is usually associated with something pleasant and
stimulating."
"So one doesn't normally use the word to talk about someone's armpit?"
"Not unless you find the smell that comes from one's armpit very pleasant."
"I certainly don't. But I can talk about the aroma of early morning coffee, right?"
"Yes, you can. The word àroma' is normally associated with food. For example, I can talk about the
aroma of ... ."
"... .I think I understand. Tell me have you applied for that job in Devi and Company?"
"No, I decided against it."
"But why? Last week you kept saying that you needed a change and... ."
"... yeah, I know. But the problem is, one of the guys from Devi and Company has applied for the
same position. I am told that he has the inside track."
"The inside track? What does it mean?"
"When someone has the inside track, he has an advantage over someone because... "
"... because he knows someone. He has connections... ."
"... yes, that's right."
"That's how many people in our country get jobs."
"You have a point there. Here's an example. My boss has the inside track, so the chances are our
company will get the contract."
"How about this example? Ganesh's boss has a really good opinion of him. Since he's got the inside
track, chances are he will be promoted to Assistant Manager."
"In our country you need to have the inside track to admit your child in a decent school."
"But that's not always possible."
"I know. Which is why some people add a little sweetener every now and then."

"A sweetener? What does that mean?"

"What do you have to do in order to get a file moved from one department to another?"
"That's easy. All you need to do is bribe someone."
"And that's exactly what a sweetener is. It is usually encouragement given to someone in order to do
something."
"And this encouragement is usually in the form of money?"
"That's right."
"How about this example? According to my nephew Mahidhar, money is the best sweetener around."
"I am sure many people will agree with him. When the clerk refused to hand over the certificates,
Ramesh decided to add a little sweetener."
"To get anything done in our country we need to add a little sweetener. Before you go on, tell me
what is the origin of `have the inside track'. Where does it come from?"
"I understand it comes from the world of horse racing."
"Horse racing?"
"That's right! You know in horse racing, some horses run on the inside and some on the outside. I
understand if you have the inside track in a race, you have the shortest distance to run."
"And since you have a shorter distance to travel you are at an advantage. It is easier to win when you
run on the inside track."
"Exactly! You are into motor racing right?"
"Yes."
"Do you know what the inside track is called in motor racing?"
"I don't think there is an inside track."
"I am told there is. Apparently it's called `pole position'."
"Really? I will ask my friend Indra about this."
"Thanks!"
*** *** ***
"Why do they call it rush hour when nothing moves?" — Robin Williams

June 10, 2003
A word on prefaces
WHAT IS the difference between "preface" and "foreword"?
(Janaki, Madurai)
These are usually sections found at the beginning of a book. A "preface" is usually written by the
author and in it he explains why he has written the book. Apart from giving the purpose, he may talk
about how the book has been arranged and how he went about writing it. A "preface" is seldom signed
by the author. Most students of English literature will be familiar with the preface written by the poet
William Wordsworth - "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads". By the way, the "e" in "pre" sounds like the
"e" in "pet", "bet" and "set", while the following "a" is like the "i" in "it", "sit", and "hit". The main
stress is on the first syllable.
A "foreword", on the other hand, is not written by the author. It is usually written by some well-
known individual commending the piece of work. The individual talks directly to the reader telling
him/her how much he enjoyed the work. Unlike a "preface", a "foreword" is signed by the individual
writing it. If the person is really famous, then his name appears on the cover of the book. There are
people, however, who maintain there is no difference between the two words. They argue that
"preface" is the Latinate term, while "foreword" is the English.
I am told that it is wrong to say "level best". Is it true?
(S. Pillai, Kochi)

The expression "level best" is used to mean to exert oneself to the fullest.
* Sandhya, you must do your level best.
* We will do our level best to win the championship.
We hear such sentences very often in India. But some people object to the use of the expression "level
best". They argue that there is no need for the word "level" before "best". But the fact is that even
native speakers of English use this expression. Some scholars argue that the expression is American in
origin and that it began to be used during the days of the California gold rush. I understand miners
looking for gold would use a pan to scoop sand and gravel from the riverbed. They would then shake
the pan till the sand and gravel would become "level", revealing the gold ore if any.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to let one's hair down"?
(A. Mukesh, Secunderabad)

When someone lets his hair down, he begins to relax and enjoy himself; he becomes informal and
tells you what is on his mind. Here are a few examples.
* I am told that Deepa never lets her hair down.
* Come on Kim, let your hair down and tell me what's on your mind.
* Gayathri really let her hair down at the party.
In the old days, women with long hair usually put their hair up in a bun. They never let their hair
down. The only time that they actually let their long hair down was in the privacy of their bedroom.
Therefore when someone lets his/her hair down, it means he/she is being very informal.
What is the meaning of the expression "quid pro quo"?
(M. Chandrasekhar, Kadappa)

This Latin expression was used several times in the movie "Silence of the Lambs". It means giving
something to someone in return or exchange for something else.
* The Government has promised food aid as a quid pro quo if the looting is stopped.
* The corrupt minister insists on quid pro quo when doing business with multinationals.
"Quid" rhymes with "skid" and the "o" in "pro" and "quo" sound like the "o" in "go", "so", and "no".
How is the word "vicissitudes" pronounced?
(S.P. Sankaranarayanan, Chennai)

There are several ways of pronouncing this word. One of the ways is the following. You can
pronounce the "i" in the first three syllables like the "i" in "bit", "hit", and "sit". The final syllable
"tude" rhymes with "cued", "nude", and "feud". The "c" is pronounced like the "s" in 'sit" and "set",
while the final "s" is like the "z" in "zero" and "zip". The main stress is on the second syllable.
"Vicissitudes" is a word that is mostly used in formal contexts. It means the constant changes and
unexpected difficulties that crop up during one's life. Here are a few examples.
* Sunita's parents have continued to support her through all her vicissitudes.
* Listen Gopal, losing your job is just one of the vicissitudes of life.
***
"I am a deeply superficial person."
— Andy Warhol

June 17, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning of whipping boy?
(J. Hamsa, Hyderabad)

A "whipping boy" is a scapegoat; someone who is punished for another person's mistakes. Since
everyone is intent on being politically correct these days, "whipping person" is slowly replacing
"whipping boy". This means that the person being punished can be a woman as well. Here are a few
examples.
*Poor Raju. He is the whipping boy for the entire office.
*Ever since Naila quit, Namratha has become the whipping person.
*Anand is the usual whipping boy whenever Sunita becomes upset.
A "whipping boy" was usually a boy of ordinary birth who kept a prince company. He was given
good food, good clothes and was educated along with the prince. But whenever the prince did
something wrong, it was the whipping boy who was punished. He was the one who received the
whipping! Royals couldn't be touched, you see.
What is the meaning and origin of "to be on one's high horse"?
(Ramani, Vellore)
We may not own horses, but all of us get on our high horse once in a while! Some, more often than
others. When someone "gets on his high horse" he behaves in a proud and arrogant manner. He thinks
that he is morally superior to you; hence he treats you with utter contempt. Here are a few examples.
*A lot of people think it's about time that President Bush got off his high horse.
*Whatever you do, don't get on your high horse and refuse to answer questions.
*If I were you Desai, I would get off your high horse and mend your ways.
In England, in the old days, a person's rank was determined by the size of the horse he rode. If you
were a noble or a person of some importance, you invariably rode a "high horse". These horses were
usually much taller than the horses ridden by the common man. Riding such high horses began to be
equated with superiority.
What is the difference between "amuse" and "bemuse"?
(K. Srinath, Madurai)

Some people think that these two words are synonyms. They are not; the two words have very
different meanings. When you are "amused" by something, you find it funny or entertaining. It makes
you laugh or smile.
*Renu was amused by the boy's antics.
*Rahul, I don't find your comments very amusing.
"Bemuse", on the other hand, has nothing to do with humour. When you are "bemused" by something,
you are confused or puzzled. For example,
*Srividya was bemused by the Chairman's comments.
*When Malar saw the question paper, there was a bemused expression on her face.

Which is correct? "Drink in" or "drink down"?
(H. Meera, Bangalore)

Both are correct depending on what it is that you want to say. When you "drink something down"
what you are doing is drinking it.
*The doctor asked Prithi to drink down the medicine.
*Sammy, drink this down. It will make you feel better.
When you "drink something in" what you are doing is absorbing it. When you read an article, you
drink in the information. Similarly, when you visit new places, you drink in the sights. Here are a few
examples.
*Vishnu made it to the top of the mountain and drank in the beautiful view.
*Darshana spent two hours drinking in the information in the article.
What is the meaning of the expression "been there, done that"?
(B. T. Saraswathi, Mysore)

This is a slang expression that is frequently used in American English. If someone is talking about
trekking in the Himalayas and you respond by saying "Been there, done that", what you are implying
is that you have already had the experience. When you use this expression what you are saying is, "I
have been there and I have done that". Since you have already experienced it, you would like to move
on to another topic — the one under discussion doesn't really interest you.
*I don't want to do another PhD. Been there, done that!
*Climb Mount Everest again? No way. Been there, done that.
*** *** ***
"God made man before woman to give him time to think of an answer for her first question". —
Anonymous

June 24, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning of "horses for courses"?
(Javid Latif, Chennai)

A test captain usually has 16 players to choose from. So how does he decide who is going to play and
who is not? Well, one of the things he usually does, is to look at the pitch. He tries to figure out if it is
going to be conducive to pace or spin. If he thinks it is going to turn, he will opt for a spinner instead
of a pace bowler. This is what we mean by the idiomatic expression "horses for courses"; choosing the
person ideally suited for a particular job on hand. This individual may not be the best person on the
team, but he is the best person for the job on hand. He has the required skills that you are looking for.
* Lalitha was better qualified, but we were looking for someone who had lived abroad. It was horses
for courses as far as we were concerned.
* There are many good dictionaries in the market; choosing the right one is a matter of horses for
courses.
The expression, as you have probably guessed by now, comes from the world of horse racing. Racing
pundits believe that some horses are better suited for certain types of courses. I understand that some
horses run well on tracks that are wet, while others do well on dry tracks.
Which is correct, "Everyone has his way of doing things" or "Everyone has their way of doing
things"?
(S. Velayatham, Madurai)

Everyone has a different opinion about how to treat "everyone"! Those who have had an overdose of
grammar books argue that since "everyone" is singular, it should be followed by "his". Of course, this
makes the feminists angry. Why should it be "his" and not "her"? So in order to keep everyone happy,
careful users of the language use both "his" and "her". They would argue that the correct sentence is,
"Everyone has his/her way of doing things". Many people however consider such a construction to be
very clumsy. Instead they prefer the use of the plural "their". The use of "their" is becoming very
common these days- both in speech and writing.
When do you use "amid" and when do you use "among"?
(T. Desai, Pune)

The two words are used interchangeably by a lot of people. Most books on usage point out that the
word "amid" is normally used with things that cannot be separated or counted. For example,
The little boy stood there amid the ruins and cried.
The children looked for the button amid the gravel.
"Among", on the other hand, is normally used with countable nouns. When you are "among"
something you are usually surrounded by a single group of objects that can be separated or counted.
For example,
We found the tape among the books.
She looked among her clothes for the diamond ring.
What is the meaning of "in loco parentis"?
(R. Satish, Hyderabad)

It means "in place of a parent". When you are in loco parentis, you are acting as the guardian of a

child. You are taking on the responsibilities of a parent.

* I certainly don't want to stand in loco parentis to Jai's son Harish.
* Since Sujatha was the teacher, she was made in loco parentis.
The "o" in the first and second syllable of "loco" are pronounced like the "o" in "go", "so", and "no".
The "a" in "parentis" is like the "a" in "china", while the following "e" is like the "e" in "set" and
"pet". The main stress is on the second syllable of "parentis".
***
"Tell a man there are 300 billion stars in the universe and he'll believe you. Tell him a bench has wet
paint on it and he'll have to touch to be sure." — Jarger

July 01, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "aging" and "ageing"?
(Padmini P. Rao, Rourkela)

As far as the meaning is concerned there is no difference. Both refer to the process of growing old.
The British spell the word "ageing", while the Americans and the Australians tend to spell it "aging".
The two words are pronounced the same way. In the Indian context, you would be better off spelling
the word with the "e".
* No one recognised the ageing/aging movie star.
* The company would like to get rid of some of the aging/ageing machinery.
What is the meaning and origin of "fall like ninepins"?
(Sa Ra Saran, Chennai)

Remember what happened to our batsmen when they played in New Zealand? They came and went
pretty quickly; they didn't trouble the scorers too much. You can say that in the two test matches they
fell like ninepins. Similarly, when you say that the soldiers were falling like ninepins during the battle,
what you mean is that they were being killed very quickly by the enemies. The expression "falling
like ninepins" is normally used to indicate that people are being overcome very quickly — dying,
falling, or becoming ill very quickly. It is also possible to say, "drop like ninepins". Here are a few
examples.
* On the fifth day, the batsmen fell like ninepins.
* If this disease spreads, people will drop like ninepins.
* The students were trying to follow the gym instructor, but they were dropping like ninepins. It was
so funny.
I understand that this is an expression mainly used in British English. Ninepins or "skittles" as it is
sometimes called, is the name of a game. The aim of this game is to knock down nine bottle shaped
objects (ninepins) by rolling a ball at them. Sounds a lot like "bowling", doesn't it?
Which is correct? "The media suggest" or "The media suggests"?
(J. Bhanu, Vizag)

"Media" is the plural of "medium". The word "medium" has two plural forms — the Latin "media"
and the English "mediums". "Media" is normally used to refer to a combination of radio, television,
and newspapers. The three together are generally referred to as the "mass media". Since "media" is
considered a plural noun, it is usually followed by a plural verb. Here are a few examples.
* The media suggest that the colleges are full of drugs.
* I am told that the media have not been invited.
* I don't understand why the media aren't being used in the classroom.
In informal speech, there is a tendency to use a singular verb after the word "media". In speech, it is
common to hear people say,
* The media suggests that the colleges are full of drugs.
* The media is getting very excited about the event.
* The media isn't being used in the classroom because teachers aren't trained.

Careful users of the language however object to such sentences. If you want to refer to just radio or
television, then use the word "medium". For example,
* Television has become a very powerful medium.
* According to Bala, the Internet is the most exciting medium since television.
How do you pronounce the word "hymn"?
(R. R. Ahima Kanan, Chennai)

It is pronounced like the word "him".
Do we have to write "and" in "three hundred and twelve"?
(D. S. R. Ramaswamy, Bangalore)

Well, you don't have to write "and" if you are an American! In American English, it is usually
omitted, especially in formal styles. If you were living in America and had to write a cheque (or
"check" as the Americans would spell it) for $312, you would write "Three hundred twelve". In
British English, however, the word "and" is normally used between "hundred" and the following
number. That is the rule.
* We have received about a hundred and fifty applications. (British English)
* We have received about a hundred fifty applications. (American English)
***** ***** *****
"Only presidents, editors, and people with tapeworms have the right to use the editorial `We'." —
Mark Twain

July 08, 2003
CAN "FURTHER" be used to refer to distance?
(B. Premananda Bhat, Manipal)

Careful users of the language point out that the word "farther" should be used when talking about
physical distance. For example,
*The arrow travelled fifty yards farther.
*Renu lives farther down the road.
*Twenty miles is the farthest distance that Shilpa has walked.
But there is a tendency nowadays to use "further" and "farther" interchangeably in this context —
when talking about physical distance. So don't be too surprised if you find some people replacing
"farther" with "further" in the above sentences. It is not uncommon to hear people say,
*We walked further down the road.
*What's the furthest distance you have walked?
The word "further" can be used in the sense of "additional" and "greater extent".
*Amrit warned me not to take the subject any further.
*If you don't accept our terms, Anjali, there will be further delays.
"Farther" cannot be used in this sense.
Is it true that the word "oration" can be used only to refer to speeches given at funerals?
(Swami Abhiramananda, Coimbatore)

No, it is not true. An "oration" is usually given on a ceremonial occasion; it needn't be something that
is given only when someone dies. An oration is a public speech given by an individual who is
generally well-known. The speech tends to be formal in nature. The subject matter chosen tends to be
serious and the language used is very formal. Here are a few examples.
*The Minister gave an oration on the importance of not smoking.
* I attended a lengthy funeral oration, and boy, was it boring.
* The audience listened to the Professor's skilled oration.
The stress, by the way, is on the second syllable "ra".
What is the origin and meaning of the expression "dog's breakfast"?
(B. Ramana, Vishakhapatnam)

When you make a dog's breakfast of something, you make a complete mess of it. This is an informal
expression mostly used in British English. Here are a few examples.
*Deepa made a bit of a dog's breakfast of the essay.
*Jai made a real dog's breakfast of painting the kitchen.
I understand that dogs have the habit of getting up early and going out. And when they do go out, they
eat anything they find on the road — food that people have thrown away — even someone's vomit!
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "be up to scratch"?
(S. Vijaya, Chennai)

When you say that something is "up to scratch" or "comes up to scratch" what you are implying is that
it meets the standards required. In other words, it meets with the minimum requirements. Here are a
few examples.
* I have to get this project up to scratch before I can ask for a raise.
*Sorry Sadhana, your performance isn't up to scratch
* Naresh's paper wasn't up to scratch, so I failed him.
As kids whenever we raced our friends, the first thing we did was to draw a line on the ground to
indicate that it was the starting point. Such lines are used in various sporting events. It is this line that
is referred to as "scratch" in the expression "up to scratch". According to some scholars such a line
was drawn in boxing rings as well. In the old days, a "scratch" was drawn in the middle of the ring.
Whenever a boxer was knocked down by an opponent, he had to get up and walk to the "scratch" in
the middle of the ring. He had to do this within a specified time in order to show that he was still in
control of his faculties. By coming up to the mark, the boxer was showing the referee and his
opponent that he was ready to continue the fight. Other expressions which have more or less the same
meaning are "up to snuff" and "up to par". Here are a few examples.
*Harish, your performance hasn't been up to snuff.
*The boss said that the report wasn't up to par.
***** ***** *****
"Support bacteria. They're the only culture some people have." — Unknown

July 15, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "client" and "clientele"?
(D. Sundaramoorthy, Chennai)

When you become someone's client you pay for the services or advice that he/she provides you. When
you go to a lawyer or an accountant you become his/her client. The term "clientele" is used to refer to
all the clients of a professional organisation or business. You are thinking of the clients as a group. A
"clientele" can be defined as a "collective body of clients". Here are a few examples.
*The clientele of my cousin's law firm consists of big corporations.
*The new restaurant has a very fashionable clientele.
*This bank's clientele includes some of the richest people in the city.
The "i" in the first syllable of "clientele" is like the "y" in "my" and "by", while the following "e" is
like the "a" in "china". The final "tele" is pronounced like the word "tell". The main stress is on the
third syllable. Some people tend to pronounce the "i" in the first syllable like the "ee" in 'fee", "see"
and "feet".
What is the meaning of "leapfrog"?
(Ram Murti, Ballia, UP)

"Leapfrog" is actually the name of a game that most of us played as kids. In this game one of the
children bends down and the others jump over him. When you "leapfrog" from one position to another
what you are doing is progressing rapidly, often skipping several steps or levels. You quickly advance
in status; often overtaking your colleagues or competitors. This is one of the meanings of the word.
*The school cricket team leapfrogged from the 10th to the third position.
*Kiran leapfrogged two ranks and was made a Major.
*John leapfrogged over his colleagues to become a professor.
What is the origin and meaning of the expression "to haul someone over the coals"?
(J. Kasturi, Chennai)

This is an expression that is frequently used in business and politics. When you "haul someone over
the coals" you criticize them severely for something that they have done. You reprimand them for
some wrongdoing. Americans tend to say "rake someone over the coals". Here are a few examples.
*My boss hauled me over the coals for showing up late for the meeting.
*Runa raked her husband over the coals for forgetting her birthday.
*The Minister was hauled over the coals for not supporting the bill.
Raking people over the coals was something that was practiced in Europe a few centuries ago. If
people suspected that you were practicing witchcraft, or that you didn't believe in things that the
church said, then you were accused of being a heretic and dragged over red-hot coals of a slow fire. If
you survived the ordeal, then you were declared innocent. If you didn't, well it was just too bad.
What is the meaning of "oxymoron"?
(C. Kanthi, Secunderabad)

"Bitter sweet" is an example of an oxymoron. Here we have a combination of two words ("bitter" and

"sweet"), which mean exactly the opposite. An oxymoron is usually defined as a phrase in which two
words of contradictory meaning are brought together. This is usually done to create an effect. A "wise
fool" and "make haste slowly" are other examples. If the Americans don't find the weapons of mass
destruction soon, it is very likely "American intelligence" will become an example of an oxymoron as
well!
Do you use a singular or a plural verb after the word "couple"?
(B. Devi, Bangalore)

That depends on one's relationship with one's "bitter half" I guess. Just kidding! The word "couple"
can be followed by either a singular or a plural verb. It depends on how you view the two individuals.
Do you see them as being a single unit, or do you consider them to be two distinct individuals? If you
think of them as being two distinct individuals, then you use the plural verb. If, on the other hand, you
consider them to be a single unit, then you use a singular verb. Here are a few examples.
*The couple were married last month.
*The couple have featured in two hit films.
*The couple has three children.
*The couple has a beautiful flat in Delhi.
***** ***** *****
"Honolulu — it's got everything. Sand for the children, sun for the wife, sharks for the wife's mother."
— Ken Dodd

July 22, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "unaware" and "unawares"?
(D. Naresh, Bangalore)

"Unaware" means not aware, in other words, you do not notice or realise what is happening. The
stress is on "ware". Here are a few examples.
* Praveen is unaware of the trouble that he is causing.
* The Minister thought that the press was unaware of his illegal activities.
* The film star was unaware of his fan's presence.
When something happens suddenly or unexpectedly, then you are caught "unawares". Since the thing
happens without any warning, you are often left confused or embarrassed. Here are a few examples.
* The midnight raid by the dacoits caught the police unawares.
* The President was caught unawares by the sudden criticism in the media.
* Bhaveen was caught unawares and therefore couldn't think of an excuse.
The "s" in "unawares" is pronounced like the "z" in "zoo" and "zip".
Is "Isabel" actually a colour?
(Chandrasekhar, Hyderabad)
I understand that "brownish yellow" is often referred to as "isabel". There is an interesting story
behind this and in order to tell it, I have to let some dirty linen remain unwashed! According to the
story, Isabella was the daughter of King Philip II of Spain. In 1598, she was married off to Prince
Albert of Austria, and as dowry the young couple was given the whole of the Netherlands.
Unfortunately, one of the cities, Ostend was in the hands of the Flemish. Isabella apparently told her
husband that until he captured this city, she would not remove her underwear even to wash it! The
husband of course panicked and set off to Ostend to capture it. Fortunately, or unfortunately, it took
nearly three years for the city to fall! So if the story is to be believed, poor Isabella was wearing the
same unwashed underwear for three years! Now do you understand why "isabel" means "brownish
yellow"? I guess the story explains two things. One, why Isabella and Albert never had children, and
two, why Hamlet kept saying that something was rotten in the state of Denmark! The smell probably
carried all the way from the Netherlands! Just kidding!
What is the meaning of "categorical inaccuracy"?
(A. Sowmya, Trichy)

If ordinary people like you and me don't tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, we
will be accused of lying. When Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Ministers don't tell the truth (as a
tribe of course, you don't expect them to!) you cannot call them liars. It wouldn't be polite to do so.
Instead, what you say is that there are "categorical inaccuracies" in their statements! It is a polite way
of saying that the men in power are lying! Here are a few examples.
* Some people believe that there were several categorical inaccuracies in President Bush's speech.
* The Prime Minister's statement was a categorical inaccuracy.
Another expression, which is heard very often these days, is "massage something". When you
"massage data" for example, what you are doing is falsifying it.
* Promod, as usual, massaged the sales figures.

* We were told that the scientist had massaged the data.

How is the word "assuage" pronounced?
(K. Malathy, Hyderabad)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "china"; the following "uage" is pronounced like the word
"wage". The stress is on the second syllable. When you assuage something unpleasant, what you are
doing is making it less unpleasant. You are making it less severe; you are reducing its strength. Here
are a few examples.
* The President tried to assuage the fears of his neighbour about a potential war.
* Nothing you do will assuage Anand's desire for power.
* The committee failed to assuage the fears of the workers.
What is the meaning of the word "nee"?
(H. Ram Prasad, Vellore)

The word is normally used after a married woman's name. When you say "Padma Srivastav, nee
Bhalla..." what you mean is that before Padma married Srivastav her family name was Bhalla. The
"ee" sounds like the "ay" in "say" and "bay".
***
"How much deeper would the ocean be if sponges didn't live there" — Steven Wright

July 29, 2003
WHAT IS the origin and meaning of "eavesdropping"?
(S. Krishnamachari, Secunderabad)

When you eavesdrop on someone what you are doing is overhearing his/her conversation with another
person. You achieve this without being caught. An individual who eavesdrops is an eavesdropper.
*Jayant eavesdropped on his children's conversation.
*I don't want you eavesdropping on anyone.
*The eavesdropper was Krishna.
Nowadays, most houses have flat roofs. In the old days, most roofs were slanted. The "eaves" are the
lower edges of the roof that project beyond the walls of the house; their purpose is to throw off the
rainwater that falls on the roof. The "eavesdrop" was the word used to refer to the place around the
house where the water from the eaves dripped.
An "eavesdropper" was therefore someone who stood in the eavesdrop area outside the house and
listened to the conversations taking place inside. Nowadays, the word has come to mean listening
secretly to someone's conversation. One needn't be outside the house to eavesdrop; it can be done
from the inside as well
And thanks to electronic gadgets, one needn't be in the same town or country in order to eavesdrop on
someone! Beware, Big Brother may be eavesdropping on you!
Would you please explain the meaning of the phrase "many a"?
(H.S.Gangadhar Murthy, Mysore)

"Many a" means the same thing as "many". The only difference is that "many a" is considered to be
somewhat literary. Unlike "many" which is always followed by a plural noun, "many a" is always
followed by a singular noun. Here are a few examples.
*Many a student was absent today.
*Many students were absent today.
*Many fans were disappointed that the star didn't show up.
*Many a fan was disappointed that the star didn't show up.
*Rita, I have told you many a time not to keep your stuff in my cupboard.
*Rita, I have told you many times not to keep your stuff in my cupboard.
What does "darned" mean?
(S. Barani Dharan, Chennai)

You should ask President Bush this question. He used this word recently when he said that the
intelligence reports that he received on Iraq were "darned good". "Darned" is a word that is normally
used in speech to emphasise how good or bad something is. It is mostly used in informal contexts to
mean "extremely". Most people use it as a substitute for "damn".
*The movie that I saw yesterday was darned good.
*The darn fool is always late.
*Marrying Narender was a darn stupid thing to do.

What is the difference between "compare" and "liken"?
(K. Vaithinathasamy, Kumbakonam)

When you compare two products what you are doing is looking for similarities and differences
between the two. You look at the two things and see in what ways they are alike and in what ways
they are different. And after you have made the comparison, you invariably come to a conclusion as to
which is better. Before we buy anything, we usually compare different products.
*They compared the two products and decided not to buy either.
*Why do you want to compare the two samples?
When you "liken" something to something else, what you are saying is that one is similar to the other.
You are not looking for the differences in this case. You are merely stating that the two objects or the
two persons are very much alike. The word is normally used in formal contexts.
*Ganesh has been likened to Tendulkar.
*The article has likened the minister to a saint.
*The students have likened the new university to a supermarket.
***** ***** *****
"Anyone who can think of only one way to spell a word obviously lacks imagination."— Mark Twain

August 05, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "put a sock in it"?
(K. Renuka, Bangalore)
When you tell someone to "put a sock in it", what you are telling him/her to do is to stop talking. In
other words, you are telling the person to shut up. The expression is mostly used in British English in
informal contexts. The Americans tend to say "put a cork in it". Here are a few examples.
*Hey Varsha, put a sock in it, will you?
*Vishnu has gone on long enough. It's about time he put a cork in it.
*Put a sock in it you two. The baby is sleeping.
According to some scholars this expression began to be used after the first gramophone was invented.
Do you remember those old gramophones? Those funny looking things fitted with huge horns that
served as speakers? Maybe you have seen one in the movies — especially movies set in the 1940s and
1950s. In order to play the old gramophone, you had to do two things — you had to wind it up, and
you had to attach the huge horn so that the sound could be heard. But the problem with the early
gramophone was that you couldn't control the volume; there was no volume control. So how did
people reduce the volume? Simple, they put a sock in the horn to muffle the sound! Pretty smart,
wouldn't you say?
What is the difference between an "acronym" and an "abbreviation"?
(D. Rajesh, Hyderabad)

An abbreviation is the shortened form of something. It can be a word or a phrase. "I. Q", for example,
is the abbreviated form of "intelligence quotient". Similarly, "St." and "Mt." stand for "saint" and
"mount". Here are some common abbreviations that we use in our everyday life: "Mr.", "Mrs.", and
"Dr.".
The "a" in the first syllable of "acronym" is like the "a" in "act" and "pact", while the following "o" is
like the "a" in "china". The final "nym" rhymes with "him", "dim" and "gym". The stress is on the first
syllable. An acronym, unlike an abbreviation, is a word formed from the first letters of a series of
words. "NATO" is an example of an acronym. It is formed from the words North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. The first letter of every word has been used to form "NATO". The dreaded disease
"AIDS" is another example of an acronym. The full expansion of AIDS is "acquired immune
deficiency syndrome". "POTO" is also an acronym. Unlike an abbreviation, an acronym is usually
pronounced as a word. You do not pronounce it letter by letter. The British Broadcasting Corporation
is often abbreviated to BBC. We pronounce all three letters. In the case of acronyms like NATO and
AIDS, we pronounce them as words.
What is the meaning of "in toto"?
(S. Harish, Chennai)

"In toto" is from Latin and it means "completely" or "entirely". The "to" in the first syllable is
pronounced like the word "toe"; the second syllable is pronounced the same way. The main stress is
on the first syllable. Here are a few examples.
*The Vice Chancellor rejected the new proposal in toto.
*You can't expect me to accept everything in toto.

How is the word "quasi" pronounced?
(R. Venugopal, Vellore)

There are two different ways of pronouncing the word. Some people pronounce the "a" in the first
syllable like the "a" in "bath", "path" and "father", and the final "i" like the "i" in "bit", "pit", and "sit".
The "s" is like the "z" in "zip" and "zoo"; the stress is on the first syllable. Some others tend to
pronounce the "a" like the "ay" in "pay", "bay", and "say". The following "i" rhymes with the "ie" in
"tie", "pie", and "lie". No matter how the word is pronounced, the stress is on the first syllable.
Any idea what the word means? The word is normally used as a prefix to mean "partly" or "almost".
The word can be attached to other nouns using a hyphen. Here are a few examples.
*He is working for a quasi-government organization.
*Sujatha had to wear a quasi-military uniform
The word also has the meaning "false" or "pretended".
*Ashok's quasi-scientific ideas didn't appeal to her.
***** ***** *****
"There are known knowns. There are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That
is to say, there are things we know we don't know. But, there are also unknown unknowns. These are
things we don't know we don't know." — Donald Rumsfield, U. S. Secretary of Defense

August 12, 2003
What does "looking good" mean?
"HI! HOW are things?"

"Pretty good. You look happy today. What's the reason?"
"Believe it or not. Sujatha actually complimented me. She said I was handsome!"
"She needs to see an eye doctor! Did she actually use the word handsome?"
"No! When she saw me at the bookstore, she said that I was looking good. It's the same as calling me
handsome, right?"
"Wrong! She said you were 'looking good'. She didn't say you were 'good looking'. There's a
difference between the two, you know."
"Really? What is the difference?"
"Well, when you say that a guy is 'good looking', what you mean is that he is handsome."
"So a 'good looking woman' is a beautiful woman?"
"Exactly! When you say that someone is good looking, it is a statement of fact. There is no doubt
about it in your mind."
"Aishwarya is good looking."
"My boss' son is very good looking."
"O.K, but what does 'looking good' mean?"
"Well, if I say, 'You are looking good today' what it implies is that you are looking much better than
you normally do. It is a comparison. The fact that you are looking better than usual today is probably
temporary. Maybe it's got something to do with the shirt or trousers that you are wearing."
"In other words, any person can look good on a certain day, but not all of us are good looking. Is that
what you are saying?"
"Exactly! For example, I can say, you are looking good for someone your age! Here.."
"..talking about someone who looks good for his age, how is your friend Ramesh doing? Did you
attend the presentation he gave a couple of days ago?"
"Yes, I attended his dog and pony show."
"Dog and pony show! What are you talking about?"
"A speech, presentation, or demonstration that an individual gives repeatedly is often referred to as a
dog and pony show. It is usually a presentation that has no substance."
"So it is used to show disapproval?"
"That's right. A sales presentation intended to impress people can be called a dog and pony show."
"I see. So a presentation that a professor makes over and over again can be called a dog and pony
show?"
"Yes! Here's an example, Geetha was there with her dog and pony show about computer
maintenance."
"I've seen Dilip's dog and pony show so many times that I remember most of the words."


"Thank you. Anyway, did Ramesh's audience like his dog and pony show?"
"Yes, they loved it. He got his mojo going and the..."
"his what?"
"M.o.j.o. The vowel in the first and second syllable is pronounced like the 'o' in 'go' and 'so'. The main
stress is on the first syllable. Any idea what the word means?"
"Haven't the faintest clue."
"It means charm or magic. It is a word mostly used in American English. Sandeep has to get his mojo
working if he wants to win the tournament."
"Sunil got his mojo going and boy did things liven up at the party."
"We won't win unless our strike bowler gets his mojo back. Anyway, as I was saying, the audience
just lapped up Ramesh's dog and pony show."
"That must have made Ramesh happy."
"Oh, yes. He was in orbit."
"In orbit? Does it mean to be extremely happy?"
"That's one of the meanings. When you say that someone is in orbit what you mean is that he is
ecstatic."
"How about this example? When Meera was told she had got the promotion, she was in orbit."
"Pretty good. Here's another one. The workers were in orbit when they heard that the company had
bagged the order."
"Divya was in orbit over the raise she got."
"And you were in orbit because you thought Sujatha had called you handsome."
"Well, you made sure that I didn't stay there too long. You brought me down to earth pretty quickly."
"That's what friends are for!"
***** ***** *****
"The vast majority of our imports come from outside the country." — George W. Bush

August 19, 2003
HOW DO you pronounce the word "panacea?" ?
(M. Balasubramanian, Erode)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "cat", "pat", and "fat", while the following vowel is like
the "a" in "china". The final "ea" is like the "eer" in "beer", "deer", and "peer". The main stress is on
"cea".
Any idea what the word means? When you refer to something as being a panacea, what you mean is
that it is the solution to all problems. The word is often used disapprovingly. Here are a few examples.
* The introduction of computers is not the panacea for all the school's problems.
* There is no panacea for the problems that we have in our country.
* Mohan was desperate to find a quick panacea.
What is the difference between "advice" and "advise"?
(S. Balkumar, Ooty)

In British English "advice" is the noun, and "advise" is the verb. Here are a few examples.
* The advice that Shyam gave Vidya was useless.
* Please don't give Achala bad advice.
* I don't need any advice from you, Naresh.
The "c" in the final syllable of "advice" is like the "s" in "see", "sip", and "sat". Remember, the word
"advice" is an uncountable noun. There is no word "advices". As for the verb "advise", the "s" is
pronounced like the "z" in "zip", "zero", and "zoo".
* The teacher advised the students to take the day off.
* Kannan advised me to go to Mumbai and meet the client.
* Didn't I advise you not to see her?
In American English, this distinction between the two words is not always maintained.
Is the word "data" singular or plural?
(Sadda Kiran Kumar, Chennai)

Data is the plural of "datum"; people who remember this fact insist that the word should be followed
by a plural verb.
* The data show that we need to be investing more money in education.
* Your data do not support your conclusions.
But more often than not, people treat the word "data" like the word "information" — as an
uncountable noun followed by a singular verb.
* The data hasn't been analyzed as yet.
* This data is unlikely to support your hypothesis.
What is the meaning and origin of Achilles' heel?
(R.Kalyanasundaram, Tambaram)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "a" is like the "a" in "china", while the following "ch" is
like the "k" in "kiss" and "kite". The "i" in the third syllable sounds like the "i" in "it" and "kit"; while
the final "e" is like the "ee" in "peel", "feel", and "kneel". The "s" sounds like the "z" in "zip".
When you talk about someone's Achilles' heel, you are talking about a weakness or a flaw in his
character. It is the individual's weak spot; something that other people can attack or take advantage of.
* Rohini's Achilles' heel is pressure. She just can't handle it.
* Udita's vanity is her Achilles' heel.
Achilles was a famous warrior. As soon as he was born, his mother Thetis took him to the river Styx
and dipped him in it. She did this in order to make him invincible. Legend has it that once someone
was dipped in the river, nothing could harm him.
Unfortunately for Achilles, when his mother dipped him in the river, she held him by the heel. As a
result, the water never touched that portion of his foot. The only way of killing him was to injure his
heel; the heel became Achilles' weak spot. Ultimately that's how he died in the Trojan War; an arrow
pierced his heel.
***
"All men are not homeless, but some men are home less than others." — Henry Youngman

August 26, 2003
How do you pronounce the word "brouhaha?
(G.K Karthigaikhumara, Salem)

The "ou" in the first syllable is like the "oo" in "pool", "cool", and "fool". The "a" in the following two
syllables are pronounced like the "a" in "bath", "path", and "father". Some people put the main stress
on the first syllable, while others put it on the second. Both are acceptable. Any idea what the word
means? It means unnecessary noise or angry complaints about something. Many people consider the
word to be rather old fashioned. Here are a few examples.
*There was brouhaha when the Minister hiked taxes.
*What's all the brouhaha about?
*Knowing him as I do, there will be a lot of brouhaha over the new production of "Sleeping Beauty".
What is the origin of " Davy Jones's locker"?
(Jamsula Kamal Reddy, Ranga Reddy District)

This is an expression that is commonly used by sailors. When you say that someone has gone to Davy
Jones's locker what you are implying is that the individual drowned at sea; he is at the bottom of the
ocean. The idiom can be used with objects as well. Here are a few examples.
*The pirate ended up in Davy Jones's locker.
*According to this newspaper report, the treasure is still in Davy Jones's locker.
*He has gone to Davy Jones's locker.
Although the idiom has been part of the English language for well over two centuries, no one is really
sure about its origin. Some scholars speculate that Davy Jones or David Jones, was a fearsome pirate.
One of the things that he did with his captured prisoners was to make them walk the plank. In other
words, he threw them overboard while they were in the middle of the ocean. Result? The prisoners
invariably drowned. Another theory is that David Jones was the owner of a pub who often drugged his
unsuspecting patrons and sold them off as slaves to ship owners.
The theory that most people are comfortable with is the following: Jones is actually from Jonah, you
know the character in the Bible who was swallowed by a whale; and Davy is a corruption of the West
Indian word "duppy" meaning "ghost or devil". So Davy Jones is actually the spirit of the sea, the
sailor's devil!
What does "conk out" mean?
(Ananya, Secunderabad)
The slang expression "conk out" has several different meanings. One of the meanings is "to collapse".
*After the ten-mile jog, I just conked out.
*Harini was afraid that she would conk out in front of everyone.
The expression can be used with objects as well. When you say that something has conked out, what
you mean is that it has broken down or "quit running".
*The old fan finally conked out during the summer.
*Arun's scooter conked out on his way to the office.

What is the difference between "intervene" and "interfere"?
(Sita, Chennai)
"Interfere" has a negative connotation. When you interfere in something, you are poking your nose
into other people's business. You are meddling. The word carries with it the sense of obstruction or
getting in the way of something. Here are a few examples.
*The slashing of funding interfered with the work on the project.
*The politician tried to interfere in the police investigation.
*I don't want you to interfere in my life.
"Intervene", on the other hand, has a much more positive connotation. When you intervene in
something, you are playing a much more constructive role. This probably explains why the Americans
talk about their intervention in Iraq, rather than interference. Here are a few examples.
*The lawyer intervened in the dispute and resolved the problem.
*I don't want to intervene in a dispute between a husband and a wife.
*The police intervened when the students started throwing stones at buses.
***** ***** *****
"Britain has invented a new missile. It's called the civil servant - it doesn't work and it can't be fired." —
Walter Walker

September 02, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "all right" and "alright"?
(R. Pradeep, Mysore)

According to careful users of the language, the word "alright" doesn't exist. The correct way to spell
the word is "all right". But the fact remains that many people spell it as one word. While you may get
away with "alright" in informal contexts, you may not be so lucky in formal ones. So don't push your
luck. Most dictionaries do not list "alright" as an alternative.
What is the meaning of "downplayed"?
(N. N. Chezhian, Chennai)

Whenever a politician gets caught in a scandal, what does he do? He tries to downplay it. When you
downplay something what you are trying to do is to make it appear to be less important than what it
actually is. You tend to treat the matter or issue as not being very serious. The word has the same
meaning as "to play down". Here are a few examples.
*The Government tried to downplay the significance of the issue.
*Gayathri always downplays her role in saving the hospital.
*To keep his parents from worrying, Shyamraj downplayed the dangers of his job.
What is the meaning and origin of the idiom "to put a spoke in someone's wheel"?
(N. Chitra, Nanganallur)

When you put a spoke in someone's wheel what you are doing is trying to make things difficult for
him. You are attempting to interfere with or obstruct the progress of something. Here are a few
examples.
*When the students came to know what the Registrar was trying to do, they tried to put a spoke in his
wheel.
*By telling the press everything, Karthick put a spoke in Anand's wheel.
*Laxman put a spoke in his son's wheel when he refused to increase his allowance.
This expression has been part of the English language for well over 400 years. You may wonder how
putting a spoke in a wheel will impede anyone's progress. After all, a bicycle wheel is full of spokes,
putting another one in is unlikely to slow things down. What you must remember is that the wheel
referred to here is the ancient wheel — the solid wooden wheel, one which didn't have any spokes.
These wheels, however contained a hole, and whenever someone wanted to stop the wheel from
moving, he inserted a spoke into the hole. The spoke or pin acted as a brake and thus impeded
movement.
What is the meaning of cowboy?
(L. Shantha, Hyderabad)

Remember those old classic westerns? A cowboy was usually someone who took care of cattle —
branding them, feeding them, and moving them from one place to another. The word has taken on an
additional meaning. Nowadays, anyone can be called a cowboy. Even ordinary folks like you and me.
When you refer to someone as being a cowboy, what you mean is that he is not an honest person; he
is reckless and ignores rules that most people obey. He is not only unqualified, but also incompetent.
People who drive very fast, disobeying traffic rules are often called cowboys. Here are a few

examples.
*The taxi driver who drove me to the airport was a real cowboy.
*I wouldn't buy anything from those builders. They are a bunch of cowboys.
*Jai's first job was with a bunch of cowboy solicitors.
How is the word "poignant" pronounced?
(D. Pankaj, Bangalore)

The first syllable "poign" rhymes with "coin" and "join"; the "g" is silent. The "a" in the final syllable
is like the "a" in "china". Between the first "n" and the following "a" a new sound is inserted. It is the
sound "y" as in "yet", "yes", and "yen". The main stress is on the first syllable. When you refer to a
film as being "poignant" what you mean is that it was deeply moving, and made you feel extremely
sad. Here are a few examples.
*The sudden death of the dog was a poignant experience for the entire family.
*The movie brought back poignant memories of his childhood.
***** ***** *****
"The trouble with unemployment is that the minute you wake up in the morning you're on the job."
— Slappy White

September 09, 2003
Know Your English
"HOW WAS the movie?"

"Fantabulous."
"Fantabulous! Never heard that word before."
"It's a combination of fantastic and fabulous. Can you guess what it means?"
"Probably means excellent or superb."
"Very good. I saw a fantabulous dining table yesterday. I think I will buy it."
"A fantabulous dining table. What's wrong with you? You hate furniture and now."
"...relax. I am just trying to be a salesman. That's what they say in ads, don't they? This fantabulous
sofa set can be yours for only..."
"...please, stop. You are not a salesman. And I am not interested in a sofa set."
"Then how about this example? The new restaurant is supposed to be fantabulous."
"That's more like it. Anyway, .."
"..are you going to add `fantabulous' to your wordrobe?"
"Wordrobe? You mean wardrobe, don't you?"
"No, I mean wordrobe. An individual's wordrobe is his vocabulary."
"So, can I say, how many words have you added to your wordrobe?"
"I suppose you could. Prakash's wordrobe is very limited."
"Well, so is mine. Tell me, what were you doing? Were you on the computer?"
"Yes. I was doing some egosurfing."
"Egosurfing? What is that?"
"Well, that's when you log on to the Net in order to find out how many times your name has been
listed in the various sites."
"And in your case, how many... "
"...my name didn't appear anywhere."
"Ouch! That must have hurt. I am sure if Laxmi egosurfs, she will find her name listed on several
sites."
"Please, I don't want to talk about that cookie pusher."
"Another word from your wordrobe, I see. What does cookie pusher mean?"
"Do you know what a cookie is?"
"Yes, I do. `Cookie' is the word Americans use for biscuit."
"Exactly! A cookie pusher is someone who flatters people in order to get ahead in life."
"One of those terrible people."
"Exactly! My boss is very lucky because the office is full of cookie pushers. He gets at least one free
lunch every week."

"Ravi is a well-known cookie pusher in my class."

"A cookie pusher came in today and told me what a great guy I was."
"That's what all cookie pushers do, I guess."
"By the way, a lazy person can also be called a cookie pusher."
"How about this example? I don't understand how a no good cookie pusher like Kalyan got
promoted!"
"My boss said that from now on it's going to be only performance that counts. He is planning to fire
all cookie pushers."
"Our government offices are overflowing with cookie pushers."
" That's true."
"Guess who I ran into at the video store? Ganesh."
"Ganesh! I haven't seen him in a while. How is the worrywart doing?"
"Worrywart? You are pulling a lot of strange words out of your wordrobe."
"Worrywart is a word that has been around for some time. When you refer to someone as being a
`worrywart' what you mean is that..."
"...he worries about things unnecessarily."
"Fantabulous. My cousin Mala is a worrywart."
"Being in the company of worrywarts can be very depressing."
"Yes, it can. I tend to shy away from worrywarts. Anyway, what is Ganesh worried about now?"
"He didn't do too well in the entrance exam."
"I thought he had paid a lot of money to get the question paper."
"Unfortunately none of the questions turned up in the exam."
"His source was unreliable. He must have got the question paper from someone who works for
American intelligence!"
***** ***** *****
"If you die in an elevator, be sure to push the Up button." — Sam Levenson
(Know Your English completes 21 years)

September 16, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "carrot and stick approach?"
(M. Selvarajamani, Chennai)

The carrot and stick approach was first used by owners of donkeys in order to keep their animals
moving. Whenever the animal stopped, the rider used to dangle a raw carrot in front of the animal's
nose. And if the stubborn animal still refused to move, then guess what happened? The owner gave it
a sound thrashing with a stick! When you adopt the carrot and stick approach, you are getting
someone to do what you want him to by rewarding him. You give him something valuable, something
he wants. If he fails to do what you want him to, then you punish him. You make something bad
happen to him. So when a Minister says that he is going to adopt a carrot and stick policy, is he
implying that he is the master and we are all asses? Not really. (At least I don't think so!) All that he is
saying is that he is going to reward those who do their job and punish those who don't.
*The teachers use both the carrot and the stick to make sure that the students do their work.
*The Government says that it favours a carrot and stick approach to get unemployed people back to
work.
Does the expression "in short supply" mean the same thing as "in short order"?
(C.Visvanathan, Coimbatore)
No, it doesn't. When you say that a commodity is "in short supply" what you mean is that it is scarce.
The item is very difficult to get hold of because there is very little of it available. The demand for it is
far greater than the supply. Here are a few examples.
*Thanks to the transport strike, fresh vegetables are in short supply.
*I am told that during World War II chocolate was in short supply.
"In short order", on the other hand, has nothing to do with demand and supply. When you say that
something was done in short order, what you mean is that it was done very quickly. The expression is
mostly used in informal contexts. *The Minister's assistant straightened out the mess in short order.
*I don't want any excuses. I want this work done in short order.
Can I say, "Harsha is a flibbertigibbet?"
(P. L. N. Swamy, Vijayawada)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation of the word. The first syllable rhymes with "glib"; the "er" in
the following syllable is like the "a" in "china". The three vowels that follow are pronounced like the
"i" in "bit", "pit", and "kit". The "g" is like the "j" in "jam", "juice", and "jeep". The main stress is on
the fourth syllable "gib". This word is not used very often these days as it is considered to be old
fashioned. Not all dictionaries include it. A "flibbertigibbet" is a silly, talkative person. The word is
normally used with women and not men — though the world has its share of silly men who talk
incessantly. Here are a few examples.
*If it is that flibbertigibbet Janaki, tell her I am not at home.
*Everyone thought that Nandini was a flibbertigibbet, so no one took her ideas seriously.
What is the difference between "dispute" and "quarrel"?
(Kamlesh, Hyderabad)

Both words refer to a verbal expression of disagreement, but usually a dispute tends to be much more
serious. The two warring parties can be two countries or different groups of people and they usually
have heated clashes over something serious. A dispute is something, which usually lasts for a long
time as well. For example, India and Pakistan have been disputing over Kashmir since 1947.
*We have had a border dispute with Pakistan ever since we got our independence.
*There was a territorial dispute between the two rival gangs.
*The dispute is unlikely to be settled soon.
A quarrel can range from a mild to a violent argument; in general it tends to be far less serious than a
dispute. When people quarrel, they are usually having an argument about something unimportant.
Kids, for example, usually quarrel, they do not have disputes.
*The kids were constantly quarreling about something or the other.
*I don't want to start a quarrel, if you don't mind.
*The quarrel between the husband and the wife turned nasty.
***** ***** *****
"There is only one cure for grey hair. It was invented by a Frenchman. It is called the guillotine."
— P. G. Wodehouse

September 23, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between a "vendor" and a "seller"?
(K. Mubarak, Chennai)

The word "seller" is English in origin, while "vendor" is French. Both were initially used
synonymously to refer to someone who sold things. But nowadays, "vendor" is normally used to refer
to people who sell things on the street; "sellers" usually sell things in a shop. For example, we talk
about an ice cream vendor or a vegetable vendor. Native speakers use the term "vendor" to refer to
someone who is selling property. A vendor can also be someone who supplies goods and services to
other companies. Here are a few examples.
* When I grow up, I want to be an ice cream vendor.
* The vendor of the house wants the contract signed by next Monday.
* Raju's company deals with nearly forty vendors.
"Seller" is a more general word than "vendor". Anyone can be a seller. If I decide to sell my old
scooter, I become a seller, not a vendor.
How do you pronounce the word "envelope"?
(A.J. Venkatasubramanyam, Bangalore)

There are two different ways of pronouncing this word. The first syllable can be pronounced like the
"en" in "pen", "den", and "hen". The following "e" is like the "a" in "china", while the final syllable
rhymes with "hope", "pope", and "joke". Another way is to pronounce the vowel in the first syllable
like the "a" in "father", "path", and "bath". In both cases, the main stress is on the first syllable.
The word can also be used as a verb. When used as a verb, it is spelt "envelop". The first syllable, in
this case, is pronounced like the word "in", while the following "e" is like the "e" in "wet", "bet", and
"set". The final "o" is like the "a" in china; the main stress is on the second syllable. Any idea what the
word means? It means to cover or surround something. Here are a few examples.
* We couldn't see the house because the mist had enveloped it.
* Runa was enveloped in a dress that was obviously too big for her.
* When Atul heard the news, gloom enveloped him.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "red herring"?
(Ranjeet Gujati, Patna)

Sometimes when you are talking to someone, he/she asks you some very embarrassing questions.
What do you normally do in these circumstances? You say something which you hope will distract
his/her attention. You try to get the individual to talk about something else. This ploy that you use to
divert the individual's attention is called a red herring. A "red herring" is normally used by people to
divert the attention of others from something important; from the central point that is being
considered. And who are the people who are well-known for introducing a red herring every now and
then? Politicians, of course! Here are a few examples.
* The Minister said that he wouldn't answer the question because it involved national security; but
that was a red herring to avoid a discussion of the terrible mistakes he had made.
* The detectives followed all the leads, but unfortunately they were all red herrings.
* The debate was getting really interesting, when unfortunately one of the questions the panelist

raised proved to be a bit of a red herring.

A "herring" is a kind of fish. I understand it turns red only when it is "cured" - that is, when it is
smoked and salted. The fish emits a very strong smell and in the past criminals made use of it to help
them in their bid to escape. Convicts used the herring to help them throw dogs off the scent. Since the
herring had a very strong smell, the police dogs followed the scent of the herring rather than that of
the escaped convict! The original expression was "drag a red herring across the trail", but now it's
been reduced to "red herring".
How do you greet someone who has just had a baby?
(N. Dharmeshwaran, Guduvancherry)

The normal expression is "congratulations". This is more than sufficient.
***
"It's time for the human race to enter the solar system."
— George W. Bush
(Stupid bush, where else we live then?)

September 30, 2003
WHAT IS the origin of the word "T-shirt"?
(S.Bakthavathsalan, Chennai)
When T-shirts first came out, they were made out of cotton and were used as "banyans" (as we call
them in India). Nowadays, a T-shirt can be made of any material and you can buy them in different
shapes and sizes - with or without collars and with or without pockets. The first cotton T-shirt came
without a collar. When a T-shirt without a collar is spread out on the table or bed it resembles the
capital letter "T", doesn't it? That's why it was called a "T-shirt"; because it was shaped like the letter
"T". In the 1950s, when T-shirts became extremely popular both in Europe and America, advertisers
realised that they were a great way of promoting products. Soon we had T-shirts with slogans written
on them. The title of a well-known book on communication published in the 1990s is called "Can you
put it on a T-shirt?"
Which of the following is correct? "At weekends/ on weekends"?
(K. Malini, Coimbatore)

Believe it or not, both are correct. I understand that the British use "at weekends" while people on the
other side of the Atlantic prefer "on weekends". Use whichever one you are comfortable with. Here
are a few examples.
* I usually play tennis on weekends.
* Rohini never does any work at weekends.
* What is Jyothi doing at the weekend?
* What are you doing on the weekend?
What is the meaning of the expression "just the tip of the iceberg"?

For most movie buffs, an iceberg is usually associated with one major event — the sinking of the
Titanic! The expression "just the tip of the iceberg" was in use long before the ill-fated ship went
down. One of the characteristics of the iceberg is that most of it remains under water. Only a small
portion of it remains above water; it's usually the tip that we see floating. In other words, there is more
to an iceberg than meets the eye!
When you say that a problem or a situation is just the tip of the iceberg, what you mean is that the
problem is much more serious than it appears to be. What you see is only a small part of a really
major problem. Here are a few examples.
* The layoffs are only the tip of the iceberg. I wouldn't be surprised if they decided to close down the
plant next year.
* The recent riots are just the tip of the iceberg.
* The small protests that we see now are only the tip of the iceberg. I have a feeling things are going
to turn violent pretty soon.
What is the difference "loath" and "loathe"?
(G. Venkatraman, Hyderabad)

In both these words, the "oa" is pronounced like the "oa" in "goat", "boat", and "coat". When you

"loathe" someone, you hate or despise the individual. You have absolute contempt for him. It is also
possible to loathe something. Here are a few examples.
* Most people in my class loathe politicians.
* Unlike most of my cousins, Mala doesn't loathe me.
* Bala loathes meeting people.
"Loath", on the other hand, means you are unwilling or reluctant to do something. It is also possible to
spell the word "loth". Here are a few examples.
* My friend Gowri is loath to lend her books to anyone.
* The politicians were loath to admit that they had embezzled the money.
* Mythreye is loath to tell her parents all that happened.
In terms of pronunciation, the difference between the two words lies in the way the final "th" is
pronounced. The "th" in "loathe" is pronounced like the "th", in "this", "that", and "those". In fact, the
word "loathe" rhymes with "clothe". In the case of "loath", the final "th" is pronounced like the "th" in
"thank", "thin", and "three". We Indians generally don't make a distinction between these two sounds.
So, don't worry, be happy! Remember the song?
***
"I was so ugly when I was born, the doctor slapped my mother." —
Henry Youngman

October 07, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "to go hammer and tongs at someone"?
(K. Madhu, Bangalore)

When you go hammer and tongs at someone what you are doing is fighting or arguing with the
individual with a lot of energy and force. You are making use of all the resources at your disposal to
fight him. Here are a few examples.
*I wouldn't go in if I were you. Ramesh and Sujatha are going at it hammer and tongs.
*Kamlesh used to go at his jogging hammer and tongs till he broke his leg.
*For three days, the two parties went at it hammer and tongs.
The hammer and the tongs were two tools generally used by a blacksmith. We all know what a
hammer is; as for the "tongs", well it was the instrument which helped the blacksmith remove red hot
metal from the fire and place it on the anvil. The blacksmith held the metal down with the help of the
long tongs and beat the hot metal into shape with the hammer. Since this activity of beating the metal
into shape involved a lot of vigorous hitting, the expression "to go hammer and tongs" began to be
used to refer to any activity where an individual went after something or someone vigorously.
What is the difference between "misinformed" and "ill-informed"?
(S. Preethi, Hyderabad)

An ill-informed person does not have much knowledge of a particular subject. Some dictionaries say
that it is the opposite of "well informed". You may know a lot about cricket, but you may not know
much about rugby. In such a case, I can say you are ill-informed about rugby. Many of us are ill-
informed about a lot of things. It is but natural; it is not possible for an individual to be well informed
about everything. Here are a few examples.
*The ill-informed comments made by the Vice Chancellor had the students worried.
*The workers were ill-informed of their rights
When you "misinform" someone you are deliberately lying to the individual. You are providing him
false information in order to trick him. You are trying to deceive him. Politicians are very often
accused of misinforming the public. Unlike ill-informed, misinform has a negative connation.
*Some people believe that Bush and Blair misinformed the public about Saddam's weapons of mass
destruction.
*The author accuses the tobacco company of misinforming teenagers about the dangers of smoking.
Why do we refer to ordinary paper as "full scape" paper?
(Raju, Vizag)
Printing paper measuring 13.5 inches by 17 inches is usually called "foolscap" paper and not "full
scape" paper. The first syllable is pronounced like the word "fools" and the second like the word
"cap". The main stress is on the first syllable. The paper is called "foolscap" because there was a time
when paper was watermarked with a fool's cap — i.e. a cap worn by a court jester. According to some
people, it was Oliver Cromwell who decided to put this design on paper. It was to replace symbol of
the royal crown which had appeared earlier. Many people however dismiss this idea.

How is the word "kudos" pronounced? Is it singular or plural?
(N. Gayathri, Madurai)

The "ku" in the first syllable is pronounced like the word "cue", and the following "o" is like the "o"
in "hot", "got", and "dot". The main stress is on the first syllable. When you receive "kudos" from
someone for having done something, you receive his admiration and respect. The word is usually
followed by a singular verb. Here are a few examples.
*Radha received kudos for coming first in the race.
*Unfortunately the author didn't receive the kudos that was her due.
*Kudos is the last the thing I expect to get from my friends.
When you call a shop and want to know if it is open can you say, "Are you open"?

I suppose you could, but the fact that someone has answered the phone suggests that they are open,
doesn't it? You could try one of the following.
*How long are you open today?
*What are your working hours?
*How late are you open today?
***** ***** ******
I'd move to Los Angeles if New Zealand and Australia were swallowed up by a tidal wave, if there was
a bubonic plague in England and if the continent of Africa disappeared from some Martian attack." —
Russell Crowe

October 14, 2003
WHAT IS the difference between "earmark" and "hallmark"?
(John Silas, Chennai)

A "hallmark" was originally an official mark put on objects made out of gold and silver. This was
done to certify the purity of the metal, and also as to when and where the object was made. The word
is being used these days to refer to a typical feature of a thing or person. Here are a few examples.
*Kalyan treated us with an indifference that has become his hallmark.
*Religious tolerance is the hallmark of a democracy.
*The bombing bore all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack.
When you earmark something for a particular purpose, you have decided that it will be used for that
particular purpose.
*The government has earmarked some funds for the anti-drug programmes.
*You cannot touch those funds. They have been earmarked for the school library.
*Vinita says that her school has been earmarked for closure.
What is the meaning of the word "Sisyphean"?
(Prabhat Kumar, Varnasi)

King Sisyphus who ruled over his kingdom in Cornith wasn't a very good king. He treated his subjects
badly and as punishment, he was sent to Hades (the land of the dead) where he was condemned to
push a huge rock up a steep hill. Every time poor Sisyphus managed to get it to the top, the rock rolled
down and he had to repeat the task. Two positive things came out of this futile exercise: 1) The
workout helped Sisyphus build some serious muscles, and 2) The rock gathered no moss! You know
what they say, a rolling stone gathers no moss!
Anyway, when you refer to a task as being "Sisyphean", what you are implying is that you are
involved in endless and meaningless labour. The "i" in the first syllable and the "y" in the second are
pronounced like the "i" in "pit", "bit", and "sit". The "ph" sounds like the "f" in "fine", "feet", and
"fair"; and the following vowel is like the "ee" in "fee", "bee", and "key". The final "a" is like the "a"
in "China". The main stress is on the third syllable "phe". This is one way of pronouncing the word.
What is the meaning of "euthanasia"? How is the word pronounced?
(M. Munavar Basha, Chennai)

The "euth" is pronounced like the word "youth", while the "a" in the second and fourth syllable sound
like the "a" in "China". The second "a" sounds like the "ay" in "say", "way", and "pay", while the "s"
is like the "s" in "measure", "treasure", and "pleasure". The main stress is on the third syllable "na".
This is one of the ways of pronouncing the word.
The practice of killing someone who is very ill without causing the individual any pain is called
euthanasia. It is usually done in order to reduce the suffering of an individual or an animal. The term
that is normally used is "mercy killing". When the sick person requests to be killed, it is called
"voluntary euthanasia". Here are a few examples.
* Many people think that people should have the right to euthanasia.* My pet dog was in bad shape,
and the vet suggested euthanasia.

What is the meaning and origin of "flotsam and jetsam"?
(G. Vindya, Secunderabad)

This was originally an expression used by sailors. Flotsam refers to the floating wreckage of a ship
and its cargo. Jetsam, on the other hand, refers to cargo deliberately thrown overboard in order to
lighten a ship during an emergency. When you use this expression to talk about people, what you
mean is that as far as you are concerned they are useless and unimportant. The expression is normally
used to refer to people without homes and jobs. Here are a few examples.
*The beggar was sharing the pavement with various other human flotsam and jetsam.
*Laxman's mind is burdened with the flotsam and jetsam of many years of bad instruction.
*** *** ***
"Expecting the world to treat you fairly because you are good is like expecting the bull not to charge
because you are a vegetarian."—
Dennis Wholey
***** ***** *****

October 21, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "read between the lines"?
(Vishal Eswar, Vadapalani)

When someone says something and you "read between the lines" what you are doing is inferring. The
expression does not always have to refer to written or printed material. Here are a few examples.
* Radha is still green. She believes everything she hears. She still hasn't learnt to read between the
lines.
* If you read between the lines, you'll see that he is saying that he doesn't plan to get married any time
soon.
* If you want to survive in this company, you must learn to read between the lines.
People have come up with several theories as to the possible origin of this expression. Some believe
that it arose from the practice of using invisible ink to include secret messages in letters. What people
used to do was to write a normal letter using ordinary ink. They would then write the secret message
using invisible ink in the space between the lines of the letter. In order the get the message, the
receiver had to read between the lines.
Why is an important person called a "bigwig"?
(H. Laxman, Secunderabad)

Someone who holds an important or a powerful position is usually called a "bigwig". For example,
* We have invited a few of the bigwigs over for dinner.
* Some of the bigwigs from the local party are coming for the inauguration of the hospital.
* The bigwigs refused to meet him.
Important people are called "bigwigs" because there was a time when these people wore big wigs!
Makes sense, doesn't it? As you probably know, several centuries ago, wearing wigs was a fashion.
All men, whether they were bald or not, wore wigs. The richer you were, the more wigs you had.
France's Louis XIV started the practice of wearing really long and tall wigs, and soon all of Europe's
royalty began to copy him. In England, the length of the wig that a man wore depended on his
importance — or his perceived importance. The more important you were, the longer and bigger the
wig. Soon a lot of people began to wear these full-length wigs. As a result, they had to pass a law
declaring that only nobility, judges, and bishops could wear full-length wigs — they became the "big
wigs".
When you use B.C. and A.D., where should the numerals come? Before or after B.C. and A.D.?
(Rev. S. C. Jayakumar Coimbatore)

B.C. and A.D. are usually put after the date. For example, according to some people Julius Caesar
died on 15 March 44 B.C. When the history of the world comes to be rewritten several hundred years
from now, chances are "BBB" and "ABB" will be added to the lexicon. "Before Bush and Blair" and
"After Bush and Blair".
Which of the following is correct "He feels ill" or "He feels sick"? Can I say, "He is an ill
person"?
(Madhavi, Bangalore)
As for the first question, both are correct. When you say that someone is "ill" what you mean is that

he is unwell. When you say he is sick, what you are implying is that the individual feels like throwing
up or vomiting.
Careful users of the language would argue that it is wrong to say, "He is an ill person" — although it
is heard quite often in speech. "Sick" is normally used before a noun. For example,
* Could you please keep quiet? We have a sick man in here.
* Radha is being trained to look after sick children.
* The sick student finally went to the doctor.
The word "ill", on the other hand, is normally used after a verb.
* The boy was ill and couldn't attend the meeting.
* He was too ill to go to school.
* I told my wife that I felt ill.
***
Women now have choices. They can be married, not married, have a job, not have a job, be married
with children, unmarried with children. Men have the same choice we've always had: work or prison.
—
Tim Allen

October 28, 2003
Wimp out, death warmed over, etc.
"ARE YOU busy?"

"What are you doing here? I thought you were helping Nadkarni clean up his garage today. Did you
wimp out?"
"Did I what?"
"Wimp out. When you wimp out of doing something, you get out of it. You leave it for others to do
it."
"In other words you chicken out, is that what you are saying?"
"I guess you could say that. Rajeev is a totally unreliable person. When the work builds up, he
invariably wimps out."
"How about this example? You promised that you would help us get the job done by Friday. You can't
wimp out on us now."
"I am not the sort of person who would wimp out when there is..."
"...I am not so sure about that."
"You are not sure about anything. Anyway, why aren't you helping Nadkarni?"
"I am not feeling too good. I called up Mr. Nadkarni and informed him that I wouldn't be coming."
"Not feeling good, eh? Explains why you look like death warmed over, I guess."
"I look like what?"
"When you tell someone that he looks like death warmed over, what you mean is that he looks
terrible."
"Is it another way of saying that the person is ugly?"
"No, no! It just means that the individual looks very tired or ill. It doesn't mean he is ugly."
"I see. Can I say, when I saw Deepa in the hospital last week she looked like death warmed over?"
"I suppose you could. You could also say that she looked like death warmed up. The British say
`warmed up', while the Americans say, `warmed over'. It is also possible to say `to feel like death
warmed over'."
"After going on a twenty mile trek, I felt like death warmed up."
"That's bound to happen. When Anuradha came to office this morning, she looked like death warmed
over. So my boss told her to take the next couple of days off."
"That was nice of him."
"Don't know if it was nice of him. I think he gave her a couple of days off because he wanted to
protect himself."
"Protect himself from what?"
"From Anuradha! You see, she has a terrible temper. Even when she is in a good mood she tends to
make the fur fly. So you can...."
".... what does that mean?"

"When you say that someone makes the fur fly, what you mean is that the person causes many fights
or arguments. For example, I can say, my neighbours hate each other. Whenever they run into each
other, they make the fur fly."
"How about this example? When I was a kid, I spilled ink all over my father's office papers. When he
saw that, he made the fur fly."
"It is also possible to say, `to make the feathers fly'. For example, when some of my friends get
together, they really make the feathers fly."
"So what do you do when the fur flies?"
"Me? I just make sure that I don't get caught in the crossfire."
"In the crossfire? What does it mean?"
"It means the same thing as `get caught in the middle'. When two people are arguing and you get
caught in the middle, what kind of a situation are you in?"
"A pretty difficult one, I suppose. Probably makes it very difficult for you to remain neutral."
"Excellent. My uncle and aunt were having an argument and unfortunately my sister got caught in the
crossfire."
"When my sister and her friend have an argument, they try to draw me into it. But I always make sure
that I don't get caught in the middle."
"Whenever I sense that people are going to have an argument, I try to get out of the room. I just hate
getting caught in the crossfire."
"I sense that you want me leave. I'll see you later."
"Take care."
***** ***** *****
The 50-50-90 rule: Anytime you have a 50-50 chance of getting something right, there's a 90%
probability you'll get it wrong. —
Andy Rooney

November 04, 2003
Know Your English
"HEY, HOW are you feeling?"

"Much better. Why do you ask? Do I still look like death warmed over?"
"No, no! You look just fine. Have you been out this evening?"
"Yeah, I had to go to the station. I was supposed to meet Ramesh there. I awaited for him for half an
hour, but he never showed up."
"Half an hour?"
"Yes, I awaited for half...."
".... await is not usually followed by for. You await someone or something."
"I can say `wait for', right?"
"That's right. You can say, `wait for', but not àwait for'. Await means `wait for'. For example, the
players are anxiously awaiting the decision of the coach."
"How about this example? The man is awaiting trial."
"Sounds good. Some people end their letters by saying, `We await your reply'."
"That sounds so formal."
"It is formal. Await is considered formal. Anyway, why did you decide to meet Ramesh at the station?
You could have asked him to come over to your place."
"No, we had to go to the station. You see our English teacher has given us an assignment. We have to
describe about the new bookshop in the railway station."
"I didn't know they had a new bookshop. Is it big?"
"Very big. Do you want me to describe about it?"
"No, I don't want you to describe about it. I would like you to describe it, though."
"You mean I can't say `describe about'?"
"That's right. You cannot say `describe about'. You describe something. The teacher has asked us to
describe the bookshop."
"Rajesh described the house in great detail. How does that sound?"
"Sounds great."
"The young child described the robber."
"Tell me. Did Ramesh turn up or not?"
"No, he apparently forgot."
"Well, that's not surprising."
"What do you mean?"
"All that I am saying is that you can't expect much from Ramesh. He doesn't know enough to come in
out of the rain."
"What does that mean?"

"Well, if it is raining outside, and the individual doesn't know that he has to come in, what would you
think of the person?"
"Well, I would say that he is pretty stupid."
"And that's what the expression means."
"I see. Can I say Harish is so stupid that he doesn't know enough to come in out of the rain?"
"Yes, you can. Here's another example. Everyone told me that Naresh was smart. After talking to him
for five minutes I realised that he didn't know enough to come in out of the rain."
"According to you most people are dumb."
"That's true."
"I don't think Ramesh is stupid. He forgets. He is also accident prone."
"What do you mean?"
"Like yesterday, he was sitting in a chair in class. And he just fell down from the chair."
"Well, you don't usually fall down from a chair. Careful users of the language would say `fall off the
chair'."
"Why are you being so picky today?"
"Sorry."
"I used to fall off my bicycle very often."
"The rider fell off the horse and broke his foot."
"Before I fall off this wobbly chair, I'd better get home. I am expecting a phone call."
"Are you awaiting for a phone call?"
"Ha! Ha! Very funny."
***** ***** *****
"Each night I lie awake and stare up at the stars and wonder...what the hell happened to my ceiling?"
— Robert Paul

November 11, 2003
KNOW YOUR ENGLISH
"HOW DO you pronounce r...a...p...p...o...r...t?"

"Why do you want to know?"
"First, you tell me, and then I'll tell you."
"O.K. The à' in the first syllable is pronounced like the à' in ....."
".... like the à' in `china', I bet."
"No, it's like the à' in `cat', `bat', and `sat'. The òr' in the second syllable is like the òr' in `pore',
`sore', and `bore'. The final `t' is silent."
"The stress? Is it on the first or second syllable?"
"It's on the second syllable. When you have a good rapport with someone...."
".... I know what it means. When you have a good rapport with someone, you have a good relationship
with him or her. You understand the individual very well."
"Lots of people find it strange that I have an excellent rapport with Bala."
"Well, I guess it's because you two are so different. Anyway, how about this example? My physics
teacher has an excellent rapport with all his students."
"Good! I wish my boss had a good rapport with the new accountant."
"I thought your new accountant had some good ideas about how to cut costs."
"She does. But my boss isn't willing to listen to anything she says. According to him she's just a
Johnny come lately."
"Johnny come lately? What does it mean?"
"When you refer to someone as a Johnny come lately what you mean is that he/she is a newcomer. As
you know, this accountant joined the company very recently."
"So your boss isn't willing to listen to your accountant because she doesn't know much about the
company?"
"That's right."
"How about this example. We don't pay any attention to Laxman. He is a Johnny come lately and
doesn't know what he is talking about."
"Another expression which means the same thing is 'new kid on the block'."
"I have been going to the same restaurant for ten years. Why should I listen to some new kid on the
block?"
"I have been with my company for fifteen years. But my boss still thinks of me as the new kid on the
block."
"That's because he's been with the company for forty years, and....."
".... I don't want to talk about my boss. Tell me, why did you want to know about rapport?"
"Well Sujatha said that if I wanted to have a good rapport with her, then I should...."
".... a good rapport with Sujatha! That's not going to happen."

"Why not?"
"You are too lowbrow for her."
"Lowbrow? What does it mean?"
"Well, what kind of a person is Sujatha?"
"She is very intelligent. I guess you could call her an intellectual. She...."
".... at least, she thinks she is an intellectual. Pretends to be one anyway. What sort of person are
you?"
"Well, I am not very bright. I am not very fond of intellectuals. I guess you could say that I am not
very refined. Furthermore, I,....."
"...all those things make you a lowbrow."
"O.K, I think I understand. I feel ill at ease in the company of highbrows. You could say that I am
allergic to them."
"Geetha used to be a highbrow, but she has given up some of her fancy ways."
"Some of the highbrows in my class meet every Sunday to discuss poststructuralism and ....."
".....don't want to know."
"O.K. Tell me, is there a middlebrow?"
"Yes, there is. Someone who is a middlebrow is average."
"In other words, mediocre?"
"That's right. People like you and me are middlebrows."
"I thought you said that I was a lowbrow."
"According to Sujatha you are. But in my opinion...."
".... forget it. I have to go. You take care."
"You too."
***
"Doing nothing is very hard to do...you never know when you're finished." — Leslie Nielsen
http://www.hindu.com/edu/2003/11/11/stories/2003111100120300.htm

November 18, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the expression "the whole nine yards"?
(K. Sashidhar, Madurai)

There was a movie by this name starring Mathew Perry and Bruce Willis. Did you happen to see it?
"The whole nine yards" is an informal expression mostly used in American English. It is used to mean
"the entire amount, everything". Here are a few examples.
*For the sake of his daughter, Shyam was willing to go the whole nine yards.
*Help Kalyan with the assignment! He isn't worth the whole nine yards.
*What do I want? Give me the whole nine yards.
There are several theories as to the origin of this expression. According to some people, it comes from
the world of tailoring — it's the amount of material required to make a decent suit. Some others
believe that the expression comes from the construction business. I understand that in the United
States, sand and cement are sold by the yard. Apparently the maximum capacity of a standard cement
mixer truck is nine cubic yards. So when you ask for the whole nine yards, you want as much as the
truck can carry.
What is the difference between "purposely" and "purposefully"?
(A. Malathi, Chennai)

When you do something "purposely", you do it deliberately. You do it on purpose. Here are a few
examples.
*The child purposely spilled coffee on the new carpet.
*Prasad purposely left the windows open.
*At the meeting, the chairman purposely made certain provocative statements.
When you do something "purposefully" you do it with a clear aim or purpose.
*The angry principal walked purposefully into the lounge.
*Tendulkar strode purposefully to the crease and took guard.
*The aging hero walked purposefully across the street and into the bar.
What is a collector of matchbox labels called?
(G. Visvanath, Hyderabad)

There are several words to describe such an individual, but one of the common ones seems to be
"phillumenist". The first syllable rhymes with "pill", "fill", and "chill". The "u" in the second syllable
is like the "oo" in "fool", "cool", and "pool", while the following vowel is like the "a" in "china". The
main stress is on the second syllable. "Phil" is from Greek "philos" meaning "lover" and "lumen" is
from Latin "lumen" meaning "light".
Is it okay to say, "Both Dravid and Tendulkar are not batting well"?
(T. Chandrasekhar, Bangalore)

You could possibly get away with it in speech, but careful users of the language would frown on it.
You don't usually use a negative with "both". Here are a few examples.
*Neither Dravid nor Tendulkar is batting well.

*Neither of you is being sent to Mumbai.

*Neither Uma nor Usha turned up for the meeting.
*Both Uma and Usha turned up for the meeting.
*Both students are going to Mumbai.
What is the meaning of the word "oodles"?
(Uma, Chennai)
This is a word that is mostly used in informal contexts. When you have oodles of something, you have
lots of it. By the way, the word rhymes with "noodles". Here are a few examples.
*I wish I had oodles and oodles of money.
*Whenever he gets tense, he drinks oodles of coffee.
*I love to have oodles of sauce on my noodles.
How is the word "debut" pronounced?
(N. Naresh, Hyderabad)

The first syllable "de" sounds like "day" and the second syllable is like the "beau" in "beautiful". The
stress can be either on the first or the second syllable. Take your pick.
*Ramani's debut album will be released next week.
*He made his debut at the ripe old age of 62.
*Shashi is making her debut tonight.
***** ***** *****
"I know I'm getting better at golf because I'm hitting fewer spectators." — Gerald R. Ford

November 25, 2003
Saccharine, syrupy, get-go...
"HOW DO you pronounce s..a..c..c..h..a..r..i..n..e?"

"Well, the first syllable is pronounced like the word `sack'. The à' in the second syllable is like the à'
in `china'."
"And the final syllable probably rhymes with `seen', `teen', and `keen'."
"Yes, that's how some people pronounce it. Others make it rhyme with `fine', `pine' and `dine'. The
main stress is on the first syllable. Do you know what saccharine means?"
"Doesn't it mean excessively sweet?"
"Excellent! When you say that something is `saccharine' what you mean is that it is very sweet."
"So the word is used disapprovingly?"
"That's right. Here's an example. Everyone in my office just loves Dilip. I find his behaviour very
saccharine. Of course, the word also refers to an artificial sweetener — so it means the behaviour is
artificially sweet!"
"When I walked into her office, she gave me a saccharine smile."
"That's a good example. Who are you talking about?"
"Wouldn't you like to know? Doesn't matter. So, did you go and see the movie?"
"Yes, I saw the movie yesterday. "
"Well, what did you think of it? Wasn't it just great?"
"Great? I thought it was syrupy."
"Syrupy? What is that supposed to mean?"
"When you say that something is syrupy what you mean is that it is overly sentimental."
"In other words, dripping with sentiment. Just like a syrup."
"I hate songs with syrupy lyrics."
"So do I. My cousin loves to read syrupy tales of romance."
"My mother does too."
"Syrupy can also be used to mean insincere."
"How about this example? Whenever I run into her, she gives me a syrupy smile. How does it sound?"
"Pretty good. I don't like it when Harish becomes syrupy."
"I don't either. But he has always been like that from the get-go."
"From the what? Did you say get-go?"
"That's right! It's an expression frequently used in American English."
"But what does it mean?"
"When you say that I have been here from the get-go, it means that you have been there from the
beginning."

"In other words, you have been there from day one."
"That's right. Here's an example. I don't understand how she got the promotion. The job should have
gone to Laxman. He has been with the company since the get-go."
"Listen, you must show them who the boss is from the get-go. How does it sound?"
"Pretty good. The students had all the answers figured out from the get-go."
"I have been part of the team from the get-go. So I should be made the captain."
"You are cuckoo, you know that."
"I am not!"
"Do you even know what cuckoo means?"
"No, but I am sure I am not one."
"It means crazy."
"And I am not crazy. How do you spell the word?"
"C..u.c..k..o..o. The first syllable is pronounced like the word `cook' and the òo' in the second is like
the òo' in `fool', `cool', and `pool'."
"And the stress is on the first syllable. You are the one who is cuckoo."
"How did I ever become friends with a cuckoo like you?"
"That's because you are a cuckoo yourself."
"Our company has come up with a new scheme to increase sales. If you ask me, it's plain cuckoo."
"According to you ...."
"....talking about cuckoo, how is that cousin of yours doing? Is he still busy moving bones from
graveyard to another?"
"Moving bones? What are you talking about?"
"That's how someone described doing a Ph.D. "
"You'll be happy to know that Suresh has got his Ph. D."
"Good for him."
***** ***** *****
"Bad spellers of the world — Untie!" — Graffiti

December 02, 2003
WHAT IS the origin of "apple of discord"?
(J. Laxman, Chennai)

When you say that something is the "apple of discord" what you mean is that it is the cause of dispute.
It's surprising how much trouble the apple has caused. Eating the forbidden fruit resulted in Adam and
Eve being thrown out of Eden. A fight over an apple resulted in the fall of Troy.
According to the legend, when Thetis and Peleus got married, they invited all the Greek gods, except
the god of Discord, Eris, to their wedding. Makes sense, doesn't it? Nobody wants a disagreement or a
quarrel during a wedding. After the wedding, well that's a different matter. Anyway, Eris was pretty
angry that she hadn't been invited to the wedding. So, what she did was to toss a golden apple among
the guests. On the apple were written the words, "For the fairest".
Three goddesses, Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite fought for the apple because each believed that she
was the fairest of them all. Since they didn't have a magic mirror, which could tell them who among
them was the fairest, the three goddesses asked Paris, the son of the king of Troy, to decide the matter
for them. And as it usually happens in such cases, the goddesses tried to bribe Paris; Hera promised
him all of Asia, and Athene promised him glory in war.
And guess what Aphrodite offered him if he were to give her the apple? You guessed it. She promised
him the most beautiful woman in the world; a woman whose face was capable of launching a
thousand ships. Young Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite, and he got the beautiful Helen in return.
Hera and Athene, as expected, were extremely angry with Paris and they plotted his ruin.
According to the legend it was the two goddesses that made sure that Troy was destroyed. Thousands
of people were killed because of a silly apple!
What is the difference between "every day" and "everyday"?
(Gauri, Bangalore)
These are two words that are often confused by people. When used as two words, it means daily. Here
are a few examples.
* Why should I have a bath every day?
* There's no need for you to call him every day.
* The children play tennis every day.
"Everyday", on the other hand, is normally used as an adjective. It is used to mean common or
ordinary. Here are a few examples.
* Traffic is an everyday problem in our city.
* These are my everyday clothes.
* Sweeping, dusting, and mopping are part of her everyday routine.
Use "everyday" before a noun.
Is it OK to say "consensus of opinion"?
(Indumathi, Hyderabad)
We hear the expression all the time, don't we? The consensus of opinion is this is the best movie in
town. The consensus of opinion is that the law should be passed without any changes. We find such
sentences in newspapers all the time. So, if you object to them, then you are likely to be in the

minority. Careful users of the language however object to this expression. They argue that
"consensus" means general agreement, therefore there is no need to add "of opinion". You can simply
say, "The consensus is this is the best movie in town".
What is the meaning of the word "couple" in the following sentence? "I'll be gone a couple of
days".
(Vinita Manohar, Hyderabad)

Dictionaries define the word couple as "two". So it can mean that you will be gone for two days. But
usually in everyday speech, the word "couple" is used to mean "a few". So you could be gone for
more than two days. When someone says that there were a couple of shops open, it doesn't necessarily
mean there were only two shops open. It could mean that there were more than two shops open. The
word is used to refer to an unspecified number; the number is usually small.
How is the word "beat" pronounced in the following sentence? The Australians beat us quite
easily.
(V. Ganesh, Madurai)

It rhymes with "meat", "seat", and "heat". Some people pronounce it like the word "bet". It is wrong to
pronounce it this way.
***
And God said, 'Let there be light' and there was light, but the Electricity Board said he would have to
wait until Thursday to be connected. . — Spike Milligan

December 08, 2003
IS IT "hand in glove" or "hand and glove"?
(O.V.Subbaiah, Vishakhapatnam)
The idiom is "hand in glove". When you are hand in glove with someone you are closely involved
with that individual — usually in an illegal activity. The two of you are up to no good. In British
English, this expression has a very negative meaning. Here are a few examples.
*Some of the politicians were hand in glove with the militants.
*I wouldn't trust anything he says. He's hand in glove with the Management.
*He realised much later that his own partner was hand in glove with his competitors.
In American English, however, the expression does not always carry this negative meaning with it.
When you are hand in glove with someone, you are very close to him/her. Here are a few examples.
*I am told that Hamsa is really hand in glove with Mohan.
*The teacher and the students worked hand in glove.
*The two sisters were hand in glove.
Now coming back to your question, this expression began to be used in the late 17th Century. The
interesting thing is that when it was first used, it was "hand and glove", but later changed to "hand in
glove".
What is the difference between "muddle along" and "muddle around"?
(N. Vasu, Chennai)

When you "muddle along" you are making progress. But the progress is not smooth because you are
doing something without having a definite plan. Most of us just muddle along in life. We don't really
have a clear plan as to what we want to achieve in life. When one doesn't have a clear plan, things can
become pretty awkward. Here are a few examples.
*Until he got everything straightened out, he just muddled along.
*Jai just muddled along for several years without really making any progress.
*The project just muddled along till they appointed a new manager.
When you "muddle around" you are working very inefficiently. You are probably wasting a lot of
time and energy doing other things, or doing nothing!
*I can't focus on anything today. I have just been muddling around.
*The new boss is pretty strict. He fires people who just muddle around.
*Stop muddling around and get some work done.
What is the meaning of "bad hair day"?
(D. Kumar, Hyderabad)

There are days when no matter how hard you try, your hair never stays in place. This upsets you and
in general puts you in a bad mood throughout the day. Well, even if you don't get upset, I am sure you
know people who do worry about these things. The expression "bad hair day" is usually used in
informal contexts to mean "a bad day in general". Most people consider it to be slang. Here are a few
examples.

*I am sorry that I was so glum. But this has been a bad hair day.
*Poor Rahul, he's been having an awful time. It's been one bad hair day after another.
*What's wrong with you? Having a bad hair day?
The expression is mostly used in American English.
How is the word " environment" pronounced?
(P. K. Seshadri, Chennai)

The first syllable is like the "in" in "pin", "bin", and sin". The "ir" is pronounced like the "ire" in
"fire", "tire", and "dire". The following "o" and "e" are pronounced like the "a" in "china". The main
stress is on the second syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "eve teasing"?
(Agatheesh, Chennai)
What do you normally find outside a girl's college? Boys, of course! A whole bunch of boys making
fun of the girls, and trying to get their attention. That's what eve teasing is; members of the male
species making fun of the opposite sex. The fun that these roadside Romeos (or Adams?) indulge in
isn't always innocent either. The expression "eve teasing" is Indian in origin; you won't find it in most
dictionaries. Native speakers of English don't use it. Since it is Indian, should we change the name
"Eve" to something else?
***** ***** *****
"The trouble with America is that there are far too many wide-open spaces surrounded by teeth."
— Charles Luckman

December 15, 2003
Fish, Cold fish, Fish or cut bait...
"HEY, DID you get the buttons that I had asked for?"
"Not yet. I am on my way. Tell me, did you like the movie you saw yesterday?"
"Didn't particularly care for it. Too many fish fights."
"Fish fights? What are you talking about? Which movie did you go to?"
"The one that you wanted me to see."
"There are no fish fights in the movie."
"A fight between two women is usually referred to as `fish fight'. The expression is considered slang."
"I see. Have you ever seen a fish fight?"
"In movies, yes. But not in real life."
"Same here. Can the word `fish' be used with men as well?"
"Yes, you can call a man a fish."
"But what does it mean?"
"When you refer to a person as a `fish' what you mean is that he/she is stupid or very clumsy."
"Sounds very insulting."
"It is. So don't use it unless you are pretty sure that you can get away with it. Here is an example. My
new assistant is a fish. He just can't do anything right."
"How about this example? Don't be such a fish Jai. Anyone can learn to ride a bicycle."
"Sounds good."
"Talking about learning to ride bicycles. You know that your friend Sujatha doesn't know how to ride
one, right?"
"I know that."
"Here's something you probably don't know. She is taking up a new job!"
"Yes, she told me yesterday."
"Did she tell you why?"
"No. But I have a feeling that she is tired of being a big fish in a small pond."
"What is that supposed to mean?"
"Well, when you say that someone is a big fish in a small pond, it means that the individual is an
important person in a very small place."
"I see. So what you mean is that in the small company that she is working for, Sujatha is an important
person. But outside it, she is a nobody."
"So, are you a big fish in a small pond?"
"Even in the small pond that I am in, I am not a big fish. My friend Vinay is a big fish in a little pond,
though."

"I don't think I'd ever want to be a big fish in a small pond. I think I have too much ambition for that."
"Good for you."
"Did Sujatha tell you anything about her new company?"
"All she told me was that her new boss is a cold fish."
"A cold fish? Well, I....."
".... when you say that someone is a cold fish, what you mean...."
".... I know what `cold fish' means. It means someone who is very unfriendly."
"That's right. But a cold fish could also be someone who doesn't show his emotions. For example,
many people believe that Anand is a cold fish."
"There are lots of people who think that you are a cold fish."
"I know that many of my cousins think I am a cold fish."
"Well, I guess there is a cold fish in every family."
"Have you finished the project that you have been working on?"
"No, but you know what...."
".... but you have been talking about it all the time."
"I know. But yesterday, I had another idea. You know...."
".... listen to me. I am sick and tired of listening to you talking about your project. There's no point in
just talking about it. Fish or cut bait."
"What?"
"When you tell someone to fish or cut bait, you are telling him to either do the job that he is supposed
to be doing or quit so that someone else can take over."
"In other words, you are telling me to shut up and get on with my project."
"Exactly! Here's an example. Ever since my boss told him to fish or cut bait, Mahesh has been doing
much better on the job."
"So if someone is just wasting his time, can I say, `Fish or cut bait'?"
"You certainly can. You had better decide if you want to do your project or just keep talking about it.
Fish or cut bait."
"You are a cold fish, you know that."
***
"Men are liars. We'll lie about lying if we have to. I'm an algebra liar. I figure two good lies make a
positive." — Tim Allen

December 22, 2003
WHAT IS the meaning of "make a silk purse out of a sow's ear"?
(Lakshmi, Hyderabad)
A "sow", as you probably know, is a female pig. The word rhymes with "how", "now" and "cow". Is it
possible to make a silk purse out of a pig's ear? What do you think? The expression "make a silk purse
out of sow's ear" is normally used to mean that it is impossible to make something fine out of inferior
or substandard material. The idiom is normally used in the negative. It is also possible to say, "turn a
sow's ear into a silk purse".
* No matter how hard you try, I am afraid you will not succeed in helping him get through his Board
exams. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.
* I wouldn't spend too much time and money trying to repair that old car. You can't turn a sow's ear
into a silk purse.
* The Municipal authorities are planning to convert the old garbage dump into a park. I guess that it's
a case of making a sow's ear into a silk purse.
What does the expression "rain on someone's parade" mean?
(L. Balagopal, Secunderabad)

This is an expression mostly used in American English in informal contexts. When you rain on
someone's parade what you are doing is ruining his/her plans. You are spoiling something for
someone. Here are a few examples.
* Sorry to rain on your parade Laxmi, but your calculations are all wrong.
* By calling a meeting at five in the evening on a Friday, the boss really rained on my parade.
* You are sure it's OK if I come along? I don't want to rain on your parade.
What is the difference between "I will lend you the money right now" and "I would lend you the
money right now"?
(L. Mukund, Chennai)

When someone tells you that he will lend you the money, you can begin to relax. You can be quite
sure that you will get the money you want. "Will" in this case suggests that the individual is quite
certain that he is giving you the money; he is definite. Here are a few examples.
* I will look you up the next time I visit the city.
* Don't panic, I will marry you.
* I will pick you up at noon.
The use of "would", on the other hand, brings in an element of uncertainty. When someone tells you
that he would like to lend you the money, it implies that he wants to lend you the money, but
unfortunately, he is not in a position to. Native speakers generally use "would' as a polite way of
saying no. If a boy tells a girl that he would marry her, what he means is that he is not going to marry
her. "I would marry you" is an incomplete sentence. It implies that you would marry the person if
certain conditions were met. For example, I would marry you if you had more money. But the fact is
that you don't have the money and therefore I am not going to marry you. In India many people use
"would" when they mean, "will". Remember "would" is not the polite form of "will" in all contexts.
The use of "would" introduces an element of uncertainty.

How is the word "curmudgeon" pronounced? What does it mean?
(M. Prabhakar, Vellore)

The "u" in the first syllable and the "o" in the final syllable are like the "a" in "china"; the second
syllable rhymes with "judge", "fudge" and "grudge". The main stress, as you have probably guessed
by now, is on the second syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word. An old person with a bad
temper is usually referred to as a curmudgeon. The word can also be used to refer to individuals who
get annoyed very easily. Some dictionaries list the word as being old fashioned. Here are a few
examples.
* My uncle is turning into a complaining old curmudgeon.
* Everyone heaved a sigh of relief when they heard that the curmudgeon wouldn't be attending the
meeting.
* He is such a nice man. How dare you call him a curmudgeon!
***
"One disadvantage of being a hog is that at any moment some blundering fool may try to make a silk
purse out of your wife's ear."
— J.B. Morton

December 29, 2003
Uncommon phrases
"HI, COME on in."

"What are you doing here?"
"I live here, in case you have forgotten."
"But you and Rahul were supposed to have left for Bangalore yesterday."
"Rahul stood me up."
"What does that mean?"
"Well, when you stand someone up, you don't keep an appointment that you have made with the
individual."
"In other words, you make a date and just not show up."
"Exactly! For example, Harish was supposed to go to the movie with Shyamala. But he stood her up
and went with Geetha instead."
"Harish has been known to do this. How about this example? I was supposed to meet Rajesh at the
library last night, but I stood him up."
"Sounds fine. Do you often stand people up?"
"I don't make a habit of it, but...."
".... I am really angry with Rahul. He's never stood me up before."
"There's always the first time. Let's forget about Rahul for the time being. I have a feeling that next
year is going to be great."
"What makes you think that?"
"My father has finally decided to go in for a new car. He's gone to meet Ganesh and...."
".... Ganesh! Avoid him."
"But why?"
"I've heard that Ganesh tends to rip people off."
"Rip people off! You mean he tears...."
".... no, no. When you rip someone off, you cheat them. You take advantage of the person."
"So you think Ganesh is going to charge my father too much?"
"That's right."
"I see. How about this example? Don't even think about going to that new five star hotel. They will
just rip you off."
"That's what five star hotels are supposed to do. Everyone knows that."
"You mean to say that people go to five star hotels expecting to get ripped off?"
"Let's not get into an argument about five star hotels. Here's another example. The old lady got ripped
off by the cunning salesman."
"The last time I bought a camera, I took Suresh with me just to make sure that I didn't get ripped off."

"That's a sensible thing to do. Anyway, what are your plans for tomorrow? Planning to party with
your friends?"
"Yeah, a couple of us are going to Surendran's house. He said...."
".... Surendran's house! In that case...."
".... irregardless of what you may think of Surendran...."
".... good grief. Irregardless! How I hate that word!"
"The word exists, you know."
"I know. The Americans use it. But even they consider it to be non standard. So don't use the word."
"So what should I use then?"
"Stick to regardless."
"Regardless of what you may think of my friend..."
".... I have nothing against your friend. All that I wanted to say was if you are going to Surendran's
party, you had better bone up on your GK."
"Bone up on my GK! What does that mean?"
"When you ask someone to bone up on something, what you are telling him to do is to review
something thoroughly in a very short period of time. Sujatha told me that she may be going to Paris
next month. I told her to bone up on her French."
"That's a good idea. My aunt is planning to visit her grandchildren in England this summer. I have
told her to bone up on her English."
"That's a very good example."
"But tell me, why do I need to bone up on my general knowledge before going to Surendran's house?"
"Because that's one of the games he plays."
"Oh brother, that doesn't sound like much fun."
"Oh, you never know. You might just end up winning."
"Fat chance of that happening! I guess I could always hide in the bathroom while they are...."
"...hide in the bathroom! What a wonderful way to welcome the New Year!"
***** ***** ******
"What do you call a dude from India? Hindude!" — Nick Arnette
Wishing the readers a Happy New Year!

January 05, 2004
"What is the difference between a "linguist" and a "polyglot"?
(C. Sreeram, Palakol, West Godavari, Dist)

I read somewhere that a linguist is someone who has mastered every tongue (language) except his
wife's! Actually, a linguist is someone who studies languages. He is usually interested in
understanding how a language works. He is keen on figuring out the rules of the language, rather than
in learning how to use the language.
A linguist may or may not have the ability to speak several languages. A polyglot, on the other hand,
has the ability to speak several languages. He may not be able to tell you anything about the rules of
the various languages he knows, but he will be able to use them quite effortlessly in order to
communicate.
A linguist, on the other hand, will be able to provide you with a great deal of information about the
rules of a language. There are many polyglots in India. A linguist can be a polyglot, but a polyglot
need not be a linguist.
Is it OK to say, "He is angry on me"?
(B. Yuktha, Chennai)

You can never be angry "on" someone, you are usually angry "with" someone. Here are a few
examples.
*The young groom was angry with his wife for forgetting his birthday.
*You must learn to be tolerant. You can't be angry with him all the time.
What is the meaning of "cyber coolies"?
(J. Kamath, Bangalore)

This is how people in the West have started referring to people in developing nations. In the old days,
of course, we Indians were referred to as "coolies" because we provided cheap labour. Nowadays, we
are being called "cyber coolies".
Why? Because most software companies find it cheaper to get their job done in countries like India
and other developing nations. There are many people in the U. S. and Britain who raise a hue and cry
when jobs get exported to countries like India — especially jobs related to call centres and the
software industry.
The fact that they refer to us as coolies shows that they haven't lost their imperialist outlook. There
was a time when the sun never set on the British Empire. Now of course, (you might say) the sun
never rises in Britain. How times have changed! Britain is no longer the power it used to be. For
some, it is nothing more than the 51st State of the United States!
How is the word "brusque" pronounced?

The first "u" sounds like the "u" in "cut", "but", and "hut". The final "sque" sounds like the "sk" in
"mask", "task", and "flask".
Any idea what the word means? When you are "brusque" with someone, you are being very curt with
the individual. You are being impolite. Here are a few examples.
*Don't ever go to that particular hospital. The doctors there are very brusque.

*Sanjana tends to be brusque at times. But don't let that put you off.
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "to throw in the towel"?
(P. Pardhasaradhi Rao, Prakasham Dist.)

When you throw in the towel what you are doing is giving up. You are quitting because you have
decided that you can't take it any more. Here are a few examples.
*After running two miles of the marathon, Dilip decided to throw in the towel.
*It's been a real struggle for Jai, but he has refused to throw in the towel.
*If you think I am going to throw in the towel, you had better think again.
This is an expression that comes from the world of boxing. I understand that the trainers of boxers
always carried a towel with them. After every round, they used this towel to wipe some of the sweat
off the boxer. If during the fight they found that their boxer was getting beaten up badly, then the
trainers took the responsibility of calling off the fight.
In other words, they used to concede the fight. They did this by throwing the boxer's towel into the
ring. When the referee saw the towel being thrown in, he would immediately stop the fight. It was not
very often however that the trainer threw the towel into the ring.
***** ***** *****
"All men are not homeless, but some are home less than others." — Bessie & Beulah

January 12, 2004
Does the word "Stepney" exist?
(T.M.Krishnan, Chennai)
Yes, it does. Stepney is actually the name of a street in Llanelli, Wales where the spare wheels for the
motorcar were originally made. Since the tyres were made in Stepney, spare wheels began to be called
"stepney wheel". Later, it was shortened to "Stepney". These wheels consisted of ready inflated tyres
which could temporarily be clamped over a punctured wheel. Nowadays, of course, the word
"Stepney" is mostly heard in countries like India, Bangladesh, etc, which were once part of the British
Empire. These days, native speakers of English use the word "spare" instead of "Stepney". The word
"Stepney" is unheard of in America.
What is the meaning of the expression "whistle in the dark"?
(Col. A. Vijaya Raghavan, Chennai)

This is an expression which is mostly used in informal contexts in American English. When you
whistle in the dark what you are doing is making wild guesses. Here are a few examples.
*Ramesh had no clue what he was saying. He was merely whistling in the dark.
*Am I close to getting the right answer? Or am I whistling in the dark?
How is the word "impugn" pronounced?
(S. R. Vandana, Srirangam)

The "i" in the first syllable is like the "i" in "bit", "sit", and "hit". The "u" sounds like the word "you",
and the "g" that follows is silent. The main stress is on the second syllable. Any idea what the word
means? Impugn is a word that is mostly used in formal contexts.
When you impugn someone's integrity, what you are doing is questioning his integrity; you are saying
that he does not deserve to be respected or trusted. You are implying that the individual may not be as
honest as he is pretending to be — or as honest as people think he is. Here are a few examples.
*I hope the scandal does not impugn the good name of my family in any way.
*Geetha could no longer work as a teacher because her reputation had been impugned.
*The lawyer attempted to impugn the reputation of the witness.
What is the difference between a "hotel" and a "restaurant"?

In India, we don't really maintain a distinction between the two. We refer to any place where we eat as
a hotel. It's not uncommon to hear people say, "Let's go to the hotel and have a cup of coffee". Native
speakers of English usually confine the word "hotel" to a place where one stays when one is away on
business or on vacation. It's usually a place where you pay to have a room to sleep in.
The place where one eats is usually called a restaurant. A hotel may have a restaurant or several
restaurants within it. But not every restaurant needs to be part of a hotel. Most of the Udipi joints
where we have our "dosas" and "puris" should be called restaurants. So is it wrong to call them
"hotels"? As long as the stuff they dish out tastes good, who cares! By the way, the word "hotel" has
the stress on the second syllable.
How do you respond to "How do you do"?
(Dhruba Basu, Kolkata)

It depends on which side of the Atlantic you are from, I guess. People from Britain usually respond by
saying "How do you do?". For them, "How do you do?" is an expression which is normally used when
you are introduced to someone for the first time. "How do you do?" is not the same as "How are you?"
For the English, the response to "How do you do?" is "How do you do?" It's like our "namaste". When
somebody says "namaste", we respond by saying "namaste". Americans, on the other hand, think
differently. You will find that many Americans do not always make a distinction between "How do
you do?" and "How are you?" So don't be surprised if an American responds to a "How do you do?"
with a "Fine, thank you", or "Doing good".
How is the word "tortoise" pronounced?
(M. Sankar, Khammam)

The "or" in the first syllable is like the "or" in "nor" and "for". The "oi" in the second syllable is like
the "a" in "china". The final "e" is silent. The main stress is on the first syllable.
**** **** ****
"Happiness: An agreeable sensation arising from contemplating the misery of another." — Ambrose
Bierce

January 19, 2004
What is the meaning of "back burner"?
(N. N. Chezhiyan, Chennai)

The usual expression is "put something on the back burner". Most gas stoves in our country have two
burners. In the U.S., most stoves have four burners — two in the front, and two in the back. I
understand dishes are normally put on the back burner when they don't require the cook's immediate
attention. So, when you say that you are putting something on the back burner, what you mean is that
you are postponing doing it. You are putting the work aside because it doesn't require your immediate
attention. Here are a few examples.
*Right now I am busy getting the plans for the house ready. I am afraid I'll have to put my tennis
lessons on the back burner.
*Rohini has decided to put everything on the back burner till the end of the semester.
*Bush's plans for invading Syria have been put on the back burner.
What is the meaning of "per se"?
(P. Jeyadhav, Kanyakumari)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "per" is pronounced like the word "per" and the following
"se" sounds like the word "say". The main stress is on "se". This is a Latin expression that means "of
itself" or "by itself". Here are a few examples.
*The tablet is not harmful per se, but when taken with alcohol it can be lethal.
*Love, per se, will not always result in a happy marriage.
What is the difference between "cite" and "quote"?
(H. Kalyani, Bangalore)

When you quote someone what you are doing is repeating what he/she has said or written. You use
the exact words that the individual has used; when you quote, you are reproducing and not
paraphrasing. Here are a few examples.
*My father loves to quote Shakespeare.
*I have a lousy memory. I find it extremely difficult to quote people.
*In tomorrow's test I expect you to quote some of the important lines from the poem.
When you are having a debate and you cite someone, you are not really reproducing what he/she has
said. You are merely using what he/she has said as proof of what you are saying. In other words, you
normally "cite" someone or something when you wish to support the point that you are making. You
are using what these individuals have said to substantiate what you are saying. It is for this reason that
when you cite, you normally cite those who are considered to be an authority on the subject.
*Anand cited the low turnout figure as evidence of voter apathy.
*The young lawyer cited several cases to support his argument.
*The Minister couldn't cite a single legislation which could support his claim.
How is the word "gobbledygook" pronounced?
(Kranthi Sawarkar, Jhansi)

The "o" in the first syllable is like the "o" in "cot", "hot", and "got"; the following "e" is silent. The
"y" is pronounced like the "i" in "it", "pit", and "sit", and the final "oo" sound like the "oo" in "pool",
"cool", and "tool". The main stress is on the first syllable. When you describe a piece of writing as
being "gobbledygook" what you mean is that it is very complicated. The writer has used extremely
long sentences with big words — the kind of language that bureaucrats normally use to confuse the
public. As a result, when you read such a piece of writing you can't usually make any sense of it. As
far as you are concerned it is "gobbledygook"; it is nonsense. This word, which is mostly used in
informal contexts, can be used to refer to someone's speech as well. Here are a few examples.
*Whenever we asked a question, the answers came back in legal gobbledygook.
*Don't bother reading the article. It is nothing more than gobbledygook.
*Talk to me in a language that I understand. I don't want any of your gobbledygook.
According to some scholars "gobbledygook" is a word that was invented by a Congressman by the
name of Maury Maverick. Apparently he became so disgusted with the language used by officials that
he issued the following memo: "Be short and say what you are talking about. Stop "pointing up"
programmes. No more "finalising", "effectuating", or "dynamics". Anyone using the words
"activation" or "implementation" will be shot." If only some Minister would write such a note to our
bureaucrats. Oh by the way, "gobble" is the sound that a turkey makes.
**** **** ****
"Inflation: when half your money goes up in smoke, and you need the other half to put out the fire." —
Leopold Fechtner

January 26, 2004
Know Your English
"Are you busy?"

"Not really. I have been mooning around all morning. I have been so ....."
"..... mooning around? I think I have heard that expression before. Doesn't it mean wasting one's time
doing nothing?"
"Very good. When you "moon about" or "moon around" what you are doing is wandering about
aimlessly or listlessly. You are wasting your time. Here's another example.
"Ever since he lost his job, Arun has been mooning about at home."
"I know. His father has been complaining about it. How about this example? Listen you guys, we
have a lot of work to do. Don't just stand there mooning around."
"Sounds good to me. So, tell me...."
"....what do you call a person who moons around?"
"What do you mean?"
"Well, mooning around means wasting one's time. So is a person who moons around called a
"mooner?"
"My! My! You are firing on all cylinders today!"
"You mean the word "mooner" really exists?"
"Yes, it does. You won't find it in most dictionaries, though. It's considered slang. A mooner is a lazy
fellow who wastes his time by keeping looking at the moon."
"I feel like being a mooner tonight. How does that sound?"
"This is not the time to be a mooner. Don't you have your exams coming up next week?"
"Hey, relax will you? I was just giving an example. I am sure Rahul will come up in life once he stops
being a mooner."
"Maybe he can learn from his brother, Mahesh. He was a mooner, but...."
"....have you seen Mahesh lately? He seems to have come into a lot of money. He has bought a new
flat, and a new motorcycle. Wonder how he managed it."
"He has been moonlighting."
"Moonlighting? What does it mean?"
"The word has several different meanings. One of the meanings is to take up an additional job. A
second job."
"But why moonlighting?"
"Because the second job is usually a night job."
"I see. There are many people in our country who have to moonlight in order to earn enough money to
feed their family."
"If I don't get my promotion soon, then I am afraid that I will be forced to moonlight. Finding it
extremely difficult to make ends meet."

"Luckily, I am at an age when I don't have to worry about these things. That's true. Pretty soon you
will learn that life is not all moonlight and roses."
"Don't think I have heard that expression before."
"When you say that something is not all moonlight and roses, what you mean is that it is not always
pleasant."
"I see. My cousin tells me that living in America isn't all moonlight and roses."
"I am sure things will change by the time I get there. Anyway, I hope when I get a job, I make seventy
five thousand a month."
"Seventy five thousand a month! You are asking for the moon. Do you know what the expression
means?"
"Of course, I do. It means to ask for the impossible."
"Excellent. President Bush wants democracy to spread all over the Middle East. Frankly, I think he's
asking for the moon."
"He probably knows it too. We keep asking our politicians for a clean administration. Do you think
we are asking for the moon?"
"Of course, we are. In our country, people become politicians to make money, not to save money. My
neighbour's wife wants her husband to go on a diet and lose about twenty pounds. I think she is asking
for the moon."
"President Bush has taken a sudden interest in the moon. He wants the Americans to set up a space
station on the moon."
"Oh there is probably a reason for that."
"You think so? What do you think the reason is?"
"Some not so intelligent guy from the intelligence agency must have told Bush that his pal Saddam
has hidden the weapons of mass destruction on the moon!"
"Maybe he told him that it's on Mars! That's probably why NASA has sent Spirit over there!"
"Quite possible."
**** **** ****
"After marriage, husband and wife become two sides of a coin; they just can't face each other, but still
they stay together." — Hemant Joshi

February 02, 2004
WHAT IS the meaning of "baloney"?
(Reshmi, Secunderabad)
This word comes from "bolognia" which is a smoked sausage made from several different meats. In
American English it is spelt "baloney", and the word is frequently used in informal contexts to mean
"nonsense". Here is an example.
*The reason that he gave for going to war was pure baloney.
What is the meaning of the idiom "bone of contention"?
(Ch. Umapathi, Srikakulam)

Which is the best cricket team in the world? Some people believe that it is India. Others are of the
opinion that it is Australia. When people belonging to these two groups get together, they have big
arguments, which very often lead to unpleasant situations. When you say that something is the "bone
of contention" what you mean is that it is a source of trouble; it causes dissension. Individuals fight
over something like several dogs fighting over a single bone. Here are a few examples.
*The dam has always been a bone of contention between the two states.
*The main bone of contention was deciding which Minister would be garlanded first.
What is the difference between "de facto" and "de jure"?
(N. Balasubramanyan, Trichy)

Who is the Chief Minister of Bihar? It's Rabri Devi. But who is the person who is believed to be
actually running the State? According to many journalists it's her husband, Laloo Prasad Yadav. Rabri
Devi is the legal Chief Minister, but Laloo is the de facto Chief Minister.
When you say that someone is the de facto Chief Minister what you mean is that he is one who is
making the decisions as to how the State should be run — this individual may or may not be the one
who has been elected, but he is the person calling the shots. In other words, he may not be the legal
Chief Minister, but acts like one. Here are a few examples.
*Ramesh is the de facto president of the company.
*His election was constantly challenged, but he continued to rule de facto.
Like "de facto", "de jure" comes from Latin. In both the words, the "de" sounds like "day". The "u" in
"jure" is pronounced like the "ure" in "sure", "cure", and "pure". The "re" in the second syllable,
sounds like the word "ray". Some people pronounce the "e" like the "i" in "sit", "bit", and "hit". The
main stress is on the first syllable of "jure". What does the word mean? It means "by right, according
to law". While a "de facto" king may or may not be the actual king, a "de jure" king is in fact the legal
king. In law, "de jure" is considered to be the opposite of "de facto". Here are a few examples.
*He is the de jure king of our country.
*He is the Prime Minister de jure.
What is the meaning and pronunciation of the word "cachet"?
(J. Krishan Rao, Hyderabad)

The "a" is like the "a" in "cat", "bat" and "sat". The final "et" is pronounced like the "ay" in "say",
'bay", and "may". The "ch" is like the "sh" in "should", "sheep", and "ship". The main stress can be
either on the first or the second syllable. The British put it on the first syllable, while the Americans

tend to stress the second.

The word "cachet" refers to the special mark that is put on articles that are of very high value. When
used with a person, it refers to the special quality that an individual has which wins him the respect
and admiration of others. Tendulkar, for example, has a certain cachet; he has the respect and
admiration of a lot of people because of his exploits on the cricket field. Here are a few examples.
*Balu's success as a movie producer has won him a certain cachet in the industry.
*Driving a Rolls Royce has a certain cachet.

February 09, 2004
WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "to bury the hatchet"?
(Ruby Theodore, Tirunelveli)

A "hatchet" is an axe; the kind of axe that American Indians (Native Americans as they are called
now) always carried with them. When you bury the hatchet what you are doing is resolving your
differences with another individual. You are making peace with him/her. Here is an examples.
*After twenty years of being at war, the two countries decided to bury the hatchet.
Burying the hatchet was something that the Native Americans used to do when they wanted to make
peace with someone. Unfortunately for them, they made a similar gesture to the white men who had
settled down in New England. Writing in 1680, Samuel Sewell said: "Meeting with the Sachem
(Indian chiefs), they came to an agreement and buried two axes in the ground, which ceremony to
them is more significant and binding than all the Articles of Peace, the hatchet being the principal
weapon." Unfortunately for the Indians, the white man didn't think much of this gesture because years
later he slaughtered the Indians by the thousands, and herded those that were alive into what are now
called "reservations". What is interesting is that today this country (the U.S.) is busy preaching to the
rest of the world the virtues of democracy!
What is the difference between "I searched for the room" and "I searched the room"?
(Ravinarayan, Mangalore)
When you "search for" something you are looking for it. In this case, you are trying to find the room.
Perhaps you are staying in a hotel. You have lost your way and are unable to locate your room.
Happens to all of us some time or the other. Here are a few more examples.
*Ganesh and Sarita spent nearly an hour searching for the necklace.
*The police have been searching the woods for the missing man.
When you "search the room", you are already in the room and trying to find something. In other
words, you are looking for something inside the room. When Income Tax officials raid someone's
house, they go through all the rooms; they search the rooms hoping to find something incriminating
— documents, black money, etc. *The detective searched the room and found incriminating
documents.
*Reema prevented the police from searching her suitcase.
Is it OK to say, "Long time no see"?
(Mahesh, Chennai)
Yes, it is. This is an informal way of greeting someone you haven't met or seen in a long time. It's an
expression that is mostly used in American English. It's another way of saying "I haven't seen you in a
long time."
*Hey, how are you? Long time no see.
*Long time no see. What have you been up to?
How is the word "voyeur" pronounced?

"Voy" rhymes with "boy", "coy", and "toy". The final "eur" is like the "eer" in "beer", "deer", and
"seer". The main stress is on the final syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word.

What is the difference between a "sceptic" and "cynic"?
(K. Pitchaiah, Hyderabad)

A "sceptic" is someone who doubts everything that most people take for granted. He doubts the value
of an idea or a belief. Scepticism is the great doubt that an individual has whether something is useful
or true. The Americans spell the word "skeptic". Here are a few examples.
*Harish tried hard to convince the sceptic of the truth.
*The chairman said that the economy would improve, but Raju remained skeptical.
While a "sceptic" has reservations about things, a cynic has a negative attitude about everything. The
word has a negative connation. A cynic is someone who doesn't believe that people can be good.
When people are good, he believes that they are being nice because they have an ulterior motive. A
cynic does not trust or respect the goodness of other people. The school of Cynics was started by
Antisthenes and he and his followers believed that virtue was the only good. They felt that the only
way to remain virtuous was through self-discipline and independence. It's strange that a word that
began by having a positive meaning ended up with a negative one.
*Bela is too much of a cynic to believe anything I say.
*Gajendran has always been cynical about politicians.
***
"America is one of the finest countries anyone ever stole." —
Bobcat Goldthwaite

February 16, 2004
WHAT IS the meaning of the idiom "give a dog a bad name and hang him"?
(P. Vanitharatham, Pollachi)

"Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the immortal part of
myself, and what remains is bestial." That's what Cassio says in Shakespeare's "Othello". Once
someone has lost his reputation, it is very difficult for the individual to regain it. When a person is
caught stealing, he is forever thought of as a thief. He is branded a thief for the rest of his life. No
matter what he does later on, he is usually associated with the one thing that he has done wrong.
People continue to condemn him for the criminal act. The expression "give a dog a bad name and
hang him" is used to mean when an individual acquires a bad name, he gets stuck with it. It is also
possible to replace "bad" with "ill". Here are a few examples.
*Harish was arrested because there was a burglary in his neighbourhood. The poor guy wasn't even in
town. I think it's a case of give a dog a bad name and hang him.
*Nothing that Ram does will convince Janaki that he is being honest with her. It's a case of give a dog
an ill name and hang him.
Another expression which has more or less the same meaning is "He that has an ill name is half
hanged".
Why can't we say "chairwoman"?
(L. S. N. Murthy, Hyderabad)

There is nothing, which prevents you from using the word. You can use "chairwoman" if you want to.
But since this is the age of political correctness, the more appropriate word would be "chairperson".
Native speakers are trying hard to make English gender free — in other words, they are attempting to
get rid of the pro masculine image that the language has. For example, the word "actor" is now being
used to refer to both men and women. "Authoress" and "stewardess" have become old fashioned; they
have been replaced by "author" and "flight attendant". Similarly, "spokesperson", "businessperson",
"mail carrier", and "police officer" are replacing "spokesman", "businessman", "mailman", and
"policeman".
Is it OK to say "sponsorers"?
(Aruna Subramanian, Hyderabad)

Though we hear a lot of people in our country use this word, "sponsorer" doesn't actually exist.
Someone who is willing to support your show or cause by giving you money or encouragement is
usually called a "sponsor", not "sponsorer". If you have more than one sponsor, then they are called
"sponsors". Here are a few examples.
*Some of the sponsors were unwilling to make the necessary changes.
*If it is a one day international, we won't have problems finding sponsors.
What is the difference between "premier" and "premiere"?
(S. Sulochana, Bangalore)

Both words are pronounced the same way. The "e" in the first syllable is like the "e" in "set", "bet",
and "met". The second syllable rhymes with "near", "dear", and "fear". In British English, the stress in
the case of both words is on the first syllable.
The leader of a country is sometimes referred to as "premier". For example, we can say, "Atal Bihari

Vajpayee, the premier of India, will be visiting Japan next week." The word can also be used to mean
the best or the most important.
*Ten years ago, this was one of the premier colleges in the state.
*We have invited the country's premier drama company to entertain the foreign delegates.
*As the nation's premier scientist, funding is no problem for him.
The first public performance of a new play or a film is usually called a "premiere". In other words, the
play or film is shown to the public for the first time.
*The film had its premiere last week.
*The film's director wants the premiere to be postponed to December.
*Mohan's documentary was premiered at the Mumbai Film Festival.
How is the word "psyche" pronounced?
(Umadevi Ramasamy, Chennai)

The "psy" in the first syllable is pronounced like the word "sigh" The "che" is like the "ki" in "kit",
"kiss", and "kill". The main stress is on the first syllable.
***** ***** *****
"The single most exciting thing you encounter in government is competence, because it's so rare."
— Daniel Patrick Moynihan

February 23, 2004
WHICH OF the following sentences is correct? "I wish I was a minister", or, "I wish I were a
minister".
(V. S. Paul Devasahayam, Chennai).

Depending on the context, both are correct. People who love grammar will argue that after "if",
"were" should be used and not "was". Even if the subject is singular, the verb that follows "if" must be
plural. Therefore in the two examples you have given, in formal contexts, "were" would be the correct
answer. Here are a few examples.
*If I were Spiderman, I would swing from Mount Everest every now and then.
*If her nose were a little longer, she would be really pretty.
In informal contexts, however, even native speakers of English, use the singular "was". You can get
away with "was" in ordinary conversation.
*If I was Spiderman, I would rob a bank every day.
*If Sujatha was to go to Chennai, she would lose her job.
What is the meaning of "willy-nilly"?
(G. V. N. Murthy, Hyderabad)

The "i" and the "y" in both words are pronounced like the "i" in "bit", "pit", and "hit". The main stress
is on the first syllable of "nilly". When you do something "willy-nilly", you are doing it without any
planning, and as a result it is done in a careless and disorganised way.
*The clerk filed away the papers willy-nilly.
*Achala and Ananya threw their clothes willy-nilly into the suitcase. Another meaning of "willy-
nilly" is being forced into doing something whether you like it or not. In other words, you become a
participant in something willingly or unwillingly.
*Poor Ganeshan was dragged into the fight willy-nilly.
*The teachers made sure that all students participated willy-nilly.
How is the word "sachet" pronounced?
(A. Naipunya, Chennai)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "act", "pact" and "fact". The "ch" sounds like the "sh" in
"should", "sheep", and "ship". The following "e" is like the "ay" in "hay", "pay", and "may". The final
"t" is silent. In British English, the stress is on the first syllable, and in American English, the stress is
on the second.
A "sachet" is a sealed plastic bag, which usually contains a small amount of something — sugar, salt,
shampoo, etc.
*As a freebie, Janaki got a sachet of shampoo.
*John always keeps a sachet of sugar in his pocket.
*Bala tore open a sachet of ketchup and poured it on his cutlet.
Another word which is pronounced the same way is "sashay". Once again, the stress can be either on
the first or the second syllable. When you "sashay" into a room what you are doing is walking into it
in a manner that draws the attention of everyone.

*Kamala sashayed past her former boyfriend without bothering to look at him.
*People gaped as Latha and Hamsa sashayed down the stairs.
What is the story behind "Narcissus"?
(R. Seshadri, Delhi)

The "ar" is pronounced like the "ar" in 'bar", "par", and "tar". The "ciss" is like the word "sis", and the
final "u" is like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the second syllable.
According to Greek mythology, Narcissus, the son of Cephisus, was a handsome youth. Echo fell
madly in love with him; unfortunately Narcissus didn't reciprocate her love. Echo was so heartbroken
that she simply faded away. Only her bones and voice remained.
Nemesis, the goddess of vengeance became so angry that she cursed Narcissus. She made him fall in
love with his own reflection. Poor Narcissus kept pining away looking at his reflection in the waters
of a fountain. Guess what happened next? According to the story, he turned into a flower.
"Narcissism" is the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.
Is it ok to pronounce the "t" in often?
(C. Sankar, Hyderabad)

Yes, it is. Most people pronounce the first syllable "oft" like the word "off", the "e" in the second
syllable is like "a" in "china". Some people however pronounce the "t" as well. Whether you
pronounce the "t" or not, the main stress is on the first syllable.
***** ***** *****
"She's a lovely person. She deserves a good husband. Marry her before she finds one."
— (Oscar Levant to Harpo Marx upon meeting Harpo's fiancee)

March 01, 2004
WHAT'S THE difference between "incidence" and "incident?
(E. S. Ambler, Chikmangalur)

The word "incident" is normally used to describe an event or an occurrence. The event or occurrence
may or may not be important. In its original sense, the word was used to mean "a subordinate or trivial
event".
*A husband beating up his wife is an ordinary incident of daily life in this neighbourhood.
*The newspaper claims that there were several incidents along the border last week.
*If I were you, I wouldn't let such a minor incident upset me.
The "incidence" of something is the frequency with which it occurs.
*The incidence of colon cancer is on the rise in our country.
*The locality in which Gayathri lives has a high incidence of crime.
*According to the doctor, the incidence of typhoid increases during the monsoon season.
The stress in the case of both words is on the first syllable.
What is the meaning of "knock your socks off "?
(N. Subramanian, Kadaganur)

When you try something for the first time and you say "It knocked the socks off", what you are
implying is that it was excellent. This informal expression is normally used when you want to say that
something is very exciting or good. It is also possibly to say, "blow the socks off someone".
*I went to the new gym yesterday. The place simply knocked my socks off.
*Archana, taste this juice. It will blow your socks off.
*The movie was really moving. It knocked my socks off.
When someone "bores the socks off you", they bore you completely. Here are a few more
expressions.
*I attended Madhavan's lecture. He bored the socks off everyone.
*Meera played tennis with Paul. She beat the socks off him.
*Please be careful with that guy. He can charm the socks off anyone.
Is it "eighty foot road" or "eighty feet road"?
(D. Samuel Lawrence, Madurai)

It's eighty-foot road. Whenever a noun is used as an adjective (i.e. it is placed before another noun), it
is normally used in the singular. For example, we say "five rupee coin" and not "five rupees coin".
Similarly, we talk about a "two mile race" and not a "two miles race". Here are a few more examples.
*Padma is going on a two-week vacation.
*Padma is going to be on leave for two weeks.
*Karthick's ten-year-old son has come first in class.
*Karthick's son is ten years old.

*Saurab has bought a forty-foot boat.

*The boat is forty feet in length.
What is the difference in pronunciation between "beer" and "bear"?
(M. Meghamala, Aswapuram)

The word "beer" rhymes with "dear", "fear", and "near". "Bear", on the other hand, rhymes with
"fair", "air", and "share".
What is the meaning and pronunciation of "lingua franca"?

The first syllable "ling" is like the "sing" in "single", and "singular"; the final "a" in the two words is
like the "a" in "china". The "u" sounds like the "w" in "water", "wet", and "well". The first syllable of
"franca" sounds like the word "frank". The main stress is on the first syllable of "franca".
When south Indians who don't know Hindi travel to the northern states, what language do they use in
order to communicate with the people there? If they are educated, they might use English. In this case,
English becomes the common language between two groups of people whose mother tongue is
different. English becomes the "lingua franca".
A "lingua franca" is the language that is used for the purpose of communication between people who
live in an area where several languages are spoken. Here are a few examples.
*For many educated Indians, English has become the lingua franca.
*I was informed by my friend that Swahili is the principal lingua franca in East Africa.
*When the four of them get together, Gujarati becomes the lingua franca.
***** ***** *****
On a tombstone: "I TOLD YOU I WAS SICK." — Anonymous

March8, 2004
On being antsy, miffed & so on
"DO YOU have a test tomorrow?"

"Yes. How did you guess?"
"You look pretty antsy."
"Antsy? Are you calling me an ant?"
"Of course not! Ants are cuter than you. Why do you look so restless?"
"Is that what antsy means? To be restless?"
"Yes, that's right. Antsy means nervous or restless. For example, I can say, Aravind becomes antsy
before an exam."
"My cousin Rajeev was really antsy before his first job interview."
"I think your cousin is an antsy sort of guy."
"I don't agree with you. Anyway, does àntsy' mean the same thing as `have ants in one's pants'?"
"Yes, it does. Tell me, why do you look like you have ants in your pants? Is it because of the test?"
"No, no! I am worried about my cousin Hamsa. She left Mumbai for Washington yesterday. But when
she reached London, she was informed that all flights from London to Washington had been
cancelled."
"The Americans must be worried about some terrorist attack. That's probably the reason why the
flights have been cancelled. You know what the Americans are like these days. They see terrorists
everywhere. I think they have a siege mentality. They ."
"..a what mentality?"
"Siege mentality."
"What does it mean?"
"If a group of people have a `siege mentality' they think that others are out to get them. They
constantly have this feeling that everyone is trying to harm or defeat them."
"That sounds like the Americans all right. According to them, the world is full of terrorists. And the
only thing that all terrorists want to do is destroy the U.S."
"And since they are always worried about others harming them, the one thing that is constantly on
their mind is protecting themselves. Here's an example. The findings suggested that many in the
police department had a siege mentality that isolated them from the common people whom they were
supposed to serve and protect."
"According to the newspaper report the constant threat of sniper attack is pushing the U.S. forces into
a siege mentality."
"Let's not talk about the Americans and their siege mentality. Tell me, has Hamsa called you?"
"She rang up from London this morning. She sounded really angry."
"I would be pretty miffed myself."
"Miffed! What does it mean?"
"When someone does or says something and you get miffed."

"..It probably means that you are angry about it."

"That's right. You are angry or hurt by something that someone has done or said. I was miffed when
Naresh refused to help me."
"The students were miffed when the teacher refused to cancel the class."
"My cousin was pretty miffed when his father cut him out of his will."
"Which cousin are you talking about?"
"Let's not talk about my cousin. Let's talk about yours. Is Hamsa the one who is clued up on Spain?"
"Clued up on Spain?"
"When you are clued up on something, it means that you know a lot about the subject. The expression
is normally used to show approval."
"I enjoy talking to Devidas. He is always clued up on whatever he is talking about."
"Some people say that I always give the impression that I am clued up on whatever I talk about."
"I can assure you that those people have no clue what they are talking about. How are things at the
office?"
"Everything is hunky-dory."
"Hunky-dory? Does it mean everything is fine?"
"That's right! When you say that something is hunky-dory, it means it's fine or okay."
"In that case, can I say, that's a hunky-dory idea?"
"Yes, you can. But remember, this is an expression mostly used in informal contexts."
"I will. I think I'd better leave."
"Why?"
"I told my parents that I would be back in half an hour. They are probably getting antsy."
***** ***** *****
"When women hold off from marrying men, we call it independence. When men hold off from marrying
women, we call it fear of commitment."— Warren Farrell

March 15, 2004
WHICH IS correct? "None of us is impressed" or "None of us are impressed"?
(M. Raghul, Guntur)

Both are correct. The first sentence would be considered to be more formal than the second. When
you use "none of" before a plural noun or pronoun, the verb that follows can be either singular or
plural.
*I am told that none of Ajay's articles has/have been published abroad.*I can assure you that none of
them is/are any good.
When "none of" is used before uncountable nouns or singular pronouns, the verb that follows is
singular.
*None of this has resulted in controversy.
What is the meaning of "danseuse"?
(Anupama Prakash, Chennai)

The French "danseuse", a word, which is quite popular in our country, is not included in all
dictionaries. The first syllable is pronounced like the word "don", while the second sounds like the
word "sirs". The main stress is on the second syllable. In French, the word is used to refer to a female
ballet dancer. The male counterpart is called "danseur". In India, the word "danseuse" is used to refer
to a woman who is an exponent of any style of classical dancing — Bharatnatyam, Kuchipuddi or
Kathak.
What is the meaning of "between the devil and the deep blue sea"?
(G. Mala, Hyderabad)

When someone gives you a choice and you reply by saying that the choice is between the devil and
the deep blue sea, what you are implying is that you are faced with having to choose between two
very unpleasant situations. In other words, you don't really have much of a choice; either way you end
up doing something risky or undesirable. The idiom has the same meaning as "between Scylla and
Charybdis". Here are a few examples.
*The villain's henchmen were close behind him, and the river in front of him was full of hungry
crocodiles. Caught between the devil and the deep blue sea, Mani hesitated.
*If he marries Rita, Bala knows he will be unhappy for the rest of his life. If he doesn't marry her, his
parents will be angry with him. Talk about being between the devil and the deep blue sea!
How is the word "franchise" pronounced?

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "cat", "bat", and "rat"; the second syllable rhymes with
"prize", "rise", and "lies". The main stress is on the first syllable. The word has several different
meanings. One of them is an individual's right to vote in an election.
*In many European countries, women were not given the franchise until the 20th Century.
*It was years later that the franchise was extended to include women.
A "franchise" is also when a company or an organisation gives you the right to sell its products or
services in a particular area using its name. Here are a few examples.
*Ramesh has been given the franchise to sell our clothing line.

*Karthick lost the franchise when he was unable to meet the required standards of service.
*Tara is unwilling to start a franchise.
What is the meaning of "shot in the arm"?
(B. Venugopal, Bangalore)

When you are feeling down and someone gives you a pep talk and makes you feel better, you can say
that the talk was a shot in the arm. A shot in the arm is something that makes you feel better; it is
something that encourages you. Here are a few examples.
*A few words of encouragement from the teacher was the shot in the arm that Anwesha was looking
for.*The fact that the Director remembered his name was a shot in the arm for Naresh.
This is just one of the meanings of the expression. Taking alcohol or drugs in order to make oneself
feel better is also called "shot in the arm".
*Vinod asked the bartender for another shot in the arm.
*Oh, don't worry. This is just a shot in the arm.
***** ****** ******
"Success is relative. The more success, the more relatives." —
Bessie & Beulah

March 22, 2004
WHAT IS the meaning of the idiom "To set the Thames on fire"?
(R. Narayanan, Cochin)

The "th" in "Thames" is like the "t" in "ten", "tell", and "test". The following "ames" sounds like
"ems" in "gems". "Thames", as you are probably aware, is the name of a river in England. Everyone
knows that it is impossible to set a river on fire. But if you manage to do it, what will be the result?
People would start talking about you; you would become famous. That's what the expression "to set
the Thames on fire" means, to achieve far-reaching success; to make a name for oneself.
*Everyone is talking about Indra's new play. It is really setting the Thames on fire.
*We thought that our team would do fairly well in the championship. We certainly didn't expect them
to set the Thames on fire.
When the expression went to America, they replaced the word "Thames" with "river". Nowadays, it is
much more common to hear someone say, "set the world on fire", instead of "set the Thames on fire".
When you say that something is "not going to set the Thames/world/river on fire" what you mean is
that it is not very exciting or successful. Here is an example.
*The food in the new restaurant is good. But it's not going to set the world/Thames on fire.
What is the meaning of "chokers"?
(Bipin Kumar, Wayanand)

When India lost the one-day series against Australia, some people commented that our team consisted
of a bunch of "chokers". A "choker" is someone who doesn't perform well under pressure. When the
going gets tough, the choker doesn't get going. He folds up like a pack of cards; he fails to perform to
his potential.
*You can't rely on Jai when the going gets tough. He is a choker.
*Kim Clisters always seems to choke in the final of a grand slam.
Is it ok to say "the shoe has a fascination for me"?
(George R. Manuel, Porayar)

I suppose you could say it, provided your shoe is alive and has feelings for you! Such things are
possible in stories, but not in real life. It is you who has a fascination for the shoe, not the other way
around. When you have a fascination for something or someone, it means that you are fascinated by
the object or person. Here are a few examples.
*Ananya has had a fascination for cricket all her life.
*According to the newspaper report, the killer has a fascination for blondes.
Which is correct? "Relieved of" or "relieved off"?
(K. Baburajan, Coimbatore)

You usually relieve someone "of" something. When you relieve someone of something, what you are
doing is removing the burden from the individual. Here are a few examples.
*After failing in three tests, he was relieved of his captaincy.
*The Board wants to relieve Mr. Narayana of his post.
The expression can also be used in informal contexts to mean to take care/charge of something.

*Let me relieve you of your umbrella and sweater.

What's the difference between "endemic" and "epidemic"?
(V. V. Ramana Rao, Vishakapatnam)

A disease which is endemic is always present in a particular region. It's common among the people
who live there.
*I am told that the disease is endemic among sheep and cattle in the tropics.
The word can also be used figuratively. When you refer to a problem as being endemic, what you are
implying is that it is a common problem, which cannot be dealt with easily.
*Racism is endemic in many cities in America.
*Discrimination against women is endemic in our country.
An "epidemic" is a disease, which spreads quickly across a country/state and affects a large number of
people. It is an outbreak.
*The doctor warned me to be careful as there was a flu epidemic sweeping across the state.
If an activity that you don't approve of is seen to be increasing rapidly, then you can refer to it as
being an "epidemic".
*The Principal said that cheating in exams had reached "epidemic proportions".
***** ***** *****
"I love women. They're the best thing ever created. If they want to be like men and come down to our
level, that's fine." — Mel Gibson

March 29, 2004
WHAT IS the difference between "up-and-coming" and "upcoming"?
(N. Sukumar, Yapral)

When you refer to an individual as being "up-and-coming" what you mean is that he/she is likely to be
very successful in the future. The individual is bright and industrious and is going to make a very
good career for himself.
*The up-and-coming star, Jyotsna, was at the party.
*According to the coach, Anand is an up-and-coming batsman.
"Upcoming" is used to refer to events that are likely to happen in the near future.
*Some people are worried that there may be violence in the upcoming elections.
*Prof. Shyamraj plans to be in Greece for the upcoming Olympic games.
What is the meaning and origin of "get on the soapbox"?
(B. Appa Rao, Rajahmundry)

Whenever you see George Bush on T.V, what do you expect him to be talking about? Terrorism, of
course! He has lots to say about it, and since 9/11 it has become his soapbox - in other words, it has
become his favourite topic. When an individual gets on his soapbox, he talks about something that he
feels very strongly about. In most cases, the people listening to him are usually bored because they
have heard him express his opinion many times. Here are a few examples.
*Raju got on the soapbox and started telling the children about the evils of smoking.
*Please don't get on the soapbox and tell us about the benefits of family planning.
*I'd like to talk about illiteracy. It's a soapbox of mine.
In the old days, when people wished to make a speech in a place of public gathering, they usually
stood on a wooden box and spoke. They did this in order that everyone in the audience could see
them. This wooden box was called a "soapbox" and anyone who got on the soapbox was going to talk
about something that he felt very strongly about.
What is the meaning of "second cousin"?
(M.C Anand, Chennai)

According to most dictionaries, your uncle's or aunt's kids are your first cousins. The children of your
parents' first cousins are your second cousins.
What is the meaning and origin of "Faustian deal"?
(G. Chandrasekhar, Madurai)

When the U.S. announced that Pakistan would be made a major non-NATO ally, some newspapers in
India announced that the Bush administration had struck a Faustian deal with Pakistan. A "Faustian
deal" is a bargain made with the devil. In this case, what the papers seem to be suggesting is that
Musharraf is a devil! Not a nice thing to say when our players are on a so called "friendship tour".
Faust or Faustus was a German astrologer who practised black magic. According to the story, he sold
his soul to the devil in order to gain knowledge and power. Someone who has made a pact with the
devil for some desired goal is called a Faust or Faustus. The expression Faustian deal is used
nowadays to mean a bargain made for temporary gain without taking into consideration future
consequences.

How is the word "repertoire" pronounced?
(Munavar Basha, Chennai)

The "rep" in the first syllable sounds like the word "pep"; the following "er" is like the "a" in "china".
The "to" is like the "tw" in "twin", "twist", and "twine". The "i" is like the "a" in "bath", "path", and
"palm". The final "re" is silent. The main stress is on the first syllable. The word has several different
meanings. When you talk about an individual's repertoire, you are talking about all the things that he
is capable of doing.
*Bala's impressive repertoire of jokes kept Garima amused.
*Unfortunately, the googly is not in the young bowler's repertoire.
Which of the following is correct? "One of the cars have run out of gas" or "one of the cars
has run out of gas"?
(K. Jyothi, Bangalore)

In such sentences "one of" is usually followed by a singular verb. So in this case, it should be "has run
of gas". Here are a few more examples.
*One of the children was hurt in the accident.
*One of the mangoes was rotten.
*One of the football teams was about to be relegated.
***
"I was nauseous and tingly all over. I was either in love or I had small pox."— Woody Allen

April 05, 2004
Gabfest, Cheek by Jowl, Sleep at the switch...
"HI! HAVE you been waiting long?"

"Not really. I arrived about 15 minutes ago. Didn't you ask me to come over at 6:30?"
"Yes, I did. I am sorry I am late. You see, there's a gabfest going on at..."
"...a what?"
"A gabfest."
"What is that?"
"You should be able to figure it out. Do you know what `gab' means?"
"Of course, I do! It means to talk or chatter. People talk about the gift of the gab."
"That's right! A gabfest is an event where people get together in order to chat or gossip. For example,
there's a gabfest going on in the ladies hostel."
"There's always a gabfest going on in the canteen."
"Sometimes the gabfest gets so loud that you have to ask people to pipe down."
"That's true. Before I forget, how do you pronounce j..o..w..l?"
"It rhymes with òwl', `foul', and `prowl'. Do you know what the word means?"
"No, I don't. Why don't you tell me?"
"I am sure you have seen people whose lower cheeks hang down towards their jaw...."
"....you mean the loose flesh?"
"That's right! Well, these lower cheeks which hang down are called `jowls'."
"I see. So what does the expression `cheek by jowl' mean?"
"Well, the cheek is very close to the jowl. And...."
"....well, in that case, `cheek by jowl' probably means very close together."
"Excellent! That's exactly what it means. The expression is normally used to mean `close together' or
`side by side'. Here's an example. The students had to walk cheek by jowl along the narrow corridors."
"How about this example? In some cities, several families live cheek by jowl in a single house."
"Sounds good to me. Swayambu and Gayathri were standing cheek by jowl, but the two refused to
acknowledge each other."
"That's understandable. They can't stand each other."
"You have a point there. You look bright-eyed and bushy-tailed this evening. What' s up?"
"Are you saying that I look like a bird?"
"Not a bird, but a squirrel. A squirrel as you know is always alert. So when you say that someone
looks bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, what you are implying is that the individual is alert and ready to
do something."
"In other words, he is ready for action."
"That's right!"

"I hate people like that! How about this example? After a two hour nap, the baby woke up bright-eyed
and bushy-tailed."
"Sounds good to me. But I hate it when that happens. Babies have the habit of waking up in the
middle of the night bright-eyed and bushy-tailed."
"I believe I used to wake up in the middle of the night."
"I am sure your parents just loved you for it. Here's another example. Could someone please tell that
bright-eyed and bushy-tailed young man to stop making such a racket."?
"My class is full of bright-eyed and bushy-tailed individuals. And boy do they give the teachers a
tough time."
"Teachers can't afford to be asleep at the switch, I guess."
"Asleep at the switch? Haven't heard that expression before."
"When you accuse someone of being asleep at the switch, what you are implying is that he is not
doing his job. Here's an example. The dacoits managed to break into the house because the watchman
was asleep at the switch."
"Hari is a professor in a university. He can afford to be asleep at the switch."
"Why pick on poor teachers? What about our politicians and government officials?"
"You don't seriously expect those people to work, do you? If you ask me, most people in our country
are asleep at the switch."
"According to Richard Clark, 9/11 happened because President Bush and his team were asleep at the
switch."
"Yes, I read about that. Tell me about the gabfest."
"Oh, we were talking about the first test match."
"We played as a team for a change. Looks like the players will be making a lot of money."
"Then you and I should be getting some money too!"
"What do you mean?"
"Akhir hum bhi tho hain team mein."
***** ***** *****
"John Milton wrote Paradise Lost. Then his wife died, he wrote Paradise Regained." — A student

April 12, 2004
WHAT IS the difference between "stipend" and "scholarship"?
(V. V. Ramanaiah, Vijayawada)

A `scholarship' is money given to students and researchers in order to help them continue with their
studies. Scholarships are usually provided by educational institutions or private organizations on the
basis of a student's academic merit and/or economic necessity. A scholarship may or may not include
a monthly income which will help the student meet his living expenses. It may merely help the
student pay his tuition fees. "Stipend" comes from the Latin "stipendium" meaning "soldier's pay". It
is a fixed amount of money paid at regular intervals for services rendered. In Britain, for example,
members of the clergy are paid stipends. In American English, a stipend is the amount of money that
is given to a student in order to meet his living expenses. In other words, some scholarships not only
take care of the fees, but also provide a stipend. This explains why some universities specify that their
research scholarship includes a monthly stipend of $1000 dollars.
Is it ok to write "Mrs. & Mr." instead of "Mr. & Mrs."?
(Sukanya, Secunderabad)
I guess within India there is nothing wrong in writing "Mrs. & Mr." on an envelope. Most invitations
are addressed to "Smt. & Sri". In our country, it is always ladies first - at least when ☺ it comes to
invitations. Some women would argue that it's about the only time when ladies get preference over
men. But then, that's neither here nor there. Native speakers of English however would find "Mrs. &
Mr." pretty odd. At the University of Georgia, a professor received a threatening letter from a student.
The police were asked to investigate the matter; after reading the letter a couple of times they realized
that it must have been written by an Indian. Why? The letter was addressed to "Mrs. & Mr." So if you
go abroad and decide to write a threatening letter to your professor, make sure that you don't make
such a silly mistake!
What is the meaning of "call upon"?
(M. Anuradha, Aswapuram)

When dignitaries from abroad come to India, they call upon the President and the Prime Minister. In
other words, they visit these people. When you call upon someone, you pay the individual a visit after
getting his permission. In other words, you make an appointment first and then visit him. You cannot
call upon someone at the spur of the moment. If you are in Washington D.C for example, you cannot
walk up to the White House and inform the guard that you would like to call upon Bush. When you
visit someone without informing him, i.e without letting him know in advance that you are coming
over — you are "dropping in on" him. Our friends drop in on us. People who hold important positions
are called upon/on. Here are a few examples.
*The Secretary of State called on the Prime Minister.
*I don't plan on calling upon the President while I am in Austria.
*Is it OK if I drop in on you some time next week?
What is the meaning of "have a millstone around one's neck"?
(Sushma Dongre, Tumkur)

A "millstone" is the flat circular stone, which in the olden days was used to grind grain. I am sure
people in villages still use millstones. Anyway, these stones are pretty heavy, and therefore when you
say that you have a millstone about or around your neck, what you are implying is that you are

carrying a heavy responsibility. This responsibility or problem becomes the focus of your life and it
prevents you from doing what you really want to do. Here is an example.
*The numerous assignments were like a millstone around Radha's neck.
What is the meaning of "goody two-shoes"?
(Lobsang, Bylakuppe)
Someone who tries to behave better than others is usually referred to as "goody two shoes". The
individual, a hypocrite, tries to put on a great show of goodness. The expression is usually used with
woman and has a negative connotation.
*Devi is no goody two-shoes. She just wants to stay out of trouble.
The name comes from the title character in the 1776 book "The History of Little Goody Two Shoes".
Goody is actually the short form of "Goodwife", a 16th Century equivalent of "Mrs.".
***** ***** *****
"My mother had morning sickness after I was born." —
Rodney Dangerfield

April 19, 2004
WHAT IS the meaning of "to have a beef with someone"?
(S. Ekambaram, Bangalore)

This slang expression means to have a problem or a conflict with someone. Here are a few examples.
*I can assure you that I really don't have a beef with Vasu.
*Like most young brides, Savithri has beef against her mother-in-law.
When someone beefs about something, they constantly keep complaining about it.
*Mala keeps beefing about the quality of food in the canteen.
*Naveen, I don't want to hear any more beef from you.
What is the difference between "exalt" and "exult"?
(S.K.Sanathna Boopathy, Chennai)

When you exalt someone or something you praise the individual or the object a lot. It is considered to
be a formal word.
*His sycophants exalted the achievements of the minister.
*Harsha's new novel exalts the virtues of honesty and hard work.
When you exult, you express great pleasure or happiness; you rejoice.
*Millions of fans exulted in winning the first test.
*The captain exulted, "We have been waiting for this for fifty years".
In the case of both words, the main stress is on the second syllable.
Which is correct? "It is I" or "It is me"?
(S. Velayutham, Madurai)

Both are correct, but if you say, "It is I" people will know that you have learnt your English from
books — old grammar books! When somebody asks, "Who is it" and you reply, "It's I", he/she may
laugh. The individual will think that you are trying to be pompous. Nobody really says, "It's I" these
days; it's considered old fashioned. Nowadays, the standard response is, "It's me!", or just "Me!".
Why is the bone called "funny bone"?

The funny bone extends from the shoulder joint to the elbow, and as we all know from experience,
getting hit on this bone is anything but funny. When we accidentally bump our elbow against a hard
surface, we get an uncomfortable tingling sensation. We feel a sting shooting from the forearm to the
little finger. Then why is the bone called "funny bone"? Simple. The medical term for this bone is
"humerus"; it is pronounced the same way as "humorous"! Hence the name "funny bone". Are you
amused?
What is the meaning and origin of "cut and run"?
(Madhumala, Trichy)
This is an expression used mostly in informal contexts. When someone in a difficult situation decides
to cut and run, what he does is to quickly run away from his problems. Instead of dealing with them in
a responsible way, he attempts to escape from them by leaving suddenly. This is something that all of

us do some time or the other. Here are a few examples.

*When the pressure began to mount, many in the management decided to cut and run.
*Raju's cowardly decision to cut and run was criticised by everyone.
The expression comes from the world of sailing. In the old days, when a ship that was at anchor came
under attack, what the sailors did in order to make a quick getaway was to cut the rope to which the
anchor was tied. Instead of going through the lengthy process of raising the anchor and then setting
sail, they merely "cut" the rope and allowed the ship to "run" before the wind. The crew lost the
anchor by doing this, but this gave them a chance to escape. Nowadays of course, it is no longer
possible to "cut and run" because anchors are attached to chains and not ropes!
What is the meaning of "cyberslacker"?
(R. Venugopal, Vellore)

The introduction of the computer in the work environment has brought in many words into the
English language. "Cyberslacker" is one such word. If your boss refers to you as a "slacker" what he
means is that you are lazy! You do less work than what is expected of you. You find various ways of
goofing off in the office. A "cyberslacker" is someone who makes use of his employer's Internet and
e-mail facilities for personal use. Instead of doing the work at hand, he goofs off by surfing the net
and e-mailing his friends.
*We have many cyberslackers in the institute.
*When the company decided to downsize, they got rid of several cyberslackers.
***** ***** *****
"Archaeologist: A man whose career is in ruins." — Hal Roach

April 26, 2004
Know Your English
"Hi, come on in!"

"You don't look too good. Have you got your transfer orders or something?"
"Bite your tongue!"
"Bite my tongue? You think I am crazy?"
"When someone says something, and you respond by saying `bite your tongue', what you mean is
`take back what you said'."
"I see. So when my friend says that I won't be doing well in the physics exam, can I say, `bite your
tongue'?"
"Of course you can! Whenever someone says something that you don't want said, you can say, `bite
your tongue'. Here's another example. You are accusing my brother of stealing your old car! Bite your
tongue."
"I don't think I want to bite my tongue. Tell me, when do you think you will get your transfer orders?"
"There was a latrinogram yesterday saying that I might not be transferred for another six months."
"I have heard of telegrams and phonograms. I am not familiar with a latrinogram."
"A latrinogram or latrino is a rumour that is usually spread in the bathroom. You know when people
working in an office bump into each other in the bathroom... .."
"... .when they meet in the bathroom they usually exchange gossip."
"That's right! So a rumour that is spread in the latrine is referred to as `latrinogram'!"
"In that case, most latrinograms must stink! How about this example? There's a latrino that says that
this year's final exams may be cancelled."
"Keep wishing. According to this morning's latrinogram, my boss' wife has filed for divorce."
"I am not interested in your boss or his wife. Tell me, if you are not being transferred, then who is?"
"No one, actually. And to tell you the truth, no one wants to get transferred."
"But why not? Don't you like visiting new places? See old monuments?"
"When it comes to seeing places, I am what you might call a windshield tourist."
"Windshield tourist! Never heard that expression before. What does it mean?"
"It means that I never stop to take in the sights. I merely stay in the car and see everything through the
windshield."
"In other words, when you go to a new place you merely sit in your car."
"I guess you could say that. Here's an example. There is so much of windshield tourism these days
that many of the shops in town are going out of business."
"My father is like you. He never wants to visit places. Even when we went to Agra, he was just a
windshield tourist."
"By the way, how come there are so many books on the table?"
"My boss has asked me to take a look at the accounts."

"But you don't know anything about that."

"That's what I tried to tell him. But he's asked me to take over till we find a reasonably good number
cruncher."
"A number cruncher? Is that an informal term for an accountant?"
"Yes, that's right! A number cruncher is a slang term for an accountant, or anyone who likes to work
with numbers. For example, we interviewed several number crunchers last week, but ... "
"... I don't think I would enjoy being a number cruncher."
"The number crunchers in our office are trying to get the annual report ready for next week's
meeting."
"But why didn't your boss hire a new accountant last week?"
"He interviewed a lot of people, but he felt that they had nothing upstairs."
"Nothing upstairs? You mean they were all bald?"
"No, no! When you say that an individual has nothing upstairs, what you mean is that he/she is not
very intelligent. He/she doesn't have any brains."
"In other words, the person is very stupid."
"That's a blunt way of putting it. Here's an example. You can't expect too much from Jai. He has
nothing upstairs."
"According to many of my friends Bush has nothing upstairs."
"Really? What makes you say that?"
"Well, he has been telling the world that he just didn't have the intelligence to stop 9/11 from
happening."
***
"One word sums up probably the responsibility of any Governor, and that one word is `to be
prepared'." — George W. Bush

May 03, 2004
WHAT IS the difference between a "chauffeur" and a "driver"?
(S. Rajan, Chennai)

The first syllable "chau" of "chauffeur" sounds like the word "show". The following "eur" is like the
"a" in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word.
"Chauffeur" is not used very often in our country; we prefer the word "driver". A chauffeur, in most
western countries, is a man or a woman hired by someone to drive him around. The "drivers" of very
wealthy people are called "chauffeurs" and so are individuals who transport people between hotels
and airports. A chauffeur knows your destination even before he picks you up — your trips are
prearranged. This is not the case with a taxi driver — you inform him of your destination after you get
in his car. Unlike a taxi driver, a chauffeur drives a great car (often a limousine) and is usually in
uniform. This individual is paid for his services.
A driver, on the other hand, needn't always be paid for his services. Anyone can be a driver. When we
drive our cars, scooters or motorcycles, we are drivers, not chauffeurs. Similarly, when we decide to
drop a friend off at the station, or at the library, we are drivers not chauffeurs. A driver is someone
who is at the wheel.
What is the meaning of "paddle your own canoe"?
(Valli Kumaraswamy, Chennai)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation of the word "canoe". The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a"
in "about" and "arrest"; while the following "oe" is like the "oo" in "cool", "pool", and "fool". The
main stress is on the second syllable. A canoe, as you probably know, is a small wooden boat. The
expression "paddle your own canoe" is mostly used in American English in informal contexts. If you
have the ability to row (paddle) your own boat (canoe), what it implies is that you are capable of
taking care of yourself. You are independent and don't require the help of others. Here are a few
examples.
*Kalyan has been paddling his own canoe ever since he dropped out of college.
*Havovi is hoping to paddle her own canoe after graduating from college.
*Mani quit his job last month. He wants to paddle his own canoe.
A man marrying a man and a woman marrying a woman. Is there a word for such a marriage?
(S. Bakthavathsalan, Gurgaon)

The common terms that are being used nowadays to refer to such a union are "same-sex marriage"
and "gay marriage". Such couples are called "gay couples". The word "gay" is no longer used to mean
"happy".
How is the word "heir" pronounced?
(L. Hamsa, Delhi)

It's pronounced like the word "air". The "h" is silent. Many people in our country pronounce it like the
word "hair". It is wrong to do so.
What is the meaning and origin of "burn the midnight oil"?
(Sundaram Kumar, Chennai)

When you burn the midnight oil what you are doing is working very hard; working late into the night.


*With exams around the corner, Revathi has been burning the midnight oil.
*The assignment is due tomorrow. I guess I will have to burn the midnight oil tonight.
*With two of his workers on leave, poor John has been forced to burn the midnight oil.
This idiom has been part of the English language for several centuries. The expression came into the
language when there was no electricity. People depended on oil lamps and candles for light.
Whenever you wanted to work late into the night, you had to keep the lamps burning.
Why are the hottest days during summer referred to as "dog days"?
(M. Ramaiah, Kilapavoor)

This is an expression which has been around since the 16th Century. The hottest days during the
summer (usually between 3 July and 11 August in Europe) are referred to as "dog days" because this
is also the time when Sirius rises as the same time as the sun. Another name for Sirius is "Dog Star".
People believed that it was because of the influence of this star that the weather turned hot. Hence the
expression "dog days". Another explanation given by scholars as to why this season is called "dog
days" is because many dogs went mad during this hot period.
***** ***** *****
"Old Professors never die, they merely lose their faculties." —
Stephen Fry

May 10, 2004
IS IT OK to say, "I will meet you at about 7: 45"?
(S. Vaidyanathan, Vellore)

Yes, it is. Native speakers of English say it all the time. When you inform someone that you will be
meeting him at about 7: 45, what you mean is that you will be meeting him approximately at that
time. You may be a few minutes early, or a few minutes late for the appointment. It is also possible to
say, "I'll meet you around 7: 45". It has the same meaning as "I'll meet you at about 7: 45". Native
speakers of English also add "ish" to the time to mean approximately. For example, if someone says
he will meet you "sixish" what he means is that he will be there at approximately six o'clock. This is
usually used in speech. Here are a few examples.
*The kids walked into the building at about/around 6: 30.
*It was sevenish when the meeting started.
Which is correct? "Relieved of" or "relieved off"?
(B. Eshwar, Bangalore)

The word "relieved" is followed by "of" and not "off". Here are a few examples.
*The young soldier was relieved of his duties.
*The medicine relieved him of the pain.
*We will relieve you of your problems.
What is the meaning of the word "ditzy"?

First let's deal with the pronunciation. The "i" and the "y" are pronounced like the "i" in "bit", "pit",
and "sit". The "z" sounds like the "s" in "sit" and "sip"; the main stress is on the first syllable. "Ditzy",
or "ditsy" as it is sometimes spelt, is a word that is usually used in American English in informal
contexts. The word is normally used with women. When you refer to a woman as a "ditz" or "ditzo"
what you mean is that she is very scatterbrained. She is quite silly and is not very well organised. Here
are a few examples.
*Hey Rahul, it's that ditzo Jaya on the phone. Do you want to talk to her?
*My ditsy cousin forgot to post the invitations.
What's the meaning of "He's become a vegetable"?
(Sethi, Chandigargh)
This is an offensive term used to describe people who have been declared brain dead by doctors.
Sometimes after a serious accident, the only thing that a victim can do on his own is breathe. The
person cannot think, speak or move. A person who slips into a coma is said to be a vegetable. Other
than the breathing, there are no indications that the individual is alive. Here is an example.
*The young boy has been a vegetable for the past six months.
An individual who leads a very boring, monotonous existence can also be said to lead the life of a
vegetable.
****** ***** *****
"If necessity is the mother of invention, what was papa doing?"—

Ruth Weekley
What is the difference between "gourmet" and "gourmand"? How are the two words
pronounced?
(M. Chandrasekhar, Chennai)

The "gour" in the first syllable of "gourmet" sounds like the "ure" in "sure", "cure", and "pure". The
following "met" is pronounced like the word "may". The first syllable of "gourmand" is pronounced
like the first syllable of "gourmet". The "a" in the second syllable is like the "a" in "china". This is one
way of pronouncing the word. The stress in the case of both words is on the first syllable. The two
words are related to food. A "gourmet" is a connoisseur of good food and vintage wines. He is an
authority on the selection and preparation of good food. If you take a gourmet to a restaurant, he will
not only order the food for you, but will also tell the chef how he wants the dishes to be prepared.
Since he is very fond of his food, he is very particular about the quality. "Gourmet food" is supposed
to be much more sophisticated than ordinary food, but is also a lot more expensive.
A "gourmand" is an individual who enjoys eating and drinking a lot. Unlike a gourmet, a gourmand is
more interested in the quantity of food rather than quality. He is a glutton. The word is often used
disapprovingly to describe someone. Here are a few examples.
*The food in the new restaurant will satisfy the gourmands, but not the gourmets.
*On their honeymoon the young couple had a gourmet dinner.
*When he took Vasantha to dinner, he realised what a gourmand she was.

May 17, 2004
Know Your English
"HI! COME on in. Are you interested in watching a movie with me?"
"A movie! Didn't you say you were going to be busy this week?"
"I most certainly did. Luckily for us, our boss decided to farm out some of the work."
"How can anyone farm work? I don't understand."
"When you `farm out' work to someone, what you are doing is getting the person to do it."
"So if I have too much work, I can farm some of it out to a colleague!"
"Or to an outsider. "
"The new company that my dad works for farms out a lot of work to consultants."
"It is also possible to farm out people."
"When you do this, you are sending someone to work for somebody else. Is that it?"
"Exactly! "
"When I become the boss, I am going to farm out all my work."
"I don't think you can get away with that."
"You are probably right. So did you watch Ronald Dumsfeld apologising to the people of... "
"... .it's not Ronald Dumsfeld, but Donald Rumsfeld."
"I know that. But why should I say his name correctly? After all, he doesn't take the trouble of
pronouncing any of the Iraqi names properly. In fact, none of the American politicians do."
"You have a point there.The photographs of the Iraqis being tortured raised my hackles."
"Raised your hackles? What does it mean? What are hackles, anyway?"
"Hairs on the neck of a dog are called hackles. Similarly, the feathers on the neck of a domestic cock
are called hackles."
"But how can the feathers or hair on the neck be raised?"
"I believe when a dog becomes angry or agitated, the hair on its neck stands up. And... ."
"... .when a cock gets agitated, the feathers on the back of its neck stand up."
"Exactly! So when you say that someone's hackles are raised, what you mean is that the person is very
angry. "
"I could see my chemistry teacher's hackles rising as she heard the principal outline his plan."
"The kids expected the article to raise a few hackles. But nothing happened."
"Now that you have farmed out your work, what have you been doing with yourself?"
"Oh, nothing much. I jogged two miles this morning. Then I guzzled two bottles of water."
"You what?"
"G... u... z... z... l... e... d. It rhymes with `"puzzled'". Do you know what guzzled means?"
"No, I don't. Why don't you tell me?"

"When you guzzle something what you are doing is eating or drinking it very quickly. You greedily
gulp it down. Mehta guzzled gin and tonic all evening."
"Yes, I can believe that. Mehta drinks like a fish. Anyway, how about this example? The kids guzzled
down all the gulab jamuns in about five minutes."
"Sounds good. Sujatha guzzled coffee all night long in order to complete the project."
"That's the way Sujatha works. She puts in an all-nighter, and then the next day she slouches about
doing absolutely nothing."
"Slouch about? Doesn't `slouch' mean to walk about with one's shoulders and head bent?"
"Yes, that's right. Slouch refers to one's posture."
"The young programmer was slouched over the computer."
"That's a good example. Last night Sujatha slouched past me with her hands in her kurta."
"That's the thing about Sujatha. She slouches even when she is sitting down."
"That's true. But she is no slouch at tennis, I can tell you that."
"No slouch at tennis? Don't think I have heard that expression before."
"When you say that someone is `no slouch' at something, what you mean is that the individual is very
good at it. It's an expression mostly used in informal contexts. "
"My neighbour is no slouch at painting."
"My tennis partner is a pretty huge guy. But he is no slouch at the net."
"But some of your shots I am sure raise his hackles."
"I don't know about that. But your comments are sure raising mine. Take your slouching figure out of
here before I decide to farm you out to someone."
***** ***** *****
"Love is a perky elf dancing a merry little jig and then suddenly he turns on you with a
miniature machine gun." — Matt Groening

May 24, 2004
How is the word "Lieutenant" pronounced?
(A. J. Venkatasubramanyam, Bangalore)

The Americans and the British pronounce this word differently. The English pronounce the "lieut"
like the word "left". The "e" that follows is pronounced like the "e" in "ten", "pen" and "hen", and the
final "a" sounds like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the second syllable. The Americans, on
the other hand, pronounce the "ieu" in the first syllable like the "oo" in "pool", "cool", and "school".
They pronounce the remaining two syllables like the British. The main stress once again remains on
the second syllable. Indians tend to follow the British pronunciation.
What is the meaning and origin of "hangdog expression"?

Sometimes we do things we know that we are not supposed to. As kids, our parents kept telling us,
"Don't do this" and "Don't do that". But did we listen? No way! We went ahead and did what we
wanted to because we thought we knew better. There were times when we got caught doing the wrong
thing, and when this happened what was the expression on our face? It was one of guilt. The term
"hangdog" is normally used to refer to one's expression; an expression that suggests that one is
ashamed of what one has done. Here are a few examples.
*When Kanthi was arrested, she had a hangdog expression about her.
*The hangdog air suggested that she had done something seriously wrong.
During medieval times, it was common practice among Europeans to put not only human beings on
trial, but also animals. Whenever an animal did something wrong, it was put on trial and if found
guilty it was sentenced to die by "hanging". For example, if a dog bit a man and he died of rabies, the
dog was put on trial for murder. In 1487 in France, beetles were formally charged for destroying a
vineyard! The expression "hangdog" was initially used to describe the look on someone's face who
was considered fit to be hanged, like a dog, for his crimes. Nowadays, the word is being used to mean
"shamefaced".
Is it O.K to ask someone, "Would you like a cool drink?"
(S. Revathi, Chennai)

Remember the debate over the high levels of pesticide residue in colas manufactured by some
multinationals? In India, when we want to know if our guest wants to have a pesticide-laced drink (a
cola), we might ask them if they would like to have a "cool drink". Native speakers of English do not
refer to a cola as a "cool drink". Instead they use "soft drink", "soda" and "soda pop". They would
normally ask, "Would you like a soft drink?" or "Would you like a soda?" So is it wrong to ask
someone if he wants a "cool drink"? Not in the Indian context. In India everyone would understand
what you mean.
What is the difference between "I had a bad day" and "I have had a bad day"?
(Vijaya, New Delhi)

When you say that you "had a bad day", what you are implying is that the events that made it a "bad
day" are already over. They happened in the past, and are not continuing up to the present. Perhaps
you had a bad day at the office yesterday. Maybe you had a bad day at the office today. But right now,
you are no longer at the office, so chances are the "bad day" will no longer continue. It is over. When
you say that you "have had a bad day", what you are implying is that the bad day is not over as yet. It

may still continue. You are saying that you have had a bad day "so far" and chances are the rest of the
day will be bad as well. The bad day isn't over as yet! The events that have made it a bad day began in
the past and are continuing up to the present moment and with the kind of luck you have been having,
they may even continue into the future!
Here are a couple of more examples. "I had the car for twenty years" and "I have had the car for
twenty years". The first sentence implies that you had the car with you for twenty years. But now you
no longer own the car, perhaps you have sold it. The second sentence, "I have had the car for twenty
years" suggests that you bought the car twenty years ago and you still have it. You still continue to be
the owner of the car. The "action" (as our grammar books would put it!) of owning the car began
twenty years ago and it still continues.
*Janani had a headache (yesterday/this morning). (She no longer has one now)
*I have had a girlfriend for two years. (I still have a girlfriend)
***** ***** *****
"Memory is what tells a man that his wife's birthday was yesterday." — Mario Rocco

May 31, 2004
WHAT IS the meaning of "armchair critic"?
(S. Nalini, Hyderabad)

Whenever we lose a one-day match, we often have to put up with expert comments from some of our
well-meaning friends. They go into great detail as to why the Indian team lost the match and what
they would have done differently had they been the captain. Some of the people who provide their
expert opinion have played little or no cricket in their lives! Much of their knowledge about cricket
comes from their reading about the subject. Such people are called armchair critics. They are
individuals who have great deal of theoretical knowledge about a subject, gained mostly from books;
they have little or no practical experience. An "armchair critic" is someone who sits in one place
(preferably an armchair) and gathers as much information as he can from books. Many of us are
nothing more than armchair critics.
*I want to talk to someone who has dealt with this problem, not to some armchair critic.
*The last thing I need right now are the opinions of some armchair critic.
*The armchair critics at the club spent an hour discussing what went wrong in the match.
It is also possible to be an "armchair traveller". He is someone who learns a lot about a place by
reading or hearing about it. And I guess with the advent of television, he could also be someone who
gets to know about a place by watching programmes about it.
What is the difference between "underemployed" and "unemployed"?
(Lobsang, Bylakuppe)
Someone who is "unemployed" doesn't have a job; he is someone who is in search of one. There are
millions of unemployed people in our country. If an individual is "underemployed" it implies that he
has a job, but he doesn't really have much work to do. The job isn't very demanding, and it doesn't
really make use of the skills or abilities of the individual. *Vignesh prefers to be unemployed rather
than underemployed.
*Anuradha was underemployed and was very unhappy with her job.
How is the word "cavalcade" pronounced?

The "a" in the first syllable sounds like the "a" in "cat", "bat", and "rat"; while the "a" that follows is
like the "a" in "china". The final syllable "cade" rhymes with "made", "fade", and "paid". The main
stress is on the first syllable. If you have the misfortune of living in the state captital, you will
probably know what a cavalcade is. A "cavalcade" is the procession of people on horses, in cars,
carriages, etc. Both cavalcade and cavalry come from the Latin "caballus" meaning "horse". Here are
a few examples.
*While I was waiting at the bus stop, I saw a cavalcade of limousines zoom past.
*The parade included a cavalcade of army men on motorcycles.*The Prime Minister's cavalcade was
caught in the traffic jam.
Why is the written record of a meeting called "minutes"?
(K. Rajeev, Tirupathi)

In English, m..i..n..u..t..e has two different meanings. One refers to time (seconds, minutes, hours, etc)

and the other to size (small). In the second case, the word sounds like "my newt". Both words are
derived from the Latin "minutus". I understand the original "minutes" of a meeting referred to size
rather than time. In the old days, when the minutes were recorded, they were done so in very small
handwriting; later a carefully edited and complete version of the content was written in larger
handwriting - this process was called "engrossing". The term is used to describe the large writing
sometimes used in legal documents.
Is it ok to use "prepone"?
(Ramachandran, Chennai)
Within India there is nothing wrong in using this word; we all understand what it means. The fact that
native speakers don't use it is not our problem. After all, when you have `postpone', then why not
prepone? Dictionaries which contain a section on Indian English always include "prepone". Native
speakers of English, as I have mentioned several times before, use the word "advance" instead of
"prepone".
*I want to prepone/advance my date of journey.
*Ganesh preponed/advanced his trip to Australia.
***
"Rarely is the question asked: Is our children learning?"
— George W. Bush

June 07, 2004
WHAT IS the difference between "godown" and "warehouse"?
(Syed Furqaan Ahamed, Chennai)

In terms of meaning there is no difference. Both refer to a large building where materials can be
stored. But if you were to ask a native speaker of English to come to your godown, he might not
understand you. Native speakers do not use the word "godown"; they prefer "warehouse". The word
"godown" is Indian in origin.
How is the word "oven" pronounced?
(A. Maran, Chennai)

Many Indians tend to pronounce the "o" like the "o" in "go" and "so"; native speakers, however
pronounce it like the "u" in "but", "cut" and "hut". The following "e" is like the "a" in "china", and the
stress is on the first syllable. Similarly, native speakers of English pronounce the "o" in the first
syllable of "onion" is like the "a" in "cut" and "but".
What is the meaning of "upset the applecart"?
(S. Ganpath, Hyderabad)

This is an expression that has been around for several hundred years. When you upset someone's
applecart what you are doing is ruining his plans, and in the process causing problems for the
individual. Here are a few examples.
*Rekha is a friend of the groom's and she doesn't want to upset the applecart.
*Veeru upset the applecart when he announced that he was resigning.
The "applecart" is the pushcart that vendors use to peddle their fruit. If a cart loaded with fruit were
overturned ("upset"), what would be the result? The fruit would get damaged, and the poor vendor
would end up incurring a huge loss leading to his ruin.
Why is the word "pound" abbreviated to "lb."?
(L. Malini, Bangalore)

The "lb." is the short form of the Latin "libra" meaning "pound". The original expression was "libra
pondo" meaning "pound in weight". As time went by however, changes in meaning took place.
"Pondo" which originally meant "in weight" began to mean "pound". As a result, the word "libra"
became redundant. The original word for pound is now only retained in its abbreviated form "lb.".
The abbreviated form of "ounce" (oz.) comes from the Italian "onza".
What is the meaning of the term "whistleblower"?
(Ramaiah, Tirunelvelli Dist.)

He is an informer. When you realise that the company that you are working for is into all kinds illegal
activities and you decide to inform the police or the public about them, then you become a
whistleblower. It is also possible to write the word as "whistle-blower". Here are a few examples.
*If you expect me to be the whistle-blower Mahesh, you can forget it.
*Some whistleblower put Chandru behind bars for a couple of years.
How is the word "conscientious" pronounced?
(G Shastri, Chennai)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "con", and the following "i" is like the "i" in "bit", "pit",
and "kit". The "e" sounds like the "e" in "pet", "bet", and "get". The "sc" and the "t" sound like the
"sh" in "should", "sheep" and "shall". The three vowels in the final syllable are pronounced like the
"a" in "china"; the main stress is on the third syllable "en".. A conscientious person is someone who
takes great care to do his work properly. What is interesting is that many of our MPs who took their
oath of office last month mispronounced this word. It's understandable, I guess. "Honesty" and
"conscientiousness" are two qualities that you normally don't associate with politicians. Here are a
few examples.
*The conscientious mother sterilised the bottle before giving it to the baby.
*The young scholar studied conscientiously and enthusiastically.
Which is correct? "I have got a headache" or "I have got headache"?
(G. Laxman, Hyderabad)

Headache is always treated as a countable noun, and is therefore preceded by "a". You cannot say, "I
have got headache". In British English, all other "aches" stomachache, toothache, backache, etc. - can
be treated either as countable or uncountable nouns. The use of "a" is therefore optional. "Renu has
had a toothache all night." It is also possible to say, "Renu has had toothache all night."
***** ***** *****
"A man's got to do, what a man's got to do. A woman must do what he can't." — Rhonda Hansome

June 14, 2004
What is the origin of "blackmail"?
(Talla Varun, Warrangal)

When you set up a new business, there are a number of things you have to worry about. One worry is
people trying to extort money from you. It is very common for "antisocial elements" to take money
from you in order to give you "protection". In the old days, farmers living along the Scottish border
had to pay "freebooters" such money in order to be left in peace. The mail in the word "blackmail" has
nothing to do with the post office or letters. It comes from the Scottish word "mail" meaning "rent" or
"tax"; "blackmail" was the rent which individuals paid to gangs to ensure that they did not get robbed.
Why "blackmail"? According to some scholars the rent that farmers paid was usually in the form of
"black cattle". When the rent was paid in the form of silver, it was called "whitemail".
Is it ok to address a married woman as "Ms."?
(V. Swathi, Rajamundry)

One of the reasons that the fairer sex coined the word "Ms." during the Women's Liberation
Movement was because they didn't want men to know whether they were married or not. The
argument was that when a man puts "Mr." before his name, nobody really knows whether he is
married or not. A bachelor is a "Mr", and so is a married man. Whereas ladies had two different titles;
an unmarried woman was referred to as a "Miss.", and a married one was called "Mrs." So in the early
70s women came up with a title which wouldn't provide any information about their marital status.
That word was "Ms". So the answer to the question is that it's all right to address a married woman as
"Ms." The word is pronounced like the word "Miss" except that the "ss" is pronounced like the "z" in
"zip" and "zoo".
What's the difference between "inform of" and "inform on"?
(R. Mahesh, Coimbatore)

When you "inform someone of" something what you are doing is telling him something. You are
providing the individual certain facts about something. Here are a few examples.
*Brijesh was informed of the Board's decision.
*The students were informed of the tragedy.
When you "inform on" someone what you are doing is providing information about the individual to
the police or people in authority. This often causes problems for the person who has been informed on
because people suspect that he has done something bad. The phrase sometimes carries a negative
connotation with it.
*Laxman informed the police on Harish.
*I have a sneaky feeling that someone has informed on us.
What is the meaning and origin of "hit below the belt"?
(Sa Ra Saran, Chennai)

When you say something to someone and he complains that you are hitting him below the belt, what
he is implying is that you are being extremely cruel or unfair. You are being very unsporting. It is also
possible to say, "aim below the built". Here are a few examples.
*During the campaign both candidates kept hitting each other below the belt.

*Be careful with Ajit. He doesn't think twice about hitting someone below the belt.
The expression comes from the world of boxing. In this sport, it is illegal to hit the opponent below
the belt (waist). If you do throw a punch below his belt, you may either be disqualified or points may
be deducted from you.
Is it OK to say, "When he arrived at home, he looked for the files that he had left behind."?
(C. T. Chari, Hyderabad)

You usually "arrive home", you do not "arrive at home". Here are a few examples.
*The newly appointed manager arrived home at ten o'clock.
*As soon as Ganga reached home, she realised that something was wrong.
*When Sachin arrived home, he went straight to bed.
Just as you don't say, "arrive at home", similarly you don't say, "go to home". Instead you say, "go
home".
*The young boy went home and took a nap.
*I am going home to watch the game.
*If you are planning to go home, can you give me a ride?
***** ***** *****
"He is as good as his word - and his word is no good." — Seumas MacManus

June 21, 2004
What is the difference between "disassemble" and "dissemble"?
(K. Arthi, Bangalore)

When you "assemble" something, you put it together. When you "disassemble" something, you take it
apart. We have all met people who enjoy taking things apart and putting them together. Some people
disassemble their watches and computers, in order to figure out how they work.
*Vishnu disassembled the watch, but had problems putting it together again.
*The instructor disassembled the computer and showed Mahidhar how it worked.
*We disassembled the iron and looked for signs of wear and tear.
When an individual "dissembles", he is concealing something. What he is hiding could be his
emotions, his desires, or his ideas. When you "dissemble", you are putting on a false appearance. The
word has the main stress on the second syllable, and is mostly used in formal contexts. Here are a few
examples.
*Gayathri had trained herself to dissemble her real thoughts.
*During the lecture, the students were unable to dissemble their boredom.
*Indu can dissemble her feelings when it serves her purpose.
How is the word D-day used?
(R. Ramesh, Chennai)

Since the whole world was talking about this particular day during the first week of this month, I
won't go into what the actual D-Day was. Nowadays, the word is used to mean the day chosen for the
commencement of an important activity.
*The players are preparing themselves for D-day tomorrow.
*Tomorrow is D-day. We are launching our new product.
So Friday is D-day, is it?
The "D" in D-day stands for "day". So when you say "D-day" what you are actually saying is "Day-
day". The expression was first used during World War I, and not as many people think in the Second
World War. The famous D-day was of course on June 6, 1944.
Is it O.K to say, "What is your good name?"
(K. Rama Rao, Hyderabad)

Of course, it is! When we meet someone, this is the first question that we generally ask. Does this
mean that there are people who in addition to their "good name" have a "bad name"? Perhaps the next
time we meet a politician, we should ask him, "What is your bad name?" Native speakers of English
do not ask an individual what his "good" or "bad" name is. They just want to know his name. The
question "What is your good name?" is actually a translation of the Hindi "Aap ka shubh naam kya
hai?"
How is the word "epitome" pronounced?
(K. Shyam, Kozhikode)

The vowels in the first two syllables are pronounced like the "i" in "bit", "sit", and "hit". The "o" is
like the "a" in "china", and the final syllable is pronounced like the word "me". The main stress is on

the second syllable "pi". When you refer to an individual or a thing as the "epitome" of something,
what you are implying is that they are the "typical or ideal example" of something. The word can be
used with both good as well as bad things. Here are a few examples.
*I consider him to be the epitome of the crooked politician.
*Rama thinks that travelling by AC two tier is the epitome of extravagance.
*Natraj's new driver is the epitome of laziness.
What is the origin of "Hi"?
(Logesvaren, Rajapalayam)
There are several theories which account for the origin of this word. According to one theory, in the
old days when people bumped into each other, the first question they asked was "How are you?" This
was the standard practice. Since everyone knew what the first question was going to be, they asked it
very quickly.
When "How are you?" is said quickly, it sounds like "hiya". Soon "hiya" began to replace the much
more formal "How are you?" Some people thought that "hiya" was too long and reduced it to "hi".
Therefore when you greet someone, "Hi, how are you?" what you are actually doing is merely
repeating yourself. You are saying, "How are you? How are you?"
***** ***** *****
"Guidelines for bureaucrats: (1) When in charge, ponder; (2) When in trouble, delegate; (3) When in
doubt, mumble." — James H. Boren

June 28, 2004
Driving up the wall
"Hey, long time, no see! How are your driving lessons coming along?"
"Not too good, I am afraid. Having all kinds of problems."
"Are you driving the instructor up the wall? Or is he... ."
"...for your kind information I haven't driven into a wall as yet."
"Which probably means you have driven into a tree and a few other things."
"I certainly have not! What do you..."
"... take it easy, will you? When you say that someone is driving you up the wall, what you mean is
that he is driving you crazy. He is irritating or frustrating you."
"Irritating and frustrating people, eh? That's your speciality, isn't it? How about this example? All
those questions you ask me drive me up the wall."
"That's good because they are meant to drive you up the wall. Whenever I play tennis with Ramdas, I
always lob a lot. It drives him up the wall."
"I don't like visiting Kirthi's house. The mess inside drives me up the wall."
"It's also possible to say, the mess inside drives me bonkers."
"I see. Can I say, all that noise is driving me bonkers?"
"You can. All this talk about cricket on TV drives me bonkers."
"My neighbour's new puppy is driving me bonkers."
"How can a little puppy drive you bonkers?"
"The creature keeps howling all night long."
"I guess that's enough to drive you to distraction."
"Drive me to distraction? Does it mean angry?"
"That's right. When something drives you to distraction, it makes you so angry or upset that you are
unable to think clearly."
"How about this example? My neighbour is renovating her apartment. All the noise is driving me to
distraction."
"My cousin talks a lot. Her non stop chatter drives my mother to distraction."
"My cousin is teaching kindergarten. She told me the other day that looking after twenty kids every
day is driving her to distraction."
"Is it Revathi that you are talking about?"
"That's right!"
"How is she doing?"
"Pretty good. Have you two started talking to each other?"
"Not really. Ever since you drove the wedge between the two of us, we haven't spoken to each other."
"Drove a wedge between the two of you. Another expression with `drive'."

"When you drive a wedge between ... ."

"... .I know what it means. When you drive a wedge between two people you are creating problems
between them."
"Excellent! You are ruining the relationship between two individuals or between two groups of
people."
"In many of our movies, it's always a girl who drives a wedge between two guys."
"That's true. Rani and Kishore's divorce has driven a wedge between the two families."
"But tell me, how can you say that cricket is driving you up the wall? Especially now that we have the
best team in the world."
"I am sure there will be plenty of people who can drive a coach and horses through that argument."
"Drive a coach and horses? What does it mean?"
"When you drive a coach and horses through something, what you are attempting to do is find
loopholes."
"In other words, you are finding the weak points in a case."
"Exactly! This is an expression used mostly in formal contexts. The attorney drove a coach and horses
through the witness's defence."
"The police drove a coach and horses through the robber's alibi."
"Here's another example. The opposition drove a coach and horses through the Prime Minister's
argument. Tell me, what will you be driving tomorrow?"
"I am not really sure. Since my driving isn't improving, maybe I should just start riding a horse."
***** ***** *****
"In Iraq, terrorists are now firing missiles from donkey carts. I guess these are the high-tech weapons
President Bush was talking about - weapons of ass destruction." — Jay Leno

July 05, 2004
HOW IS the word "silhouette" pronounced?
(E.Raju, Chennai)
The first syllable rhymes with "fill", "pill", and "bill", the following "o" is like the "oo" in "pool",
"fool", and "cool". The final "ette" is like the "et" in "pet", "bet", and "set". The main stress is on the
final syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word. When you look at someone who has the sun
behind him, what is it that you normally see? Usually you can't see anything; all you see is a dark
shape. Its very difficult to make out who the person is. This dark outline that you see of an object or
person against a bright background is referred to as a silhouette.
*As the sun began to slowly rise, one could see the dark silhouette of the fort.
*Silhouetted against the bright lights was a figure of an old woman.
Etienne de Silhouette was a French author and politician who lived in the 18th Century. During this
period, in the world of art, the silhouette portrait had become a rage. While the common man fell in
love with the silhouette, art critics took great delight in rubbishing it. When de Silhouette became the
finance minister, he reduced the budget for the nobility, tripled the taxes on bachelors, and did many
other things, which made him very unpopular with the powers that be. In order to ridicule the man, the
aristocrats began to apply his name to what they believed was meaningless art. Also, men's clothing
without pockets began to be called "a la silhouette" — meaning "on the cheap". The man became so
unpopular that he was forced to resign. This is one theory. Some other scholars believe that
Silhouette's hobby was to cut profile portraits of individuals out of black paper — hence the name
silhouette.
What is the origin of the word "villain"?

The word "villain" comes from the Latin "villanus" meaning "farm servant". In Medieval Europe
many peasant farmers were "owned" by their masters and had to work for them for free. Being slaves,
they were frequently sold from one person to another. When the word "villain" first entered the
language, it did not have a negative connotation; it did not mean an evil person, as it does today. But
since the original "villain" was poor, he often had to resort to a little bit of stealing to survive. The
aristocratic landlords, however, began to associate all sorts of bad things with him. As a result, the
word began to be associated with a person of low morals. As time went by, "villain" began to acquire
the negative meaning that it has today. Do you know that the word "villain" and "villa" are related? In
the old days, villains lived in a villa! When we think of a "villa" now, we think of something fancy,
but the original meaning of "villa" was "farm". Perhaps we should start calling farmhouses "villas"!
Is it necessary to have two examples before using "etc"?
(B. Manoj, Chennai)

Not necessarily. Books on English usage suggest that "etc" can be used with one item or more than
one. The rule is when you use "etc" after a single item, you don't put a comma before it. When you
use it with more than one item, a comma is used. Some people however argue that one item lists
should be avoided whenever possible. Here are a few examples.
*Venu doesn't like cats etc.
*Rahul is an expert on diet etc.
*Sheba has interest in many things — music, dance, tennis, etc.

The important thing to remember is that the word "etc" cannot be preceded by "and" because "et" in
"et cetera" means "and". It is therefore incorrect to say, "Rowdy Raji likes idli, wada, dosa, and etc."
Some people argue that the word should be used with things, and not with people. They maintain that
sentences like the following should be avoided: "Sarita, Ganesh, Sameer, Nisha, etc had dinner with
us." They find such usage offensive.
What is the difference between "center" and "centre"?
(Francis Xavier, Pudukkottai)

There is no difference. The British spell it "centre" and the Americans spell it "center". There are a
number of words which are spelt in this manner. The following words are spelt with an "er" in
American English — fibre, sombre, and theatre.
What is the expansion of e.g?
(R. Venkateswaran, Chennai)

It comes from the Latin "exempli gratia" which means "for example".
***** ***** *****
"Being in politics is like being a football coach. You have to be smart enough to understand the game
and dumb enough to think it's important." — Eugene McCarthy

July 12, 2004
What is the difference between "I go to school" and "I go to the school"?
(Saira Banu, Salem District)

The first sentence "I go to school" suggests that you are a student. The noun "school" when used
without an article indicates that you are thinking of school as an institution, as a place of study, rather
than as a building. Similarly, when you say, "Mohan was in hospital when the fire broke out" what
you are implying is that he was a patient, and not a visitor.
In the sentence, "I go to the school every day", you are thinking of "school" as a building. Perhaps,
you have a child in school and you go there every morning to drop him off. You are not going there as
a student.
When you say, "Mohan was in the hospital when the fire broke out" what you mean is that he was in
the building, but not necessarily as a patient — perhaps he was just visiting someone.
What is the meaning of "more than one way to skin a cat"?
(K. Dilip, Hyderabad)

When you say, "there's more than one way to skin a cat" what you mean is that there are several
different ways of achieving something. In other words, there is more than one way of doing
something. The expression is often used humorously. Here are a few examples.
*You don't have to shout at Kalyan, but you can make it obvious to him that you are disappointed
with what he did. There's more than one way to skin a cat.
According to some scholars, the "cat" referred to in the expression is the "catfish". I understand that
its skin is very tough; it has to be removed to make the fish edible.
What is the meaning of "cult figure"?

A "cult figure" is an individual who is very popular among a particular group of people. The word can
be used with objects as well.
*After his death, James Dean became a cult figure.
*Sachin Tendulkar is a cult figure among school children in India.
*Sorry Shyam, I don't think you will ever become a cult figure.
What is the difference between "honourable" and "honorary"
(V. Vaishnavi, Palakol)

How can you manage to get several Ph.D degrees without really working for them? It's pretty easy.
All you have to do is become a minister, and the various universities in your state will vie with one
another to give you an "honorary" degree! It is a degree that is given to you as an honour; you haven't
really worked for it.
In other words, you haven't really earned it. The word "honorary" has another meaning as well. When
you hold an "honorary" position in an organisation, you do not get paid for the work you do. In other
words, you offer your services for free.
*The Prime Minister was awarded an honorary doctorate.
*Jai is the honorary President of his old college.

*Nirmala is the honorary secretary of the club.

When someone does something "honourable", he does something that is worthy of honour; he does
something that is commendable or noble.
*According to Mani, acting is not an honourable profession.
*The Chief Minister did the honourable thing by resigning.
An honourable politician is an oxymoron. These are just some of the differences between the two
words.
How is the word "peripheral" pronounced?
(K. Rahul, Mahabubnagar)

The "i" in the second syllable is like the "i" in "sit", "bit", and "kit", and the following "ph" sound like
the "f" in "fit", "fill", and "feel". The other three vowels in the word are pronounced like the "a" in
"china". The main stress is on the second syllable.
When you refer to an activity as being peripheral, what you mean is that it is not very important when
compared to other activities. This is one of the meanings of the word. Here are a few examples.
*As far as I am concerned, cricket should be made peripheral to other activities.
*We have decided to contract out some of our peripheral activities like training etc.
*In my opinion, history is peripheral to the debate.
***
"Doing business without advertising is like winking at a girl in the dark. You know what you are doing
but no one else does." — Stewart Britt

July 19, 2004
What is the origin of "disc jockey"?
(B. Aarthi, Chennai)

Not many of us listen to the radio these days; most of us are glued to the TV. This is what happened in
the United States as well in the 1940s; the radio took a back seat to television. With the exception of
news, all other popular radio programmes made a beeline for the idiot box. In order to win back some
of its old audience, radio stations began to play recorded songs. They hired individuals who not only
knew about music, but also had the gift of the gab to keep listeners entertained. These people became
known as "disc jockeys". Why this term? In the U.S, vinyl records were called "discs". As for the
word "jockey", you probably know it can be used both as a noun and a verb. The noun refers to a
professional horse rider. When you "jockey a horse" what you are trying to do is steer or direct it into
a winning position. Similarly, the disc jockey was trying to direct the taste of the public as far as
music was concerned. By playing some songs repeatedly, he jockeyed (influenced) public taste in
music. The records he played on the air sometimes became big hits. As time went by, the word
"jockey" began to be used with individuals belonging to other professions: "plow" jockey (farmer), jet
jockey (pilot), typewriter jockey (typist), etc.
What's the difference between "show someone the door" and "show someone to the door"?
(V. Sujatha, Coimbatore)

When your guest takes leave of you, what is it that you normally do? The usual practice is to walk
with him to the front door, open it, bid him good-bye, and then close the door behind him. When you
"show someone to the door", what you are doing is seeing him off at the door. Here are a few
examples.
*Uma always makes it a point to show her guest to the door.
*After the meeting, Raju showed me to the door.
*I told Sandeep that he didn't have to see me to the door.
When you show someone the door, you are forcing the individual to leave. You are asking the person
to get out.
*When the students misbehaved, the teacher didn't hesitate to show them the door.
*The gatecrashers were shown the door in no uncertain terms.
*If you don't behave Reema, I'll have to show you the door.
Is it OK to use the word "ranker" to mean someone who has got a good rank?

In our country, whenever someone does well in an exam and gets a rank, he is usually called a
"ranker". Makes sense, doesn't it? After all, someone who plays is a "player", a man who smokes is a
"smoker", and a man who drives is a "driver". Therefore the boy who gets a good rank in an exam
should be called a "ranker". Unfortunately, when it comes to language, logic doesn't always work
especially in the case of English. We don't call someone who cooks a "cooker", do we? Similarly,
someone who does exceedingly well in an exam is not called a "ranker" — at least not by native
speakers of English. Dictionaries define the word "ranker" as a commissioned officer who has been
promoted from the enlisted status.

Is it OK to say, "revert back"?
(T. Sridhar, Bangalore)

Since the word "revert" means "to go back", it is unnecessary to use "back" with revert. Similarly it is
unnecessary to use "back" with "return". We often hear people say, "I returned back to Delhi in a
week's time." The word "back" is not required in the sentence.
*The depressed young man reverted to smoking heavily.
*Once she landed in the States, Renu reverted to her strange accent.
*I returned home at six o'clock.
What is the meaning of "thereby hangs many tales"?
(B. Shastri, Hyderabad)

The correct expression is "thereby/therein hangs a tale." When you have said something and then
follow it up with this expression, what you mean is that there is an interesting story to be told about
the incident. Here are a few examples.
*Janaki has eloped with the driver. Thereby hangs a tale.
*Vasu has decided to move out of his parents' house, and thereby hangs a tale.
*Phyllis didn't get promoted, therein hangs a tale.
***** ***** *****
"The two most beautiful words in the English language are `Cheque enclosed'." — Dorothy Parker

July 26, 2004
What is the origin of "pay through one's nose"?
(Nisha Vashisht, Secunderabad)

When you pay through your nose for an object, what you are doing is paying too much for it. The
expression is mostly used in informal contexts. It has the same meaning as "pay an arm and a leg for
something".
*Raju fell in love with the old car. He was willing to pay through his nose for it.
*I had to pay through my nose for those tickets.
According to some scholars, the expression "pay through one's nose" came into use when the Vikings
ruled over much of Ireland between the Ninth and 10th Centuries. The rulers apparently levied a "nose
tax" on the Irish. The people who did not pay the tax were punished by having their nose slit! The
poor Irish were forced to pay a lot of money just to keep their nose intact!
Which is correct? "Dead cheap" or "dirt-cheap"?
(V. S. Paul Devasahayam, Madurai)

Both American and British dictionaries list "dirt-cheap". When you say that you bought something
"dirt-cheap" what you are implying is that you bought it extremely cheap; in other words, the thing
you bought was as cheap as dirt.
*Savithri managed to get the house dirt-cheap.
*The young couple sold me the car dirt-cheap.
The word "dead" is used in British English in informal contexts to mean "very". Therefore it is
possible to say that something was "dead cheap". It can be used with other words as well.
*I wouldn't buy that house even if it were offered to me dead cheap.
Is it OK to say "Happy bon voyage"?
(Eshwar, Nellore)
I saw this sign at one of the airports. When you wish someone "bon voyage", you are wishing the
individual a good journey. There is no need to say, "Happy bon voyage". If you want to use the word
"happy", then simply say, "Happy journey".
What is the meaning of "skulduggery" and how is the word pronounced?
(K. Mala, Coimbatore)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first syllable is like the word "skull" and the second is
pronounced like the word "dug". The "e" is like the "a" in "China", while the final "y" is like the "i" in
"hit", bit", and "sit". The main stress is on the second syllable "dug". The word is mostly used in
formal contexts, and it is used to refer to dishonest activities that an individual indulges in, in order to
get ahead in life. Americans spell the word "skullduggery".
*There is so much skulduggery going on, I don't trust my friends anymore.
*The promising batsman's career was ruined by political skulduggery.
What is the difference between "wish" and "desire"?
(Sunil Dewan, Gurgaon)

Both words refer to a longing for something. Of the two, "desire" is stronger and more formal. Desire
indicates an individual's strong intention to do something. We usually desire things which are close to
us, or within our view. Wish, on the other hand, is not as strong as desire, and it carries with it the
sense that what we want is unattainable. When you say, "I wish you were here", the chances of it
happening are remote. We usually wish for things that are out of our reach.
Which is correct? "I work for NATO" or "I work for the NATO"?
(C. Suresh, Chennai)

Well known organisations like the United Nations, British Broadcasting Corporation and Federal
Bureau of Investigation are usually preceded by the definite article. The article is used even when the
names have been abbreviated. If the abbreviated form of an organisation can be pronounced as a
word, then the article is not required. For example, NATO and OPEC are usually pronounced as a
word. In such cases, the article is not required. Therefore the answer to the question is, "I work for
NATO".
***** ***** *****
"It is not economical to go to bed early to save the candles if the result is twins." — Chinese Proverb

August 02, 2004
Icy phrases
"What are you doing here? Weren't you supposed to leave for Goa yesterday?"
"That particular plan had to be put on ice."
"How can a plan be put on ice? I mean, how can you do something like... ?"
"... when you put something on ice, you are postponing doing it."
"In other words, you are putting the plan on hold."
"Exactly! Here's an example. I am afraid we'll have to put your project on ice for a while."
By the way, to put something on ice has the same meaning as to put something on the backburner."
"I think we should put cricket on the backburner for some time. I am sick and tired of the game. Tell
me, why did you have to postpone your trip?"
"Well, we had our annual meeting yesterday and things got pretty ugly."
"Why? What happened?"
"Some of the shareholders became angry and shouted. They started throwing the chairs and... ."
"... sounds terrible. What did your boss do?"
"Nothing really. He remained ice cool."
"Ice cool, eh? He must be like my principal. He too remains ice cold no matter what."
"I didn't say my boss was ice cold, I said he was ice cool."
"But they mean the same thing, don't they?"
"No, they don't. When someone remains ice cool in a difficult situation, he remains very calm. You
admire him because he remains unruffled."
"In movies, the hero always remains ice cool."
"Exactly! Here's another example. During the penalty shootout, the goalkeeper remained ice cool and
managed to bring off two brilliant saves."
Now tell me what ice cold means. How is it different from ice cool?"
"When you say that someone is ice cold, what you are implying is that the individual shows no
emotion. He shows no feelings at all. He is not at all friendly." "In other words, there is no warmth in
a person who is ice cold. There is a total lack of feeling."
"Yes, that's right. This expression ìce cold' has a negative meaning. For example, the killer's eyes
were ice cold."
"I asked Jeevan several questions and all I got in response was an ice cold stare."
"That sounds like him all right. A cold and unemotional person can also be called an ìceberg'."
"I have several of those in my family. My cousin Venu is an insensitive iceberg."
"My cousin Hema is an iceberg."
"I know. I met her last year. If you ask me, she is more of an ice queen."
"What's the difference?"

"An ice queen is not only cold, but also haughty. You usually use the term with women."
"My boss' wife is an ice queen."
"Have you ever told your boss that?"
"You must be joking. I'd lose my job. Tell me, have you handed in your assignments?"
"I tried to, but the teacher refused to accept them."
"But why?"
"I was late. The assignments were due last week. I tried telling the teacher how ill I was... ."
"... the excuses you gave cut no ice with the new teacher, eh?"
"Cut no ice with the teacher? Don't know what you are talking about."
"When you tell an individual something and it cuts no ice with him, it means it has no effect on him.
He doesn't change his mind."
"In other words, the excuses that I offered didn't influence my new teacher."
"That's right! The teacher was not influenced or impressed by what she heard."
"How about this example? The romantic sob story cut no ice with the audience."
"Good example. Do me a favour. From now on, don't put your assignments on the back burner."
"Aye, aye, captain!"
***** ***** *****
"What do you call people who are afraid of Santa Claus? Claustrophobic." — Unknown

August 09, 2004
What is the meaning of "pie in the sky"?
(B. Narayan, Koilpathi)

If you come up with a plan and someone says that it is nothing more than pie in the sky, what he
means is that though the plan looks good on paper, it is unlikely to succeed. In other words, your
plans will never be realised. A pie in the sky is the reward that you are hoping to get some time in the
future. Chances are it will not happen. This is an expression mostly used in informal contexts.
*Rajeev's plans of setting up his own business are nothing more than pie in the sky.
*Jai's ideas about reforming the tax system are nothing more than pie in the sky.
It is believed that the expression was made popular in the U.S. by the radical labour union organiser,
Joe Hill.
How is the word "incommunicado" pronounced?
(G. K. Karthigaikumara, Delhi)

The first syllable is like the word "in" and the following three syllables sound like the first three
syllable of the word "communicate". The "a" sounds like the "a" in "bath", "path", and "half"; and the
final "o" is like "o" in "go", "so", and "no". The main stress is on the fifth syllable "ca". When you are
held incommunicado, you are not allowed to be in contact with others. You are kept in a place where
you cannot see or talk to anyone. It's like being in solitary confinement. Very often, people choose to
be incommunicado. In this case, they do not wish to be disturbed by others; they want to be left alone.
*I am told that many prisoners are held incommunicado.
*Yogesh has gone to some remote village. He will be incommunicado for a few days.
*Till I finish this project, I wish to be incommunicado.
What does "netizen" mean?
(I. Pattabhi, Mangalore)

We all know what "citizen" means. Well, a "netizen" is a citizen of the Internet; he is a citizen of the
Internet community. The word was coined by Michael Hauben in 1992. Another word which has the
same meaning is "cybercitizen".
Is it OK to say, "Cut jokes in class"?
(K. C. Vasudevan, Kozhikode)

In India everyone "cuts" jokes. Native speakers of English, however, do not use the word "cut" with
jokes. They prefer to "tell", "crack", or "share" a joke.
What's the difference between "He is honest" and "He is being honest"?
(T. Rajendran, Poovathadi)

The first sentence implies that he is a trustworthy individual. Honesty is ingrained in him; it is not
something temporary. He is a dependable being, one who doesn't lie. When you say that he is being
honest, what you are implying is that he is telling the truth in this particular case. For example, if you
say, "Radha is being honest about the incident," what you are saying is as far as the incident is
concerned she is telling the truth. She may not be telling the truth about other things, but as far as the
incident goes, she is. Radha may not tell the truth all the time, but she is telling the truth in this case.

What is the difference between "contagious" and "infectious"?
(A. R. N. Mani, Trichy)

A disease that is "contagious" is usually passed on from one individual to another through touch —
the contact could be with the individual who has the disease, or with an object that the individual has
touched. Measles and chicken pox, I am told, are contagious. "Infectious" suggests that the disease is
either air-borne or water-borne; one doesn't need to be in direct contact with the infected individual.
The germs that invade your body multiply, causing the body to become weak. Both words can be used
figuratively as well. For example, one can talk about "infectious enthusiasm" or "contagious
enthusiasm". You can also refer to someone's laughter being "contagious" or "infectious". In both
these cases, the words can be used interchangeably.
***** ***** *****
"If Lincoln was alive today, he would roll over in his grave." — Gerald Ford

August 17, 2004
What is the meaning and origin of "keep it under your hat"?
(R. Revathi, Vellore)

When someone tells you something and then follows it up by saying, "keep it under your hat" what he
wants you to do is to keep the information to yourself. The information is to be kept secret; if the
secret stays under your hat, it stays in your mind.
*I have some interesting news. I'll tell you, if you promise to keep it under your hat.
*Raju has been fired. But keep it under your hat.
In the old days in Britain, both boys and men used to wear hats. Some of the hats had secret
compartments in them. Whenever a man carried something important, he invariably hid it in them.
For example, when a man wanted to send a letter to his beloved, he hired a small boy from the streets.
The boy was given the letter and it was his job to give it to the girl without her parents being aware of
it. In order to ensure that he didn't lose the letter and was in a position to give it to the girl without her
parents finding out, the boy used to hide it under his hat!
What is the difference between "affect" and "effect"?
(B. Abhishek, Bangalore)

When something "affects" you, it influences you. The word is usually used as a verb.
*The unusually hot weather affected people in different ways.
*The doctor said that the disease had affected Dilip's liver.
The word "effect" can be used as a noun and a verb. An "effect" is a change that has been brought
about by something else.
*He is studying the effect of TV violence on child behaviour.
*The rising fuel prices had an immediate effect on the economy.
*The expression "have an effect on" has the same meaning as "affect".
*The drinking has had an effect on his liver.
When you "effect" something, what you are doing is bringing about changes.
*The Prime Minister has effected many changes by introducing the bill.
What is the meaning of "brouhaha"? How is it pronounced?
(V. G. Palakkuvu, Tiruvananthapuram)

The first syllable "brou" is pronounced like the word "brew", and the "a" in the following two
syllables sounds like the "a" in "art", "part", and "cart". The British put the stress on the first syllable,
while the Americans place it on the second. The word comes from the French "brouhaha" meaning
"noisy chattering". The word became popular in English after the Second World War. Nowadays, the
word is normally used in informal contexts to mean a commotion or an angry complaint about
something.
*There is a report on the recent brouhaha over the non-payment of the bonus.
Is "tiffin" an English word?
(Nelvoy Varadhan, Chennai)

Well, the word is included in many dictionaries. Most of them state that it is a word of Anglo Indian
origin. Native speakers of English, however do not use this word to refer to a light meal. They prefer
to use the word "snack" instead of "tiffin". According to some scholars, "tiffin" comes from "tiff".
One of the meanings of "tiff" in British English is "to sip or drink". Did you know that Tiffin is also
the name of a place?
How should you greet a couple after they have been married for a month?
(M. V. Nagaraju, Hyderabad)

Native speakers sometimes talk about a "one month anniversary". So I suppose you could wish the
couple a "Happy one month anniversary". This seems to be a contradiction though. We normally
associate the word "anniversary" with events that occur every year and not every month. I don't think
there is a special way to greet someone who has been married for just 30 days. If a couple succeeds in
staying together for a year, then you can wish them a "Happy Cotton Wedding Anniversary". On this
day, you are supposed to present the couple with things made of cotton.
***** ***** *****
"Most of the houses in France are made of plaster of Paris." — A child

August 23, 2004
What is the origin of "square meal"?
(D. Srinivasan, Kallidaikurichi)

A square meal, as you probably know, is a nutritious meal; one which is big enough to satisfy your
hunger. In India, we are often told that we must have three such meals every day! The origin of the
expression dates back to the 18th century when living conditions on ships were terrible. British sailors
were given very little to eat. Breakfast and lunch consisted of a few slices of bread and a beverage.
Dinner, however, was something more substantial; it included meat and a few other items. Unlike
breakfast and lunch, dinner was served on a tray. Guess what the shape of the tray was? Yes, it was
square. Hence the expression, "square meal". This is one of the theories going around.
Is it correct to say, "Both Rahul as well as Peter live in Hosur"?
(A. Subba Rao, Hosur)

No, it is not. In such a sentence you can either use "both" or "as well as". You cannot include the two
in the same sentence. You can say, "Both Rahul and Peter live in Hosur" or "Rahul, as well as Peter,
lives in Hosur". Notice that in the second case, the verb is "lives" and not "live". When you use "as
well as" the verb that follows usually agrees with the noun that precedes "as well as" — especially
when "as well as" is separated by commas.
*The teacher, as well as the students, is going to Chennai.
*The students, as well as the teacher, are going to Chennai.
Which is correct? "Curd" or "curds"?
(M. Sankar, Aswapuram)

Both are correct. Usually in speech, we use the plural "curds". Remember the nursery rhyme "Little
Miss Muffet"? She was sitting on her tuffet and eating her "curds and whey". We ask someone
whether he would like to have "curds". When the word is used before a noun, it has to be "curd" and
not "curds". We ask someone if he would like to have "curd rice" or "curd cheese". In both these
cases, the word "curds" cannot be used. Americans do not use "curd", they prefer to use the word
"yoghurt" instead.
What is the difference between "nought" and "naught"?
(Bhanumathy, Guntur)
As far as the pronunciation is concerned there is no difference. Both words are pronounced like the
word "not". Careful users of the language use "nought" to refer to the number "zero". The word is
used mostly in British English; Americans do not employ it at all.
*Our star batsman scored a nought in the first innings.
*How many noughts are there in one million?
Both "naught" and "nought" can be used to mean "nothing". One way to remember the difference
between the two words is that the word meaning zero is spelt with an "o" — which looks like zero!
When you make an effort to do something and it doesn't succeed, you can say that your efforts have
come to naught/nought.
*His attempts to overthrow the President came to naught.
*All her efforts came to naught.

Some people think that "naught" and "nought" are old fashioned. Did you know that "naughty" and
"naught" are related? The original meaning of a "naughty child" was a "good for nothing child".
How is the word "rendezvous" pronounced?
(N. Jairam, Hyderabad)

The "e" in the first syllable is like the "o" in "on", "don", and "con". The "e" that follows in the second
syllable sounds like the "i" in "it", "hit", and "fit". The final "ous" sounds like the "oo" in "cool",
"pool", and "fool". The "z" is silent and the main stress is on the first syllable. When you have a
rendezvous with an individual you have a meeting with him at an appointed time. The word is used in
formal contexts.
*This coffee shop has become a rendezvous for college students.
***** ***** *****
"Illegal aliens have always been a problem in the United States. Ask any Indian." — Robert Orben

August 30, 2004
What is the meaning and origin of "face the music"?

When you decide to do something on your own and everything goes completely wrong, how do
people react? Usually they criticise you; sometimes, they even punish you. When you "face the
music", you accept the criticism or punishment that is in store for you. In other words, you take
responsibility for your mistakes.
*The partners ran away and poor Venu was left to face the music.
*Listen Meera, sooner or later you will have to face the music.
There are several explanations as to the origin of this idiom. According to some scholars, it comes
from a practice that was common in the British military. When an officer was court-martialed, the
charges against him were read out for all to hear. The man was made to stand in front of the military
band and while the charges were being read out, drummers used to tap their drums. Since the prisoner
was facing the band and the drums were being played, he was literally "facing the music". This
practice of tapping the drums while the charges were read out gave rise to another expression as well
— "drummed up charges".
Is it okay to say, "The convict would be hung tomorrow"?

No, it isn't. Careful users of the language would prefer the use of "hanged" rather than "hung". The
word "hung" is usually used with objects and not with human beings. Here are a few examples.
*Sarita hung her new coat on the doorknob.
*The outlaw who had killed 12 people was hanged at noon.
Secondly, in your example, you should say, "will be hanged" rather than "would be hanged". The use
of "would" suggests that the event may not take place. For example, if you say, "I would help you", it
implies that you want to help me, but for some reason you are not in a position to. "I would help you
if I could. But I can't". The use of "would" suggests a condition. "I would marry you," for example,
implies that you would consider marrying the person if certain other conditions were met — perhaps
if he/she had more money, or had been more handsome/beautiful! These conditions are not going to
be met; therefore, you are not going to marry the person! Your sentence should be "The convict will
be hanged tomorrow."
How is the word "suite" pronounced?
(P. K. Varadurajan, Hyderabad)

It is pronounced like the word "sweet". When you reserve a suite in a hotel, you get a set of rooms —
a bedroom, a sitting room and a bathroom. Many big hotels have a "Honeymoon suite". The word
"suite" can also be used with reference to furniture. It refers to matching pieces of furniture.
What is the difference between "dispute" and "argument"?
(M. Naresh, Madurai)

An argument is usually a verbal disagreement between two people; it may or may not be something
serious. The word is always used as a noun.
*The couple got into an argument over which movie to see.

*The argument got pretty serious. I could hear the Manager shouting.
A dispute, unlike an argument, is something which can last for a very long time and is frequently
marked by heated exchanges. It is something serious, and takes place between two parties — they can
be two organisations, countries and individuals. The word can be used as a noun and a verb.
*The dispute between the two countries has been going on for several decades.
When you dispute something, you are raising serious objections. You are stating very strongly that
you are objecting to it.
*I dispute the claim that we have the best cricket team in the world.
***** ***** *****
"She has as much originality as a Xerox machine."
— Laurence J. Peter

September 06, 2004
What is the meaning of "shilly-shally"?
(G. Dharmaraj, Trichy)

When a person is unable to make up his mind about something, then he is said to be shilly-shallying.
It is a word that is mostly used in informal contexts, and when used, indicates disapproval.
*I think it is about time that you stopped shilly-shallying.
*Rekha shilly-shallied for two months. It drove Amitabh up the wall.
Any idea where this word comes from? What is the question that we normally ask ourselves when we
are undecided about something? It is, "Shall I? Shall I?" It is from this that the word "shilly shally"
comes from. With the passage of time "shall I, shall I" changed to "shill I, shall I?" Later, the "I"
became part of "shill" and "shall", and we finally ended up with "shilly-shally".
Is it OK to say, "The subscriber you are calling is switched off"?
(M. N. R. Nair, Changanacherry)

People will understand what it means. When an individual "switches off" he stops paying attention; he
stops listening.
*The lecture was so boring that many people switched off after five minutes.
*Whenever I am with my aunt, I tend to switch off.
Your example suggests that the "subscriber" is not picking up the phone because he is not paying
attention. But that is not the case here, is it? He is not picking up the phone because he has switched
off the phone; as a result, he cannot hear the phone ring. It is not the subscriber that is switched off,
but the phone. A better way of saying the same thing would be, "The subscriber that you are calling
has switched off the phone", or "The number that you are calling has been switched off."
What is the meaning and pronunciation of "bete noire"?
(Br. Britto Pinto, Thoothukudi)

The first word is pronounced like "bet"; the "n" is like the "n" in "net", "nip" and "nest". The sound
that follows the "n" is like the "w" in "water", "was" and "wet". The vowels are pronounced like the
"a" in "ask", "task" and "mask". The "r" is silent, and the main stress is on "noire". This is one way of
pronouncing the word. When you dislike someone intensely, you can refer to him/her as your bete
noire. These are mostly people that annoy you greatly. The word can be used with objects as well.
*Rajeev's bete noire is attending weddings.
What's the difference between a "fanatic" and a "bigot"?
(C. Sreeram, Palakol)

A bigot is someone who has very strong opinions and prejudices — usually political or religious. He
will not change his mind even if you prove him wrong; he is blindly devoted to his beliefs. He is very
obstinate and has contempt for those who do not share his beliefs. "Bigot" is a much stronger word
than "fanatic" and is always used to show disapproval. The first syllable is like the word "big" and the
"o" that follows is like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable.
*The religious bigots among the guests ruined the party.
The first "a" in "fanatic" is like the "a" in "china", while the following one is like the "a" in "cat",
"bat", and "act". The main stress is on the second syllable and not the first. When you describe

someone as being a political or religious fanatic you are showing your disapproval of him; you think
his opinions and behaviour are rather extreme.
*Some of his closest friends include some well-known religious fanatics.
Unlike the word "bigot" which is limited in its use, the word fanatic can be used with other activities
as well. If you say that someone is a fanatic about jogging, what you are implying is that in your
opinion, the individual is obsessively enthusiastic about jogging. When used in this manner, the word
carries with it a hint of irrationality or madness. It is from the word "fanatic" that we get the word
"fan" — meaning enthusiast.
***** ***** *****
"Smoking kills. If you are killed, you've lost a very important part of your life." — Brooke Shields

September 13, 2004
Which is correct? "To keep the wolf from/off the door"?
(R. R. Raghuram, Kumbakonam)

If you manage "to keep the wolf from the door", you are earning enough money to survive — you
have enough to eat.
*What Indu makes is barely enough to keep the wolf from the door.
*Oh, don't worry. This cheque will keep the wolf from the door.
What is the difference between "approve" and "approve of"?
(C. Bharath, Bangalore)

When President Bush formally okayed the plan to attack Iraq, he "approved" it. In other words, he
agreed to it and gave it his blessings. When an individual in power approves a decision, he allows the
decision to be acted on.
*The committee decided not to approve the project for various reasons.
*The members of the Board approved the decision to hike the fees.
When a person in authority approves something like a building, what he is saying is that he is satisfied
with it and is giving his permission for it to be used. People can move into the building. Similarly,
when the Health Ministry approves a drug, what it is saying is that it is satisfied with the product and
is allowing it to be sold in the market.
*The United Nations did not approve the Iraq invasion.
When you "approve of" an individual or a film, what you are saying is that you like the person/film
very much.
*The minister approved of the new candidate.
Similarly, when you "approve of" something that is going to happen, you are happy or pleased that it
is going to take place.
*We approve of the event taking place on the 13th.
How is the word "shot-put" pronounced?
(C. V. Geetha, Secunderabad)

During the Olympics, you must have noticed that whenever native speakers of English were
commentating on the event, they pronounced the second syllable like the word "put". When the Indian
commentators took over, they tended to pronounce the "u" like the "u" in "hut", "cut", and "but".
Strangely enough not all dictionaries include the pronunciation of this word. Those that do, indicate
that the second syllable is pronounced like the word "put". The main stress is on the first syllable. One
of the meanings of the word "put" is to throw something. So in this context what it means is that you
are throwing the "shot", which is the iron ball.
What is the meaning of "rubberneck"?
(K. Om Prakash, Kozhikode)

When you are reading a newspaper on a train, sometimes you find the person sitting next to you
leaning over your shoulder to see what it is that you are reading. The individual stretches his neck in
order to do this. Such a person was called a "rubberneck". Nowadays, the word is used to refer to

someone who stares at someone or something. A tourist, since he is always staring at something, is
often called a "rubberneck". The word is mostly used in American English and is considered slang.
*The rubberneck in front of me moved at a very slow pace.
The word can also be used as a verb. When you "rubberneck" at something, you are staring at it.
*Stop rubbernecking at the screen. Switch off the TV and finish your homework.
What is the meaning of "day scholar"?
(S. Devarajan, Coimbatore)

In India, an individual who goes to school/college during the daytime, and returns home in the
evening is called a "day scholar". He is a person who doesn't stay in the hostel. So a person who goes
to night school should be called a "night scholar", right?
Anyway, to cut a long story short, native speakers of English do not use the term "day scholar".
Instead of using the term "day scholar", native speakers would probably say something like, "He lives
off campus".
***** ***** *****
"A lecture is an occasion when you numb one end to benefit the other." — John Gould

September 20, 2004
How is the word "blitzkrieg" pronounced?
(V. Rajagopalan, Vriddhachalam)

The "i" in the first syllable is pronounced like the "i" in "bit", "pit", and "hit". The two vowels in the
second syllable sound like the "ee" in "fee", "see", and "knee". The "z" is like the "s" in "sit", "sip",
and "sin". The main stress is on the first syllable. In German, "blitz" means lightning or flash, and
"kreig" means war. "Blitzkrieg" refers to an intensive military operation which catches the enemy by
surprise. The aim of such a ferocious attack is to subdue the enemy very quickly. "Blitzkrieg" is a
word the world became familiar with during the Second World War. Initially, the word was only used
in military contexts. But nowadays, the word is beginning to be used in general contexts as well. The
constant ferocious attacks that we sometimes see in newspapers against an individual or a political
party can also be called a "blitzkrieg". So can an advertising campaign for the launching of a new
product. It is from "blitzkrieg" that we get the word "blitz".
What is the difference between "dinner" and "supper"

In India, we normally use the word "dinner" to refer to a meal that we have in the evening. In Britain,
it is the main meal that is referred to as "dinner". Whether you have the main meal in the afternoon or
in the evening, it does not matter — it is dinner. A "supper", on the other hand, is always a light meal
taken in the evening. Americans tend to use this word rather than dinner. The word dinner is
considered to be more formal than supper; when you invite guests over, you usually ask them to have
dinner with you.
Which is correct "cope up with" or "cope with"?

I have answered this question several times, but I continue to get a lot of letters regarding the use of
"cope". In India a lot of people say, "cope up with". It is wrong to do so. Avoid the use of "up" after
cope. *Kasturi was unable to cope with the pressure.
*How Om manages to cope with all the problems is beyond me.
Does the word "meanderthal" exist?
(J. Vishvanath, Guntur)

Yes, it does. The word meanderthal is a combination of "meander" and "Neanderthal". A Neanderthal
is someone who lived in Europe thousands of years ago. When you call someone a "Neanderthal",
what you are implying is that he behaves in an uncivilised manner. As you probably know, the word
"meander" has different meanings. When a person meanders, he never gets to the point; he talks
aimlessly.
The word can also be used to refer to someone who walks slowly and aimlessly. Therefore when you
refer to someone as being a "meanderthal" it could mean one of two things. It could mean someone
who walks around slowly and aimlessly. Very often when we are in a hurry, we get stuck behind a
meanderthal! A person who talks aimlessly and never gets to the point can also be called a
meanderthal. Do not use this word with people you do not know.
What is the origin of "blackball"?
(L. Meenakshi, Bangalore)

If someone wishes to join your club and you blackball him, what you are doing is voting against him.
You are informing the members of your club that you do not wish this particular individual to become
a member of your club. The expression goes back to a practice that was followed in ancient Greece.
Admission to a club/society was determined by all members of the club/society. All members had to
vote; they had to indicate whether the new individual should be let in or not. The voting was done in
secret. Each member had to drop a pebble in the shape of a ball into a box. The pebbles were usually
of three colours — red, white and black. If all the pebbles that were put in the box were either white
or red, then the candidate was admitted. But if there was even one black pebble, then the candidate
was not let in.
***** ***** *****
"There are only two things a child will share willingly — communicable diseases and his mother's
age." — Benjamin Spock

September 27, 2004
What is the difference between a "homemaker" and a "housewife"?
(Aparna Ram, Chennai)

In terms of meaning there is no difference. The word "homemaker" is the politically correct way of
referring to a "housewife". "Homemaker" sounds much better than "housewife", doesn't it? Here are a
few more words which are considered politically correct: office assistant (secretary), significant other
(husband/wife/boyfriend/girlfriend), and horizontally challenged (someone who is fat).
What's the difference between "deal with" and "deal in"?
(J. Priya, Vizag)

When you "deal in" something you are in the business of buying and selling things.
*The new shop around the corner deals in stolen goods.
When you "deal someone in", you are permitting the individual to take part in something.
*No way! I don't think we should deal in Laya.
When a book or an article "deals with" something, it is about a particular subject.
*The book deals with the spread of AIDS.
The expression can also be used to mean, "to manage someone or something".
*There must be a way to deal with this problem.
*Bala finds it difficult to deal with Ganesh.
When do we normally use the expression "if only"?
(B. Sailaja, Hyderabad)

Whenever we watch our overpaid underachievers (our cricket team) in action. You normally use the
expression "if only" when you wish things were different. You don't like the way things are now. "If
only" means the same as "I wish", but it is considered to be much stronger.
*If only I were a few inches taller. *If only Sehwag would stop purring in ads and start roaring on the
field.
Is the word "unwell" used only with pregnant ladies?
(P. Nagarajan, Chennai)

When a lady becomes pregnant, I don't think people refer to her as being "unwell" — those days are
gone. As for your question, the word "unwell" can be used with anyone — not just pregnant ladies.
*Jai began to feel unwell after his stroll in the park.
What is the meaning of "icing on the cake"?
(Sainath, Bangalore)
When you get cake to eat, it is a pretty good deal. If the cake has frosting or icing on it, then the deal
is that much sweeter. When you say that something is icing or frosting on the cake, what you are
implying is that the addition or inclusion of something makes a really good situation even better. A
great deal, becomes a wonderful deal. When used approvingly, "icing on the cake" is used to refer to
an unexpected extra good thing to have happened when you have already had some luck.

I was thrilled to get a big bonus. When my boss told me that I had also been promoted, it was really
icing on the cake.
*Geetha was pretty excited when her book was published — winning the Pulitzer prize was icing on
the cake.
The expression can also be used to show disapproval. There is no point in adding anything to
something that is already good. The thing that you have added is unnecessary — icing on the cake.
*Having a glossy cover for our new magazine is both unnecessary and expensive — icing on the cake.
How is the word "bonhomie” pronounced? What does it mean?
(K. Kunthala, Chennai)

The "o" in the first syllable is like the "o" in "hot", "pot", and "got", while the one in the second
syllable sounds like the "a" in "china". The final two vowels are like the "i" in "sit", "pit", and "hit".
The main stress is on the first syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word. Good-natured
friendliness is usually referred to as "bonhomie". The word is usually used in formal contexts.
*After winning the championship, the captain was full of bonhomie.
***** ***** *****
"Education: the inculcation of the incomprehensible into the ignorant by the incompetent."— Josiah
Stamp

October 05, 2004
What is the meaning and origin of "in apple pie order"?
(S. N. Viswanathan, Trichy)

This is an idiom that has been around for several centuries, and contrary to what many people believe,
it is not of American origin. When you say that something is "in apple pie order", what you mean is
that it is in perfect order. Everything has been neatly organised; things are in their proper place.
*Bala puts his desk in apple pie order every evening.
According to many scholars the idiom is a corruption of the French "nappe plie" meaning "folded
linen". But the popular story doing the rounds is that the expression became popular thanks to a
Colonial (that's what Americans were called before they got their independence) wife who lived in
New England.
The story goes that this lady was in the habit of baking seven apple pies every Sunday — one pie for
every day of the coming week. Once the pies had been baked and cooled, she would then proceed to
place them on different shelves. The pie that was to be eaten on Monday was placed on the first shelf,
the one to be eaten on Tuesday on the shelf next to it, and so on and so forth. The story goes that this
lady was so meticulous that she made sure that all the pies were lined up just right. Hence the
expression, "apple pie order". Interesting story, isn't it? But then, that's all it is, a story.
Is it ok to say "but then"?
(Subodh Kumar Mishra, New Delhi)

Yes, it is. We use it all the time in speech and in informal styles of writing. It has the same meaning as
"but". For example, when we say, "Tendulkar is a gifted batsman, but then, so is Dravid", what we
mean is that both Dravid and Tendulkar are gifted batsmen. Tendulkar is a gifted batsman, but so is
Dravid.
Here is another example. "I would like to help you, but then my wife wouldn't like it." What you
mean here is that you would like to help the individual, but you are not in a position to because your
wife wouldn't like it. Maybe, she will get angry — and no husband wants to make his "better half"
angry!
What does "sine die" mean?
(K. Manujula, Bangalore)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "i" in "sine" is like the "y" in "my", "by", and "sky", while
the following "e" is like the "i" in "pit", "kit", and "bit". The "i" in "die" is pronounced like the "i" in
"sine". The following "e" is like the "ee" in "bee", "see", and "fee". The main stress is on the first
syllable of "die". This is one of the ways of pronouncing the word. "Sine die" is normally used in
legal contexts and it means indefinitely, "without a date being fixed".
*The meeting was adjourned sine die.
What's the difference between a "militant" and a "terrorist"?
(S. Ravisankar, Chennai)

Dictionaries define a terrorist as someone who uses terror to achieve his end. The individual resorts to
violence in order to get what he wants; he uses violence in order to make a political statement.
The word is normally used with individuals and organisations and never to a country as a whole. This
explains why people talk about countries that "sponsor" terrorism.

*The terrorists threatened to kill the hostages.

A "militant", like a terrorist, believes in something very strongly; but unlike a terrorist does not
always make use of violence to achieve his ends. He will, however, not hesitate to use it if the
situation demands it. He exerts a lot of pressure on others to get what he wants. Here is an example.
*The militants took shelter in an abandoned church.
***** ***** *****
"Let me tell you something that we Israelis have against Moses. He took us 40 years through the
desert in order to bring us to the one spot in the Middle East that has no oil!" — Golda Meir

October 11, 2004
What is the meaning and origin of the expression "running from pillar to post"?
(D. Srinivasan, Kaludaikurichi)

What is it that usually happens when you want to get some work done in a government office? You
ask a clerk something and he grumpily tells you that you have to go to some other department; when
you go there, you are told you are in the wrong place. You are constantly given the runaround. When
you run from pillar to post, you are constantly on the move; you are made to go from one place to
another, but you don't achieve anything at all. There is a lot of aimless running around. The idiom
carries with it the sense of being harassed. The expression has been around for several centuries, and
when it entered the language it was "from post to pillar".
*The students were made to run from pillar to post for their mark sheet.
According to some scholars, the expression comes from the world of court tennis — a game that I
understand is very different from the game of lawn tennis that is played today. Another theory is that
the expression refers to a form of punishment that was meted out to criminals. In the old days,
criminals were first tied to a "post" in the marketplace and whipped. After that they were dragged to a
pillory ("pillar"). This was essentially a wooden frame that had three holes in it. The prisoner was
made to put his head and his two hands through the holes, and made to stand or kneel for days
together. The public had fun throwing rotten vegetables and eggs at the hapless victim.
What is the difference between "criticism" and "critique"?
(C. Sephr, Ernakulam)

The word "criticism" has several different meanings. Your criticism of someone or something
indicates your disapproval of the person or his action. A criticism can be either verbal or written; the
word always carries with it a negative meaning. The main stress is on the first syllable. Here is an
example.
*As far as I am concerned the criticism was unjustified.
The word can also be used to mean an evaluation or judgment of something — novel, painting and
film. In this case, you are giving your considered opinion of a work of art; you are highlighting its
good and bad qualities.
The second syllable of "critique" rhymes with the words "peak", "beak", and "leak". It is this syllable
which has the main stress. When you critique something what you are doing is giving in writing your
judgment of something — it could be someone's work. You are highlighting the good and bad
qualities of a piece of work. According to some people, "critique" is a high sounding word for
"criticism".
*The article was a critique of my neighbour's latest novel.
What is the meaning of "pushing the envelope"?
(A. Rajeev, Hyderabad)

This is an expression which first began to be used in the 1940s by the U.S. Air Force test pilots. When
a pilot "pushes the envelope" he takes the plane beyond the recommended safety limits prescribed. He
pushes the plane to the limits in order to determine what exactly the plane can do. The expression
became popular thanks to a book by Tom Wolfe titled The Right Stuff. Nowadays, the expression is
used in everyday contexts to mean, "going beyond the limits" and "to stretch the boundaries".
*The new company is beginning to push the envelope in the world of technology.

How is the word "spinach" pronounced?
(Mazumdar Navya, Guntur)

The first syllable sounds like the word "spin", while the "ach" that follows is pronounced like the
"idge" in "fridge", "bridge" and "porridge". The main stress is on the first syllable. Spinach, as you
know, is the leafy vegetable that the cartoon character Popeye eats whenever he wants to become
strong. The character was created in order to make spinach popular among children in America.
***** ***** *****
"Cheer up. The worst is yet to come!" — Mark Twain

October 18, 2004
What is the origin of "in the pink of health"?
(B. Sivakumar, Nagarjuna Sagar)

This is an expression that we normally use when someone asks us how we are doing. When you say
that you are in the pink of health, what you mean is that you are in good health; you are doing just
great. According to some scholars, the expression has nothing to do with the colour. "Pink", I
understand, is the name used to refer to the flower, "dianthus". It is considered by many to be the
perfect flower. Hence, when you say you are in the pink, what you mean is that you, like the flower,
are perfect. Others believe that the pink refers to the scarlet coloured jackets that hunters wore when
they went fox hunting. These jackets were called "pinks". Therefore when you said that you were in
the pink, it meant that you were in good health, ready to go hunting. Another theory is connected with
the complexion of Caucasians. Being white, when they are in good health their cheeks are pink in
complexion. Therefore, when someone says that he is in the pink of health you can actually see it on
the cheeks. Since the cheeks of most Indians don't turn pink, perhaps we should say, "We are in the
brown of health".
What is the difference between "crush" and "infatuation"?
(K. Roja, Madurai)

Both refer to the crazy love that you sometimes feel for someone. The feelings that you have for this
individual are usually very strong, but they do not last for a long time; they are temporary. A "crush"
usually refers to feelings that teenagers have for someone. It has the same meaning as "puppy love".
Teenage girls and boys sometimes have a crush on their teachers. One can have a crush on a person,
but not on an object.
*Vignesh's newest crush is Madhuri Dixit.
Like the word "crush", "infatuation" can be used to talk about your foolish love for someone. Your
feelings for the individual are so strong that at times you are unable to think very clearly. The word is
used with mature individuals as well, and unlike the word "crush", one can be infatuated by things as
well. The passion that one has for the person or object is intense, but temporary.
*As he grew older, Vinay developed an infatuation for horse racing.
What is the full form of "OK"?
(V. S. Pattabhiraman, Secunderabad)

The only thing that experts are sure of is that "OK" is of American origin. How this word came into
use no one is really sure. Several theories abound. According to some people, the Chocktaw tribe of
American Indians used it to mean, "It is so".
Others are of the opinion that a railroad clerk coined this word. It is believed that whenever someone
gave Obadiah Kelly a package to be mailed, he put his initials (O.K) on it. What it meant was that the
package had been inspected and paid for.
How is the word "imbroglio" pronounced?
(K. Arthi, Chennai)

The "i" in the first and third syllable is like the "i" in "it", "is", and "in". The "o" in the second and the
final syllable is pronounced like the "oa" in "goat", "boat", and "coat". The "g" is silent and the main
stress is on the second syllable.

The word is considered to be literary and is mostly used in formal contexts. "Imbroglio" means a very
confusing, embarrassing or complicated situation.
*The imbroglio was the result of the new tax laws.
What do you call a person who remembers everything after looking at it just once?
(K. A. N. Srikar, Vizianagaram)

I don't know if there is a particular term to refer to such a person. But a person who looks at
something just once and has the ability to remember everything is said to have a photographic
memory.
***** ***** *****
"Men are born ignorant, not stupid; they are made stupid by education." — Bertrand Russell

October 25, 2004
What is the meaning of "to eat crow"?
Ananya, Secunderabad
It is something that some of our expert commentators had to do on the fourth day of the second test
match between India and Australia. Remember what one of them said at the end of the third day when
Australia had lost four wickets for 140 odd runs?
He predicted that the match would be over by lunchtime the following day! As luck would have it, not
one wicket fell during the morning session. The poor man was humiliated; he had to eat humble pie.
That's what "to eat crow" means; to be humiliated. You are forced to admit that you are in the wrong
and are compelled to withdraw whatever it is that you said.
*After my team lost the game, I was made to eat crow.
*If your plan does not click, you will be made to eat crow.
The expression is considered slang and is mostly used in American English. Not many people eat
crows; they are not considered suitable for eating. The joke among hunters is that if you get lost in the
jungle and the only food that you find is a crow, then you should put the bird in a pot along with one
of your boots. After boiling these for a week, you should then eat the boot, not the crow! Most
scholars believe that the expression "to eat crow" is based on a true incident which occurred in 1812.
According to the story a British officer captured an American hunter who had just shot a crow. In
order to humiliate him, the officer made the poor man eat a small portion of the bird. The officer then
returned the hunter's gun and asked him to be on his way. The hunter turned the gun on the
Englishman, and then made him eat what was left of the crow!
What is the difference between "similar" and "identical"?
Syed G. Shanawaz, Pondicherry

When two things are "identical" they look exactly alike; there are no differences between them. To the
naked eye one seems to be an exact copy of the other.
*The twins were identical. We just couldn't tell the difference.
When you say that two things are "similar" what you mean is that though they look alike, there are
small differences between them. They are not identical. The differences, however, are so minute that
they can be overlooked.
*The shirt looks very similar to the one I wore yesterday.
Is it OK to say, "Me neither"
T. Narender, Secunderabad
Grammarians would frown at such a sentence. When somebody says, "I don't want to get married"
and you agree with him/her, you are expected to reply, "Neither do I." It is also possible for you to
say, "I don't either." "Me neither" would be considered ungrammatical. Native speakers of English,
however, do use "Me neither" in informal contexts. You can probably get away with it in speech, but
not in writing.
How is the word "minutiae" pronounced
S. Rajan, Saligramam

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "my", the following "nu" is like the word "new". The "t"
sounds like the "sh" in "ship", "she", and "shape". The second "i" is pronounced like the "i" in "bit",
"pit", and "sit", and the "ae" in the final syllable sounds like the "ee" in "bee", "see", and "knee". The
main stress is on the second syllable. This is how the British pronounce the word; the Americans, on
the other hand, pronounce the first "i" like the "i" in "pit", "bit", and "sit". "Minutiae" is a word that is
mostly used in formal contexts.
When you talk about the minutiae of someone's daily life, you are talking about the minute details; the
very small and unimportant details of the individual's daily life. The singular of "minutiae" is
"minutia".
*Rangan's latest novel focusses on the minutiae of village life in India.
***** ***** *****
Coolidge's Law, "Anytime you don't want anything, you get it." — Calvin Coolidge

November 01, 2004
What is the meaning of "cost an arm and a leg"?

The arm and the leg are important parts of your body. There are lots of things that you will not be able
to do if you are missing an arm and a leg. When you buy something and you say that it cost you an
arm and a leg what you mean is that you paid very dearly for it. It cost you a lot of money. It is also
possible to say "pay an arm and a leg for something". Another expression that means more or less the
same thing is "pay through one's nose".
*The tickets for the one-day match cost Manju an arm and a leg.
*I am not going to pay an arm and a leg for a piece of junk like that.
What is the difference between "capsize" and "overturn"?
(Abdul Jabbar, Vikarabad)

The word "capsize" is usually restricted to objects that are in water. Boats and ships capsize. When
this happens, they turn upside down. "Overturn" can be used with objects that are in water or on land.
Lorries, buses, and cars can only overturn; they cannot capsize. The word "overturn" suggests that the
vehicle has turned upside down. It can also mean that it is lying on its side. Objects such a shelf or a
chair can be overturned as well. So can ships and boats. But you cannot talk about a shelf capsizing.
*The ship capsized killing the crew on board.
*The students overturned the box and pulled out all the books.
What is the meaning of "leitmotif"? How is the word pronounced?
(Anuradha, Mysore)
The first syllable is pronounced like the word "light". "Mot" rhymes with "boat", "note", and "coat";
the final "i" is like the "ee" in "feet", "beet", and "meet". The main stress is on the first syllable. The
word was originally used in music. A "leitmotif" is a short tune which is often repeated and is
connected with a particular person or idea. In some Indian films, for example, whenever the villain
appears on the screen, the same piece of music is played. When you talk about a leitmotif in a work of
fiction, you are talking about the dominant or recurring theme in the novel.
*Violence is the leitmotif running through the novel.
How is the word "finance" pronounced?
(Y. Rajesh, Vishakapatnam)

There are two different ways of pronouncing the word. Many people pronounce the "i" like the "i" in
"pit", "kit", and "sit". The "a" in the second syllable sounds like the "a" in "ant" and "pants". When
pronounced in this manner, the main stress is on the second syllable. Some people, however,
pronounce the "i" like "ie" in "pie', "tie", and "die". When pronounced this way, the main stress is on
the first syllable.
What is the difference between "I have been living in this city for twenty years" and "I am living
in this city for twenty years"?
(K. Om Prakash, Nellore)

You cannot say "I am living in this city for 20 years." "I am living," implies that you are talking only
about the present, but the fact is you started living in the city 20 years ago and you still continue to
live there. For actions that started in the past and continue up to the present, you have to say, "have
been living." "I am working," tells someone what you are doing now — it has no connection with the
past. Similarly, "I am eating," and "I am reading," tell someone what you are doing at the moment. If
you want to tell them that this is something that you have been doing for some time, then you say,
"have been doing." "I have been reading," suggests that you started reading some time ago and are
still reading.
*I have been playing football for two hours. (I started playing two hours ago and am still playing.)
*I am playing football. (I am playing now.)
***** ***** *****
"Saddam Hussein also challenged President Bush to a debate. The Butcher of Baghdad vs. the
Butcher of the English language." — Jay Leno

November 08, 2004
Know Your English
"How do you pronounce s..h..e..l..l..a..c..k..i..n..g?"

"The "e" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "china", and the remaining two syllables are pronounced
like the word "lacking". The main stress is on the second syllable. Any idea what the word means?"
"I can guess. This article says that the Indian cricket team got a shellacking in the third test. So it
probably means to be overwhelmed, to be defeated."
"That's right! Shellacking is a slang term meaning to be defeated hollow.
"I see. How about this example? I am not at all surprised that we got a shellacking from the
Australians. I don't think our players are as good as our reporters make them out to be."
"I don't want to comment on that. Here's another example. When the manager caught the young boy
stealing, he gave him a good shellacking."
"So the word "shellacking" can also be used to mean to beat someone physically?"
"That's right! If I don't return home in 20 minutes I'll get a good shellacking."
"The Wimbledon champion took a shellacking from the unseeded opponent."
"That's a good example. Tell me, how is your friend Jai doing?"
"Not too good I am afraid. He got caught stealing someone's scooter."
"Caught again? Didn't he attempt to steal someone's car last month?"
"That's right! Unfortunately, this time he's been sent to jail."
"He got his just desserts if you ask me."
"He's got his what?"
"Just desserts. When you say that someone has got his just desserts, what you mean is that the
individual got what he deserved. The punishment he received was well deserved." In most movies, the
villain gets his just desserts in the end."
"I am really glad that India lost. They got their just desserts. The players were overconfident."
"Please stop talking about our not so wonderful team. "Why? Everyone is talking about its lousy
performance. Why don't you want me to talk about it? Don't you like the game?"
"Finally, the penny drops."
"The penny drops? What penny? What are you talking about?"
"When you say that the penny dropped, what you mean is that someone has finally begun to
understand what it is that you are trying to say. The individual gets the message."
"But he doesn't understand immediately. He only catches on after some time? Is that correct?"
"Exactly! The rookie policeman didn't realise what was going on, but the penny soon dropped. The
two men were trying to rob the bank."
"Poor Gita didn't realise that her friends were making fun of her, but finally the penny dropped."
"Good example. Since you are so interested in cricket, tell me something. If you were an Australian,
who would you give the Man of the Series award to?"

"That's simple. Parthiv Patel!"

***** ***** *****
"The man who says his wife can't take a joke forgets that she took him." — Unknown

November 15, 2004
What is the difference between "must" and "have to"?
(M. J. Basil, Alappuzha)

Both words can be used to mean "necessary", but according to some books, "have to" and "have got
to" are much more common in American English than in British English. Though "have to" and
"must" can be used to talk about an "obligation", the source is different. When you tell someone, "We
must wear a helmet", it is you, the speaker, who is compelling the listener to wear one. The obligation
comes from you. If on the other hand, you say, "We have to wear a helmet in Bangalore," you are
implying one is obliged to wear a helmet in that city because it is the law. In this case, the obligation
comes, not from the speaker, but an outside source.
*I must finish my assignments. (I want to)
*I have to finish my assignments. (My mother told me to finish them!)
*Must you brush your teeth after every meal? (Is it personally important to you?)
*Do you have to brush your teeth after every meal? (Is it a rule?)
Unlike "must", "have to" is normally used to indicate that an individual does something regularly
because it is a part of his job. "The young mother has to do all the housework when the baby is
asleep." In this context, "must" is not used. When used in the negative, the two words have very
different meanings. When you tell an individual he must not smoke, you are ordering him not to do
so. He has no choice regarding this matter; he is obliged not to smoke. The opposite of "have to" is
"don't have to." When you tell someone that he doesn't have to smoke, what you mean is that it is not
necessary for him to smoke. There is no obligation for the individual to do so, but if he wishes to
smoke, he can. He has a choice in this matter. In official documents, "must" is much more common
than "have to." "Candidates must send two photographs along with the application." These are just
some of the differences between the two words.
What is the meaning of "comeuppance"?
(L. Jayanthi, Bangalore)

First, the pronunciation. The first syllable is like the word "come", the second like the word, "up". The
"a" in the final syllable sounds like the "a" in "china", and the final "e" is silent. The main stress is on
the second syllable "up". When you say that someone got his "comeuppance" what you mean is that
the individual got what he deserved. The individual did something bad and the punishment he
received was well deserved. The word has more or less the same meaning as "to get one's just
desserts".
*Jai is mean to everyone. He will get his comeuppance soon.
What is the meaning of the expression "milk and water"?
(V. Mohan, Warangal)

The expression is mostly used in informal contexts in British English. When you refer to someone's
speech as being "milk and water", you mean it was very feeble or sentimental.
*I expected something great. The speech was nothing but milk and water.
How is the word "weird" pronounced?

It rhymes with the words "beard", "feared", and "neared". This is an informal word which means,
"strange", "unusual", or "bizarre".
*Velu is the tall, skinny guy sporting a weird hairdo.
Is the following sentence correct? "They spent 45 minutes with Chief Minister."
(Francis, Madurai)
No, it is not. You need to say, "They spent 45 minutes with the Chief Minister." When there are no
names following titles like "President", "Chief Minister" and "Pope", the definite article "the" is used.
For example, we say, "The Chief Minister was in hospital," and "The President was late for the
meeting." If the name of the individual is included after the title, then the article is dropped. "The
delegation met Chief Minister Jayalalithaa," and "President Bush was proud of his victory."
***** ****** *****
"He's an old bore; even the grave yawns for him." — Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree

November 22, 2004
What is the difference between "hoodwink into" and "hoodwink out of"?
(K. Prakash, Madurai)

When you hoodwink someone into doing something you trick him into doing it. For example,
salesmen often try to get you to buy things that you do not really need. They trick or hoodwink you
into buying things.
*My girlfriend hoodwinked me into cleaning her room.
When you "hoodwink" someone out of something, what you are doing is taking something from him
by tricking him. This is what some placement companies do. They promise that they will find a job
for you somewhere abroad. They proceed to take a lot of money from you. When you give them the
money, they run away with it. They hoodwink you out of your money. We read about such things in
newspapers every day.
*Virender tried to hoodwink the old lady out of her savings.
How is the word "boondoggle" pronounced?
(Prakash N. Nambisan, New Delhi)

The first syllable, which has the main stress, rhymes with "moon", "soon", and "noon"; the second
sounds like the word "dog". The final "e" is silent. This is an informal word mostly used in American
English. When you refer to an organisation as a "boondoggle" what you mean is that it is a white
elephant. It wastes a lot of public money and does not achieve anything significant. "Boondoggle" is
also used to refer to complicated official activities that are a waste of time.
*The newspaper has brought to light another one of those government boondoggles.
What is the meaning and origin of "be at sixes and sevens"?
(G. Annamalai, Cuddalore)

This is an informal expression meaning to be thoroughly confused. It has another meaning as well.
When things in and around the house are at sixes and sevens, it means everything is totally
disorganised; in general, things are in a mess.
*When the management changed, we were at sixes and sevens for a week.
*We moved in last week. Everything is at sixes and sevens in the apartment.
There are several different explanations as to the origin of the expression. According to one theory, in
the 14th century two companies, "Merchant Taylors" and "Skinners" were set up within a few days of
each other. Every year all companies in the city of London took part in a procession; the order in
which they appeared was determined by the age of the company. The two companies were listed sixth
and seventh, but since they were established at about the same time, the organisation in charge of the
parade could not figure out which company was to go sixth and which was to go seventh. There was a
lot of confusion. The matter was placed before the Mayor, and he decided that the two companies
would alternate. The company that went sixth this year would go seventh the following year. This is
one theory. Some others believe that the expression comes from the world of gambling — playing
dice.
What is the difference between "apposite" and "opposite"?
(Jeetender Singh, Hyderabad)

The two words have totally different meanings. We all know what "opposite" means. When you say
that your brother is the opposite of you, what you mean is that he is very different from you.
"Apposite", on the other hand, means "appropriate" or "relevant". When you say that something is
apposite, what you are implying is that it is suitable to what is happening or being discussed. The "a"
in the first syllable is like the "a" in "apple". The word is considered to be formal. Both "opposite" and
"apposite" have the stress on the first syllable.
*The argument that the student came up with was apposite to the case.
*It was Amrit who came up with an apposite title for the book.
***** ***** *****
"There are two things in life for which we are never truly prepared - twins!" — J. L. Billings

November 29, 2004
What is the meaning and origin of "laughing up your sleeve"?
(V. Ram, Thrissur)

Whenever we hear a politician say that he is an honest person or that everyone is equal in the eyes of
the law, what is our normal reaction? We have a good laugh because we know it is far from the truth.
Suppose the politician were standing next to us and making these claims, would we laugh openly
then? Probably not. We would probably laugh to ourselves. We would do it in such a manner that the
person standing next to us wasn't even aware of the fact that we were laughing. And that is what the
expression "laughing up your sleeve" means, to laugh quietly or secretly. When you do this, you are
ridiculing the person.
*Nagesh pretended to admire Sachu's paintings, but we knew that he was laughing up his sleeve at
her.
*John looked very serious, but he was laughing up his sleeve at the terrible performance.
What is the connection between laughing and someone's sleeve? I understand that in the 16th Century,
it was fashionable for men to wear a shirt that had fluffy sleeves. The sleeves were so big that
whenever an individual wanted to laugh secretly, he could hide his face in them and do so. This
ensured that those around him didn't know what the he was doing.
How is the word "quagmire" pronounced?

The "qu" sounds like the "qu" in "quit", "queen", and "quiz"; the following "a" is like the "a" in "act",
"bat", and "tap". "Mire" rhymes with "fire", "dire", and "tire".. The main stress is on the first syllable.
Any idea what the word means? The soft wet ground which people sometimes sink into and find very
difficult to get out of is referred to as "quagmire". The word can also be used figuratively. When you
say that you have been caught in a "quagmire" what you mean is that you are not making any progress
because you have been caught in a very complicated situation. Here is an example.
*After the heavy downpour, the road leading to the forest had become a quagmire.
What is the meaning of "kick-start"?
(B. Roopa, Bangalore)

The word is normally used with motorcycles and scooters. When you kick-start one of these vehicles,
what is it that you do?
You put your foot down on the starting pedal and try to get the engine running. When used
figuratively, "kick-start" means to start or revive something that has slowed down to a trickle or has
completely stopped.
*The Finance Minister hopes to kick-start the economy by reducing interest on loans.
*The trouble-shooter failed to kick-start the stalled talks with the union members.
What is the difference between "elder" and "older"?
(K. R. K. Murthy, Chennai)

The word "elder" is always used with people; it cannot be used with objects. Furthermore, the word is
usually used with people who are related. You can for example, talk about your "elder

sister/brother/grandson", etc, but you cannot say that someone is your "elder colleague" or "elder
neighbour".
The word, "older", on the other hand, can be used with objects as well. You can talk about an "older
car" or an "older racquet"; you cannot use "elder" with objects like "car", "racquet", and "chair". With
people who are not related to you, you have to use "older" and not "elder". You can talk about an
"older colleague" or an "older neighbour".
In both these cases, the word "elder" cannot be used. "Older" can also be used in ways that "elder"
cannot be. For example, you can say, "You can get married when you are a little older". It is not
possible to use "elder" in such contexts.
***** ***** *****
"My mother's menu consisted of two choices: Take it or leave it." — Buddy Hackett

December 06, 2004
What is the difference between "up to" and "until"?
(P. K. V. Iyengar, Hyderabad)

The word "until" is normally used with time. For example, we can say:
*We were at home until three in the afternoon.
It is possible to use "till" in the above sentences. As far as the meaning is concerned, there is no
difference between "till" and "until". The former is much more frequently used in speech and in
informal styles of writing. "Up to" is normally used to refer to distance, and not time.
*The children ran up to the beach house and looked at the boats.
It would be wrong to use "until" or "till" in the above sentences. "Up to", unlike "until", can also be
used to talk about quantity.
*Vinata's new car can hold up to twelve people.
What is the meaning of "bull in a china shop"?
(E. Syama Sundar, Madanapalle)

If you were to let a bull loose in a shop filled with delicate china, what do you think would happen to
the crockery? Chances are the animal is going to end up breaking everything. A bull is mostly known
for its brute strength. When you say that someone is like a bull in a china shop, what you mean is that
he is a clumsy person, someone who keeps breaking things accidentally. It can also be used to mean a
thoughtless person.
*Govinda is very rude, a real bull in a china shop.
How is the word "psephologist" pronounced?
(R. Ganesan, Mayiladuthurai)

The first "p" is silent; the "ph" that follows is like the "f" in "fine", "fat", and "few". The first "o"
sounds like "o" in "dog", "log", and "fog", while the second is like the "a" in "china". The "g" in the
final syllable is like the "j" in "jam" and "jelly", and the main stress is on the second syllable "pho". A
psephologist is someone who studies how people vote during elections. He goes around taking
opinion polls, and as soon as the voting comes to an end, he makes predictions about who is likely to
win. "Psephologist" comes from the Latin "psephos" meaning, "pebble vote". In ancient times, people
made use of pebbles.
What is the origin of "kangaroo court"?

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first "a" sounds like the "a" in "cat" and "bat", while the
second is like the "a" in "china". The "oo" sounds like the "oo" in "cool", "pool", and "fool". The main
stress is on the final syllable.
The term "kangaroo court" is used to refer to a court of law where justice is not served; the legal rights
of an individual are totally disregarded. "To kangaroo" someone means to convict someone on false
charges. The original "kangaroo court" was not a real court, but a mock one. It was one set up by
prisoners in large prisons to maintain order. Whenever a prisoner did something wrong, the other
inmates decided the punishment that was to be handed out to the culprit.

Needless to say, justice wasn't always served. The expression "kangaroo court" tells you what the
Americans thought of the justice system in Australia. Remember, the first people to be sent to the land
of the kangaroo were mostly prisoners from England.
*Some of our news channels have become kangaroo courts.
***** ***** *****
"Government is like a baby - an alimentary canal with a big appetite at one end and no sense of
responsibility at the other." — Ronald Reagan

December 13, 2004
What is the difference between "childish" and "childlike"?
(G. Jyotsna, Trichy)

Some cricket players when they win a match take their shirt off and start twirling it in the air. When a
decision goes against them, they kick the ground repeatedly muttering to themselves, or run to the
umpire and get into a heated argument with him. These kind of reactions we expect from small
children, not from grown men. When you refer to an adult's behaviour as being "childish", what you
mean is that he is behaving immaturely; he is behaving like a small child. The word has a negative
connotation.
*The childish behaviour of the teacher had everyone in splits.
Unlike the word "childish", the word "childlike" has a positive connotation. It means having some of
the attractive qualities that one normally associates with a child — innocence, simplicity, and
sincerity.
*Revathi took part in the activity with childlike enthusiasm.
What is the meaning of "to soft pedal something"?
(V. Balan, Chennai)

What is the government's reaction when something bad happens? They do whatever they can to play
down the event. They try to tell us that nothing of significance has happened. When you "soft pedal"
an event, you attempt to play it down. I understand the pedal refers to the soft pedal of the piano.
When this pedal is pressed the notes that you play are somewhat muted.
*The university tried to soft pedal the enormous problems in the hostel.
*The new chairman refused to soft pedal anything. He wanted people to know everything.
Which is correct? "He arrived in time", or "He arrived on time"?
(Saurabh Kumar Dubey, Varanasi)

Both are acceptable, but they do not mean the same thing. "On time" means punctually. For example,
if a train that is scheduled to arrive at 10 o'clock arrives exactly at 10, you can say, "The train arrived
on time". Of course this seldom happens in our country, and perhaps this is one of the reasons why we
are confused between "in time" and "on time". When you are "in time" for something, you arrive a
few minutes early. If you arrive at the station at 9:57 for the train that arrives at 10, then you are "in
time" to meet the train. If, on the other hand, you arrive at the station at eight o'clock, then you cannot
say that you are "in time". In this context, you normally say, "I am very early". If you arrive at 10.01,
you are "late".
What is the meaning of "talk nineteen to a dozen"?
(R. Sengottaian, Chennai)

This is an informal expression mostly used in British and Australian English. When you say that
someone "talks nineteen to a dozen" what you mean is that the individual talks very fast in a non-stop
fashion.
*The two old women sitting behind us were talking nineteen to a dozen.
*I couldn't concentrate because the couple opposite me were talking nineteen to a dozen.

No one is really sure about the origin of this expression. According to some people, the numbers refer
to the words spoken. Before you manage to open your mouth, the person talking to you gets in 19
words.
***** ***** *****
"I have never killed a man, but I have read many obituaries with great pleasure." — Clarence Darrow

December 20, 2004
How is the word "raucous" pronounced?
(J. Radha, Bangalore)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "raw". The "c" is like the "k" in "king" and the
following "ou" is like the "a" in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable. When you refer to a
sound as being "raucous" what you mean is that it is loud and harsh. It is very unpleasant to listen to.
*The raucous cry of the birds woke him up early in the morning.
What is the meaning of "buttonhole" someone?
(P. Bharathi, Madurai)

When we are in a hurry to go somewhere, people sometimes stop us and compel us listen to their
problems. They just refuse to let us go. What they are doing is buttonholing us. It is as if they have a
finger in one of the buttonholes and are forcing us to listen.
*The people buttonholed the candidate and explained their problems.
The original expression was "to button hold someone". The person forced you to listen by holding on
to your button. As the years went by, "button hold" became "buttonhole".
Is it OK to say "All the students didn't turn in their assignment"?
(R. Nirmal, Chennai)

Careful users of the language avoid such sentences. Although the sentence is acceptable, its meaning
is ambiguous. The sentence could mean that "none" of the students handed in their assignment, or it
could mean that "not all" the students handed it in. To make the meaning clear you need to say.
*Not all the students handed in their assignment. (Some did.)
*None of the students handed in their assignment. (No one did.)
Avoid using "all" and "both" with negatives. Remember, it is wrong to say, "Both the sisters aren't
beautiful". You will have to say, "Neither sister is beautiful." Similarly, instead of saying, "Both the
bowlers aren't bowling well," you need to say, "Neither bowler is bowling well."
What is the difference between a "banquet" and "dinner"?
(G. Ashwin, Warrangal)

All of us have dinner every day; it is the main meal of the day. Some people have their dinner in the
afternoon, while others have it in the evening. Dinner can be a formal or an informal affair. The
dinner we have every day is usually something simple, eaten along with the members of the family. A
dinner can also be formal. You can be invited by your client to discuss something. Since the situation
is formal, you will go neatly dressed for the occasion. When a President from another country comes
to India, our President usually invites him for dinner. The invitees come elegantly dressed. There are a
number of dishes on offer — it is almost like a feast.
A "banquet" unlike "dinner" is always a formal affair given in honour of an individual or an event.
The two syllables of this word are pronounced like the words "bank" and "wit" respectively; the main
stress is on the first syllable. A banquet is something that is given on special occasions. During a
banquet, people give speeches. For example, during a wedding banquet, the best man and a few other
people give speeches. A dinner may or may not have speeches.
***** ***** *****

"Thanks for sending me a copy of your book; I'll waste no time reading it." — Moses Hadas

December 27, 2004
Know Your English
"If you are coming to the party on Friday, you had better wear something nice. I don't want you
walking in wearing an old pair of jeans and a torn T-shirt. Another thing, be on time."
"Love me, love my dog."
"What are you talking about? You don't have a dog!"
"True, but I may get one. But that's not the point here. When you say, "Love me, love my dog" what
you mean is that you want the person to accept you the way you are."
"In other words, you are telling him to like you for what you are! Though he knows your faults."
"That's right. You want the person to like you despite your faults."
"So if my aunt cribs about how lazy I am, can I say, `Love me, love my dog'?"
"You certainly can. But do you think that your aunt really likes you?"
"Of course, she does! Why just the other day she was telling my mother what a great guy...."
"....that could have been just window dressing, you know."
"Window dressing? Does it mean insincere talk?"
"Not exactly! When you refer to someone's talk as being `window dressing', what you mean is that the
individual is trying to create a good impression in order to cover up the unpleasant things that have
happened."
"In other words, you present the facts in such a way that you highlight only the good."
"Exactly! You cover up the bad. You don't actually present a true picture of what is happening.
"The Finance Minister's article on the state of the economy is little more than window dressing."
"Good example. Are you inviting that chinless wonder Vivek to the party?"
"Chinless wonder? Don't think I have heard that expression before. What does it mean?"
"It's an expression mostly used in British English. It is used to refer to someone who is weak."
"Someone who can be easily pushed around by others. Is that what you are saying?"
"Right! Many people think that Vasu is a chinless wonder. What do you think?"
"Haven't met him. But if he is anything like Vivek, then I would say that he is a chinless wonder. But
tell me, are you coming to the party or not?"
"You know me, I am strictly a day person."
"A day person? In other words, you are saying that you remain active during the day and not...."
"....in the evening. I am not a night person. My friend Sunil, on the other hand, is strictly a night
person. He parties till the wee hours of the morning. And like your friend Vivek, he has deep
pockets."
"Deep pockets? I have heard that expression before. Doesn't it refer to a rich person?"
"Exactly! Some of our MPs have very deep pockets I am told."
"They become politicians to make the pockets deeper! Anyway, how about this example? I want to
meet the deep pockets who sponsored last night's programme."

"Good example. If the school is keen on improving its facilities, then the management must find some
deep pockets to finance the project.
***** ***** *****
"Intellectuals are people who believe that ideas are of more importance than values. That is to say,
their own ideas and other people's values."
— Gerald Brenan

January 03, 2005
What is the difference between "convicted" and "sentenced"?
(M. Natarajan, Annamapalayam)

These are words frequently used in law. Once the lawyers have presented their case, the judge/jury
then makes a decision as to whether the defendant (the individual who is on trial) is guilty or not. If he
is found guilty, he is convicted of the crime that he has been accused of. A convicted individual is one
who has been found "guilty" in a court of law. Once the defendant has been found guilty, the judge
then decides what his punishment should be. Should the person be sent to prison for life or should he
be hanged? Maybe the person should be made to pay a fine of some sort and then set free. These are
the decisions that a judge has to make once he convicts a person. The punishment that the judge gives
the individual on trail is the "sentence".
What is the plural of "formula"?
(R. M. Lakshmi, Madurai)

The word has two possible plurals — formulae and formulas. The "ae" in the final syllable of
"formulae" is pronounced like the "ee" in "bees", "fees", and "knees". The stress in the case of all
three words is on the first syllable. The Latin plural "formulae" is the preferred word in scientific
contexts, while "formulas" is used elsewhere. For example, one talks about "mathematical formulae"
and "political and diplomatic formulas".
How is the word "caveat" pronounced?
(R. Jyothi, Hyderabad)

There are different ways of pronouncing this word. The "c" is like the "k" in "kiss", "kill" and "kick"
and the "a" in the first and third syllables is pronounced like the "a" in "cat", "hat" and "pat". The "e"
is like the "i" in "pit", "hit" and "sit"; the main stress is on the first syllable. Some people pronounce
the first "a" like the "ay" in "pay", "bay" and "hay".
"Caveat" is a word which is mostly used in formal contexts and it means warning or caution. When
two businessmen make a deal, they usually stipulate that certain conditions have to be met. If they are
not met, then the deal is off. A "caveat" is a proviso. Here are a few examples.
*She agreed to the divorce with one caveat — that he would never see the children again.
I'll agree to the deal with one caveat — that you will not enter into a deal with any other company.
The expression "caveat emptor" means, "buyers beware". In other words, when you buy something, it
is your responsibility to ensure that everything is fine.
Which is correct? "Clinic timings/timing"?
(Vyas Chiplunkar, Udipi)

I guess in the Indian context, "timings" would be the appropriate word. After all, everyone in our
country talks about "school timings", "bus timings" and "train timings". A native speaker of English,
however, would find both "timing" and "timings" unacceptable. He would prefer to say "Clinic
hours". The word "timing" has nothing to do with duration, and as for the word "timings", well, you
won't find it listed in most dictionaries. It is a word that we Indians have coined.
***** ***** ***** Nothing on Know your English on 10th Jan 2005- venkat
"The average girl would rather have beauty than brains because she knows that the average man can
see much better than he can think." — Ladies Home Journal

January 17, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of "ringside view"?
(T. Manoharan, Chennai)

When you have a "ringside view" of an event, you have an excellent view of it. It is also possible to
say "ringside seat".
*Sheel was sitting on the terrace and had a ringside view of the accident.
There are many idioms that come from the sport of boxing, and "ringside view" is one of them. The
"ring" refers to a "boxing ring". If during a boxing bout you are lucky enough to have a seat close to
the ring, you can see all the action very clearly.
What is the difference between "sob" and "weep"?
(P. Raman, Trichy)

In both cases, tears flow from the eyes. "Weep" is mostly used in writing, and is considered a literary
word. When you say that someone is weeping, you are focussing on the tears, and not on the sounds
that accompany it. Weeping is usually done silently, which is why you never talk about a baby
weeping. Babies cry — a lot of noise accompanies the tears that flow from their eyes. One can weep
for various reasons; we can weep with sorrow, and we can weep with joy. Sobbing is always done
loudly; it is accompanied by a lot of noise. The heroines in our films sob a lot. Sobbing involves
gasping for breath and this results in a lot of chest heaving. The word is usually associated with
misery; unlike "weep", one cannot "sob" with joy.
What is the meaning of "on the qui vive" ?

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The first word "qui" is pronounced like the word "key", and the
"i" in "vive" is like the "ee" in "fee", "bee" and "see". The final "e" is silent. The main stress is on the
second word. I understand that soldiers in France who were on duty during the night used this
expression. Whenever they saw a figure approaching or heard some noise, they used to shout "qui
vive", meaning, "Who goes there?" or "Long live who?" The person approaching was expected to
respond by saying, "vive le roi", meaning, "Long live the king". Since the sentinel on duty had to be
alert, the expression "on the qui vive" is used to mean, "watchful" or "alert".
*With the elections around the corner, the police have been asked to be on the qui vive.
How is the word "scourge" pronounced?
(B. Gauri, Bangalore)

The "sc" is like the "sk" in "skin", "skip", and "skill". The following "our" is pronounced like the "er"
in "her", "nerd" and "herd". The "g" sounds like the "j" in "jam", "jazz" and "jump", and the final "e"
is silent. A "scourge" is a whip normally used to flog people. The word can also be used to refer to a
person or a thing. When you refer to an individual as a "scourge", what you mean is that he is
someone who causes a lot of suffering for others — just like the whip!
*The President wants to put an end to the scourge of terrorism.
What is the meaning of "shimmy"?
(Vinod E. Kumar, Secunderabad)

Some people when they walk, shake their hips and shoulders side to side. This is what we mean by
"shimmy"; it is a word that is normally associated with dancing.
*As the singer shimmied across the stage, the audience went wild. In American English, the word is
also used in informal contexts to mean, "vibrate or shake".
*The front wheel of Velu's scooter shimmied.
*****
"Law of Telephone: When you dial a wrong number, you will never get an engaged tone." —
Unknown

January 24, 2005
What is the difference between "impassive" and "impassioned"?
(K. Rani, Hyderabad)

When something bad happens and you remain "impassive" what you are doing is keeping a wooden
face. You are not displaying an emotion of any kind. It could be you do not feel any emotion, or you
have chosen to hide it. The heroes in many of our movies remain impassive in all situations. They are
the strong silent men who remain unmoved.
*After killing the man with his knife, the hero looked on impassively at the sea.
"Impassioned", on the other hand, means someone who is "full of passion", an individual who
displays intense feeling about something or someone.
*The impassioned speech by the Vice-Chancellor brought the audience to its feet.
What is the origin of "yellow journalism"?
(Md. Khalid Ahmed, Jagital)

When someone accuses a newspaper of "yellow journalism" what they mean is that it presents the
news in a biased manner. It distorts the facts and sensationalises the news in order to get the public to
buy the paper. It attempts to increase its circulation, not by providing accurate news, but by appealing
to the public's curiosity. The term "yellow journalism" is no longer restricted to newspapers alone, it
includes all other forms of media — television and radio.
*Some of the local newspapers are classic examples of yellow journalism.
The expression was popularised in the late 19th Century in the U.S. Two newspapers, "New York
World", owned by Joseph Pulitzer, and "New York Journal", owned by William Randolph Hearst,
were trying to become very popular among the public by printing sensational stories. Both
newspapers specialised in muckraking. The "World" had a popular comic strip called "Hogan's Alley"
in which the character "Yellow Kid" appeared. Hearst played dirty and got "Hogan's" creator, R. F.
Outcault, to join his paper. The angry Pulitzer hired another artist and asked him to continue with the
"Yellow Kid". The competition between the two yellow kids led to an all out war between the two
papers. There was a court battle over the copyright, and very often, street fights broke out between the
delivery boys of the rival newspapers. The fight between Hearst and Pulitzer over the "Yellow Kid"
began to symbolise everything that was wrong with American journalism.
What is the meaning of "watchdog agency"?
(Niraj Kumar, Purnea, Bihar)

Most people keep a watchdog in order to protect their house. When you refer to a group of people as
being a "watchdog" committee or agency, what you are implying is that they are ensuring that your
rights are being protected. They make sure that the companies, governments, etc, follow the letter of
the law, and do not cheat the public. A watchdog agency looks after the interests of the public.
*We are hoping to set up an anti-drug watchdog agency soon.
What is the past tense of "quit"?
(B. Om Prakash, Ongole)

Depending on the context, the word has two possible past tense forms — quit and quitted. When used
to mean, "to leave" you can use both. For example, "Venu quit/quitted his job and moved to Chennai."
The word "quit" can also be used to mean, "to stop". We can, for example say, "Venu has quit

gambling". In this context, it is incorrect to use "quitted". The word "quitted" is going out of fashion;
it is mostly used in formal contexts.
***** ***** *****
"I grew up with six brothers. That's how I learned to dance — waiting for the bathroom." — Bob Hope

February 01, 2005
What is the difference between "intuitively" and "instinctively"?
(Anne, Vishakapatnam)
If someone were to shine a bright light on your face, you would automatically close or shield your
eyes. You would do these things without even thinking. They are responses you are born with; they
are "innate". This is what we mean by "instinctively". We respond to things without really
understanding why we react that way. Our responses are automatic; whatever happens, happens
unconsciously. Both animals and human beings are born with instincts.
*When Raju heard gunfire, he instinctively dived/dove for cover.
When you do something intuitively, you do react automatically, but in this case there is a suggestion
that you understand what it is you are doing. You are able to figure out a solution to your problem in a
fraction of a second without really thinking about it. The story goes that the structure of Benzene
came to the chemist Kekule in a sudden moment of insight. This is a case of intuition, not instinct.
The word "intuition" is mostly used with human beings, and not with animals.
*Hari intuitively began to attack his opponent's backhand.
What is the meaning of "modus vivendi"?
(N. K. Rayaguru, Chennai)

In Latin, it means a "manner of living", or a "way of life". In English, however, the expression is not
used to mean this. It is used to refer to a compromise, usually temporary, between two parties that are
fighting each other. One often hears this expression used by foreign ministers. If someone in the
foreign ministry were to say, "If India and Pakistan want to avoid a nuclear holocaust, a modus
vivendi must be attained," what he means is that despite the many differences, the two countries must
find a way of coexisting peacefully.
*The two rival gangs managed to achieve a sort of modus vivendi.
What is the meaning of "once bitten twice shy"?
(Dr. C. Venkatramaiah, Tirupati)

If you fall in love with a girl and the girl ditches you, what would your reaction be? You would
probably be really angry, but at the same time you would be scared to fall in love again. Having had a
bad experience previously, you would be reluctant to put yourself in the same situation again. That's
what the idiom, "once bitten twice shy", means.
*The caterer arrived three hours late last time, so Rama is not hiring him again. I guess it's a case of
once bitten twice shy.
*The last time he ate fish, he almost choked. He's stopped eating fish altogether — once bitten twice
shy.
How is the word "brochure" pronounced?
(G. Vedarajan, Thanjavur)

The "o" sounds like the "oa" in "oat", "boat", and "goat". The following "ch" is pronounced like the
"sh" in "should", "ship", and "sharp". The final "ure" sounds like the "er" in "her" and "herd". The
main stress is on the first syllable. This is how the British pronounce the word. The Americans, on the
other hand, pronounce the "ure" like the "ure" in "sure", "cure" and "pure". They tend to put the stress
on the second syllable. A "brochure" is a booklet containing information about something.

*We want to bring out a brochure for the upcoming seminar.

***** ***** *****
"In my judgment, when the United States says there will be serious consequences, and if there isn't
serious consequences, it creates adverse consequences." — George W. Bush

February 07, 2005
What is the difference between "choose" and "pick"?
(M. Yogesh, Bangalore)

Although many people tend to use the words synonymously these days, careful users of the language
maintain a distinction between the two. Do you "choose" your life partner, or do you "pick" one?
Normally people "choose" their significant other. Choose suggests that you have opted for the
individual after giving the matter some serious thought. You have weighed the pros and cons of an
issue — in this case, marrying a person — and have arrived at a considered decision. It is voluntary.
Pick also means "selection", but in this case, there may not be any serious thinking involved. The
word suggests that you have opted for something in a very casual manner — there may not be any
decision making or discrimination involved. For example, when you go to the supermarket and see
several cans of the same product, you normally don't take too much time thinking about which can to
buy. Since the same company has made them, you "pick" the can that is nearest you. Most of us do
not select our life partner in this casual manner. Similarly, we "choose" a present for someone we
really like and care about — we buy the present keeping in mind the person's likes and dislikes. If we
"pick" a present, what we are doing is buying something in a casual manner. We don't keep in mind
the individual's likes and dislikes; it suggests that we buy the first thing we see in the shop.
What is the meaning of "too close to call"?
(P. Senthil Saravan, Vazhavallan)

This is an expression we hear very often from reporters during elections and from commentators
during one-day matches. When you say that a game is too close to call, what you mean is that it is
evenly poised, it is almost impossible to predict which team will emerge the winner. When used
during elections, what it implies is that the two candidates are running neck and neck and therefore
predicting the ultimate winner is not possible right now.
*The counting is going on. The result is too close to call.
Is it OK to say, "Wish you a Happy New Year 2005"?
(S. K. K. Panicker, Trichy)

No, it is not. When you want to greet someone on the New Year, you say, "Happy New Year" or
"Wish you a Happy New Year". Do not include the actual year — in this case 2005 — along with the
greeting. If you want to give importance to the year, then say, "Happy 2005" or "Wish you a Happy
2005".
What is the difference between "disposed of" and "disposed off"?
(P. B. Vijayaraghavan, Chennai)

When you get rid of someone or something, you normally say "disposed of", not "disposed off".
"Disposed off" is unacceptable.
* I want to know how the murderer disposed of the bodies.
In informal contexts, when you say that you disposed of someone, what you mean is that you killed
him. Perhaps you hired someone to do the killing.
* The don asked his hit man to dispose of his former accountant.
What is the difference between "blue collar worker" and "pink collar worker"?
(Padmavathi, Nellore)

A "blue collar worker" works in an industry and is always involved in manual labour. You will find
this individual in factories sweating it out on the shop floor. You won't find him sitting behind a huge
desk in an office. Nowadays, the term can be applied to both men and women. "Pink collar workers",
on the other hand, are always women. Low paid jobs available in offices and restaurants are usually
referred to "pink collar jobs".
***** ***** *****
"I wasn't kissing her, I was whispering in her mouth." — Chico Marx

February 14, 2005
KNOW YOUR ENGLISH
"Did you read the review of your favourite author's latest book in today's paper?"
"Not yet. But I heard that whoever wrote it did a hatchet job on the... ."
"... a hatchet job? Don't think I have heard that expression before."
"Americans usually refer to an axe as a hatchet. When you say that some reporter did a hatchet job on
you, what you mean is that he criticisd you severely in the media."
"Is it fair or unfair criticism?"
"Usually, unfair. It's criticism that ruins your reputation. For example, the reporter did a hatchet job on
the new school. The editor called it investigative journalism."
"How about this example? The news channels did a hatchet job on the Chief Minister's visit to the
drought hit areas."
"Sounds good."
"How would you react if someone were to do a hatchet job on something you had written?"
"I would be surprised if they didn't! Any news about your father's transfer?"
"Nothing so far. By the way, did Sujatha ask your boss for a transfer?"
"Yes, she did. Believe it or not, he sailed into her for making such a request."
"How did he manage to do that sitting in his office? Don't tell me his office is on a boat!"
"Don't be silly. One of the meanings of `sail into someone' is to attack or scold someone. It's an
expression usually used in informal contexts."
"I see. So can I say, when the team failed to enter the final, the coach sailed into the players?"
"You certainly can. Here's another example. The young bride sailed into her husband for bringing
guests unannounced." "Over the years, a lot of teachers have sailed into me for not doing my
homework. Anyway, does this mean that you are not going to ask your boss for a raise?"
"In the mood that he is in right now, most definitely not. I suspect that he would think twice about
giving a raise. If he does, he will be opening a new can of worms."
"Your boss sounds pretty strange. He `sails into' people and he keeps opening cans of worms. Tell me,
does he sail into people with his can of worms?"
"Very funny. When someone says that he is going to do something, and you tell him not to open a can
of worms, you are warning him not to do anything. You are suggesting that the situation is so
complicated that if he starts dealing with the problem, he will only succeed in creating more problems
for himself."
"In other words, by trying to solve the problem he will be creating more problems?"
"Exactly! Here's an example. Introducing my best friend's sister to my parents has opened up one big
can of worms."
"I bet it did. By appointing someone who doesn't have the basic qualifications for the job, the Minister
has opened a new can of worms for himself and the ruling party. Does that sound OK?"

"Sounds fine. I don't think you should write about corruption in the police force. You will be opening
a can of worms."
"Don't worry about me, I am a vegetarian. I won't go anywhere near the worms."
"Aren't worms vegetarian?"
***** ***** *****
"Middle age: when a man is warned to slow down by a doctor instead of a policeman." — Sidney
Brody

February 21, 2005
What is the difference between "prevaricate" and "procrastinate"?
(S. Ravi, Bangalore)

Both words have a lot of things in common. They begin with the letter "p", end with the suffix "ate",
and contain the same number of syllables — four. Perhaps this explains why some people wrongly
use the two words as synonyms. The words have very different meanings. When you "prevaricate"
you avoid telling the truth; you are evasive. As kids, when we failed to do our homework and our
teacher asked us why, we never gave her the real reason. Most of the time we made no attempt to
answer her question directly — we prevaricated. The word comes from the Latin "praevaricari"
meaning, "Go crookedly." Politicians and lawyers are very good at evading the truth, aren't they?
*Rani, give me a straight answer. Do not prevaricate.
"Procrastinate", on the other hand, has nothing to do with the truth. When we "procrastinate", we
delay doing something. Indians are born procrastinators; things never get done on time in our country.
Whenever we are given something to do, we keep putting it off to another day.
*No more procrastination. I want this to be done by tomorrow.
Both words have the main stress on the second syllable, and both are used in formal contexts.
What is the meaning of "Generation X"?
(Vijaya, Chennai)
In North America, people born between the mid-1940s and the mid-1960s are referred to as being part
of the "Baby Boomer" generation. Their children belong to "Generation X". The term is normally
used to refer to people born between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s. There is no agreement
among scholars about the exact years. Generation X has certain negative connotations associated with
it. The people belonging to this generation are supposed to be "materialistic", "apathetic", and
"irresponsible". They lack a sense of direction. All this is reflected in the other terms used to refer to
this generation, "Baby Busters", "Slackers", and "Grunge Kids." The term, "Generation X" was first
used by Paul Fussel in one of his articles. But it wasn't until 1991 when Douglas Coupland used
"Generation X" as the title of his novel that the term caught on. It became a household word thanks to
advertisers. By the way, any idea what the generation following X is called? Generation Y! Pretty
logical, wouldn't you say?
How is the word "leisure" pronounced?
(Mazumdar Meghamala, Aswapuram)

There are different ways of pronouncing this word. Some people make it rhyme with the words
"pleasure", "treasure", and "measure". Others pronounce the "ei" in the first syllable like the "ee" in
"fees", "bees" and "knees". No matter which way you pronounce the word the main stress is on the
first syllable.
*In her leisure time, Vandana goes sailing.
If you refer to a man as a "gentleman of leisure" what you mean is that he is in a position where he
doesn't have to work. He has enough money to live on. A woman who is in a similar position is called
"lady of leisure."
What is the meaning of "in one's good books"?

When you say that you are "in someone's good books" what you mean is that the person likes you; he
approves of you. Here are a few examples.
*I have been in Ashwin's good books ever since I helped him change his flat tyre.
***** ***** *****
"Most of the time he sounds like he has a mouth full of toilet paper." — Rex Reed on Marlon Brando

February 28, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of "cut and dry"?
(C. Rajeshwar, Bangalore)

First of all, it is not "cut and dry", but "cut and dried". When you refer to a decision as being cut and
dried what you mean is that it is final; it cannot be changed.
*Bala's plans are cut and dried. You cannot make any changes now.
When you refer to a talk as being "cut and dried" what you mean is that it was uninteresting.
*Hema's talk was cut and dried. She must brush up on her presentation skills.
According to some scholars the cut and dried material refers to timber. Wood that has been dried after
cutting is ready for use. One can use it to light a fire. Some others believe that the idiom refers to the
cut and dried herbs available in shops, which can be readily used in one's cooking.
During funerals, people, especially women, cry or wail in a funny sort of way. Is there a word
for this?
(D. Kumar, Hyderabad)

Yes, there is. I think the word you have in mind is "ululate". It consists of three syllables; the first is
pronounced like the word "Yule", which rhymes with "mule", "fuel", and "duel". The second syllable
sounds like "you", and the final syllable is like the word "late". The main stress is on the first syllable.
"Ululate" is mostly used in formal contexts and means to howl or wail. This ritualistic wailing can be
performed at times of mourning or celebration.
*From a distance we could hear the ululation of the mourning women.
*When he heard the news, Anand raised his hands and ululated.
What is the meaning of "the worm has turned"?
(L. Hamsa, Kozhikode)

If you keep bullying someone all the time, at some point he will turn on you. Even the most mild-
mannered person will put up with only so much. Normally, when you refer to an individual as a
"worm", what you mean is that he is an unpleasant character. But in this idiom, it is gentleness or the
harmlessness of the creature that you are referring to. You are saying that the person is a weak
individual.
*I wouldn't mess with Rajeev now if I were you. He has changed. The worm has turned.
What is the difference between "another" and "other"?
(Mohd. Aslam, Mir, Kashmir)

"Another" is normally used to mean "one more". For example, you can ask your mother for another
bowl of ice cream, or another plate of puris. The word can be used with both singular and plural
nouns; when used with the latter, it is followed by "few". The Registrar will be retiring in another few
days. The use of the word "another" also suggests that you have more than two choices available. If
you are in a showroom and you ask a salesperson to show you "another car", you are telling the
individual that you want to see some other car — you are not interested in the ones that have been
shown to you so far.

"Other", on the other hand, suggests that you have only two choices available. For example, if you
were to say, "I am not interested in this car, but am interested in the other", what you mean is that you
like the second car. A car that you have already seen. The choice here is between two cars.
***** ***** *****
"Before a man speaks, it is always safe to assume that he is a fool. After he speaks, it is seldom
necessary to assume." — H. L. Mencken

March 07, 2005
What is the difference between "beautiful" and "pretty"?
(R. S. Prakash, Tiruchy)

Both words are normally used to refer to the pleasing appearance of the face — usually that of
women. Beautiful is the stronger word of the two. When you say that something is "beautiful" what
you mean is that it is very close to perfection — at least according to the person looking at the object.
Remember, beauty lies in the eye of the beholder. Beauty is subjective, what is considered beautiful in
one culture may not be considered beautiful in another. One can use the word "beautiful" to talk about
things that can be seen. For example, you can refer a woman's face as being beautiful, a house as
being beautiful, and a scene as being beautiful. In fact, you can even use the word with things that
cannot be seen. For example, you can talk about a "beautiful plan" or a "beautiful smell". The word
"pretty", on the other hand, is not as complimentary as beautiful. When you refer to a woman as being
"pretty" what you mean is that she is attractive; she is graceful and full of life, but lacks the
perfection. She doesn't have the qualities to make her beautiful. Pretty is seldom used with people or
objects that are big; the word is usually restricted to objects that are small. You cannot refer a 30-
storey building as being a "pretty building". You can talk about a "pretty house" or "pretty shoes", but
not a pretty building. Similarly, a woman who is big built can be "beautiful", but not "pretty". The
word "pretty" suggests that the person or object is pleasant to look at, but not necessarily impressive.
What is the meaning of "set the cat among the pigeons"?
(H. Parvathi, Chennai)

What would happen if you were to set a cat loose among the pigeons? How do you think the birds
would react? They would be pretty worried, wouldn't they? The presence of the cat would create a
great deal of disturbance. When you set a cat among the pigeons, you say or do something suddenly
or unexpectedly. This often leaves the people worried or angry. It is also possible to say, "put the cat
among the pigeons."
*The principal set the cat among the pigeons when he informed the students that the annual day was
likely to be cancelled.
How is the word "voyeurism" pronounced?
(G. V. N. Murthy, Hyderabad)

The "v" sounds like the "v" in "vet", "vest", and "veil"; the following "oy" is like the word "why". The
"eu" in the second syllable is pronounced like the "a" in "china" and the final "ism" is like "ism" in
"prism", "fundamentalism", and "cubism". The main stress is on the first syllable "voy". The
Americans tend to pronounce the word differently. They pronounce the "voy" like the "voy" in the
word "voyage". The following "eur" is like the "er" in "herd", "her", and "nerd". The main stress, in
this case, is on the second syllable.
What is the meaning of "desk jockey"?
(V. Uday, Madurai)

Anyone whose job involves sitting behind a desk most of the time can be called a "desk jockey." The
individual remains glued to his desk most of the time. Bank officers, accountants and most
government officials can be called "desk jockeys." These people are either constantly shuffling papers
or on the phone most of the time. If you are a "desk jockey", maybe you should consider calling
yourself a "D.J". Who knows, people may start looking at you differently!

*Zaheer's father is a desk jockey in the new pharmaceutical company.

***** ***** *****
"Conscience is a mother-in-law whose visit never ends." — H. L. Mencken

March 14, 2005
What is the meaning of "on a wing and a prayer"?
(Ananya, Secunderabad)
If you say that you are writing an entrance exam "on a wing and a prayer", what you mean is that you
are not confident that you will pass. You are hopeful, but chances are you are unlikely to succeed.
You are relying more on luck, rather than your ability.
*Anju was playing the game on a wing and a prayer. She had no idea what she should do to win.
*Raju is taking the interview on a wing and a prayer.
The expression became popular during World War I. The story goes that a pilot managed to land his
plane successfully even though one of his wings had been badly damaged. When his friends asked
him how he had managed to land his crippled plane, the pilot replied that it was his prayers that kept
the aircraft aloft. To which one of his fellow pilots quipped, "A wing and a prayer brought you back!"
What does "Rx" stand for in a doctor's prescription?
(D. Bhaskara Reddy, Kurnool)

Many words commonly used in medicine come from Latin. The Rx is the abbreviation of "recipo"
meaning, "take". The doctor is giving you a recipe for your cure and he wants you to take it! If you
look at a doctor's prescription carefully, you will find that a line runs across the foot of the letter R.
This, I understand, is actually the symbol of the Roman god of medicine, Jupiter. All medicines come
under his protection. That's understandable, I guess. Given the illegible manner in which some doctors
write their prescriptions, we need all the protection we can get!
How is the word "peccadilloes" pronounced?
(Amit Kumar, Delhi)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "peck" and the following "a" is like the "a" in "china".
"Dill" rhymes with "pill", "chill", and "fill", while the final "oe" is like the "o" in "go", "so", and "no".
The main stress is on the third syllable. A "peccadillo" is a minor sin or fault.
*The star's latest extra marital peccadillo didn't go down well with his fans.
What is the difference between "acquittal" and "exoneration"?
(Soji Mathew, Manali)

Very often an innocent man is accused of a crime and dragged to court. After the judge has heard both
sides of the case, he usually finds him not guilty; the judge acquits the man of the crime. This formal
declaration made by the judge in a court of law is called an acquittal. The "a" in the first and final
syllable is pronounced like the "a" in "china". The second syllable, which has the main stress, is
pronounced like the word "quit". *The trial resulted in an acquittal for the three men charged with
first-degree murder.
The word "exoneration" has more or less the same meaning as "acquittal". When a judge exonerates
someone of something, he is pronouncing the person not guilty. He doesn't find any evidence that the
accused has done anything wrong. Unlike the word "acquittal", someone other than a judge can
exonerate a person. For example, in government offices whenever something goes wrong, a
committee is formed to determine the causes. The chairperson is also asked to find out if any
particular individual is to be blamed for the failure. If the committee finds that no one is to be blame,

then everyone is exonerated. The official report that the person in authority writes exonerates
everyone.
*The long awaited report exonerated the teachers.
***** ***** *****
"Common sense is in spite of, not the result of, education." — Victor Hugo

March 21, 2005
KNOW YOUR ENGLISH
"Looks like our team snatched another draw from the jaws of victory."
"Yes, Ganguly and his men seem to specialise in that. I am sure your cousin, Prasad, the dyed-in-
the-wool cricket fan had a lot to say about the first test."
"My cousin is very much alive. He did not die in any wool. What are... ."
"I did not mean d..i..e..d, but d..y..e..d. When you refer to someone as being "dyed-in-the-wool" what
you mean is that he or she has very strong opinions about something. Opinions that are not easily
changed."
"In other words, the person is very stubborn. His beliefs cannot be changed."
"My cousin Vindya is a dyed-in-the-wool traditionalist. She believes that a woman's place is in the
kitchen."
"Good grief! Where did she get such an old fashioned idea? I understand that my grandfather was a
dyed-in-the-wool conservative."
"My neighbour claims to be a dyed-in-the-wool communist. But he lives in a huge house and drives a
Benz."
"Some communists in our country do that! Tell me, what is the origin of `dyed-in-the-wool'?"
"I understand that wool that is dyed before it is spun into yarn retains its colour. The colour becomes
permanently fixed. Anyway, tell me what did Prasad have to say about the match?"
"He said that someone should have told Tendulkar to score quickly."
"No one could get in touch with Sachin. Since he was performing at the crease, he had his cell
switched off!"
"Very funny! What was your reaction to the draw?"
"Well, after the first drinks interval, I kind of sensed that our overpaid underachievers weren't going to
win. So I started channel hopping."
"Channel hopping? Does it mean the same thing as channel surfing?"
"Yes, that's right! When you channel surf or hop, you keep switching from one channel to another
using the remote control."
"Mohan constantly channel surfs. You can't watch any programme with him."
"My constant channel hopping drives my mother up the wall."
"I can imagine. Your mother wants everything just right. She... ."
"... .she is a bit of a control freak, isn't she?"
"You are calling your mother a freak? How can you do that?"
"All I am saying is that she is a control freak. In other words, she likes to be in total command of a
situation. She feels this... .."
"... she has an obsessive need to have control over herself and others around her?"

"Exactly! Control freaks need to feel they have control over everything around them. Including the
people. They must be in total command of the situation. I am told that Anand's wife Sonia is a control
freak."
"Oh that she is. How about this example? My father's new boss is a control freak and he has made life
miserable for everyone."
"Sounds good. I don't think I would like to work for a control freak."
"I don't think I would either. To tell you the truth, I just don't want to work!"
"That sounds like you."
***** ***** *****
"I love being married. It's so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of
your life." — Rita Rudner

March 28, 2005
What is the meaning of "blonde moment"?
(R. Anuradha, Secunderabad)

This is an expression of recent origin. In the United States, for several decades now, the word blonde
has become synonymous with stupidity. Women with blonde hair have always been perceived as
being beautiful but without an iota of intelligence — beauty without brains. A very common
expression associated with them is "dumb blonde". When you say that you had a "blonde moment"
what you are implying is that you behaved like a typical blonde — you became scatterbrained and did
something silly.
*I don't know why I said what I did. I must have had a blond moment.
What is the difference between "award" and "reward"?
(Dr. M. Veeramohan Rao, Kurnool)

An "award" is a prize that you receive for having done something noteworthy. It is always associated
with something positive; you have done something which people approve of. It is a sign of
appreciation. You could be awarded a medal, a prize, or a certificate by an organisation for an
outstanding achievement. When judges bestow an award on you, they are honouring you.
*The only award that Neelam ever won was the Pulitzer Prize.
A "reward", on the other hand, is usually associated with something valuable — money, for instance.
You may get a reward for finding and returning someone's dog/cat. The police may offer a reward for
information about an escaped convict. It is seen as something that you get as just compensation for the
good that you have done or the hard work that you have put in. For example, if you have worked
really hard to write a novel, and later you receive an award for it, you may feel that it is a recompense
for all the work you put in, that it is a reward for your effort. While the word "award" is associated
with only positive things, "reward", on the other hand, can be associated with both good and bad. One
can be rewarded for the evil one does as well.
How is the word "bonhomie" pronounced?
(T. Anitha, Chennai)

The "o" in the first syllable is like the "o" in "on", the following "h" is silent. The "o" in the second
syllable is like the "a" in "china" and the final "ie" is like the "i" in "pit", "kit", and "bit". The main
stress is on the first syllable. The word comes from the French "bon" meaning "good", and "homme"
meaning "man". The word is used to refer to an individual's good nature, his easy and pleasant
manner.
*Jai's bonhomie won the hearts of all those who came into contact with him.
What is the meaning of "fall on stony ground"?
(C. Ganeshan, Trichy)

When someone gives you a piece of advice and you choose to ignore it, then you can say that the
advice fell on stony ground. In other words, the ground is so hard that nothing penetrates it. The
expression, I understand, comes from the Bible and it has more or less the same meaning as "fall on
deaf ears".
*The Management's repeated requests to call off the strike have fallen on stony ground.

Is it okay to say, "The teacher was angry on the students"?
(G. Sarita, Chennai)

There is a tendency among Indians to use the word "on" with "angry", but it is wrong to do so. You
cannot be "angry on" or "pleased on" a person. Both these words are usually followed by "with".
*The new principal was pleased with the children's performance.
***** ***** *****
"There are three kinds of men who don't understand women — young, old and middle aged." —
Unknown

April 04, 2005
Know Your English
"Hey, where are you off to so early in the morning?"

"To the station. Have to pick up my uncle Balu."
"I remember your uncle Balu! Isn't he extremely tall and good looking?"
"He is tall, but the rest of him has gone to seed, I am afraid."
"You make your uncle sound like a plant. What does `gone to seed' mean?"
"When you say that someone has gone to seed, what you mean is that they are not as good looking or
as healthy as they once were. For example, most actors go to seed once they quit the film industry."
"That's true. I ran into my former physics teacher the other day. He seems to have gone to seed."
"Sounds good. It is also possible to say, `run to seed'. My neighbour is running to seed."
"Is it OK to use this expression with things as well?"
"Yes, it is. According to some of my friends, the economy has gone to seed."
"My friend has a farmhouse. When he bought it, it was great. But now it's gone to seed."
"Unfortunately my uncle's old farmhouse is running to seed as well."
"That's too bad. Tell me, why is your uncle coming to see you?"
"He's planning to start a new business, and he's looking for some seed money."
"Why would a man running to seed ask for seed money?"
"That's a good one! Seed money is money that you give someone to help them start a business or a
project. My friend was willing to give me 20 lakhs as seed money."
"I don't believe you. No one in his right mind would give you seed money. You are incapable of
starting your own business."
"That's true. Even if I did start one, it would probably run to seed pretty quickly."
"I am sorry to hear that your uncle isn't doing well. The man is so energetic and so full... ."
"... .yes, he is a real go-getter all right. At least he was."
"Haven't a clue what you are talking about."
"When you refer to someone as a `go-getter' what you mean is that the individual is very energetic. He
is full of confidence and has the will to succeed. For example, my cousin Kunthala is a real go-getter.
I wouldn't be too surprised if she becomes a General Manager very soon."
"The only way to turn this company around is to replace the dead wood with some young go-getters."
"If my uncle heard you say that, he would go ballistic."
"When you `go ballistic' you become very angry, don't you?"
"That's right! When you go ballistic, you lose your cool easily. You become extremely angry about
something. For example, when Raju heard that Ganesh was not ready with the report, he went
ballistic."
"There are times when Amrit goes ballistic for no reason at all."

"Everyone was shocked when Saurabh went ballistic during the meeting."
"Saurabh went ballistic! That must have been a sight to behold. But tell me, why would your uncle go
ballistic if I said that we must replace the dead wood with go-getters?"
"It's simple. According to him, it was the go-getters who ran the company to seed."
"I see. So, are you going to give your uncle seed money?"
"I don't think so. If I did, my parents would go ballistic!"
***** ***** *****
"She tells enough white lies to ice a wedding cake." — Margot Asquith

April 11, 2005
KNOW YOUR ENGLISH
"Hey, did your uncle ask for seed money?"

"No, I think he was too embarrassed to. But I hinted at the fact that I would be willing to help him out.
Give this letter the once-over, will you?"
"The once-over? What does it mean?"
"When you give someone or something the once-over what you are doing is taking a quick look at the
person or the object. You want to see what they are like."
"I see. How about this example? The student gave the paper the once-over before handing it to the
teacher."
"Sounds good. After checking the handbag, the security guard gave me the once-over before he
allowed me to enter the building."
"The principal gave the students the once-over and then began his speech."
"Now that you know the meaning, please give the letter the once-over!"
"O.K. I am done. It looks fine. Tell me, why do ...."
"....why were you smiling when you read the letter? Was it funny?"
"It had nothing to do with your letter. I remembered something strange that Sujatha said this morning.
She said that I had a really cute smile."
"She's been saying such things to everyone I know. She's moving to a new flat, and I think she is
looking for people to help her move. That's why she is laying it on thick."
"Laying what on thick? Talk English, will you?"
"When you say that someone is laying it on thick what you mean is that they are trying to flatter you.
There's too much of praise, in fact. Yesterday, Sujatha called me handsome."
"Handsome! That's laying it on thick."
"I know. Of late, Sujatha has learnt how to lay it on really thick."
"But why would she need anyone to help her move? She has her cousin, Arvind. Haven't seen him in
a while, though. Any idea where he is?"
"Hey, this is April. He must be busy cramming for his exams."
"Cramming? Does it mean the same thing as mugging?"
"Well, when you cram for a test, you study very hard for it. Usually at the very last minute. For
example, Narender spent the entire weekend cramming for the chemistry test."
"How about this example? My father says that if I put in an hour's work every day, then I wouldn't
have to cram."
"He has a point there. But I am sure when he was a student, your father spent many sleepless nights
pounding the books."
"Pounding the books? Why would he do that? There's no need to...."
"....pounding the books is an informal expression meaning to study hard. Another expression which
has more or less the same meaning is `hit the books'."

"As soon as I return home from school, I hit the books. How does it sound?"
"You hitting the books soon after your return home! Please stop, it's cracking me up."
"Cracking you up? What does it mean? Are you going mad?"
"When something cracks you up, it makes you laugh. When I saw the kitten slip on a banana peel, it
just cracked me up."
"The principal's new wig cracked me up."
"Did you tell him he looked ridiculous?"
"No, we told him he looked great in it. We really laid it on thick."
"Americans always do the right thing — after they have tried everything else." —
Winston Churchill

April 18, 2005
What is the difference between "fight with" and "fight against"?
(S. Arumugam, Coimbatore)

In some contexts, both phrasal verbs have more or less the same meaning. When you "fight against"
or "fight with" someone, you do battle against the individual.
*I refuse to fight against someone who is twenty years younger than me.
In the examples given, one could easily replace one phrasal verb with the other. It is also possible to
"fight against" something as well. For example, one can fight against a disease, or one can fight
against poverty. In these two cases, you are doing battle against a disease and poverty. "Fight with"
has an additional meaning. When you fight with something, you use a weapon as an instrument in
your fight. For example, in the old days people fought with spears and swords.
Nowadays people fight with guns. Also, when you "fight with" someone, it could mean that you are
joining hands with the individual to fight someone or something. In other words, you and the other
individual are joining forces and fighting a common enemy. "Fight against" does not have this
meaning.
*I fought with him in Kashmir against the terrorists.
What is the meaning and origin of "water off a duck's back"?
(K. Narayanmurthy, Udamalpet)

Although the duck spends a lot of time in water, the water never stays on its feathers for long. This is
because its feathers are coated with oil and this prevents the water from being absorbed. As a result,
when the bird steps out of the water, it is able to shake it off within a matter of a few seconds.
Spending a considerable amount of time in a pond or a lake seems to have no effect on the bird.
Similarly, when you criticise someone and it has no effect on him/her, then you can say that the
criticism was like water off a duck's back. Here are a few examples.
*I have scolded Achala several times for being lazy and sloppy, but it's just water off a duck's back to
her.
How is the word "entrepreneurship" pronounced?
(D. Venugopal, Secunderabad)

The first syllable is like the word "on", and the "e" in the second and third syllable is pronounced like
the "a" in "china". The "eur" in the fourth syllable is like the "er" in "herd" and "nerd". The final
syllable is pronounced like the word "ship"; the main stress is on "eur". An "entrepreneur", as you
probably know, refers to someone who sets up a business; he usually starts something new.
Therefore when you refer to "entrepreneurship" you are talking about the activities associated with an
entrepreneur. The word is of French origin. By the way, the word "entrepreneur" has given rise to a
new word, "intrapreneur".
Like an entrepreneur, this individual starts something new as well. But unlike the entrepreneur, an
"intrapreneur" doesn't set up a business of his own. He works within an organisation and comes up
with new inventions.
Is it OK to say, "He telephoned to Mr. X"?
(K. R. Chidambaram, Chennai)

When the word "telephone" is used as a verb, it is not followed by "to". You telephone someone and
not "telephone to" someone. It is like the word "call". Remember, when you ring someone up, you
"call him", you do not "call to him". Here are a few examples.
*Ananya telephoned her friend and told her she wouldn't be coming.
"The main problem with the French is that they have no word for èntrepreneur'."
— George. W. Bush

April 25, 2005
What is the meaning of "underwriter"?

This is a term frequently used by organisations that provide insurance. When an organisation
"underwrites" an activity, it signs a contract which guarantees payment for any loss or damage to the
goods. A company that invests money to help an individual start a new project is called an
underwriter. An individual can be an underwriter as well; his primary job is to study the risks
involved in an activity and decide how much to charge as insurance. He determines the
creditworthiness of a client. He is called an underwriter because he writes his name under the policy.
* Do you think that your company would be willing to underwrite our new hospital?
How is the word "inexorably" pronounced?
(C. V. S. Dasaradhi, Chittoor)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "in", and the second like the word "ex". The "o" in the
third syllable and the "a" in the fourth sound like the "a" in "china"; the final "y" is like the "i" in "pit",
"kit", and "sit". The main stress is on the second syllable. "Inexorably" is mostly used in formal
contexts. It refers to a process which cannot be changed or stopped; it is something which continues
relentlessly.
* Many feel that the crisis in Iran is moving inexorably towards war.
What is the difference between "anoint" and "appoint"?
(K. Kasi, Chennai)

People who are "appointed" for a job are chosen by others for a particular position. An appointment is
something official.
* The members of the Board appointed Dravid captain.
"Anoint" has a religious connotation which "appoint" doesn't. When a priest anoints someone, he
applies oil or water on some part of the individual; this is usually done as part of a religious
ceremony.
* The young priest anointed the old man's forehead with sandalwood paste.
It is also possible to "anoint" oneself with something. In this case, we are merely smearing ourselves
with some sort of liquid. For example, an individual can anoint herself with suntan lotion. When a
person in authority, such as a priest, "anoints" someone, he chooses this individual for an important
job.
* The Archbishop anointed her queen.
In this example, the Archbishop is making the individual holy by anointing. In other words, he is
consecrating the individual to office.
* The former Prime Minister did not anoint anyone as his successor.
What is the meaning and origin of "writing is on the wall"?

When Shahid Afridi blazed away to a century in 40-odd balls in the fifth one-day international, most
of us knew who was going to win the match. By the end of the 10th over, the writing was on the wall

for India. When you say that the handwriting or writing is on the wall, what you mean is that
something disastrous or bad is going to happen.
* When the team lost in the first round of the playoffs, the writing was on the wall for the coach.
* Prabhakar saw the handwriting on the wall when the company fired two more people.
The expression "handwriting on the wall" comes from the Bible. The King of Babylon, Belshazzar,
sees a hand mysteriously appear and write a message on a wall. Being unable to decipher the message,
he summons Daniel. The wise man tells Belshazzar that the message is a warning from God that he
will soon be overthrown and his kingdom destroyed.
"A diplomat is a man who remembers a woman's birthday, but never remembers her age."

May 02, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of "to leave no stone unturned"?

When someone says that he will leave no stone unturned what he means is that he will do everything
he can in order to achieve something. In other words, he will try every possible means to get the
desired results.
*The Chief Minister has said that he would leave no stone unturned to find the culprit.
*Both countries claimed that they would leave no stone unturned to find peace.
In 477 B. C, General Polycrates defeated General Mardonius in a battle. According to rumours, the
Persian general, Mardonius had a lot of treasure hidden under his tent. But when Polycrates and his
men searched the tent, they found nothing. The disappointed General went to an oracle in Delphi and
told him his problem. The oracle instructed him to return to the place where the battle had been fought
and to look under every stone for the treasure; he asked him to leave no stone unturned. Polycrates
went back and searched under the stones, and sure enough he found the treasure.
Where did the word "hijack" come from?
(K. Rajeevan, Coimbatore)

Nowadays, this word is usually associated with airplanes. When you hijack a plane what you are
doing is taking control of it and forcing it to go to a destination of your choice. In the process you
make the passengers aboard the aircraft your hostage. It is not only planes that you can hijack, but
also other vehicles — cars, trucks, boats and ships. "Hijack" has another meaning as well. It also
means to steal goods from vehicles, especially from trucks. Did you know that the original hijacker
was someone who stole from other criminals? He specialised in robbing bootleggers — people who
sold illicit liquor. According to some scholars, the "hijacker" got his name from the command he gave
the people he was about to rob. Apparently, he used to point his gun at his victim and say, "Stick them
up high, Jack." In other words, he wanted his victim to raise his hands above his head. Since "Jack" is
a very common name in the U.S., he called all his victims "Jack". From "high" and "Jack" we get
"hijack".
What is the difference between "life assurance" and "life insurance"?
(R. M. Lakshmi, Madurai)

There is no difference; some companies call themselves "life insurance" companies, while others call
themselves "life assurance" companies. They both do the same job. I understand that the term
"Assurance Company" is mostly used in countries where English is not spoken as the first language
— for example, in countries like Germany, Egypt, and the Philippines.
There is, however, a difference in meaning between "assurance" and "insurance". One normally
"assures" against something that will definitely happen — for example death. No matter how
important we are, none of us can escape death. It is inevitable. You usually "insure" yourself against
something that may or may not happen — for example, fire, burglary and flood. Not all of us will
have our house destroyed in a fire accident. But some of us do buy "fire insurance" and "flood
insurance".
What is the meaning of "monobrow"?
(S. Shanthi, Vellore)

The next time you look at yourself in the mirror, take a good look at the eyebrows. If the two join just
above your nose, then you can say that you have a "monobrow". The word is mostly used in informal
contexts, and is not found in many dictionaries.
"Age is a question of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter."
— Satchel Paige

May 09, 2005
Know Your English
"Nice to see someone smiling in this weather. What are you so happy about?"
"Oh, I'm just returning from Madhavan's factory. He was telling me that if we were to invest in his
company, we'd become millionaires real soon. Apparently, he has a new product which ..."
"... .yes, he told me about the product too. He's very gung-ho about it."
"Gung-ho! I have come across that word before. It means enthusiastic, doesn't it?"
"That's right, it's an expression mostly used in informal contexts. Some of the people I know are gung-
ho about everything."
"I find such people very irritating. Indians are gung-ho about cricket."
"That's the only thing we are gung-ho about, unfortunately."
"Hey, I almost forgot. Your first play was staged yesterday, wasn't it? How did the audience react?
Were they gung-ho about it?"
"The response was underwhelming."
"Underwhelming? I don't think there is such a word."
"Yes, there is. When you say that the response to something was underwhelming, what you mean is
that the people were not impressed by it."
"In other words, ùnderwhelming' is the opposite of òverwhelming'."
"I wouldn't really... ."
"... how about this example? The actor's new movie met with an underwhelming response."
"Sounds good. The response to the minister's speech was distinctly underwhelming."
"It usually is. Anyway, what did the press have to say about your play?"
"That my talent as a writer simply underwhelmed them."
"I am sorry to hear that. Why do you think the people didn't appreciate the play?"
"That's simple. Those who came were mostly fuddy-duddies. You see, ... ."
"... .they were what?"
"F... u... d... d... y and d... u... d... d... y. The ù' in both syllables is like the ù' in `hut', `but', and `cut'.
When you call someone a "fuddy-duddy", what you mean is that he is old fashioned — not only in his
attitude, but also in his appearance."
"I've stopped going to my father's office parties because I don't like being surrounded by fuddy-
duddies."
"That's a good example. My next door neighbour is a fuddy-duddy."
"Tell me, what was your hero's reaction to the underwhelming response of the press? Did ... ."
"... .the hero had a conniption fit. He almost... ."
"... .a conniption? Does it mean... ."
"... .conniption is a word that is mostly used in informal contexts. It means... ."

"... .I can guess what it means. When you have a conniption, you probably throw a fit. In other words,
you burst into anger."
"Very good. That's exactly what it means. The word is sometimes followed by `fit'. Here is an
example. When Shalini told her father that she was marrying Teja, he had a conniption fit."
"So the next time someone gets angry about something, can I say, `Take it easy. Don't have a
conniption?"
"I guess you could say that. Every time I try to sport a beard my mother has conniptions... ."
"... most mothers aren't very gung-ho about their son growing a beard. I wonder why."
"Haven't a clue myself. Do you think I am a gung-ho sort of guy?"
"Only your mother would think so!"
"My play was a complete success. The audience was a failure." — Ashleigh Brilliant

May 16, 2005
What is the meaning of "Argus eyed"?

It means to be watchful or vigilant.
*The police were watching the proceedings, Argus-eyed.
*The students found it difficult to get past the Argus-eyed watchman.
Argus was a giant who had fifty pairs of eyes. Juno, wife of Zeus, asked him to keep an eye on her
heifer (young cow) Io. The vigilant Argus stood guard, and when he felt drowsy, he allowed only two
of his eyes to fall asleep. The remaining forty-nine pairs of eyes were focussed on Io. Unfortunately
for the giant, the messenger of the gods, Mercury, became interested in the heifer and decided to steal
it. In order to achieve this, he began playing his lyre. The music was so soothing that Argus fell asleep
- all one hundred eyes closed. Mercury drew his sword and promptly chopped off the giant's head.
When Juno saw what had happened, she removed the eyes from the head of the giant and placed them
all on the tail of a peacock. I guess this explains why we talk about the eye of a peacock's feather.
How is "imbroglio" pronounced?
(Jayashree Mishra, Bhubaneswar)

The "i" in the first and third syllable is like the "i" in "dim", "rim" and "vim". The "o" in the second
and the final syllable is like the "o" in "go", "so", and "no". The "g" is silent, and the main stress is on
the second syllable "bro". A complicated or confusing situation is usually referred to as an imbroglio.
The word is normally used in formal contexts.
*The world is trying to find a solution to the Iraq imbroglio.
Which is correct? "I gave to nanny the keys" or "I gave the keys to nanny"?
(Y. Mohith Sai, Chittoor Dist.)

The second sentence is correct. One usually gives something to someone.
*The new student gave a rose to John.
It is also possible to give someone something. In this case, "to" is not used. You do not "give to
someone".
*Please give the architect these diagrams.
What is the meaning of "co-son-in-law"?
(L. Jayaram, Bangalore)

This is a word that most native speakers of English do not understand. "Co-son-in-law" is a term that
we Indians have contributed to the English language. It is not found in many dictionaries. When you
refer to a man as a "co-son-in-law" what you mean is that the two of you have the same in-laws. In
other words, this other individual is married to your wife's sister. Native speakers of English would
refer to the other individual as a "brother in law". Most Indian languages have a term for such a
relationship, and I guess that's the reason why we felt compelled to come up with "co-son-in-law".
What is the difference between "as scheduled" and "on schedule"?
(I. Sastri, Chennai)

When you say that the meeting took place "as scheduled", what you mean is that the meeting took
place as planned. Arrangements had been made, in advance, for the meeting to be held and things
went according to plan.
*The Opposition called for a bandh, but we managed to meet the minister as scheduled.
The expression "on schedule" is normally used to refer to time. When a project is completed on
schedule, it is completed on time.
*For a change all flights left on schedule.
"One man in a thousand is a leader of men - the other 999 follow women." —
Groucho Marx

May 23, 2005
Know Your English
"Hi, come on in. Would you like something to drink? You look bushed."
"What are you talking about? I don't look anything like Bush."
"That's funny. I didn't say you looked like Bush. I said that you are looking bushed. In other words,
you are looking exhausted."
"Exhausted! Is that what 'bushed' means? I thought you were making fun of my looks."
"Why would I do that? I've got better things to do. Sujatha was bushed after jogging a mile."
"That's understandable. Sujatha is out of shape. After playing two sets of tennis, I felt bushed."
"Good example. Is that the reason you look so tired now?"
"The reason I feel bushed right now is because thanks to the bus strike, I had to walk back from
school."
"In this terrible weather! Have a glass of cold water, then. By the way, I understand congratulations
are in order."
"Thank you. I didn't expect to do so well in the exam."
"My next door neighbour was crowing over how well his daughter had done, but...."
"....crowing over? What does it mean?"
"....when someone 'crows over' his achievements, he brags about them. Here's an example. I hate
talking to Jai. The only thing he does is crow over his achievements."
"The members of the opposition were crowing over their victory."
"That's a good example. It is also possible to say, `crow about'. It means the same thing as `crow over'.
The producer was crowing about the success of his new film."
"Sheetal was crowing about how well her daughter had performed in the interview."
"In India a lot of people crow about Sachin's achievements."
"I can tell you that I haven't been bragging about my marks. In fact, I haven't told anyone."
"It's good to know that you are grounded."
"Grounded? What are you talking about?"
"Well, when you say that someone is 'grounded' what you mean is that he is very sensible. Though the
individual has everything, and has achieved many things, he behaves in a sensible fashion. This is one
of the meanings of the word."
"In other words, you are saying that the individual has his feet on the ground."
"I guess you could say that. The kid's father is a business tycoon and his mother is a famous actress.
You certainly can't expect him to be grounded."
"Suresh has everything that one can ask for, but he seems fairly grounded."
"The billionaire's wife makes sure that her children stay grounded. But tell me, if Suresh is grounded,
then why do the others hate him so much?"
"I guess it's because they are jealous about his achievements"

"You are not 'jealous about' something, you are usually 'jealous of' something. For example, everyone
is jealous of Hema's achievements."
"There are many people who are jealous of Dravid's wealth."
"That's understandable, I guess. Some of our players are..."
".... similarly, you are 'jealous of' someone and not 'jealous about' someone, I suppose?"
"Exactly! The two year old boy is jealous of his baby brother."
"Many of the tenants are jealous of the landlord."
"I believe he has written a book which is selling really well. Have you read it?"
"Just the first couple of pages. It was full of jargons, so I ...."
"....jargons! How many times have I told you...."
"....sorry, sorry. The word 'jargons' doesn't exist. The plural of jargon is jargon. See, I remember."
"You don't need to crow over something like that. Go home. You look bushed."
"Older people shouldn't eat health food; they need all the preservatives they can get." —
Robert Orben

May 30, 2005
What is the difference between "sentimental" and "emotional"?
(Hema Yadav, Ajmer)

Both words have more to do with "feelings" than "reason". In both cases, the individual's heart rules
his head. When you respond to a situation "emotionally", you do what your feelings tell you to do.
You don't really think things through. In most cases, it is a knee-jerk reaction. When someone advises
you and you react emotionally, you can either shout at the individual or you can begin to cry.
*The chairman became emotional and accused the accountant of fraud.
A sentimental person is easily affected by emotions like sadness, love, etc. Unlike an emotional
individual, a sentimental one does not express himself loudly or strongly. The feelings that he
expresses are much more tender and somewhat exaggerated. Sentimental often carries with it the
sense that the feelings expressed are not genuine. Unlike "emotional", "sentimental" has a negative
connotation.
*Latha is very sentimental. She cried when she heard that the school dog was missing.
What is the origin of, "Murder someone in cold blood"?
(Aslam Khan, Anantapur)

When you do something in "cold blood" you do it without being emotionally involved; in other
words, you are detached. The murder is thought of in advance and the plans are executed in a ruthless
manner, without the display of any emotion. You act like a cold-blooded animal.
*The child was killed in cold blood in front of his house.
Does the temperature of the blood in our body increase and decrease depending on our mood? Not
really, but people who lived some three hundred years ago believed that our frame of mind
determined the temperature of the blood. The common belief was that when an individual became
excited or angry, the blood within the body began to boil. When he remained calm, the blood became
cool. These beliefs are reflected in everyday expressions like "hot-blooded" and "in cold blood". I
understand in the 17th Century, the expression "in hot blood" was used to refer to murders committed
with passion. For some strange reason "in hot blood" went out of use. Scholars believe that the
expression "in cold blood" is a translation of the French "sang-froid". The expression "in cold blood"
first appeared in print in 1711 in Joseph Addison's "The Spectator".
How is the word "manoeuvre," pronounced?
(M. Ramiah, Kilapavoor)

The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in "china"; the following "oeu" is like the "oo" in "fool",
"cool", and "pool". The "r" is usually silent, and the final "e" sounds like the "a" in "china". The main
stress is on the second syllable. "Maneuver" is how the Americans spell the word.
Which is correct? One of my friend/friends? (Alexander Joseph, Port Blair)
The correct answer is "one of my friends". You normally use the expression "one of" with a plural
noun. It could be a group of people or things. "One of" informs the listener that you are talking about
one member of the group. Since you are talking about only one member in the group, you use a
singular verb after the plural noun.
*One of my friends is going to America.
*One of the books that I am planning to read is "Very Good Jeeves".

You have many friends, but right now you are talking about only one of them. If you had only one
friend, then you would have said, "My friend is going to America." Similarly, the second example
suggests that you are planning to read many books and one of them happens to be "Very Good
Jeeves". It is important to remember that the noun cannot immediately follow "one of".
"Death and taxes are both certain. But death isn't annual." — Anonymous

June 06, 2005
Know Your English
"You are late again! Didn't you promise to be... ."

"... .I am sorry. I know I was supposed to come at 11o'clock, but I... ."
"... .it's one o'clock now."
"I know. I have a question. Why do we say o'clock? Where does the ò' come from?"
"The ò' I understand is actually a contraction of òf'. You see in the old days when someone asked an
individual for the time, he would reply èleven of the clock'."
"So instead of eleven o'clock, they used to say èleven of the clock'."
"That's right! At times, they dropped `the' and shortened the reply to èleven of clock'. After some
time, people began dropping the `f ' sound in òf '. So òf clock' became ò'clock'. Now tell me, why
are you late?"
"Sunil and Karuna fought again. This time it was pretty serious. Karuna was so upset that she stormed
out of the house with bag and baggage."
"That sounds pretty serious indeed. But you don't have to say `with bag and baggage'."
"But I have heard many people say `with bag and baggage'."
"That's true. But the correct expression is `bag and baggage'. You don't need `with'."
"I see. So I say, she walked out bag and baggage?"
"That's right. Here's another example. Raju was thrown out of the hotel bag and baggage."
"I wish we could do the same with some of our crooked politicians. I think it's high time that we get
rid of them."
"It's high time that we got rid of them. Not `get' rid of them."
"But why got?"
"Because when you use `high time' the verb that follows is usually in the past. For example, it's high
time that I went home."
"I see. It's high time Vasundara got married."
"I think it's high time you began studying for your various entrance exams. Anyway, you needn't
worry about Karuna. She has walked out on Sunil before. But she... ."
"... .thrice, actually. I mean three times. Tell me, what's wrong with thrice, though?"
"There's nothing wrong. It's considered rather old fashioned. Native speakers seldom use the word
thrice. It's considered literary."
"So it's once, twice, three times?"
"Yes, that's right. Tell me, what did Sunil do to put Karuna out?"
"To put her out? You mean throw her out of the house?"
"No, no! When you put someone out, what you are doing is irritating or annoying the individual.
That's one of the meanings of the expression. For example, Prabhakar really put me out when he
walked into the house wearing his muddy slippers."

"My neighbour put me out by playing music loudly."

"That's a good example. So what did Sunil do to put Karuna out?"
"I understand that he cracked some joke about women."
"He probably did it to irritate her. He knows that his wife is a die-hard feminist."
"Does die-hard mean staunch or something like that?"
"That's right. A die-hard individual is someone who sticks to his opinions. Doesn't change them at all.
In fact, he doesn't like change. For example, my neighbours are die-hard conservatives."
"Mine are die-hard Sania Mirza fans."
"It's high time she started performing on the tennis court."
"You're right. Otherwise her next ad might begin with the line, Sania Mirza ko tennis khelna nahin
atha!"
"Opportunity may knock only once, but temptation leans on the doorbell." — Unknown

June 13, 2005
What is the difference between "hoard" and "horde"?
(R. Surya, Mysore)

Both words are pronounced the same way. They rhyme with "board", "ford", and "sword". "Hoard" is
normally used to describe the accumulation of something for future use. When you hoard something,
you generally store it as a precautionary measure. The thing that is hoarded could be money, food, etc.
The important thing to remember about hoarding is that it is done in secret. Not many people are
aware of the fact that you are putting something away. The use of "hoard" shows disapproval; it often
suggests miserliness. The word comes from the Old English "hord" meaning "a secret store". A
person who hoards is called a hoarder.
*Merchants who were caught hoarding rice were sent to prison.
*The police found the miser's hoard and distributed it among the poor.
In informal contexts, the word "hoards" can be used to mean "a very large amount."
*We have hoards of time to complete the project.
The word "horde" was first used to refer to nomads — i.e., wandering tribes. Gypsies, for instance,
were referred to as hordes. Nowadays, the word is used to talk about any disorganised crowd.
*Hordes of football hooligans walked into the club singing loudly.
*I didn't enjoy my vacation. There were hordes of people camped around the lake.
According to some scholars the word comes from the Turkish "ordu" meaning "camp". They maintain
that it is from this Turkish word that we get "Urudu".
What is the meaning and origin of "Barkis is willing"?
(L. Sundaraiya, Arakkonam)

The expression first appeared in Charles Dickens' well-known classic "David Copperfield". Barkis is
the name of one the characters in the novel. He keeps sending a message through David to Clara
Peggotty, the maid of David's mother. The message that David is to give Clara is "Barkis is willing".
In other words, Barkis is willing to marry Clara. The expression is used nowadays to indicate one's
willingness or readiness to do something.
What does "bells and whistles" mean?
(Priyatharsini, Kallakurichi)
Many people when they go shopping for a computer look for a model that contains the essential
features. There are others, however, who are interested in the little extras. They want to have a model
which contains many fancy features; add-ons which are good to look at, but which serve very little
purpose. These rather attractive but inessential features that you buy along with a gadget are called
"bells and whistles".
*You don't need the bells and whistles. They will double the cost.
*Ramesh likes to buy gadgets with all the bells and whistles.
How is the word "idyll" pronounced?
(N. R. Nadgir, Hyderabad)

The word can be pronounced in two different ways. The British tend to pronounce the "i" and the "y"
like the "i" in "sit", "chit", and "hit". The Americans, on the other hand, tend to pronounce the "i" like
the "y" in "by" and "my". In both cases, the main stress is on the first syllable. A short piece of prose
which describes a happy scene in the countryside is usually referred to as an idyll. Nowadays the
word is being used to refer to any pleasant scene or event. When you say that something is "idyllic"
what you mean is that it is like an "idyll". In other words, it is very pleasant and peaceful.
*This would be an idyllic setting for our school.
*He was hoping that he would have an idyllic marriage.
What is the meaning of "keypal"?
(G. Ananth, Secunderabad)

This is a word of recent origin. A pen pal is someone with whom you exchange letters. A "keypal" is
someone with whom you exchange emails. He/she is your email pen pal. You "key" in the messages
for this individual.
*I informed all my keypals about the upcoming event.
"Laughter is like changing a baby's diaper. It doesn't permanently solve any problems, but it makes
things more acceptable for a while." — Unknown

June 21, 2005
What is the difference between "enough" and "enough of"?
(M. Sarada, Mysore)

When you say that you have had "enough ice cream" what you mean is that you have had sufficient
ice cream, you don't want any more for the time being. Even though you like the stuff, you do not
intend to eat any more even if it were offered to you.
*I have had enough grammar for today.
*I think she has had enough practice for today.
"Enough of" carries with it a negative connotation. When you have had "enough of" something you
have had an excess of it. In other words, you have had too much of it, and as a result you are fed up of
it. If you were to say that you have had enough of ice cream, what it suggests is that you are sick of
eating ice cream.
*I have had enough of grammar.
*I have had enough of Ganguly and his antics.
Is it OK to say, "My cousin divorced last month"?
(E. Dharani, Chennai)

The sentence is grammatically incorrect. You usually divorce someone; the word "divorced" is
usually followed by a noun or a pronoun.
*After twenty years of marriage, Rama decided to divorce Govind.
*My cousin divorced his wife last month.
It is also possible to say, "to get a divorce". For example,
*They are planning to get a divorce soon.
*My cousin got divorced last month.
What is the meaning of "erudite"?
(V. Rajagopalan, Vriddhachalam)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "e" is like the "e" in "set", "pet", and "met", and the
following "u" sounds like the "u" in "put", "pull" and "full". The final syllable rhymes with "might",
"kite", and "fight", and the main stress is on the first syllable.
When you say that someone is "erudite" what you mean is that he/she is well learned; he or she
sounds scholarly. The word is invariably used in formal contexts.
*Sekhar is very different from my other cousins. He is very erudite and well informed.
*The old professors were stunned when the young man gave an erudite lecture.
What is the meaning of "diddly-squat"?
(Ashwin, Vizag)
This is a slang expression meaning "nothing". When you say that someone knows diddly-squat about
chemistry, what you mean is that the individual doesn't know anything about the subject.
*After all the work I did, I got paid diddly-squat.

*The property that we bought ten years ago is now worth diddly-squat.
Why are people who are left-handed called "southpaws"?
(N. Sadiq Basha, Tiruppur)

According to many sports enthusiasts, the word "southpaw" began to be used to refer to lefthanders in
the late 19th Century. Some believe that the sports columnist Finley Peter Dunne coined the word.
"Southpaw" comes to us from the world of baseball.
This popular American game is usually played in the summer; professional games are played either in
the afternoons or in the evenings. In most stadiums, the "home plate" or the batter's box is placed in
such a manner that it faces east. This is done to ensure that the batter doesn't have the afternoon or
evening sun in his eyes when he bats.
The pitcher throws the ball facing west. This being the case, when a left-handed pitcher winds up for
his delivery, his throwing arm is facing south. Hence the term "southpaw". The "paw" refers to the
hand of the pitcher.
Grammarian's definition of "kiss": noun, though often used as a conjunction. It is never declined; it is
more common than proper; and it is used in the plural and agrees with all genders.

June 27, 2005
What is the difference between "met" and "visited"?
(R. Raghuveer, Chennai)

A meeting can be planned or unplanned. You can ring someone up and ask him to meet you
somewhere at a particular time. It is also possible for you to meet someone quite accidentally. For
example, you decide to go shopping. Your friend also decides to go shopping and you end up meeting
him. In this case, the meeting is not planned; the two of you run into each other quite accidentally.
*We met in the library as planned.
*The last time the two of us met was in London.
The word "visit" suggests a longer meeting. In other words, you are going to spend some time with
the individual. You visit someone's house. A visit is usually planned; the people you are going to meet
usually know that you are coming.
*During the holidays, he visited his cousin in Pune. There, he met many of his old friends.
What is the meaning of "tongue-in-cheek"?
(Sharada Rao, Chennai)

When you make a tongue-in-cheek remark, you do not expect your listener to take you seriously.
Although you may look serious, the intention is to be humorous. What you say is meant as a joke.
*Was Vijay speaking with tongue-in-cheek when he referred to Sania as the heartthrob of India?
*"We all know that Raju is an intellectual", Bala said tongue in cheek.
Does the word "regift" exist?
(Purushotham, Bangalore)
Yes, it does. When you get married you usually get a lot of gifts. Sometimes two or three people end
up giving you the same thing. For example, you may end up getting three or four clocks. What are
you going to do with so many clocks? If you are sensible, then what you would do is to wait for one
of your friends to get married. When he/she does, you give one of the extra clocks as a gift. This is
what we mean by "regifting".
*Geetha is planning to regift the ugly vase that she got from Bala.
How is the word "ensemble" pronounced?
(R. Devarajan, Chennai)

The "e" in the first and second syllable is pronounced like the "o" in "pot", "hot", and "cot". The final
"e" is usually silent and the main stress is on the second syllable. Musicians, actors and dancers who
always perform together can be referred to as an "ensemble".
*Rahul is a member of a jazz singing ensemble in Hyderabad.
Things that combine well together can also be called an ensemble.
*Prithi bought the whole ensemble — the dress, the matching earnings, and the shoes.
What is the meaning of "armchair critic"?
(N. V R. Swamy, Chennai)

There are plenty of people in our country who have never played cricket in their life, but who are
capable of giving a lengthy lecture on the subject. They can tell you why Sachin should start using a
lighter bat, and what was wrong with Ganguly's field placement during a particular match. They seem
to be very knowledgeable about the subject of cricket; but what they know is based on one of two
things — they have either gathered the information from books or by listening to people who know
about the subject. In other words, armchair critics are people who have little or no practical
experience. They have become knowledgeable by sitting in their favourite armchair and reading.
*If you want words of wisdom from an armchair critic, you can go to Laxman.
*I want someone who has dealt with this problem, not some armchair critic.
People who learn a lot about places by reading about them are called "armchair travellers".
"A fine is a tax for doing something wrong. A tax is a fine for doing something right." — Unknown

July 18, 2005
What is the difference between "drop out" and "dropout"?
(R. Babu, Hyderabad)

Parents nowadays want their kids to learn a lot of things. They want them to excel not only in their
studies, but also in sports. Very often they sign up their kids for tennis lessons, karate lessons, etc.
After some time, the poor child finds it difficult to cope with both his studies and his extracurricular
activities. What does he do? He stops attending the karate and tennis classes. That's what the
expression "drop out" means - to discontinue. When a person who has been attending college decides
to "drop out", he takes the decision to stop going to college. This person does not graduate.
In villages, parents often force their children to drop out of school.
An individual who has dropped out of school or college is called a "dropout".
We have many high school dropouts in our family.
What is the meaning of "dickens" in "Who the dickens are you?"
(A. Azeez John, Salem)

If you are a great fan of the Victorian novelist Charles Dickens, let me put your mind at rest by saying
that the "dickens" that you find in the expression has nothing to do with the author. "What the
dickens" has been around for over five centuries. In the old days, people refrained from using words
like "hell", "devil", and "Satan" in their speech. They felt that if these words were uttered, their souls
would immediately go to hell; as a result, they coined euphemisms for these words. "Dickens" was
one of the words they came up with.
The expression "what the dickens" has the same meaning as "what the hell?" and "what the devil?" So
when someone says, "Who the dickens are you?" what he is saying is, "Who the hell/devil are you?"
According to some scholars "dickens" refers to Satan. One of the terms used to refer to the devil is
"Old Nick". Since "dick" rhymes with "Nick", the word began to be used to refer to the devil. There
are a number of expressions in the English language with the word "dickens". Some are, "go to the
dickens", "raise the dickens", "play the dickens" and "the dickens take you".
How is the word "alumnae" pronounced?

This is a word which is mostly used in American English. The "a" in the first syllable is like the "a" in
"china"; the following "u" sounds like the "u" in "cut", "hut", and "but". The final "ae" is pronounced
like the "ee" in "see", "knee", and "bee". The main stress is on the second syllable. "Alumnae" is the
plural of "alumna". A former female student of a school/college/university is referred to as an
"alumna".
What is the meaning of "Page 3"?
(Bipin Kumar Jha, Babubarhi, Bihar)

"Page 3" became famous when Rupert Murdoch bought over the Sun in 1969. The following year,
every edition of the paper carried a picture of a topless woman on page 3; and as you may expect, the
circulation went up dramatically. The bare breasted women began to be called "page 3 girls" and
many of them became famous. So the original page 3 contained pictures of naked women. Nowadays,
the meaning of the expression has changed somewhat. In addition to including some pictures of
questionable taste, the page also informs the reader as to what is happening on the social scene — it

tells you who is going out with whom and who is throwing the next big party. It provides the local
gossip.
Which is correct? "Grandson of the late" or "grandson of late"?
(S. Vishnu, Chennai)

We usually find this in wedding invitations. Karthick, grandson of the late Jayaraman, etc. When you
want to refer to someone who is no more, you generally use "the" before "late".
*Padma, the daughter of the late Ganesh, is building a house.
*The late President was known for his sense of humour.
"A man who has never made a woman angry is a failure in life." — Christopher Morley

July 25, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of "beyond the pale"?
(N. Nagarajan, Vellore)

When someone behaves in an unacceptable or an uncivilised manner, you can say that his behaviour
was "beyond the pale". The idiom can also be used to refer to people's actions.
*Rajagopal's behaviour at the meeting was beyond the pale.
*Sushmita is never invited to parties because her behaviour is considered beyond the pale.
The word "pale" in the idiom has nothing to do with colour. The word in this case comes from the
Latin "palus", meaning, "stake". In the old days "stakes" or wooden poles were used to mark one's
territory. Everything that was within the "pale" or the wooden fence belonged to you, and the land that
was outside it, belonged to someone else. The expression "beyond the pale" began to be used in the
14th century when parts of Ireland came under the English rule. Territories that were "within the pale"
belonged to the English; those that were outside it, belonged to the Irish. The English, as you may
expect, didn't have a very good opinion of their neighbours. They thought that the Irish were crude;
people who didn't know how to behave in a civilised manner. So when someone says your behaviour
is beyond the pale, what he means is that you are behaving like an Irishman!
How is the word "obdurate" pronounced?
(B. Ashwini, Cochin)

The first syllable is like the "ob" in "sob", "mob", and "lob". The following "u" is pronounced like the
"u" in "pull" and "full". The "a" is like the "a" in "china", and the final "e" is silent. The main stress is
on the first syllable. When you say that someone is obdurate, you are implying that he/she is very
stubborn. The word is mostly used in formal contexts.
The minister found it difficult to implement changes because his department heads were obdurate
defenders of the old policies.
*Raju's obdurate refusal to speak in his mother tongue worried his parents.
What is the difference between "odour" and "smell"?
(Vinay Pal Singh, Chennai)

Tell your significant other that you like his/her "odour" and see how he/she reacts! Chances are the
person will never speak to you again. The word "odour" has a negative connotation; it means foul
smell. An odour can never smell good; it's always bad.
*The odour of rotting fish almost made me vomit.
*The odour from his dirty socks was disgusting.
A smell, on the other hand, can be either good or bad. You can talk about the smell of rotten eggs and
the smell of perfume.
Is the following sentence grammatically correct? "What I wish to know is that whether the
government is aware of the problem."
(C. Ramakrishnaiah, Secunderabad)

No, it is not. In this case, you do not need "that". Avoid using "that" and "whether" together.
*What I want to know is whether you can come to the party.

*Ayesha wanted to know whether she had been admitted to the programme.
What is the meaning of "blogging"?
(R. R. Subramanian, Chennai)

One of the meanings of "log" is to write an official account of an event. In ships for example, captains
keep an official written account of what happens each day — this is called the captain's log. In the old
days, logs were maintained in ledgers; nowadays, they are saved on computers. "Blogging" is actually
the short form of "web logging". Like a diary, a blog may include anything — personal opinion,
comments and experiences. Unlike a diary, however, a blog is written for others to read and comment
on. You upload whatever material you have written onto the web, and you keep updating it on a
regular basis. A person who writes blogs is called a "blogger".
"There are well-dressed foolish ideas just as there are well-dressed fools." — Nicholas Chamfort

August 01, 2005
Know Your English
"I keep telling Anand that he shouldn't be doing those things, but he just won't listen... ."
"Given his circumstances, it's understandable. Ever since he lost his job, the poor guy hasn't been
playing with a full deck."
"Playing with a full deck? I don't believe this. Here I am trying to tell you that Anand is going slightly
crazy, and you are talking about playing cards!"
"Relax, we are talking about the same thing! When you say that someone is not playing with a full
deck, what you mean is that he is not mentally sound."
"Really? I haven't come across the expression before."
"It's considered slang, and is mostly used in informal contexts. Here's an example. After talking to
Kunthala, I was fairly convinced that she wasn't playing with a full deck."
"Are you playing with a full deck? Sometimes, I wonder."
"I do too! Anyway, what makes you think Anand is going crazy?"
"He is constantly creating problems wherever he goes. He gets people fighting. He tells one person
one thing and the exact opposite to someone else."
"He is playing both ends against the middle, is he?"
"What are you talking about?"
"When you play both ends against the middle, you do or say something which causes two individuals
or parties to quarrel. In other words, you are doing the same thing that Anand is. Atul is the
consummate politician. He will tell you one thing and the exact opposite to someone else. He plays
both ends against the middle."
"If Anand continues to play both ends against the middle the way he has, he is not going to have any
friends left."
"He doesn't have too many friends, does he?"
"No, he doesn't. I think people feel sorry for him and... ."
"That's the problem. People feel sorry for him. Instead of playing hardball with him, we... ."
"Play hardball? I have come across that expression before, but I don't know what it means."
"When you play hardball with an individual, you get tough with him. You become aggressive and no
longer handle him with kid gloves."
"I see. How about this example? When things became a little tough, the Prime Minister decided to
play hardball with the Opposition."
"That's a wonderful example. Bush tried to play hardball with Sadaam and got himself into a terrible
mess in Iraq. You have to remember though that this expression is mostly used in informal contexts."
"I think you should think twice before playing hardball with Anand. He might decide to play hardball
himself."
"Then he will be playing right into my hands, won't he?"

"Oh, I know what that means. When you `play into someone's hands' you do what the person has
planned for you to do. In other words, you react the way he expects you to. By sneaking the
information to her colleagues, Maya played right into the principal's hands."
"Excellent example! By playing defensive on the last day of the test match, India played into the
opposition's hands."
"That's what happened in the test against Pakistan, didn't it? Tell me, what is the difference between
`play hardball' and `play ball'?"
"When you play ball with someone you are cooperating with the individual. The members of the
Opposition decided to play ball with the Prime Minister on the issue."
"The students decided not to play ball with the Principal."
"If you want to get your promotion, you'd better play ball with me."
"Why would I play ball with someone who doesn't play with a full deck!"
"Don't steal! The government hates competition." — Bumper sticker

August 08, 2005
What is the difference between "chew at" and "chew out"?
(C. Vijay, Bangalore)

What do puppies do when they get hold of an old shoe or slipper? They keep chewing at it. Babies,
when they are teething, keep chewing at things. When you chew at something, you gnaw at it. In other
words, you keep biting the object for a long period of time.
*The little animal kept chewing at the leather jeans all night.
*While the parents were busy watching TV, the baby was chewing at the belt.
"Chew out", unlike "chew at" is mostly used in informal contexts because it is considered slang.
When you "chew someone out" what you are doing is scolding him.
*I told Usha that I'd be late, and as expected she chewed me out.
*Vinita gave the new students a good chewing-out.
What is the meaning and origin of "Catch 22"?
(N. Viswanathan, Chennai)

Sometimes it so happens that the two candidates contesting for the same parliamentary seat are both
crooks. No matter whom you vote for, it isn't going to matter; either way, you are going to elect an
individual of questionable integrity. Though it seems that you have a choice, you really don't have
one. A Catch 22 situation is a no win situation. No matter what you do, you end up on the losing side.
*The companies didn't want to hire Velu because he didn't have any experience. But he wasn't going
to get any experience unless someone hired him. It was a real Catch 22 situation.
The expression comes from the title of a novel written by Joseph Heller in 1961. Many people
consider this work of fiction set during the Second World War a classic. In the story, the only way
that air force pilots could get out of doing combat duty was by pleading insanity. In order to be
discharged these individuals had to claim that they were insane. But the catch was that only a sane
person would know that going on bombing missions was dangerous. Therefore when an individual
pleaded insanity, he was doing what any sane person would! Asking to be certified was the act of a
perfectly sane man! Since he was acting rationally, he wasn't insane. Result? No discharge.
How is the word "aisle" pronounced?
(Syed G. Shanawaz, Tiruchi)

The "ai" is pronounced like the word "I"; the "s" and the "e" that follow are silent. In other words,
"aisle" is pronounced the same way as "I'll" and "isle".
When a serial ends, can we say, "to be concluded"?
(Harvey Joshua, Chennai)

When the words "to be concluded" appear at the end of your favourite show, what it implies is that
there is more to come — this is not the end of the series. There is one or more than one episode to
follow.
Is it OK to say, "We must invest money on industry"?
(H. Rajesh, Vizag)

No, it isn't. One usually "invests in" something, not "on". For example,

*The government should invest a lot more money in education.

*We would like you to invest in our hotel.
What is the meaning of "graveyard shift"?

This is an expression mainly used in American English. When you say that you are working the
graveyard shift in a factory, what you mean is that you are working the late night shift — you usually
work from midnight to eight in the morning.
*We have to cancel our plans. I am working the graveyard shift next week.
This expression became popular in the U.S. during World War II. It was a time when many factories
worked 24 hours a day. The people who worked the graveyard shift worked at a time when everyone
else was fast asleep; when everything in town was very quiet and as still as a graveyard!
"My doctor gave me six months to live, but when I couldn't pay the bill, he gave me six months more."
— Walter Matthau

August 15, 2005
KNOW YOUR ENGLISH
"How was your trip to Hyderabad?"

"Hyderabad! They should rename the city `Manholebad'. They leave the manholes open during the
monsoon season."
"Yes, I read about that. Tell me, is something bothering you? Why is it you look so angry?
"I don't know if I should talk about it. You will probably think... ."
"Come on! Spit it out!"
"Spit it out? There's nothing to spit out. I have nothing in my mouth."
"You know that's not what I meant. When you tell someone, `spit it out', what you want the person to
do is talk. You want the person to tell you what is on his mind."
"I see. It's another way of saying, `tell me' or `say it'."
"Exactly! The expression is mostly used in informal contexts."
"How does this sound? What's your problem? Don't just stand there looking angry. Spit it out."
"Sounds great! Here's another example. Come on Satish, you don't need to be shy. Spit it out."
"Why is it that you don't want to marry me? Tell me the truth. Spit it out."
"What kind of an example is that? Anyway, tell me what is bothering you. Don't just sit there looking
sad. It's driving me bonkers."
"Driving me bonkers! Does it mean the same thing as `driving me crazy'?"
"Yes, it does. Someone who is `bonkers' acts in a silly or crazy fashion. The new rule that has been
introduced in the club is driving everyone bonkers."
"Sulochana's kids are hyperactive. Whenever they visit us, they drive my mom bonkers."
"Venu was bonkers to ask for such a big raise."
"How about this example? The children went bonkers when they saw the cake and the ice cream."
"That's a good example. It is also possible to say, `nuts'. It has the same meaning as `bonkers'."
"The way people drive in our city. It drives me nuts."
"Hey, this city is full of nuts. It's not surprising they drive you bonkers!"
"I wish they'd... ."
"Is that the reason you are in a blue funk? Because this city... .."
"Blue funk? What are you talking about?"
"When you say that someone is in a blue funk, what you mean is that he or she is looking sad or
depressed."
"I see. Does it mean the same thing as `feeling blue'?"
"I guess you could say that. Here's an example. Listen to me Suman, you'd better start working on
your project. Don't be in a blue funk. I assure you, things will get better."
"When India lost in the World Cup final, I was in a blue funk for nearly two months."

"That's a good example. Why are you in a blue funk now? Is it because the Sri Lankans tanked us
again? Or is it... ."
"Tanked us again? Does `tanked' mean `defeated'?"
"Yes, that's right. In informal contexts `tanked' is used to mean `defeated'. It's one of the meanings of
the word. When a team tanks you, they score more than you. For example, the moment I walked onto
the field, I knew that our team would get tanked today."
"Did you think that Sri Lanka would tank India in the final?"
"Listen, the West Indies, without their star players, almost tanked us. So, it didn't really surprise me
that ... ."
"That we lost to Sri Lanka in the final. I thought under a new coach, we would do much better."
"You were nuts to think that. But hey, cheer up. We play Zimbabwe next. I am sure our overpaid
underachievers will tank them."
"If they don't, the entire nation will be in a blue funk."
"I haven't committed a crime. What I did was fail to comply with the law." — David Dinkins

August 22, 2005
What is the difference between "I just love that movie" and "I love that movie"?
(M. Ram Mohan, Madanapalle)

In terms of meaning, the first sentence is much stronger than the second. The word "just" is used to
emphasise the fact that you "love" the movie very much. It's another way of saying, "I simply/really
love that movie". "Just" is often used in speech to mean "there is no other word for it".
*The young heroine in the new movie was just beautiful.
What is the meaning of "numero uno"?
(Nellai. S. Murugan, Chennai)

This is an expression that comes from Spanish, and it means "number one" or "the best".
*If you ask me, the coffee that my mother makes is numero uno.
The term can also be used to refer to oneself.
*Sure, I will help you. But tell me, what's in it for numero uno?
Why are the hottest days of the year called "dog days"?
(B. Vasantha, Bangalore)

The hottest days in Europe mostly occur in the month of July. According to an old superstition, this
was also the period when dogs had a tendency to go mad. The expression "dog days" is a translation
of the Latin "caniculares dies" and it has been around since the times of the ancient Romans. But
contrary to popular belief, "dog days" has nothing to do with dogs on earth; it has more to do with the
dog in the sky! In this case, it refers to Sirius, the Dog Star. During the height of summer, the Dog
Star, Sirius, rises along with the Sun. The ancient Romans believed that this star added to the heat of
the Sun, and in the process caused the weather to become unbearably hot.
What is the difference between "adhesive" and "cohesive"?
(K. Zakkir Hussain, Calicut)

An adhesive is any substance that is used to stick two objects together. Glue, for example, is an
adhesive. When you say that something is cohesive, what you mean is that it consists of numerous
parts which fit together perfectly.
*After several months of training, the team finally became a cohesive unit.
How is the word "chutzpah" pronounced? What does it mean?
(B. Rita, Pune)

The "ch" is like the "h" in "hat", "have", and "hand"; the following "u" is like the "u" in "pull", "full",
and "bull". The "z" is pronounced like the "s" in "sit", "sip", and "so", and the final "ah" is like the "a"
in "china". The main stress is on the first syllable "chutz". This word comes from Yiddish, and is
normally used to suggest admiration. When you say that someone has "chutzpah" what you mean is
that you admire the individual because he is arrogantly self confident; he is not afraid to do or say
what he wants to. It is also possible to spell the word "hutzpah".
*Keshav had the chutzpah to tell his boss to stop interfering in his work.
Is it OK to say, "staffs"?
(S. Rajan, Chennai)

If you are using the word to refer to people who work in the same organisation, then, you generally
use "staff" and not "staffs". The word "staff" can be followed by a singular or a plural verb.
*The staff have decided not to accept the offer made by the government.
*I understand that the staff is terribly worried about the on-going strike.
An individual who works for an organisation is referred to as "member of staff".
*Atul expects every member of staff to be present at the meeting.
The word "staffs" is being used both in British and American English to refer to more than one group
of people — individuals working for different organisations.
*The minister and his staff were present at the meeting.
*The two ministers and their staffs were present at the meeting.
"The pistol of a flower is its only protection against insects." — A student

August 29, 2005
What is the difference between "sometime", "sometimes" and "some time"?
(G. Suchitra, Hyderabad)

The word "sometimes" has the stress on the first syllable, and is used to mean "occasionally" or "once
in a while".
*The boys sometimes go to their favourite restaurant for masala dosas.
*Sometimes, the students sit in the canteen and do their homework.
In the case of "some time", both words are stressed. It means "a lot of time".
*I am afraid it will take us some time to find a replacement for this part.
Like the word "sometimes", "sometime" has the stress on the first syllable, and is often used to mean
"one day". It refers to an unspecified period of time in the future or the past.
*I told Sadanand that I would meet him sometime next week.
The word can also be used with people. When you refer to someone as a "sometime CEO", what you
mean is that the individual held the position of a CEO in the past. He is not a CEO now.
*Divya, the sometime Director of Cultural Academy visited me last week.
Is there a substitute for "him/her" which is commonly used in formal texts?
(Saleem Ahmed, Chennai)

Yes, there is. There is a tendency nowadays among native speakers to replace "him/her" with the
plural pronouns "they", "their", and `them".
*If anyone is interested in going, they can get in touch with Bala.
*If anyone calls, tell them I am not in town.
Grammar pundits would argue that both these sentences are wrong because "anyone" is singular and
therefore should be followed by "him/her" — it should not be followed by the plural "they" or "them".
Native speakers of English feel that the use of "him/her" makes the construction look clumsy and
therefore should be avoided.
What is the meaning of "Billingsgate"?
(G. Om Prakash, Coimbatore)

Billingsgate was the name of a fish market in London. I believe it was very close to London Bridge.
During its time, the place was well known for two things - the smell of fish and the abusive language
used by the people doing business there. Believe it or not, the people using the filthy language were
mostly women! The fishwives who conducted business in Billingsgate were famous not only for their
salted fish, but also their salty language! It is for this reason that Billingsgate means "abusive or foul
language".
*The workers hurled more billingsgate at their boss after his speech.
What is the meaning of "dumbsize"?
(M. Jayashree, Warrangal)

This word was coined in the 1990s. We all know what "downsize" means. When a company
downsizes, it reduces the number of workers. When too many people have been let go and the

remaining staff finds it difficult to carry out the work, it is called "dumbsizing". In other words, the
management was "dumb" to get rid of too many people!
What is the meaning of the expression "to see which way the cat jumps"?
(D. Rajesh, Bangalore)

Some people refuse to take risks. They wait to see what is going to happen before they pass an
opinion or take a decision about something. This refusal to commit oneself to a course of action until
one is sure of what is going to happen is called "to see which way the cat jumps". Another expression
which has more or less the same meaning is "to see which way the wind blows".
*The couple waited to see which way the cat jumped before they started investing in the company.
How is the word "pigeon" pronounced?
(Anirudh, Aswapuram)
The "g" is like the "j" in "jam", "juice" and "jeep", and the following "eo" is like the "i" in "sit", "pit",
and "hit". The main stress is on the first syllable.
"Raising kids is part joy and part guerrilla warfare." — Ed Asner

September 05, 2005
What is the difference between "wedding" and "marriage"?
(C. Kavitha, Kurnool)

Both words are used to refer to acts — religious or civil — by which a man and a woman become
husband and wife. Of the two, "marriage" is more common. It can be used to refer to the actual
ceremony that takes place or the spiritual union entered upon by the two individuals.
*The two have had a long and happy marriage.
*I am sorry to say that I can't be present at your marriage.
"Wedding" is used to refer to the ceremony and the festivities which follow it. Unlike "marriage", it
cannot be used to talk about the relationship between the married couple. A "wedding" may last only
an hour, but you can remain married for 40 years.
*Vinita's wedding is today. Unfortunately, I won't be able to make it.
*Please don't invite too many people to the wedding.
What is the meaning and origin of "jaywalking"?

Jaywalking is something that we Indians specialise in. We cross the road wherever we like; it's a
tricky business, but most of the time we manage to negotiate the traffic. The word "jay" is a slang
term coined in the U.S. in the early 20th Century to refer to rustics — people living in the country.
When "jays" visited cities, they had a tough time crossing streets because of the presence of
automobiles. These cars which could run at an incredible speed of 15 miles an hour scared the living
daylights out of the "jays". Hence, whenever these individuals crossed the street, they did so very
erratically, seldom bothering to look at the traffic signals.
How is the word "puerile" pronounced?
(J. Laxman, Trivandrum)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word "pure" and the second rhymes with the words "file",
"pile" and "mile". The main stress is on the first syllable. The word has a negative connotation. If you
refer to someone as being "puerile", you mean that the individual is being silly or childish. The word
can also be used to talk about an individual's action.
*The newspapers said that the plot of the new movie was puerile.
*The participants didn't laugh at my joke. They said it was puerile.
What is the meaning of "Big Apple"?
(S. Gopalarathnam, Chennai)

The term "Big Apple" has been used to refer to the city of New York since the 1920s. There are many
theories as to how the city got this name. Here is one. It is believed that African American stable boys
working in the racetracks of New Orleans were the first to refer to New York as "Big Apple". Many
of the important horse races were held in New York and it was the dream of most jockeys and boys
working in stables to get there. If you managed to make it to New York city, you had arrived; you had
made it "big". A sports reporter, John Fitzgerald, liked the term so much that he called his popular
racing column, "Around the Big Apple". In his introduction to the column on 18 February, 1924, he

wrote, "The Big Apple. The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal
of all horsemen. There's only one Big Apple. That's New York."
Is it okay to say, "Sandhya always prefers to pay by cash"?
(P. Anuradha, Mysore)

Whenever you buy something, you usually pay "in cash" and not "by cash". For example,
*Since Mala paid in cash, she got a big discount.
*Sorry, we don't accept cheques. You need to pay in cash.
It is also possible to say, "to pay cash".
*Since Mala paid cash, she got a big discount.
The expression "pay by" is normally used with credit cards and cheques.
*If you don't mind, I'd prefer that you pay by credit card.
*Sorry, you can't pay by cheque. You'll have to pay cash.
"I don't worry about terrorism. I was married for two years." — Sam Kinison

September 12, 2005
What is the meaning of "out of my hair"?
(K. G. Ananda Rao, Bangalore)

How do you react when you have something in your hair and find it rather difficult to get it out? You
feel extremely annoyed or irritated, don't you? But once you get rid of the unwanted object, how do
you feel? Very relieved. Well, when you say that someone is "out of your hair", what you mean is that
they no longer bother or annoy you.
*I have been with these two brats the whole day. Could you take them to the park just to get them out
of my hair?
*Who cares where Yadav went? He's out of my hair and that's what really matters.
The opposite of "out of my hair" is "get in my hair". When you have someone in your hair, the person
becomes a big bother.
*Please don't let the kids get in my hair while I am cooking.
*Don't get in my hair for the next hour or so. I have to finish this assignment.
How is the word "carte blanche" pronounced?
(V. Indumathi, Hyderabad)

The first word is pronounced like the word "cart"; the "a" in "blanche" is like the "o" in "lot", "got",
and "pot". The final "che" is pronounced like the "sh" in "ship", "sheep", and "sheet". When you give
someone "carte blanche" you are giving the individual the authority or unrestricted freedom to do
whatever he thinks is right. It has the same meaning as "blank check".
*Lavanya was given carte blanche with the remodelling of the house.
*The captain was not given carte blanche to choose the players he wanted.
"Carte blanche" comes from French and it literally means, "white card". The term was first used in the
military. When two armies fought and one of them surrendered unconditionally, the commander of
the losing army was made to sign on a blank sheet of paper. The commander of the victorious army
would then proceed to write whatever he wanted; he dictated his own terms. By signing the blank
paper, the losing commander was giving the victorious army the freedom to dictate the terms of
surrender.
What is the difference between "graceful" and "gracious"?
(S. Janani, Vijayawada)

The word "graceful" is normally used to refer to a person's movement; the individual moves in a way
that is attractive to watch.
*The young dancer moved gracefully across the stage.
*For someone who was terribly overweight, Eshwar was surprisingly graceful.
The word can also be used to talk about an object which is pleasing to looking at.
*He had a graceful little cottage in the countryside.
"Gracious", on the other hand, refers to people who are pleasant and polite. It is considered formal.
*Janaki is the gracious lady you met last week.

Should "lest" be followed by "would" or "should"?
(S. Vaithianathan, Madurai)

"Lest" is a considered a formal word and is normally used with "should". When you do something lest
something bad should happen, you do it to prevent the bad thing from happening. The word means
"for fear that" or "in order that". Here are a few examples.
*Hamsa was afraid to say anything lest her boss should scream at her.
*Uma refused to run away lest the police should think that she had committed the crime.
What is the meaning of the word "doozy"?
(R. Aswath, Secunderabad)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The "oo" in the first syllable is like the "oo" in "cool", "fool",
and "pool" and the "y" is like the "i" in "pit", "hit", and "fit". The word can also be spelt "doosie"; the
pronunciation is the same as "doozy". When you refer to something as being a "doozy" what you
mean is that it is extraordinarily good or bad.
*The annual day programme was a real doozy this year.
*You should see Vikram's black eye. It's a real doozy.
"If your baby is `beautiful and perfect, never cries or fusses, sleeps on schedule and burps on
demand, an angel all the time,' you're the grandma." — Theresa Bloomingdale

September 19, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of "wool-gathering"?

When someone says that you have been wool-gathering, what he means is that you haven't been
concentrating on your work; you have been daydreaming.
*The professor's talk was really boring. I found myself wool-gathering.
*Divya, your exams start the day after tomorrow. Stop wool-gathering.
This is an expression that has been around for several centuries. As for its origin, it comes from the
world of sheep farming. In the old days, when farmers allowed their sheep to graze, they always sent a
couple of women or children along with the animals. When sheep grazed, sometimes tufts of wool got
caught in the bushes and on the branches of trees. It was the job of the women/children to gather the
wool and hand it over to the farmer. The original `wool gatherers' were actually gathering wool! Since
the job of wool gathering didn't require much concentration, it was possible for the individual to let
his mind wander — in other words, he could afford to daydream! Hence, the activity of `wool-
gathering' became associated with daydreaming!
What is the difference between "impel" and "compel"?
(M. Gayathri, Coimbatore)

When you compel someone to do something, you force him to do it. The individual has no choice
about the matter. Whether he likes it or not, he has to do it.
*Ravindran's parents compelled him to take English literature.
*The children were compelled to return by five o'clock.
When you are "impelled" to do something, you feel that you have to do it. In this case, the desire to
take action comes from within. No one is forcing you to do it.
*The detective felt impelled to investigate further.
*Looking at him, I felt impelled to offer him more money.
What is the meaning of "reminisce"? How is the word pronounced?
(T. Rajesh, Bangalore)

The "e" in the first syllable sounds like the "e" in "set", "bet" and "met". The "i" in the second and
third syllable is pronounced like the "i" in "hit", "sit", and "knit". The final "sce" is like the "s" in
"sit", "sip", and "sat", and the main stress is on the third syllable. When you reminisce you dwell on
your past; your focus is on the good times you had. You talk or write about them with great pleasure.
The word is generally used in formal contexts.
*When the two friends met, they reminisced about their college days.
*Sarita says that she doesn't like to reminisce because it makes her feel old.
What is the meaning of "himbo"?
(G. Satyamohan, Hyderabad)

The word "himbo" was coined in the 1980s; it is a combination of two words — "him" and "bimbo".
The word "bimbo" has been around for a long time and it is normally used to refer to a beautiful
woman who has little or no intelligence. A "himbo" is the opposite of a "bimbo". It refers to a good-

looking guy who has little or nothing upstairs. Other than his looks, this individual has no quality
worth mentioning. By the way, did you know that the word "bimbo" was originally used to refer to
men?
*How could Savitri leave Bala for a himbo like Kapil?
*They are the ideal couple. He's a himbo and she's a bimbo.
Is it okay to say, "The words she uses are unintelligible for me?"
(I. Revathi, Warrangal)

No, it isn't. Something is intelligible or unintelligible "to" and not "for" someone. When you say that
something is unintelligible, what you mean is that it is incomprehensible; it is difficult to understand.
The word has nothing to do with intelligence.
*The teacher used a lot of jargon which was unintelligible to the students.
*What Chandu said was intelligible to the audience.
"Coffee in England always tastes like a chemistry experiment." — Agatha Christie

September 26, 2005
Know your English
`Hi! Haven't seen you in a while. Were you out of town?'

`No, I have been here all along.'
`Really? Oh, I remember now. You said something about a new project. How is it coming along?'
`Spinning its wheels.'
`Wheels? What are you talking about? I asked you about the project. Not about your car.'
Ì was talking about the project. You know that I don't have a car. When you say something has been
spinning its wheels, what you mean is that it has remained in the same position. Neither moving
forward nor back.'
Ìn other words, it's stationary. I guess it's like pedalling a bicycle while it is on its stand. The wheel
keeps turning, but you go nowhere. You remain where you are.'
Èxactly! Here's an example. You know that the main roads are being widened. But since it's a
government project, you can expect it to spin its wheels for six months at least.'
Ìt'll probably be spinning its wheels till the end of winter at least.'
`The expression can be used with people as well. When you say that someone has been spinning his
wheels, what you mean is that he has been wasting his time.'
`How about this example? Some of our employees have been spinning their wheels all morning.'
`That's what government employees do all the time. My friend and I had a lot of things planned for
the weekend. But we ended up spinning our wheels.'
`Pradeep thinks that it's good to... .'
`Pradeep? Are you referring to the eye candy that Sujatha likes so much?'
Èye candy? Is the expression used to refer to a handsome man?'
`The expression is used to talk about anything that is pleasing to the eye. It could be a beautiful
woman, a handsome man, or a beautiful object. For example, many people think that Madhuri is just
eye candy. What they don't realise is that she is one smart cookie.'
Ì agree with you there. If I were you, I would buy the basic model. I don't think it's worth paying five
thousand rupees extra for eye candy.'
`That's a very good example. Now, here's another... .'
`We have eye candy, do we have èar candy' as well?'
`Yes, we do. You can use it to refer to anything you enjoy listening to. It could be your favourite kind
of music. It can also be used to refer to a voice or an accent.'
Ì see. My father thinks that Richard Burton's voice is ear candy.'
Ì agree with him completely. How about this example? The songs by the Beatles are ear candy.'
`Sounds good. Of late, I have fallen in love with Jamaican English. It's ear candy.'
`Really? I enjoy listening to Michael Holding.'
Òh yeah, he is a crackerjack commentator.'
`Crackerjack commentator! Does crackerjack mean èxcellent' by any chance?'

Èxactly! When you say that someone is `crackerjack' what you mean is that he is very industrious
and very good at what he does. The word is considered slang. Here's an example. His students say that
Sanjay is a crackerjack teacher. But I heard that he is looking for a job that will pay him a better
salary.'
Ì understand that Medini is a crackerjack batswoman. Her parents, however, don't want her to take up
cricket as a profession.'
Ì think Prem will make a crackerjack accountant.'
`He'll probably do a better job than the guy you have right now. Your present accountant is not only
rude, but an eye sore. Prem, on the other hand, is eye candy.'
Ànd unlike the present one, he wont be spinning his wheels.'
Ì am not so sure about that.'
Ì have trouble reconciling my net income with my gross habits.' - Errol Flynn

October 03, 2005
What is the difference between "He died" and "He was killed"?
(M. V. Sukumaran, Chennai)

Both refer to the fact that the individual has stopped living. It's the manner in which this event
happened that differentiates the meaning of the two words. `Killed' suggests that the death was not
due to natural causes. For example, when you say, `The minister was killed in her sleep', it suggests
the person was murdered while she was asleep. Someone did something that resulted in the minister's
death - maybe the person stabbed/shot/smothered the minister while she was sleeping. `Kill' suggests
that the death was caused by some external agency — it was not natural.
When you say that someone `died', what you are implying is that the individual's death was due to
natural causes - there was no hanky-panky involved. No one was the cause of his/her death. `Died' is
not as strong as `killed'.
How is the word `nincompoop' pronounced?
(Unnikrishnan Nair, Singapore)

The ìn' in the first syllable is like the ìng' in `ring', `sing', and `bring'; the following ò' is like the à'
in `china'. The òo' in the final syllable is pronounced like the òo' in `cool', `pool', and `fool', and the
stress is on the first syllable. The word is mostly used in informal contexts to refer to a foolish person.
Some scholars think that the word comes from the Latin `non compos mentis' meaning `not of sound
mind'.
*Who is the nincompoop who forgot to put the butter back in the fridge?
*Tell that nincompoop that I want three and not two plates of dosas.
What is the meaning of the word `schmuck'?
(Swathi, Bangalore)
First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The `sch' is like the `sh' in `she', `sheep' and `ship', and the
`muck' rhymes with `luck', `duck', and `suck'. This slang word is of Yiddish rigin and is used to refer
to a man who arouses disgust in you; you find this individual repulsive. This is just one of the
meanings of the word. It's a rude term of address, and therefore you should use this word with caution.
*I can't believe that she is going to marry a schmuck like him.
*Who is the schmuck standing there in pink pants?
How does one address a divorced woman?
(Sailesh Patel, Bangalore)

How you address her is going to depend on the woman. If she chooses to retain her married name,
then you address her `Mrs.' so and so. If on the other hand, she chooses to go back to her maiden
name, then you call her `Ms.' so and so. If you are unsure, use one of the titles and she will correct
you if you are in the wrong.
What is the meaning and origin of `chimera'?
(Shabali Tankappan, New Delhi)

This is a formal word and it is used to refer to a crazy or a wild idea; something that is extremely
unlikely to come true. The `ch' is like the `k' in `king', `key', and `kiss', and the following ì' is like the

ìe' in `tie', `pie', and `die'. The è' is like èa' in `fear', `dear' and èar'; the final à' is like the à' in
`china'. The main stress is on the second syllable. This is one of the ways of pronouncing the word.
*The idea that cricket is a gentleman's game is just a chimera.
*Expecting honesty from our politicians continues to be as much a chimera as ever.
The original `chimera' was a fire-breathing monster with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a snake's
tail. Now do you understand why the word means a fanciful or crazy idea?
Is it okay to say, `You can contact him in 25435439 (telephone no)'?
(R. J. Gulrajani, Chennai)

No, it isn't. You usually contact someone àt' a number. "If it's an emergency, you can contact me at
22009988". "I tried to contact him at 22009988, but the line was busy."
"Opinions are like feet. Everybody's got a couple, and they usually stink." — Jim Slattery

October 10, 2005
Know Your English
"Hi! Come on in. You look a mess. What happened?"

"It's my scooter. I was... ."
"The poor thing finally gave out, eh?"
"Gave out? It didn't give anything out! What are you ... ."
"When you say that something `gave out', what you mean is that it has become old and has stopped
working."
"I see. In other words, you are saying it has worn out."
"Correct. That's one of the meanings, anyway. For example, my neighbour's car finally gave out when
he was taking his wife to the hospital."
"I am sure the wife wasn't very happy about it. Can I say, your sandals look as though they are ready
to give out?"
"That's a good one! My motorcycle will probably give out in another six months."
"You've had that bike for nearly twenty years. It's about time you got yourself a new one."
"I am planning on getting a preloved one."
"A preloved motorcycle? What does it mean?"
"Nowadays the word `preloved' is being used instead of `second hand'."
"Really? Revathi said that she would never buy a preloved car."
"Good example! I bought some preloved books last week."
" I think you should get yourself a new bike. Not a preloved one."
"We'll talk about it later. You wash up first. You look a mess."
"I am a mess? Just look at your house. What have you been up to?"
"I combed for a document all morning. But unfortunately, I couldn't... ."
"What are you talking about? How can anyone comb a document?"
"I didn't comb a document. I combed for one. When you say that you combed for something, it means
that you searched everywhere hoping to find it."
"I see. How about this example? The film star combed the entire house for the missing diamond
necklace that her husband had given her."
"That's an excellent example. It is also possible to comb for an individual. The police combed the
neighbourhood for the escaped convicts."
"Everyone combed the temple for the missing children."
"Why would anyone do that?"
"That was just an example. What is this document that you were looking for?"
"It's something that the queer fish Ravindran gave me."
"Queer fish? Does it mean someone strange?"

"Very good! That's exactly what it means. When you refer to someone as being a queer fish, what you
mean is that he/she is strange. The person tends to be aloof."
"In other words, a queer fish is a bit of a loner?"
"That's right. If I were you, I would stay away from Prema. She is a queer fish."
"A lot of people say that your friend Jai is a queer fish. What do you think?"
"No way! Jai is not a queer fish. He is shy, that's all."
"Remember the speech he made on Independence Day? It was ... ."
"Who can forget that? The poor guy was laughed down by everyone in the audience."
"Laughed down? What does it mean?"
"When you laugh someone down, you cause someone to quit something he is doing. You force him to
give up ... ."
"You do it by laughing at the individual. In other words, you ridicule the poor guy."
"Yes, that's right. Hari gave up the idea of becoming a singer after his audience laughed him down."
"How about this example? The little children laughed down the magician's act."
"The performance was that bad, eh? Teja gave up the idea of becoming an actor when her
performance was laughed down by her own family members."
"Ouch! That must have hurt."
"My husband was so ugly, he used to stand outside the doctor's office and make people sick." —
Jackie Mabley

October 17, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of `keep your powder dry'?
(Manoj Kumar Vohra, Faridabad)

The powder in the idiom refers to gunpowder and not talcum powder — not the `gunpowder' that we
eat with our idlis either! This is the real thing. In the old days, gunpowder and a steel ball had to be
pushed down the barrel of a gun, before it could be fired. The powder had to remain dry for the gun to
fire. If it got wet, the gun couldn't be fired. People carrying guns took precautions to keep the powder
dry. When you tell someone to keep his powder dry, you are asking him to remain calm and be ready
for action. Sir Oliver Cromwell is believed to have coined this expression. Before crossing a river to
attack his enemy, he told his troops: "Put your trust in God, but be sure to keep your powder dry."
*The soldiers were asked to keep their powder dry and await orders.
*Don't panic, you understand? All I am asking you to do is to keep your powder dry.
What is the difference between `traveller' and `passenger'?
(Shanmuga Kumar, Chennai)

A traveller is someone who goes from one place to another. This could be from one city to another or
from one country to another. An individual moving about the city in which he lives cannot be called a
traveller. A traveller can get from one place to another by different means — an aeroplane, a ship, a
car, a bullock cart, a horse, etc. The traveller may even choose to walk from one place to another all
alone; after all, that's how a lot of people travelled in the old days. A passenger, on the other hand, is
someone who is never alone; he always travels in the company of others. Furthermore, a passenger
never walks; he is always in something that is manmade — car, plane, train, ship, cart, etc. Two
people sitting on a horse cannot be called passengers; they are both riders. But two people sitting in a
coach being pulled by horses can be called `passengers'. When you say that someone is the passenger,
what it implies is that the individual is not the driver. You can be a passenger in your hometown.
An unmarried man is called a `bachelor'. What is an unmarried woman called?
(Khushboo, Kanpur)
A woman who is young and still single is called a `bachelorette'. In fact, there was a reality show in
the United States by that name. You will not find this word in most dictionaries. The word `spinster' is
used to refer to a middle aged or an old woman who has never married. Unlike `spinster',
`bachelorette' does not have a negative connotation.
How is the word `pizza' pronounced?
(Pooja Malhotra, Ludhiana)

The ì' in the first syllable is like the èe' in `feel', `peel', and `kneel'. The `zz' is pronounced like the
`ts' in `beats', `sheets', and `meets', and the final à' is like the à' in `china'. The main stress is on the
first syllable.
Does one `propose to' or `propose' a girl?
(Vasanth Kumar, Pilani)

You usually `propose' something. For example, I propose that we cancel tomorrow's meeting. Dravid
proposed that the fees be hiked. When you ask a girl to marry you, you propose `to' her. It's about
time you proposed to Shyamala. Poor Vimal, he proposed to three girls last semester, and all of them
turned him down.

What is the difference between `wake up at 7' and `wake up by 7'?
(J. Geetha, Hyderabad)

When you wake up àt' seven, you get out of bed at exactly seven o'clock. Not before or after seven,
but exactly at seven. When you wake up `by' seven o'clock, you get out of bed at seven or a few
minutes before seven.
*I told my mother that I would be home by 6:00 o'clock.
*Ganesh said he'd be back home by 7: 00 o'clock. He returned at 10: 00 o'clock
"I speak twelve languages. English is the bestest."- Stefan Bergman

October 24, 2005
How is the word `niche' pronounced?
(Nimbalker, Chennai)
The word consists of only one syllable and it rhymes with `pitch', `ditch', and `stitch'. This is how
some people pronounce the word. Others, however, pronounce the ì' like the èe' in `see', `bee', and
`fee', and the following `che' like the `sh' in `sheep', `she' and `sheet'. The word has many different
meanings, and one of them is finding a job or activity that is perfect for you.
*Ganeshan is extremely unhappy because he has been unable to find a niche for himself.
What is the meaning of `heartsink patient'?
(S. Subramaniyam, Bangalore)

This is not a patient with a heart problem; in fact, he is one who creates problems for the poor doctor.
We have all met individuals who constantly complain about their health. They may not have any
problem at all, but every time they see us, they buttonhole us and give us a long lecture about their
imaginary ailments. These individuals not only bore us, but also their unfortunate doctors; they visit
the poor man repeatedly and complain persistently about their unidentifiable ailments. Whenever the
doctor sees one such patient walking into his office, how do you think he feels? Pretty depressed,
right? His heart sinks on seeing him. Hence the expression, `heartsink patient'.
What is the meaning and origin of `like a cat on a hot tin roof'?
(D. V. M. Sastry, Visakapatnam)

How do you think a cat is likely to react when it lands on a tin roof that is pretty hot? It's going to be
pretty jumpy, right? The poor animal will probably jump from one spot to another, trying to find a
cool place to stand. When you say that an individual is like a cat on a hot tin roof, what you mean is
that he looks very nervous; he is unable to sit or stand still in one place.
*You should have seen Surendran before the interview. He was like a cat on a hot tin roof.
*What's wrong with Hema? She is like a cat on a hot tin roof.
Is it OK to say, `None of them have... '?
(K. Jayashankar, Cochin)

People who love their grammar would argue that the sentence is wrong. They would want `none' to be
followed by the singular verb `has'. In informal contexts, however, there is a tendency, even among
native speakers of English, to use the plural `have'. In American English, it is very common for people
to say, `None of the movies were a hit' and `None of the guys were good looking'.
What is the difference between àvocation' and `vocation'?
(Alok Kumar, Kanchipuram)

Some people refer to their job as their `vocation'. What they mean by this is that they have found the
job that they are particularly suited for. They believe it is their calling, and they take it up because
they wish to help other people.
*I am told that his vocation is banking.
An àvocation' is a hobby. It is an activity that you enjoy doing, but it's not the thing that puts bread
on the table. The word is considered formal.
*Shailaja told me that her avocation is painting.

*You'd better decide whether you want to make golf your vocation or avocation.
What is the meaning of `pink press'?
(P. K. Sankaran, Mumbai)

When Hitler came to power in Germany, he set up a special division in the dreaded Gestapo; its job
was to investigate suspected gays. If you were thought to be gay, your name was put on the infamous
`pink list', and then you were sent off to a concentration camp. In most western countries, the colour
pink is associated with people who are gay. So the `pink press' refers to newspapers and magazines
which deal with themes and stories that gay people would be interested in.
Is it OK to say, `Boarding and lodging'?
(S. Akbar Ali, Trichy)

In India it is because most hotels inform us that they have both `boarding and lodging'. Native
speakers of English talk about `board and lodging'.
`When I was born, I was so surprised I couldn't talk for a year and a half.' — Gracie Allen

October 31, 2005
What is the difference between àmong' and àmongst'?
(R. Chetan, Bangalore)

As far as the meaning is concerned, there is no difference between the two words, and very often the
two are used interchangeably. When you are among/amongst a group of people, you are surrounded
by them. Some people argue that àmongst' is rather old fashioned and should not be used. Careful
users of the language maintain that àmongst', when used, should come at the beginning of sentences.
When it occurs in the middle, it should be used before words beginning with vowels.
What is the difference between `too' and `very'?
(Nikhil Paranjape, Noida)

If someone were to say to you, `You are very short', he is merely stating a fact. He is telling you that
you are rather short. Perhaps you are only five feet tall. He is not comparing you with anyone or
anything. If he says, `You are too short', it suggests that you are shorter than necessary for something.
Perhaps what the person is trying to tell you is that you are too short to play basketball. You may be
five feet ten inches, but you are not tall enough to play basketball. You do not have the adequate
height to play the game. The word `too' carries with it the meaning `more than enough', `more than
wanted' and `more than necessary'. After an interview, if you were to say, `The questions were very
difficult', what you mean is that the questions were extremely hard, but perhaps you did manage to
answer them. On the other hand, if you were to say, `The questions were too difficult', what you mean
is that the questions were so difficult that you couldn't answer them.
*Though it was very hot, the kids played cricket all day long.
*It was too hot to play cricket. The kids stayed home and watched TV.
*Your daughter is very intelligent. She will do well in the exam.
*Your son is too intelligent for this class. I think he needs to be moved up.
What are the Siamese twins of the English language?
(S. N. Prasad, Hyderabad)

Expressions like `to and fro', `safe and sound', `take it or leave it', and `rhyme or reason' are some of
the Siamese twins of the English language. They are usually expressions joined together by ànd' or
òr'. Like the twins, the two words in these expressions are inseparable; their order is fixed and they
have only one meaning. You cannot say, `sound and safe' or `leave it or take it'.
What is the origin of the word `duffer'?
(L. Vimala, Mysore)

We use the word `duffer' nowadays to refer to someone who is stupid or someone who is very bad at
doing something. The word is considered to be rather old fashioned.
*Reema told me that Ganesh was a duffer at football.
*Please, not Sita! I don't want that duffer in my team.
When the word was first used, it had nothing to do with people who had little or no intelligence. In
fact, the original duffer was someone who sold spurious goods. He was a cheat, a no good peddler of
very low morals. With the passage of time, however, the meaning `no good' shifted from the seller to
the naïve buyer. He was `no good' because he was stupid enough to be easily tricked into buying

something questionable. In the late 19th Century, the word began to be used to refer to someone who
was really bad at golf!
How is the word `soliloquy' pronounced?
(S. Santosh Kumar, Coimbatore)

The ò' in the first and third syllable is pronounced like the à' in `china'. The ì' is like the ì' in `pit',
`kit', and `hit', and the final `quy' is like the `qui' in `quit', `quiz', and `quick'. The main stress is on the
second syllable. The tragedies of Shakespeare are famous for their soliloquies. A soliloquy is when a
character in a play talks to himself or herself and in the process talks directly to the audience. In this
case, the lines are meant for the audience and not for any of the other characters in the play.
"Oh no! I overslept! I'm late for my nap." — Garfield

November 07, 2005
What is the difference between `learned' and `learnt'?
(Jatin Nagpal, Delhi)

There are many verbs like this: dreamed, dreamt; spoiled, spoilt; kneeled, knelt, etc. When used as a
verb, both `learnt' and `learned' have the same meaning. You can say:
* I have learned/learnt a lot from Ganesh this semester.
* Our new bowler has learned/learnt to bowl the `doosra'.
According to some scholars, `learned' is more common in American English, while `learnt' is used
frequently in British English. When `learned' is used as a verb, it is monosyllabic. In fact, some people
pronounce it like the word `learnt'. Others pronounce the final èd' like the `d' in `dip', `deep', and `do'.
When the word `learned' is used as an adjective to mean `scholarly', it is pronounced as a word with
two syllables. The final èd' is pronounced like the èd' in `wanted', `grounded', and `hated'.
* As expected, the learned professor bored the poor students to death.
Which is correct `Petrol station' or `petrol bunk'?
(A. K. Arunachalam, Kancheepuram)

The term `petrol bunk' is mostly used by Indians. Native speakers of English do not use it. An
Englishman would take his car to the `petrol pump' or the `petrol station' to get it filled. An American,
on the other hand, would take his vehicle to the `gas station' in order to `fill her up'.
What is the meaning of ìnter alia'?
(P. R. Nath, Indore)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation of àlia'. The à' in the first syllable is like the ày' in `pay',
`say', and `day'. The ìa' is like the èa' in `dear', `fear' and `near'; the stress is on the first à'. Ìnter
alia' is a Latin expression which is mostly used in formal contexts to mean àmong other things'. Like
most Latin expressions, it is considered pedantic, and therefore is best avoided.
* Raju is a collector who has, inter alia, 2000 rare stamps, 500 cricket cards and 5000 rare coins.
It is advisable not to use this expression when you are talking about people. For example, do not say,
Àt the party, there were, inter alia, Shalini, Geetha, and Sampath.' In such a sentence, use àmong
other people' instead.
Is it okay to say, `Heartfelt congratulations!'?
(K. Visvanathan, Coimbatore)

I asked several people about this, and all of them said, `No'. But according to the Oxford Collocations
Dictionary, it is all right to say, `heartfelt congratulations'. You should remember, however, the word
`heartfelt' meaning `sincere' is used when we are deeply stirred or moved by something. It is usually
associated with emotions linked with sadness. One can talk about `heartfelt sympathies', `heartfelt
condolences', etc. But it is also possible to say, `heartfelt thanks' and `heartfelt joy'. `Hearty', on the
other hand, suggests high spiritedness, vigour and energy. You can talk about `hearty laughter',
`hearty appetite', etc. You cannot say `hearty condolences'.
What is the meaning of èating someone's lunch'?
(Dr. Muthiah, Thiruvananthapuram)

This is an expression which is used in management. When a company èats the lunch' of another
company, it aggressively markets its products and succeeds in making inroads into the other
company's market share.
What is the meaning and origin of `taking the wind out of one's sails'?
(Vijaya Selvam, Srivilliputtur)

When you take the wind out of someone's sails, you succeed in denting his confidence. You achieve
this by doing or saying something that the individual does not expect.
* Usha was really angry with her husband. But when he came home with flowers and a saree, it took
the wind out of her sails.
You have to remember that in the old days, ships depended on the wind to get from one place to
another. If you were to rob a ship that is sailing next to you of the wind, what would happen? The
wind would be taken out of its sails and as a result, the ship would stall.
`When I was a boy, the Dead Sea was only sick.' — George Burns

November 14, 2005
What is the difference between èxtempore' and ìmpromptu'?
(G. J. Gnanapragasm, Salem)

Most people use the two words interchangeably to mean `spontaneously'. Careful users of the
language, however, maintain a distinction between the two. The word èxtempore' is normally
associated with public speaking. When you give a speech extempore, you give it with no notes. There
is no memorisation involved either. You stand before the audience and talk, but this doesn't mean that
you haven't given the subject matter any thought. You may have been given your topic a month in
advance, and you come so well prepared that you choose to speak without notes. The word
ìmpromptu' is normally used with musical performances. In this case, the performer does not play a
piece that he has rehearsed; instead, he creates the music as he goes along. When the word is used in
relation to public speaking, it suggests that there is no planning or premeditation involved. An
impromptu speech is one when you are asked to speak all of a sudden, without any prior warning. In
this case, you have little or no time to prepare; you make up your speech as you go along. Many
people do not maintain this subtle distinction between the two words nowadays.
What is the meaning of `sexing up a document'?
(Sarvanan, Chennai)
Though this expression has been around for some time, it became popular when Dr. Kelly accused the
Blair Government of having "sexed up" its report on Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction. When you
`sex up' a document you make changes in it so that the content is much more interesting or exciting to
read. In other words, things are hyped up or spiced up. The expression has a negative connotation.
* My boss wants me to sex up the document for the media.
How is the word `disparage' pronounced?
(A. Jayanth, Pune)

The ì' in the first syllable and the à' in the final syllable are like the ì' in `his', `miss', and `fish'; the
following à' is like the à' in àct', `pact', and `fact'. The final `ge' is like the `j' in `jam', `juice', and
`jute'. The main stress is on the second syllable. When you `disparage' someone, you ridicule him; you
speak of the individual in a manner that makes it plain to the listener that you don't think very highly
of him. The word is mostly used in formal contexts.
* I would like to submit my resignation now. I have no wish to be disparaged by the Board.
* Please refrain from making disparaging comments about my favourite teacher.
Some men grow their hair long in order to cover their bald spots. Is there a word for this?
(G. Kalavathy, Chennai)

Yes, there is — `combover'. It's called a combover because what these men usually do is to allow the
hair on one side of their head to grow long and then they proceed to comb it over the top of their head
to hide their baldness. The billionaire Donald Trump, the man you see in the series "The Apprentice",
has a combover.
What is the meaning of `stay the course'?
(D. V. Rao, Visakhapatnam)

When President Bush talks about the situation in Iraq, one of the sentences that he repeats very often
is, "We must stay the course". When you stay the course, you continue to do what you have been

doing all along. No matter how difficult or time consuming the task may be, you keep at it till you
complete it. You stand firm in pursuing your goal. So what the American President is saying that the
U.S. must stay in Iraq till there is some semblance of peace in the country.
*Listen Rajesh! Giving up smoking is not going to be easy. You must stay the course.
*The diet my wife has put me on is killing me. But I need to lose weight. So I have decided to stay the
course.
According to some scholars, the `course' refers to the racetrack. In this case, it's the horse that stands
firm to reach the finish line — hopefully in a winning position!
"How can he already have a headache? I just got here!" — Dennis the Menace

November 21, 2005
What is the difference between ànyway' and ànyways'?
(K. Sanchith, Bangalore)

As far as the meaning is concerned, there is no difference between the two words. Ànyways' is
mostly used in American English and is considered non-standard. If you use it in informal contexts in
your speech, you could probably get away with it. The word will not be accepted in writing. The word
ànyhow' has the same meaning as ànyway'.
*Ashwini says that she doesn't want to get married. Not now, anyway/anyhow.
How is the word ènnui' pronounced?
(B. Rajasekharan, Bangalore)

The first syllable èn' is pronounced like the word òn'; the following ùi' is like the `we' in `weep',
`weed', and `week'. The main stress is on the first syllable. The word is considered literary, and is
mostly used in formal contexts to mean `feeling of boredom'.
*Since returning home, Ram has experienced a profound sense of ennui.
What is the meaning and origin of `wearing one's heart on one's sleeve'?
(Uthra, Chennai)
This is an idiom that has been around for several centuries. When you wear your heart on your sleeve,
you make your feelings clear to everyone; in other words, you don't hide your emotions. If you are in
love with someone, you make it known to everyone that you are crazy about this person.
*It's difficult to know what Asha is thinking. She doesn't wear her heart on her sleeve.
During the Middle Ages, when knights fought each other, they would dedicate their performance to a
woman of the court — usually someone they were in love with or cared for. To let everyone know
who they were in love with, the knights used to pin onto their sleeves a hanky or a scarf belonging to
the woman.
What is the difference between `speak English' and `speak in English'?
(P. Jagadish, Sivakasi)

When you ask someone to `speak in English', what you want him to do is to use the English language.
Perhaps he is speaking in a language that you don't understand, and therefore you want him to talk to
you in English. This is the language that you want him to use on this particular occasion. When you
say that he `speaks English', what you mean is that the individual knows and has the ability to use the
language. In India, for example, many of us can speak two or more languages, and depending on the
context we choose to speak in a particular language.
*The CEO speaks five languages. At the press conference, he spoke in English.
What does `pari passu' mean?
(Mahitha Solomon, Kakinada)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The à' in `pari' is like à' in àsk', `task', and ànswer'; the
following ì' is pronounced like the èe' in `fee', `bee', and `knee'. The à' in `passu' is like the à' in
àct', `fact' and `bat'; and the following ù' is like the òo' in `cool', `pool', and `fool'. The main stress is
on the first syllable of `passu'. This is a Latin expression which literally means `with equal footing'.

When you say that two things are `pari passu', you mean that they are travelling at the same pace, and
hence are side by side. The expression is also used to mean, `without partiality'.
*According to this report, inflation and interest rates increased pari passu last year.
Which is correct? `He's a teacher of English' or `He's an English teacher'?
(B. Lakshmi, Vijayawada)

Grammatically both are correct, but their meanings are somewhat different. When you say that
someone is a teacher of English what you mean is that the subject the individual teaches is English.
The sentence, `He is an English teacher' is rather ambiguous. It could mean that the man teaches
English. It could also mean that the teacher is English — in other words, the teacher is an Englishman.
When somebody says `Sorry', we usually respond by saying `Never mind'. Are there any other
alternatives?
(K. Radhakrishnamurthy, Ongole)

Yes, there are. It's very common to hear people say, Ìt's all right', Ìt's OK', `No problem', `No big
deal', and `Don't worry about it'. These are just a few of the alternatives.
"Always go to other people's funerals. Otherwise they won't come to yours." — Yogi Berra

November 28, 2005
What is the difference between `fatal' and `fateful'?
(B. Anushka, Nagpur)

Sometimes it is reported in newspapers that a man involved in a fatal accident was admitted to the
local hospital. You wonder why because anything that is fatal always results in the death of an
individual.
*Dilip's decision to walk across the frozen lake proved fatal.
The sentence suggests that Dilip drowned in the lake. `Fatal' can be used with abstract things as well.
For example, one can say, "The sloppy manner in which Akshay did the project proved fatal to his
career." "The article in the tabloids about the star's wild parties proved fatal to his marriage." In both
these sentences, the word is used to mean disastrous or destructive.
Fateful is related to fate. When you talk about a fateful day, you mean that it was a day that changed
your future or your destiny — the outcome is usually bad.
*Ganguly will always remember the fateful day he went to the press to complain about his new coach.
What is the meaning of `face in the crowd'?
(Ravindranath Nalam, Hyderabad)

When there are a lot of people around you and there is nothing about you which makes you stand out,
then you say that you are just a face in the crowd. You go unnoticed by most individuals. It is what
happens to most of us when we go to the stadium to watch a one-day international; we become a face
in the crowd.
*Narender hates attending big parties. He doesn't like being a face in the crowd.
What is the meaning and origin of `pleased as Punch'?
(P. Mythreye, Secunderabad)

This idiom, which Ravi Shastri uses quite frequently while commentating, has been around for over
400 years. Someone who is pleased as Punch is extremely happy; he/she is elated.
*Devidas was pleased as Punch when he got his promotion.
The `Punch' in the idiom has nothing to do with the drink or the blow that villains seem to receive
from our film heroes. It refers to a character in a 17th Century puppet show called `Punch and Judy'.
The main character, Punch, was a very content person who sang cheerfully all the time. Hence the
expression, pleased as Punch.
What is the meaning of `sine qua non'?
(Y. Anitha, Bathlagundu)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The ì' in `sine' is like the ì' in `sit', `pit', and `hit', while the
following è' is pronounced like the ày' in `pay', `bay', and `day'. The `qu' is like the `qu' in `quart',
`quiz', and `quick'; the following à' sounds like the à' in àsk', `flask', and `task'. The final word,
which has the main stress, is pronounced like `known'. If you say that something is `sine qua non'
what you mean is that it is absolutely necessary. The expression like most Latin expressions is mainly
used in formal contexts.
*Perseverance is the sine qua non for all aspiring actors.
*Thick woollen jackets are a sine qua non for the trek.

Is it OK to say, Òn the lights, please!'
(Ajit Kumar, Meerut)

This is an expression which is commonly heard in India. We ask people to òn the lights', òn the TV',
òn the tap' and òn the heater'. Native speakers of English will not ask you to òn' any of these things.
Instead they will ask you to `switch' or `turn something on'. For example:
*Could you turn on the TV, please!
*Would you like me to turn on/switch on the fan?
By the way, you do not say, `switch on/turn on the tap'. It's always òpen/close the tap'.
How is the word `beau' pronounced?
(Laxman, Mysore)
It's pronounced like the word `bow' — the weapon you use to shoot arrows with. When a woman
refers to a man as her `beau', what she means is that the man is her boyfriend or her lover. The word is
considered old fashioned.
*The fashion model made a grand entrance hand-in-hand with her latest beau.
`Weather forecast for tonight: dark.' — George Cavlin

December 05, 2005
What is the meaning of `go the whole hog'?
(P. Revathi, Bangalore)

This is an expression mostly used in informal contexts. When you `go the whole hog', you do
something thoroughly; you do not compromise in any way. It has the same meaning as `go all the
way'. Americans tend to say `go whole hog'.
*When the mechanic told me how much it would cost to repair the old car, I decided to go whole hog
and buy a new one instead.
*Gayathri went the whole hog and bought matching slippers and earrings to go with her new dress.
According to one theory, the `hog' in the idiom doesn't refer to a pig, but to money. In the 18th
Century, the word `hog' was a slang term for `shilling'. So when you went the whole hog, you spent
the entire shilling at once. The expression became popular in the United States when Andrew Jackson
ran for President in 1828. This gave rise to the expression `whole hogger' to mean someone who
would see a matter through, come what may!
How is the word òbsequious' pronounced?
(L. Ram, Pune)

The ò' is like the à' in `china' and the following `se' is pronounced like `see'. The `qui' is like the `qui'
in `quit', `quiz', and `quid', and the final òus' sounds like the òus' in `dangerous', `furious', and
`curious'. The main stress is on the second syllable `se'. The word has a negative connotation. When
you are òbsequious' to someone, you do whatever he tells you to do in the hope that you will be
suitably rewarded for doing all the work. In other words, you suck up to the person.
*I think it's about time that you stopped being so obsequious to your boss.
*The obsequious mechanic walked in wearing a fake smile on his face.
The word comes from the Latin root `sequi' meaning `to follow'. Other words which are derived from
this root are `consequence' (something which follows), `sequel', and `non sequitur'.
What is the difference between àmbience' and àmbiance'?
(Nori Kurmaiah, Vishakapatnam)

The French spell it àmbiance', while most people in the U.S. spell it àmbience'. As far as the
meaning is concerned, there is no difference between the two words. The à' in àmbience' is like the
à' in `cat', act', and `bat', while the following ì' is like the ì' in `pit', `bit', and `fit'. The è' in the third
syllable sounds like the à' in `china' and the final è' is silent. The main stress is on the first syllable.
This is one way of pronouncing the word. Àmbience/ambiance' is normally used to refer to the
atmosphere of a place.
*The ambiance/ambience in the new restaurant was fantastic.
*The ambience of their new apartment is anything but cosy.
What is the origin of `nit picking'?
(V. S. Ratheesh, Thrissur)

Monkeys and gorillas do this all the time. Among human beings, mothers perform this duty once in a
while. Any idea what a nit is? Most of us have come home with this unwanted visitor on a few
occasions. Nits are the eggs of lice or any other parasitic insects. When our head becomes infested

with lice, what is it that our mothers do? They run a special comb through our hair and then peer
intently at the comb. Whenever they spot a louse, they proceed to squash the insect; they pick them
off one by one. Getting rid of these small, but irritating insects from one's head can be an
overwhelming task. Every inch of the head has to be carefully examined and you spend a lot of time
looking for them. The original meaning of nitpicking was therefore looking for lice and their eggs.
With the passage of time, however, the expression acquired another meaning. It began to be used to
refer to someone who looks at the trivial details and finds faults with them.
*There was a lot of nitpicking going on as to what type of bouquet should be given to the chief guest.
*Let's stop with the nitpicking. Tell me what you think of the plan.
`There's a way of transferring funds that is even faster than electronic banking. It's called marriage.' —
James Holt McGavran

December 12, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of `to eat out of one's hand'?
(D. V. Rao, Vizag)

When you have someone èating out of your hand', you succeed in getting him to do whatever you
want. The individual becomes very submissive.
*Within no time, the former film star had all the office employees eating out of her hand.
*As a young man, he dreamed that he would have his wife eating out of his hand.
The expression comes from the world of animal training. You know that a wild animal has been
tamed when you succeed in getting it to eat something off your hands, without getting bitten.
What is the difference between èat like a horse' and èat like a pig'?
(G. Sailaja, Hyderabad)

Horses and pigs are known to have good appetites. Therefore when you say that someone eats like a
horse or a pig, what you are implying is that the individual consumes a lot of food. Careful users of
the language maintain a subtle distinction between the two expressions. When you say that someone
eats like a pig, it has a negative connotation. Pigs are supposed to be rather noisy eaters. They slurp,
grunt, and drool when they eat. I am sure other animals do the same thing, but unfortunately for the
pig, it is always associated with these things. Therefore when you say, `He eats like a pig', what you
mean is that he eats a lot, and has very bad table manners.
What is the meaning of `tryst'?
(Vijay Bahadur, Allahabad)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. There are two ways of pronouncing this word. Some people
pronounce the `y' is like the ì' in `sit', `bit', and `fit', while others pronounce it like the `y' in `my' and
`by'. The meeting of two lovers at an appointed time is called a `tryst'; the word is considered literary.
There is a tendency nowadays to use the word to mean àppointment'.
*Rahul, if you don't hurry you'll be late for the tryst. Never keep a girl waiting.
*"Ladies and gentleman, we have a tryst with destiny", said the speaker.
How is the word ìdiosyncrasy' pronounced?

The first ì' and the final `y' are pronounced like the ì' in `knit', `kit', and `kiss'; the `dio' is like the
`dio' in `radio'. The `sync' is pronounced like the word `sink', and the following à' sounds like the à'
in `china'. The main stress is on the fourth syllable `sync'. The word can be spelt ìdiosyncracy' or
ìdiosyncrasy' and it is normally used to refer to an individual's peculiarities or habits. The word can
be used with objects as well.
*One of his idiosyncrasies was to smell his socks before putting them on.
What is the difference between `defence' and `defense'?
(P. K. Iyengar, Hyderabad)

We know that when it comes to spelling, there is some difference between American and British
English. This pair is another example. The British spell it `defence' and the Americans spell it
`defense'. Donald Rumsfeld, for example, is the `Secretary of Defense'. There are many pairs of words
in English which are spelt both with a `c' and an `s'. For example, advice, advise and practice,

practise. In the two examples, the noun form of the word is spelt with a `c' and the verb form is spelt
with an `s'.
I don't find `bitter gourd' in the dictionary. Does the vegetable have another name?
(Jai, Mumbai)
I understand that the vegetable is also called `balsam apple' and `balsam pear'.
What is the meaning of `da bomb'?
(R. Krishna, Mangalore)

This is a slang expression of recent origin and is normally used to talk about a person or a thing.
When you refer to an individual as being `da bomb' or `the bomb' what you mean is that he/she is
outstanding. The expression is mostly used in American English.
*You should see the movie. I tell you, it is da bomb.
*You are taking a course with Jai? I am told when it comes to teaching, he is da bomb.
"There are three ways to get something done: 1) Do it yourself; 2) Hire someone to do it for you; 3)
Forbid your kids to do it." — Unknown

December 19, 2005
What is the meaning and origin of àbove board'?
(B. Rajasekharan, Bangalore)

When you say that a particular deal was above board, what you are implying is that there was no
hanky panky involved. In other words, it was honest and legal. The kind of deal that you don't
generally associate with our politicians.
If a politician is involved in a deal, you can be pretty sure that it is not above board.
Raju is straight as they come. All his dealings are above board.
There are several explanations for the origin of this idiom. According to one, the `board' refers to a
table. Therefore when you say that a deal was àbove board', what you mean is that it was done in an
open manner — the hands of the participants involved in the deal were out in the open. There was no
underhand dealing involved. Another explanation has to do with the smuggling of goods on ships. In
the old days, people who smuggled things always kept them hidden below deck. The legal cargo
would be placed in plain sight on the deck. In other words, anything that was placed on the deck was
considered àbove board'!
What is the meaning of `parochial'? How is the word pronounced?
(K. Jaya, Warrangal)

The à' is like the à' in `china', and the following ò' sounds like the ò' in `go', `so' and `no'. The `ch'
is like the `k' in `king', `kiss', and `kit', and the final ìal' is like the ìal' in `matrimonial' and
`ceremonial'.. The main stress is on the second syllable. Did you watch the one-day match between
India and South Africa played in Kolkata? People in the crowd were booing the Indian players
because the so-called `Prince of Kolkata' had been left out of the Indian team. The crowd was
parochial in its outlook. When you say that someone is parochial, what you mean is that he is very
narrow minded. In the one-day match, the spectators gave the impression that they were more
interested in the fortunes of their `dada', rather than that of the Indian team. The word has a negative
connotation.
Kim has a very parochial attitude. I don't want him as a team member.
Many of the political parties are very parochial in their outlook.
Is it OK to say, `The President Abdul Kalam visited Chennai last week'?
(Balu, Tiruchirapalli)
If you want to include an individual's name with titles like `Queen', `King', `Prime Minister' and
`President', then you normally don't use the definite article `the'. For example, we do not say, `The
Queen Elizabeth drank coffee'. We can either say, `The Queen drank coffee' or `Queen Elizabeth
drank coffee'. Your sentence is therefore wrong. You can either say, `The President visited Chennai
last week' or `President Abdul Kalam visited Chennai last week.'
Why do we call the place where the police work a `station'?
(Sri Sailesh, Chennai)

A `station' is a place where some service is organised and provided. This is one of the meanings of the
word. Since policemen and firemen provide service for the common man, the place where they work
is called a `station'.

How is the word `fragile' pronounced?
(K. Venkataraman, Lubbock, Texas)

The Americans and British pronounce this word very differently. The British pronounce the ì' like the
`y' in `my' and `by'. The Americans, on the other hand, pronounce it like the à' in `china'. In both
cases, the final è' is silent, and the main stress is on the first syllable.
"Never learn to do anything: If you don't learn, you'll always find someone else who'll do it for you." —
Mark Twain

December 26, 2005
What is the meaning of `catch as catch can'?
(Venkatakrishnan, Chennai)
Sometimes in order to achieve something or complete a task, you resort to any method available to
you. You are not too worried about whether what you are doing is ethical or not; you are intent on
achieving your goal. As a result, you end up doing things in an unplanned and an unsystematic
manner. This is what `catch as catch can' means. The idiom has more or less the same meaning as `no
holds barred'.
*When his former partner complained that he was taking away his clients, Rahul told him that in
business it was a case of catch as catch can.
Are you a fan of WWF wrestling? If you are, then you will understand what the word `catch' refers to.
In freestyle wrestling, there are no restrictions on how you can hold your opponent. You can `catch' or
hold him/her in any way you can.
Why is 26 December called `Boxing Day'?
(B. Shobana, Meerut)

The word `boxing' has nothing to do with the sport; it has to do with boxes in which you put things.
During the Christmas season a lot of people attend church and while they are there, they donate
money and other goodies to the poor. The money and gifts are put in a box, and this is called a
Christmas box. The boxes are opened by a priest the day after Christmas, and he in turn distributes the
contents to the needy. This is why 26 December is called Boxing Day. For most cricket fans in India,
`Boxing Day' is always associated with the first day of a test match in Australia.
What is the meaning of `period' in the following sentence? `He is an intelligent man. Period.'
(C. Vasanth, Chennai)

Very often people use the word `period' after they have made a statement or stated an opinion. What
they mean by this is that they are very sure about what they have said, and do not wish to discuss the
matter. Your sentence suggests that the speaker is very certain that the person is very intelligent, and
the matter needn't be discussed any further.
*There is no way that I am going to help Shashi. Period.
What is the meaning of `kowtow'? How is it pronounced?
(Shikha Maurya, Varnasi)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word `cow' and the second rhymes with `cow', `how', and
`now'. When you `kowtow' to someone, you are very eager to please the individual in power. You do
whatever he asks you to do. The word is used to show disapproval.
*Poor Indu. All that kowtowing didn't help her get the promotion.
*One thing that I don't want you to do is to kowtow to those in power.
What it the difference between `curriculum vitae' and `resume'?
(Amit Manglani, Allahabad)

Curriculum Vitae comes from Latin, and it means `course of life'; a CV therefore provides a concise
autobiography of an individual. Since it is meant to provide a detailed account of an individual's
achievements, a C.V. tends to be lengthier (2-8 pages) than the normally crisp resume (usually, not

more than two pages). According to some people, the term CV should be used only in the context of
academics; in all other cases, resume should be used. This distinction is seldom maintained, and there
is a tendency to use the two words interchangeably nowadays. The main aim of writing a CV or a
resume is to get the person reading it to call you for an interview.
Outside marriage halls, we see signs that say, `Bride marries Bridegroom'. Some read,
`Bridegroom marries Bride'. Which is correct?
(R. Ramesh, Bangalore)

How does it matter? Either way it leads to unhappiness! Here's my question. Why do you need this
sign? Who else is the bride going to marry? She has to marry the groom; she can't possibly marry the
`best man'!
`Well, if crime fighters fight crime and fire fighters fight fire, what do freedom fighters fight?'
— George Carlin

January 02, 2006
What is the meaning of `Beltway politics'?
(B. S. Sanjay, Bangalore)

In American English the word `beltway' is used to refer to a road which goes around a city or town —
what we in India call a `ring road'. The `beltway' referred to in your question is the road that goes
around Washington D. C., the capital of the United States. Beltway politics is normally used to talk
about the dirty politics that goes on in Washington.
What is the meaning and origin of `get someone's goat'?
(Rishab, Vijaywada)
When you get someone's goat, you succeed in annoying the individual or in making him rather angry.
*Sometimes, Raja comes to work in jeans and a T-shirt. That really gets my goat.
*Mohan's constant whining gets my goat.
This idiom comes from the world of horse racing. I understand that horses are highly temperamental
creatures. In order to keep their prized possession calm and relaxed, trainers often kept a goat as a
stable companion for the horse. Goats do not get flustered very easily, and their presence in the stable
had a calming influence on the horse. Since the goat was a constant companion, the horse became
rather attached to the animal. In order to ensure that a particular horse didn't perform well in a big
race, stable boys working for rival owners sometimes stole the goat the night before the big event. The
absence of the goat made the horse moody, and as a result it didn't perform well in the race. So when
you say that someone has got your goat, you are comparing yourself to the horse, and not the goat.
What is the origin of `quiz'?
(G. Anil Kumar, Guntur)

According to one theory, this word was coined and popularised overnight. The story goes that a
theatre manager in Dublin by the name of James Daly took a bet with his friend that he could coin a
new word and have everyone in the city using it or talking about it within twenty-four hours. Daly
hired street children, gave them a stick of chalk each, and told them to write the word `quiz' (which
didn't exist then) on any surface they could find. The children spent the night writing the word on
walls and on roads. When the people of Dublin woke up the next morning, they found the word
written everywhere. People began to talk about it and they all wanted to know what it meant. Of
course, not everyone believes this to be the true origin of the word.
What is the difference between `nevertheless' and `however'?
(Sujatha Nellikode, Abu Dhabi)

As far as the meaning is concerned, there is not much of a difference. The two can be used
interchangeably in many contexts; `nevertheless' is considered to be more formal than `however'. Both
words are used when you wish to emphasise that the second point you are making contrasts with the
first.
*He was very ugly to look at. However/nevertheless most girls wanted to marry him.
*It was pouring; nevertheless/however our teacher made us walk all the way to the farmhouse.
Is it OK to say, `Yesterday night'?
(Medepalli Seshu, New Delhi)

We find a lot of Indians saying, Ì met him yesterday night.' Native speakers of English would
probably frown upon this. It's okay to say, `yesterday morning/afternoon', but not `yesterday night'.
You normally say, `last night'. For example, I met Dravid at the party last night.
What is the difference between `sell' and `sell out'?
(A. U. R. Kalyan, Tanuku)

`Sell' is the opposite of `buy'. When you sell, you give something that you own in return for money.
For example, you have individuals selling vegetables, audiotapes, and real estate. When you `sell out'
something, you succeed in selling everything.
*All the chairs and tables have been sold out.
*Do you believe this? The tickets have been sold out.
The expression `sell out' has other meanings as well. When you `sell someone out' you betray the
individual.
*I think some of our politicians are selling our country out.
*I certainly don't wish to sell you out.
Òkay, so God made man first. But doesn't everyone make a rough draft before they make a
masterpiece?' — Courtney Huston

January 09, 2006
KNOW YOUR ENGLISH
"Why did you have to go? Your boss wasn't ordering you to."
"What you don't understand is that sometimes my boss' request is tantamount to a command."
"Tantamount? Don't think I have heard that word before. What does it mean?"
"When you say that one thing is `tantamount' to another, you mean that the two are equivalent. They
are ... "
"So what you are saying is that your boss' request is equivalent to a command!"
"Yes, that's right! There is no difference between the two."
"How about this example? The superstar's statement was tantamount to saying that actors and
politicians are above the law."
"In India they are, aren't they?"
"Yes, they are. Met Sujatha on my way here, and as usual we had a fight."
"What was it about?"
"It was about the word `timings'. She said that it doesn't exist. I told her she was crazy."
"She may be crazy, but she is right. You see... ."
"What are you talking about? We talk about Òffice timings' all the time."
"True. But it's an Indianism. Native speakers would say, `working hours' or òffice hours'. Anyway,
what else did you and Sujatha talk about?"
"About how dangerous train travel has become these days."
"I guess the Railway Minister wants to make train travel as exciting as living in Bihar. You never
know what is going to happen next."
"That's exactly what Sujatha and I were discussing about. You see, when ... ."
"You cannot say `discuss about'. You can `talk about something', but you `discuss something'. You do
not `discuss about something'."
"I see. Can we discuss this matter tomorrow? How does it sound?"
"Sounds great! Here's another example. I am afraid you are all too tired to discuss the matter now.
Let's wait till tomorrow. Tell me, why were the two of you talking about travelling by train?"
"Because Sujatha is going to Patna next week. Official work, she said."
"Take a train to Patna! She should sleep on it. You see, it ... ."
"Sleep on it? Sleep on what? What are you talking about?"
"When you tell someone to sleep on something, what you want him to do is to give the matter some
thought before taking a decision."
"I see. How about this example? I don't want you to give an answer right now. Sleep on it, and let me
know tomorrow."
"Good example. Chandu proposed to Malathi. She didn't give an answer immediately. She said that
she would like to sleep on it."

"I think I understand how the expression `sleep on' is used. Tell me, we have `sleep on'. Do we have
the expression `sleep in' as well?"
"Yes, we do! The expression has several different meanings. When you `sleep in' you oversleep. For
example, we have all slept in one time or the other."
"My father missed the early morning flight because he slept in."
"We were late for the appointment because the CEO slept in."
"Well, if the CEO slept in, then I guess he can't blame anybody else. Anyway, what is the other
meaning of `sleep in'?"
"The expression can also be used to mean to get up late on purpose. For example, we completed our
project at 3: 00 a.m on Friday. The members of the team decided to sleep in on Saturday."
"Meaning that they will be getting up very late on Saturday?"
"That's right! They may decide to spend most of the day sleeping."
"That's what I would like to do. I would like to sleep in all weekend. Unfortunately, my parents think I
should study."
"A hair in the head is worth two in the brush." — Don Herold

January 16, 2006
Know Your English
"What's the matter with you? You don't look too happy."
"It's our friend Sujatha again. I said `Hi' and she didn't even bother to respond."
"She looked right through you, eh?"
"Looked through me? How can she do that? She's not Superman, you know!"
"In her case, Superwoman! When you look through someone, you ignore the person completely. You
pretend as if he or she doesn't exist. It could be that you are thinking about something else and fail to
notice the person in front of you."
"I see. The last time I saw my cable operator, he looked right through me."
"That's because you constantly complain about how poor the transmission is. When I attend weddings,
some of my cousins look through me."
"I can understand that. Who would want a cousin like you? But why should Sujatha look through
me?"
"Oh, don't worry about it. Ever since she won the first prize for her short story, she's been acting a bit
strange. Someone must tell her to get off her high horse."
"Get off her high horse? Does it mean to stop acting proud?"
"Something like that. When you tell someone to get off his high horse, you are asking him to stop
behaving or talking as if he were better than other people."
"I see. So can I tell Sujatha, `Listen, we've been friends for a long time. Get off your high horse and
talk to me'?"
"You certainly can. But I seriously doubt... ."
"Tell me, what is the connection between a horse and being proud?"
"In the old days a person's status was determined by the size of the horse he rode. Tall horses were
ridden by royalty and noblemen. So are you going to tell Sujatha to get off her high horse?"
"No, I am very scared of her. Aren't you?"
"No, I am not! And frankly, I don't give a hoot whether she talks to me or not."
"Not give a hoot! I think I've heard that expression before. Doesn't it mean not care one bit or
something like that?"
"Wow, you're in excellent form today! When you don't give a hoot about something, you don't care
about it at all. I don't give a hoot whether the star is sent to jail or not."
"The teacher doesn't give a hoot whether we come to class or not."
"That's not being a very responsible teacher! Here's another example. My friend Ganpat gives a hoot
whether our team does well or not in the tournament."
"Your friend Ganpat is pretty strange. How is his new business doing?"
"Not very well, I am afraid. Straight arrows like Ganpat never make good businessmen."
"A straight arrow? What does it mean?"

"When you refer to someone as being a straight arrow what you mean is that he is an honest person.
Someone who follows all the laws."
"If you want to run a business, you can't be a straight arrow."
"Exactly! Your friend Raja is not a straight arrow. I just don't trust him."
"What are you talking about? He is... ."
"Relax, I was just giving an example. The expression `straight shooter' has the same meaning as
`straight arrow'. Both are normally used in informal contexts."
"I see. How about this example? We need to elect a straight shooter to office this time. This person
needs to help us and not himself."
"Straight shooters don't make good politicians."
"Sad, but true. Most political parties avoid straight arrows."
"Most politicians look right through them."
"I'd much rather be a woman than a man. Women can cry, they can wear cute clothes, and they are
the first to be rescued off sinking ships." — Gilda Radner
S. UPENDRAN
Upendrankye@gmail.com

January 23, 2006
Which is correct? `Blind in one eye' or `blind to one eye'?
(Paresh Baishya, Guwahati)

When an individual has no vision in one eye, you say that he is blind in one eye. A person can be
'blind to something', but not 'blind to one eye'. When you say that someone is 'blind to something'
what you mean is that he is unable or unwilling to accept the truth. The person does not see what is
obvious to most other people.
*For some reason, Thiru is completely blind to his Principal's faults.
What is the meaning and origin of `touch wood'?
(G. Venkatesh, Secunderabad)

When after making a remark, you say `touch wood', you are hoping that the good fortune that you
have had so far continues. The expression has the same meaning as `knock on wood'.
*Our wicket keeper hasn't dropped a single catch all summer. Touch wood.
*The second hand scooter I bought recently hasn't given me any trouble. Knock on wood.
There are several explanations as to the origin of this expression. According to some scholars, it
comes from an old superstitious belief that knocking on a tree (wood) helped to drive away evil
spirits. Another explanation is that `touch wood' was the name of a tag game that children played. The
aim of the game was to run after your opponents and catch them. But if an individual was touching a
tree (wood), then he was safe; he couldn't be `captured'.
What is the difference between `He is my best friend' and `He is a close friend'?
(S. Malavikka, Chennai)

It is possible for you to have several `close' friends. When you say, `He is my best friend', it suggests
that he is the individual who is the closest to you; it's this person with whom your share your most
intimate thoughts.
What is the meaning of èt al'?

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The èt' is like the èt' in `set', `bet', and `pet'; the à' in àl' is
like the à' in ànt', àpple', and `hat'. The main stress is on àl'. Èt al' comes from Latin and it is the
abbreviated form of èt alia' meaning other people or other things. The expression is used after a name
or a list of names to indicate that others are also involved. It is normally used to refer to books and
articles written by more than one person.
*For your next class, I would like you to read the article written by Balagopal et al.
How is the word `hegemony' pronounced?
(Vasanthi Rao, Cochin )

The è' in the first syllable and the `y' in the final syllable are like ì' in `hit', `bit', and `pit'. The `gem'
in the second is pronounced like the word `gem'. The ò' is like the à' in `china' and the main stress is
on the second syllable. This is one way of pronouncing the word. `Hegemony' is a formal word and is
used to refer to a situation in which one group has more control or power than others.

What's the difference between `see through someone' and `look through someone'?
(G. Ramesh, Pillani)

When you look through someone, you see the person, but pretend not to. As far as you are concerned
he is not there, he doesn't exist. When you see through someone, you are able to figure out what the
individual is up to. In other words, you understand what he is planning to do; what his intentions are
even though the individual is trying his best to hide them.
*Harish was able to see through Narender's scheme right from the beginning.
Is it OK to say, `He was given an yellow card'?
(D. Sridhar, Jamshedpur)

No, it is not. Players are shown à' yellow card, and not àn' yellow one. Many words beginning with
the letter `y' are preceded by 'a'. For example, you say, à young man', à yard', and à year'.
"One of the symptoms of an approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one's work is terribly
important." — Bertrand Russell

January 30, 2006
Know your English
"Hey, come on in! How are things?"

"Not very good, I'm afraid. My neighbour has been complaining to my dad about the noise we make
when we play cricket."
"I don't think your dad should take him very seriously. Your neighbour gripes about the kids in your
building all the time."
"Gripes about kids? Don't think I've heard that expression before. What does it mean?"
"When you `gripe about something to someone' you complain constantly in an annoying sort of way.
For example, Geetha is always griping to me about the lack of civic sense in our country."
"So if my friend complains constantly, can I say, `Don't gripe to me about it. Tell the principal how
you feel about the matter."
"That's a good example. If Saurav hadn't griped about the coach to the media, he would have
remained the captain of the Indian team."
"You have a point there. Talking about captains, has your boss told you where the annual conference
will be this year?"
"No, our usual Friday meeting went on longer than expected. Most people were too tired to decide on
a place. The matter was left up in the air for..."
"Left up in the air? What does it mean?"
"When you leave some matter up in the air, you leave it undecided."
"I see. How about this example? My father can't take decisions very quickly. He leaves matters up in
the air for months. It drives my mother crazy."
"That's a good example. My boss, on the other hand, likes people to take quick decisions. Employees
are discouraged from leaving something hanging in the air."
"Hanging in the air? I thought you said... "
"It has the same meaning as `leave something up in the air'."
"I see. Take a decision now. I don't want you to leave it hanging in the air."
"Good example."
"O.K. Tell me, is it also possible to leave someone up in the air?"
"Yes, it is. When you leave someone up in the air, you leave the person waiting for a decision. You
don't tell him whether it's a `yes' or a `no'. For example, what do you mean you haven't taken a
decision about my promotion? How long do you plan to leave me up in the air like this?"
"The Vice Chancellor said that he hadn't taken a decision about the demands. He left the students up
in the air."
"That's a good example. Don't do this to me, please. Don't leave me up in the air like this."
"That's the kind of treatment we get in most government offices. Whenever we go to the municipal
office, for example, we are usually left hanging. Most of the time you won't find anyone at the table."

"That's true. If we had those kind of people in our office, my boss would ask them to either shape up
or ship out."
"Shape up or ship out? Does it mean behave yourself or just leave?"
"That's right. When you tell someone to shape up or ship out, you are warning them that if they don't
behave themselves, you will ask them to leave. In other words, you want them to meet your
expectations. Here's an example. Nandini, you're constantly handing in your assignments late. Shape
up or ship out."
"This is the third time this month that our new driver has been involved in an accident. Tell him that
he either shapes up or ships out."
"I am sorry to say that your performance hasn't been up to the mark. Either you shape up or ship out."
"You sound like my principal. He is such a... "
"Stop griping to me about your principal."
"Doing business without advertising is like winking at a girl in the dark. You know what you are doing,
but no one else does." — Stewart Henderson Britt

February 06, 2006
Know Your English
"So, what did you think of the new restaurant?"

"The food was just great. Loved their paper masala dosa."
"It was huge, wasn't it? My friend and I couldn't eat the whole thing."
"My friend Vinod, on the other hand, had no problem at all. He made short work of it."
"Short work of a masala dosa? What do you mean by that?"
"When you make short work of something, you deal with it very quickly. It's an expression that is
mostly used in informal contexts"
"How about this example? We made short work of the problems that the physics teacher had given
us."
"You making short work of a problem in physics! That's very hard to believe."
"In that case, how about this example? I made short work of the biscuits that my mother baked on my
birthday."
"It sounds more like you. You are a bit of a cookie monster!"
"Not very funny."
"It is also possible to make short work of someone. The challenger made short work of the former
champion."
"By the way, how was your meeting with the principal?"
"Not very good, I'm afraid. He was in a bad mood and he wouldn't let us say our opinions."
"You cannot say that. It is not..."
"Of course, I can say it. You don't know my principal..."
"What I am trying to tell you is, `say our opinion' is wrong. You can `give your opinion', èxpress
your opinion', and `state your opinion'. But you cannot `say your opinion'."
"I see. The teacher refused to give her opinion on the matter."
"The author expresses his opinion about the cricket team in this article."
"Do I really have to give my opinion? I don't feel like doing so."
"Tell me, why didn't the principal allow the students to talk?"
"He was angry that we entered his room without permission."
"You should have waited. What was..."
"Waited? We waited for half an hour before entering his room."
"The principal must have sensed that you people were angry about something. That's the reason why
he was letting you cool your heels."
"Cool our heels? What are you talking about?"
"When you let someone cool his heels, you make him wait for some time."

""But by making people wait, you only succeed in increasing their anger. While he was having dinner,
he made his clients cool their heels in the lobby of the hotel."
"That's not a nice thing to do. Whenever my secretary gets angry about something, I never ask her to
come and see me immediately. I let her cool her heels for a while before talking to her about it."
"Government officials make it a habit of making people cool their heels."
"That's probably because many of the people who work in government offices think they are the cat's
whiskers."
"Cat's whiskers? What does it mean?"
"When you say that you are the cat's whiskers, what you are suggesting is that you are better than
those around you. You are the most outstanding."
"In other words, the others are beneath you."
"I guess you could say that. For example..."
"Let me try. Cinderella probably thought that she was the cat's whiskers in her new dress."
"Many of our film stars think that they are the cat's whiskers."
"That's probably because everyone keeps running after them. Not even in government offices are they
made to cool their heels."
"Sad, but true."
"However far your travels take you, you will never find the girl who smiles out at you from the travel
brochure." — Unknown

February 13, 2006
Know Your English
"What are you reading?"

"An article about the Minister's press conference. How do you pronounce s..t..y..m..i..e?"
"The first syllable rhymes with `my' and `by'. The ìe' in the second syllable is like the ì' in `bin', `fin',
and `tin'. The main stress is on the first syllable."
"So it's pronounced STYmie?"
"That's right. Any idea what the word means?"
"Well, in this article the reporter says that the Minister was stymied by the question."
"So what do you think it means? Guess."
"The Minister was unable to answer the question. He was stumped by it. He was put in an awkward or
difficult situation."
"Very good. It means all those things. When you are stymied, you are put in an awkward position and
you find it difficult to continue to do what you are doing. It's a word that is mostly used in informal
contexts."
"I see. Can I say... ."
"Do you know where the word `stymie' comes from?"
"Haven't a clue."
"It's a term that is used in golf. When you are stymied, you really don't know what to do because your
opponent's ball is between yours and the hole."
"In other words, it is blocking your shot?"
"That's right."
"It's a pretty awkward position to be in, I guess. How about this example? The students' plans to have
a rock concert were stymied when the principal refused allow outsiders into the campus."
"Why do you always have to make the principal the villain in your examples?"
"Well, someone has to be the villain. So, why not the principal?"
"Raju was stymied when Satish refused to help him when he had money problems."
"Why should he have been stymied? After all, when Satish had problems, Raju never helped him. You
cannot expect someone... ."
"You take everything too seriously. You need to lighten up."
"Lighten up? Do you mean to say that I am putting on weight?"
"No, no! It has nothing to do with weight. When you tell someone to lighten up, you are asking them
to relax."
"In other words, you are telling them to take it easy. To calm down."
"Exactly! You don't have to shout at her so much. All she did was ask you an innocent question. You
need to lighten up."
"I'll tell you who needs to lighten up. Promod!"

"You have a point there! He gets upset about everything doesn't he? But who is going to tell him to
lighten up? Everyone is scared of him."
"Well, that's true. What was it that stymied the Minister? Has someone found evidence that his
colleagues have been lining their pockets?"
"Lining their pockets? Hey, I have come across that expression before. Doesn't it mean to make
money in an illegal manner or something like that?"
"Exactly!"
"Politicians taking money is not considered news in India. We expect them to. The problem is many
of our politicians are more interested in lining their pockets than in serving the people."
"You can't really blame them for wanting to line their pockets. After all, they spend lots of money
trying to become a minister."
"That's true. And as soon as they become public servants, they begin to treat the public like servants!"
"You have a point there! I just read somewhere that some of the top executives in a well known
company were more interested in lining their pockets than in looking after the welfare of their
employees."
"Nothing new in that. Happens all the time."
"You can learn many things from children. How much patience you have, for instance." —
Franklin P. Jones

February 20, 2006
Know Your English
"Guess what? We have a new science teacher in school."

"Yes, I heard about your Johnnie-come-lately. How is he?"
"Johnnie-come-lately! What are you talking about? His name is not John."
"I know that. A Johnnie-come-lately is someone who is new to a situation or position. It's an
expression used mostly in informal contexts. For example, we have a Johnnie-come-lately in the
finance department. He has no idea what the company does."
"Well, our Johnnie-come-lately is a very nice man. And he seems to know how to handle students.
He's very different from our principal."
"One less person for you to complain about, I guess."
"That's true. I'm sure you're relieved. Hey, I heard that you finally went to see the hit movie yesterday.
What did you think of it? It was very moving, wasn't it?"
"Yes, it was a moving experience. It made me move out of my seat and... . out of the theatre."
"You must be joking."
"I'm not. I walked out after half an hour."
"You mean to say that you didn't like the movie? I thought it was great."
"You thought it was great. I thought it was syrupy."
"Syrupy? What is that supposed to mean?"
"When you say that something is syrupy, what you mean is that it is too sweet. It is rather sentimental.
In other words, you dislike it."
"The word is mostly used to show disapproval then?"
"That's right. For example, girls generally go gaga over syrupy love stories."
"No, they don't. Not nowadays, anyway. How about this example? I hate it when they make books
into movies. The movie always turns out to be syrupy."
"You have a point there. You know what they say. The book is always better than the movie."
"The lyrics of this song are rather syrupy."
"That's another good example. Now before we go any further, let's ... ."
"Wait, wait. There's one thing that I've been meaning to ask you. What's the difference between
`farther' and `further'?"
"In some cases there is no difference."
"Are you sure?"
"Well, if you are thinking about distance, the two words can be used synonymously."
"So, in a sentence like, `We need to drive ten miles further to reach our destination', we can use
`farther' as well?"
"Yes, that's right. Here's another example. The injured man walked a little further/farther along the
path before he found someone who could help him."

"They tell me that Vijayawada is further/farther away than Hyderabad."

"What are you talking about? I just ... ."
"It was just an example. That's all. So are you saying there is no difference between farther and
further? None at all?"
"Of course, there is a difference. The word `further' can be used to mean ìn addition' or `more'.
`Farther' cannot be used in this way."
"If you wish to have further discussions, please meet me in my office."
"That's a good example. In such a context, you cannot use `farther'. The floods caused further damage
to the old bridge."
"I don't think we should discuss this matter any further."
"Hey, that's a nice shirt. Where did you get it?"
"Thanks. Cost me two hundred and fifty."
"Two hundred and fifty rupees! That's a rip-off!"
"Rip-off? You mean the shirt is torn somewhere?"
"No, no! I mean to say that you were cheated. Rip-off is a term used in informal contexts to mean
`deceive' or `cheat'.
"If you are not careful, you'll get ripped off."
"I once wanted to become an atheist, but I gave up — they have no holidays."
- Henry Youngman

February 27, 2006
What is the meaning of `step up to the plate'?
(G. Narasimhan, Chennai)

This is an expression that comes from the world of baseball. The `plate' refers to `home plate'; the
base a batter stands next to, as he gets ready to receive his first pitch. When a batter steps up to the
plate, he is ready to deal with whatever the pitcher may decide to throw at him. In other words, he is
ready for the challenges in store.
*I don't think there is anyone among you who would willingly step up to the plate.
*When it came to crunch time, Sujatha really stepped up to the plate.
What is the difference between `sparse' and `scarce'?
(K. Mridulatha, Bangalore)

When you say that something is `sparse' what you mean is that there is very little of it and what little
there is, is unevenly distributed. For example, when you talk about sparse vegetation, you are saying
that the vegetation is thin, not thick, and this thin vegetation is distributed over a relatively large area.
There is vegetation in some places, but not in all.
*Thanks to the sparse traffic, we managed to cover the distance in two hours.
*Why he wastes so much time on his sparse hair is beyond me.
`Scarce', on the other hand, suggests that the shortage of the commodity is temporary. It is not
permanent. Scarcity can be man made as well. For example, usually in our country, the day before the
budget, petrol becomes scarce.
*I understand that during the Second World War, chocolates became scarce.
What is the meaning of `sting operation'?
(R. Amit Kumar, Kanpur)

Whenever we turn on the TV these days, we hear that some news channel has carried out a `sting
operation' on an unsuspecting politician. The word `sting' has many different meanings. A well
thought out scheme or plan used to trap criminals is called a sting. Using hidden cameras, news
channels have succeeded in getting some of our not-so-beloved politicians to talk about how they use
their official cars to carry drugs and how much they charge to raise question in Parliament.
*The CBI came up with a well-planned sting and managed to nab many of the drug peddlers.
The word `sting' also means to `cheat' or `swindle' — something that our politicians excel in doing.
Isn't it only fair that after having cheated us, they get stung in return? You know what they say, what
goes around, comes around!
How is the word `hoi polloi' pronounced?
(D. Chandran, Kozhikode)

The òi' in the two words is pronounced like the òi' in òil', `boil', and `toil'. The ò' in the first
syllable of `polloi' is like the à' in `china'. Both `hoi' and `loi' are stressed. In Greek `hoi' means `the'
and `polloi' means `many'. The term is normally used to refer to the common people — the working
class. We are not thinking of the rich, or the highly educated class when we talk about the hoi polloi.
Some people find this term offensive. Since the word `hoi' means `the', people who have studied

Greek argue that we shouldn't say `the hoi polloi'. But `the hoi polloi' has become firmly established
in English.
*The entry fee was kept very high to keep the hoi polloi out.
Is it okay to say, "Every day they have wada and dosa during the midday?"
(S. Shanthi, Trichy)

We know when we say `midday', we mean 12 o'clock in the afternoon. Since we are referring to a
specific time in the afternoon, we should use àt' and not `during'. We should say, "They have wada
and dosai" at midday. If you would like to use `during', then use `middle' rather than `midday'.
*The clerk told us that the forms would be distributed at midday.
*You'd better take a cap. It gets really hot during the middle of the day.
"Please excuse Ronald from P.T for a few days. Yesterday he fell out of a tree and misplaced his hip."
— Note from a mother

March 06, 2006
Know Your English
"You can't be serious. What does Rama plan to do?"

"If worse comes to the worse, she plans on quitting her job."
"That's sad. I didn't know things were that bad. By the way, it's not `worse comes to the worse'. The
standard expression is, ìf the worst comes to the worst'."
"I see. If the worst comes to the worst, you could always borrow money from me."
"From you? Fat chance of that happening! If the worst comes to the worst, the couple will have to
postpone their wedding."
"We could always sell our house and move to another city, if the worst comes to the worst."
"Americans tend to say, ìf worst comes to worst'. For example, if worst comes to worst, we'll have to
replace the captain."
"If worst comes to worst, we'll have to cancel our trip to Arunachal Pradesh."
"Good example. What's that colourful thing next to you?"
"It's my new cap. I bought it yesterday."
"Put it on for me, will you? Put on your thinking cap."
"Not very funny. You know there are days... ."
"Do you know what `put on your thinking cap' means?"
"Of course, I know what it means! When someone tells you to put on your thinking cap, what they
want you to do is to start thinking seriously about some problem."
"Exactly! They want you to come up with a solution. Sujatha put her thinking cap on and came up
with an answer."
"Tell me, where did the expression come from?"
"I understand that in the old days a judge used to put on a cap before he sentenced someone."
"And this cap was called a thinking cap?"
"That's right."
"Tell me, how do you pronounce a..l..b..e..i..t?"
"That's a word I haven't come across in a while. The first syllable is like the word àll', and the second
is pronounced like the word `bee'. As for the final syllable, it's... ."
"It's probably pronounced like the word ìt', right?"
"Exactly! The main stress is on the second syllable. Any idea what the word means?"
"The character in this book says, `The Government was making progress, albeit, slowly.' My guess is,
it means àlthough'."
"Very good! That's exactly what it means. It's mostly used in formal contexts."
"I guessed as much. How about this example? Renu tried, albeit unsuccessfully, to jog 20 miles."
"Sounds good. But if I were you, I would avoid the word. It's considered rather old fashioned. Your
teacher might frown on it."

"No way! Haven't you heard? Our teachers are on strike. Isn't that great?"
"For you, maybe. But why are they on strike?"
"I think they want more money. The good news is that all the faculties are on strike. And they will be
on strike for at least a week."
"You mean the faculty is on strike, don't you?"
"I am talking about all the teachers from our college. So shouldn't it be faculties?"
"No, the entire teaching staff is usually referred to as `faculty'. Not faculties."
"I see. The faculty agreed to work on a Sunday. How does that sound?"
"Sounds good. Here's another example. Our faculty will be on strike all of next week."
"Let's forget about `faculty' for the time being. Tell me, what does `faculties' mean? The word exists,
doesn't it?"
"Of course, it does. The word `faculties' is used to refer to the power of the mind or body."
"In other words, you are talking about an individual's physical and mental abilities."
"That's right. Here's an example. The man is nearly 95 years old. You can't possibly expect him to be
in possession of all of his faculties."
"The man was drunk. He definitely wasn't in control of his faculties."
"Are you in control of your faculties?"
"We're going to have the best educated American people in the world." — George W. Bush

March 13, 2006
Which is correct "My house is opposite to the railway station" or "My house is opposite the
railway station"?

You normally say that the house is opposite the railway station, and not òpposite to'. When you use
the word òpposite' in this manner, you are suggesting that there is something separating the two
objects. In this case, it could be that the railway station and your house are separated by a road or a
street. Opposite implies that the two buildings are on different sides of the road/street. Similarly, when
you say, "Divya's room is opposite Puja's", what you are suggesting is that the two rooms are facing
each other; there is a corridor between them.
*The nearest supermarket is opposite the hospital.
*The people who live opposite Anand's house are slightly crazy.
What is the meaning of `dies non'?
(S. Shama Bhat, Kasaragod)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The `di' is pronounced like the word `die' and the following ès'
is like the word èase'. The second word, which has the main stress, is pronounced like the word `non'.
`Dies non' is the shortened form of the Latin expression `dies non juridicus'. `Dies' means `day', `non'
means `not' and `juridicus' means `judicial'. As you have probably guessed by now, this expression is
mostly used in legal contexts to mean a day on which the court doesn't work; a non-judicial day.
Sundays, for example, are non-judicial days. Those who have filed a case in court know that it takes
years for it to appear. As far as these people are concerned, the judiciary seldom works! Most days are
`dies non juridicus'!
Cricket commentators talk about `the rub of the green... ' What does it mean?
(Rajesh, Delhi)
This is an expression that is mostly used in the context of sports. In the first test match, for example,
England had the rub of the green on the fourth day. The Indians fielded poorly and dropped a few
catches. Even some of the umpiring decisions went England's way. The visitor's seemed to have all
the luck. When you say that someone has the rub of the green, what you are implying is that
everything is going their way — they have dame luck on their side.
*Ananya hasn't had the rub of the green in the last few tournaments.
What is the difference between àmple' and ènough'?
(T. Manoharan, Chennai)

The word ènough' suggests sufficient or adequate. For example, when you say that you had enough
chairs for the guests, it means that you had sufficient number of chairs for people to sit on. The chairs
met your requirements; they were adequate. When you say that you had ample money to go on the
trip, it suggests you had more than enough money. Ample is larger in degree and quantity when
compared to ènough'. If you have ample evidence to put a guilty man away, you have more than
adequate or sufficient evidence to put him away for good. In other words, you have plenty of
evidence.
What is the meaning of `mouse journalism'?
(B. Jambulingam, Thanjavur)

The war in Iraq has given rise to a new sort of journalism — mouse journalism. This is a term coined
by Robert Fisk, a correspondent of the Independent. He said that the situation in Iraq is so dangerous
for journalists, that mouse journalism is the best way for correspondents to stay alive. In this sort of
journalism, the reporter goes to the scene of the event, gathers news as quickly as possible (usually
about ten minutes), and leaves before "men with guns arrive."
`Dear God, Thank you for the baby brother, but what I prayed for was a puppy.' — A child.

March 20, 2006
How is the word `dilettante' pronounced?
(Manmohan Rana, Delhi)

The ì' in the first syllable and the è' in the final syllable are like the ì' in `pit', `bit' and `sit'. The
vowel in the second syllable sounds like the à' in `china'. The following à' is like the à' in ànt',
àpple', and `sat', and the main stress is on `tant'. This is one way of pronouncing the word. `Dilettante'
is mostly used in formal contexts and it is used to refer to a person who shows interest in the arts; his
knowledge of the subject matter, however, is usually minimal. He is an amateur and very often shows
interest in a subject because he wishes to look fashionable. The word is usually used to show
disapproval.
*Dilip is a bit of a dilettante as far as Hindustani music is concerned.
What is the meaning of `wherewithal'?
(Jayaram, Kakinada)
If you say that you have the wherewithal to buy a house, what you are saying is that you have the
means to do it. In other words, you have the money to buy one. In most cases, the word is used to
refer to funds. The stress is on the first syllable.
*The wherewithal was sent to our factory in Hyderabad to produce spurious drugs.
Why is South America called `Latin America'?
(S. Bhakthavathsalan, Chennai)

The majority of people who live in this region speak either Spanish or Portuguese. Both these
languages, unlike English, have descended from Latin. Hence South America is called `Latin
America', and the people who live there are called `Latinos' or Latin Americans.
What is the meaning and origin of `rule of thumb'?
(C. Krishnaveni, Hyderabad)

The idiom has been around for over three centuries. When we wish to measure the length or width of
an object and we don't have a tape or ruler at hand, we sometimes make use of our thumb to do it.
This way of calculating the length/breadth of something, will not give us the exact measurement, only
an approximate one. So when you say that you are doing something by rule of thumb, you mean that
what you are doing is based on experience or instinct, and not on exact calculation.
*A good rule of thumb is to make three chapathis per guest.
What is the meaning of `nous'?
(Hemanth, Meerut)
`Nous' rhymes with `house', `mouse', and `louse'. The word is used in British English to mean
ìntelligence' or `common sense'. It is usually used to show approval.
*The children had the nous not to turn on the lights when they smelt gas.
What is the difference between àfflict' and ìnflict'?
(L. Divya, Pune)

Very often people deliberately go out of their way to cause pain or problems to others. When they do
this, they are inflicting pain on them; they are doing things that they hope will make others experience
something unpleasant.
*The General wanted his troops to inflict pain on the prisoners.
When you are afflicted with pain or illness, you suffer; the pain affects you badly, and it causes severe
problems. You may suffer either physically or mentally.
*Many countries in Africa are afflicted by civil war.
What is the difference between `dispatch' and `despatch'?
(R. Sunderajan, Chennai)

As far as the meaning is concerned, there is no difference. The preferred spelling nowadays seems to
be `dispatch'.
"Some kids want to know why the teachers get paid when it's the kids who do all the work."
— Milton Berle

March 27, 2006
What is the meaning of `cook the books'?
(Manoj Kumar Vohra, Faridabad)

This is an expression mainly used in informal contexts. When you say that an accountant has cooked
the company's books, what you mean is that he has changed the figures in the ledger in order to cheat
or deceive people. Companies, which are in the red, often resort to this, in order to show that they are
in good financial position. When you cook the books, you falsify the accounts. The Chairman said,
"Cook the books. I want it done before the annual shareholder's meeting."
*Vijay was asked to resign because he refused to cook the books.
Which is correct? `How are the team?' or `How is the team?'
(Jai, Coimbatore)
I understand that in British English both are acceptable. If you wish to think of the team as a single
unit, then you use the singular ìs'. On the other hand, if you think of the team as consisting of distinct
individuals, then you use the plural verb àre'. There are many nouns in English which can be
followed by either the singular verb or the plural verb: government, family, team, firm, and people.
These are just a few.
*The family is/are of the opinion that you should stop teaching.
text ignored
*The Government wants/want to sell off some of the public sector units.
What is the meaning of `demonology'?
(N. Dharmaeshwaran, Bangalore)

Demonology is an orthodox branch of theology and it started off as the study of the devil, witches,
and other spirits thought to be evil. Nowadays, the term is being used to refer to the people or groups
of people we hate. As human beings we like a certain group of people and hate others. For example,
as far as the communists are concerned, all capitalists are evil because they are only interested in
exploiting the working class. College students, on the other hand, view the administration with
suspicion. This list of enemies that each of us has can also be referred to as demonology. For example,
you can say, the journal's demonology expanded to include politicians, government officials, and
communists.
Which is correct? Ònce for all' or ònce and for all'?
(G. Sambasivam, Chennai)

The dictionaries list only ònce and for all'. The expression is used to mean `now and for the last time'.
When you do something once and for all, you finish doing it so that you don't have to worry about it
again.
*After she completes the project, Seetha plans to return to France once and for all.
What is the meaning of `join the majority'?

When you join the majority, you die. It is also possible to say, `join the great majority', `go over to the
great majority' and `death joins us to the great majority'. Other idioms which have more or less the
same meaning are, `give up the ghost', `go the way of all flesh', and `kick the bucket'.

What is the difference between a `medical shop' and a `chemist'?
(D. Panduranga Rao, Chennai)

In both shops, you can buy medicine manufactured by well-known pharmaceutical companies. At the
chemist's however, it is possible for you to have your medicine prepared. The shop usually has
someone who is well trained or qualified to prepare whatever it is you need.
"Advertising is legalized lying." — H. G. Wells

April 03, 2006
What is the difference between `slap on the back' and `slap on the wrist'?
(P. Yadav, Patna)

As a child, whenever you did something wrong, you invariably got punished for it. Sometimes the
punishment wasn't as severe as you had expected it to be; in fact, it turned out to be pretty mild. When
you get slapped on the wrist for doing something wrong, you receive punishment which is not as
severe as it might have been.
People who drive without a license shouldn't get off with a slap on the wrist. They should be put in
jail.
*The children got a slap on the wrist for not doing their homework.
The expression `get your wrist slapped' has the same meaning as `slap on the wrist'.
*We got our wrists slapped for not drinking the milk.
You normally hit someone on the back when you are proud of what he/she has done. The idiom `slap
on the back' is used to show approval. It has the same meaning as `pat on the back'.
*We should give Rahul a slap on the back for helping us organise the cultural programme.
What is the meaning of `to make waves'?
(Indira, Bangalore)
When you make waves, you are bringing about changes in a situation; changes that not all people are
happy with. The changes usually cause problems, and leave many people rather unhappy.
*Anand is a good choice. He is diffident and is unlikely to make waves.
Why do we say, `the U.N', but not `the UNESCO'?
(J. Ganesh, Madurai)

When you use the abbreviated form of a well-known organisation and you pronounce each letter
separately, then you use `the'. In the case of Ù.N', for example, you pronounce the ù' as well as the
`n' separately. Other famous organisations which have to be preceded by `the' are `BBC', `CBI', `FBI'
and ÈC". In the case of UNESCO, the letters are not pronounced individually. You put them together
and say it as a word. When the abbreviated form of an organisation is pronounced as a word, then you
need not put `the' before it. In the case of ÒPEC', ÙNICEF', and `NATO', there is no need for the
definite article `the'.
How is the word `demise' pronounced?
(A. J. V. Subramanyam, Chennai)

The first syllable is like the word `dim' and the second is pronounced like the word èyes'. The stress
is on the second syllable. The death of someone or something is referred to as the demise of the
person or thing. The word is normally used in formal contexts.
*If we don't get enough support, it'll result in the demise of the bill.
Which of the following sentences is correct? `The majority of the applicants is not qualified' or
`The majority of the applicants are not qualified'?
(M. Ratnasabapathi, Neyveli)

The second sentence is grammatically correct. `Majority of' is invariably followed by a plural noun.
For example, we say, `majority of students', `majority of young mothers' and `majority of cases'. Since
the noun in all the examples is plural, the verb that follows must also be plural.
*The majority of students are unwilling to take part in the strike.
When `the majority' is not followed by òf', then the verb that follows can be either singular or plural.
For example,
*The majority is of the opinion that we must go on strike.
*The majority feel threatened by the possible changes.
"The phrase `working mother' is redundant." — Jane Sellman

April 10, 2006
What is the meaning of `what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander'?

Some parents treat their sons and daughters differently; they do not have the same set of rules for the
two. For example, they may allow their sons to go out with their friends on Friday evenings, but may
not allow their daughters to do so. As far as they are concerned, it is not okay for girls to go out. Such
parents do not believe that what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. In other words, they
don't think that what is appropriate for one person, is appropriate for another. It's also possible to say,
`what's good for the goose is good for the gander'. The expression has been around for several
centuries, and is considered rather old fashioned.
*If you're going to punish me for watching too much television, then you should punish Geetha, too.
What's sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.
Is it okay to refer to a girl as being `homely'?

If she is not much to look at, then you can call her `homely'. When you refer to a girl as being homely,
what you are suggesting is that she is rather plain or ugly. The word can be used with animals as well.
*Her daughters are very intelligent, but rather homely.
When you refer to a chair as being `homely', what you mean is that it is not elegant to look at, but
comfortable to sit on.
What is the difference between `semblance' and `resemblance'?
(Abu Saleh, Kadayanallur)

When you say that two objects or people `resemble' each other, you are saying that they look a lot like
each other. Resemblance between two objects suggests that there is a likeness between them. In this
case, the similarity is there to be seen.
*There is a marked resemblance between you and your cousin, Sridhar.
`Semblance' is a word that is normally used in formal contexts. If you say that there was a semblance
of order at the meeting, what you are suggesting is that outwardly, things appeared to be in order. This
appearance of everything being under control, however, is false. `Semblance' is generally used to
suggest a contrast between outward appearance and inner reality. When someone puts on a semblance
of cheerfulness at a party, he is only pretending to be cheerful. It is only a show; he is faking it.
*After the riots, it took a week for some semblance of order to return.
`Semblance' can also be used to suggest a likeness between two objects.
*The clouds took on the semblance of a small elephant.
What is the meaning of `nuts and bolts'?
(Qazi Md. Zaidi, Begusarai)

When someone talks about the nuts and bolts of a job, he gives a brief summary of what the job
entails. In other words, he gives you the basic information about the job. When you say that someone
knows the nuts and bolts of a subject, he knows the basic things about the subject.
*They tell me that Mohan is familiar with the nuts and bolts of television scripting.

What's the difference between Ì am giving an exam' and Ì'm taking an exam'?
(U. N. Limaye, Pune)

When you say that you are `taking' an exam, it means that you are going to be writing one. In other
words, you are going to be a candidate, an examinee. When you say that you are going to be `giving'
an exam, it means that you are going to give someone else an exam; you are the examiner. You are
probably a teacher and you are going to give your students an exam. In India, this distinction is not
always maintained.
"The best way to keep children at home is to make the home atmosphere pleasant - and let the air out
of their tires." — Dorothy Parker

April 17, 2006
What is the meaning of `metrosexual'?
(Saumya Pratik, Ranchi)

The term is used to refer to men living in cities ("metros") who consider themselves to be `sensitive'
and `romantic'. These people are always immaculately dressed and spend a lot of time in front of the
mirror to make sure that they are looking their best. Unlike the ordinary `guy', a metrosexual is not
afraid of showing his feminine side; he may come to office with his fingernails painted. He is usually
fairly well to do, loves to shop and spends a lot of time and money on clothes. A metrosexual may or
may not be gay. Mark Simpson coined the word in 1994.
What is the meaning of `gun-shy'?
(Neha Singh, Pune)

The word `shy' is often added to nouns like `camera', `gun' and `publicity' to mean that that an
individual is not particularly fond of that thing. For example, a person who is `camera-shy' does not
like standing before cameras; he/she doesn't like getting his/her picture taken. Similarly, a person who
is `publicity-shy' will do anything to avoid publicity. He doesn't want his name mentioned in the
media. A person who is `gun-shy' is afraid of guns and tries to keep away from them. Guns and the
noise they make, make him nervous. Nowadays, the expression `gun-shy' has taken on a wider
meaning. When you say that someone is `gun-shy', what you mean is that the individual is very timid
and afraid to take risks.
*After their last bridge collapsed, the company is gun-shy to build any new ones.
How is the word `bourgeois' pronounced?
(L. Jayaraman, Bangalore)

The òur' is like the ùre' in `pure', `sure' and `cure'; the `g' sounds like the `s' in `pleasure', `measure'
and `leisure'. The sound that follows is like the `w' in `what', `why' and `wait'. The final vowels sound
like the àr' in `bar', `par' and `car'. The `s' is silent and the stress is on the first syllable. This is just
one of the ways of pronouncing the word. The French pronounce the word rather differently.
`Bourgeois' is often used disapprovingly to refer to the middle class people who are only interested in
material possessions.
*Karthick has become rather bourgeois since he returned from the States.
What is the meaning of `the boot is on the other foot'?
(Kundan Jha, Vadodara)

In many of our movies, in the beginning, the hero is shown as a very weak individual. The villain
constantly beats him up. But in the course of the movie, the situation slowly begins to change; and by
the end, the roles are reversed. It's the hero who is in a dominant position, and the villain in a weak
one. When you say that the boot is on the other foot, you mean that the situation is the opposite of
what it was earlier. In other words, the tables have turned. Americans tend to say, `the shoe is on the
other foot'.
*The Americans are realising that they can't get other countries to do what they want them to. The
boot is on the other foot now.
What is the difference between `shout at' and `shout to'?
(K. Latha, Chennai)

When you become angry with someone, you sometimes end up `shouting at' them. You say whatever
it is you want to say in a loud and angry voice. In this case, you are being aggressive.
*The coach shouted at the players when they turned up late for practice.
When you `shout to' someone, you are calling out to the person. The person is probably far away and
therefore you use a loud voice to get his attention.
*Jai shouted to us to come and join him on the boat.
"You know your children are growing up when they stop asking you where they came from and refuse
to tell you where they're going." —
P.J. O'Rourke

April 24, 2006
"How do you pronounce s..p..i..e..l?"
"The `s' sounds like the `sh' in `shoot', `should', and `ship', and the following `piel' is pronounced like
the word `peel'."
"I see. Is it OK to pronounce the `sp' like the `sp' in `spool', `spill', and `sport'?"
"Yes, that's another way of pronouncing the word."
"Tell me, what does `spiel' mean?"
"A spiel is a well rehearsed speech that a person gives very often... ."
"You mean it's something like what salespersons do? They have a well prepared speech, and they give
it whenever a customer asks them a question or... ."
"It's not just salesmen who give spiels. Lots of other people do too."
"Politicians do it all the time!"'
"Exactly! Spiels are usually given in order to persuade people. Prabhakar gave us a spiel on why we
should invest in his company."
"When my boss started his spiel on how difficult things were when he started the company, most of us
groaned."
"He gives that spiel whenever someone asks for a raise, doesn't he?"
"You're bang on! You see... ."
"Bang on? Does it mean èxactly right' or something like that?"
"Very good. That's exactly what it means. Achala's criticism of her friend's essay was bang on."
"For a change, many of your boss' predictions about the stock market were bang on. Did your
company make a lot of money?"
"Financially, our company is in fantabulous shape. Yet,... "
"Fantabulous! Never heard that word before."
"It's a combination of `fantastic' and `fabulous'. The word means `great' or èxcellent'. For example,
our captain scored a fantabulous century in the last match."
"How about this example? The movie was fantabulous."
"Sounds good. The word is normally used in informal contexts."
"If the company is doing really well, why is your boss unwilling to give you a raise?"
"Why don't you go ask the worrywart?"
"The who?"
"The worrywart. A worrywart is someone who worries excessively. He worries even when there is no
reason to. When I went to the library, I ran into that worrywart, Harish."
"I hate meeting worrywarts. Ten minutes after being with one, you end up feeling depressed."
"That's true. Just imagine how I feel after spending half an hour with you."
"I may make you feel depressed every now and then, but I am certainly not a worrywart."

"You have a point there. I was just trying to needle you."

"Needle me? Does it mean that you were trying to irritate me?"
"Yes, that's right. When you needle someone, you are trying to annoy or irritate him/her by making
unkind remarks. Raju enjoys needling his neighbour about her accent."
"How about this example? The students succeeded in needling the new teacher."
"Sounds good. Maybe I should keep needling my boss till he gives me a raise."
"I seriously doubt if you will get one by needling him. Anyway, how is work? Enjoying it?"
"Spinning my wheels. That's all."
"Spinning your wheels? What are you talking about?"
"When you say that all you're doing is spinning your wheels, what you mean is that you are wasting
your time. I think I need to find another job. Something more challenging. I feel that I am just
spinning my wheels here."
"Lots of students spend their three years in college spinning their wheels."
"Everyone has a purpose in life. Perhaps yours is watching television."— David Letterman

May 01, 2006
Know your English
"When you meet someone at eleven o'clock in the night, how do you greet him? Do you say, `Good
evening' or `Good night'?"
"You normally say...."
"Sujatha says it's `Good evening' and I say ...."
"She is right. You say, `Good evening'. You see...."
"But I'm seeing this person late in the night."
"That's true. But what you should remember is that `Good evening' is another way of saying, `hello'.
Good night is not used to greet people. When you say `Good night' to someone..."
"You are saying `Good bye'. Is that the point you're making?"
"Exactly! Which is why when you walk into a restaurant late in the evening, the waiter wishes you
`Good evening', and when you leave, he says, `Good night'."
"I lose to Sujatha again! Hey, did you ask your boss for a raise?"
"Yes, I did. The Scrooge said, `No way'."
"What did you call him?"
"S..c..r..o..o..g..e. The `scroo' is pronounced like the word `screw', and the final `ge' sounds like the `j'
in `jam', `jump', and ...."
"Job!"
"You're bang on! Do you know what the word means?"
"Well, whenever we talk about your boss, you usually say how tight fisted he is. So a Scrooge must be
someone who hates spending money. He must be a miser. Just like Uncle Scrooge in the Donald Duck
comics!"
"Excellent. Scrooge is actually a character in Charles Dickens's À Christmas Carol'. When I was
growing up, I thought my uncle was a bit of a Scrooge. But he was very generous compared to my
boss."
"If you ask me, Sujatha is a real Scrooge. But tell me, why is your boss refusing to give you a raise?
It's long overdue, isn't it?"
"I don't know. Maybe he just wants me to jump through hoops for him."
"Jump through what?"
"Hoops. When you jump through hoops, you do everything that the other person wants you to."
"In other words, you bend over backwards to please the individual."
"Exactly! Here's an example. I don't get along with Radha. She wants all her friends to jump through
hoops for her. Something that I am not willing to do."
" You can also say, `jump through a hoop'. For example, I am not willing to jump through a hoop for
you."
"I don't expect a Scrooge like you to...."
"Me? A Scrooge! I've lent you more than 500 rupees. Fork it over."

"Fork it over! What are you talking about?"

"When you ask someone to fork something over, you want him to hand it over to you. The expression
is used in informal contexts and is usually used with money."
"You borrowed money from me last week. Fork it over. How does it sound?"
"Good. Now about that money you borrowed...."
"Do you think the bank will fork over more money to help us...."
"I don't think so. Tell me, how was the movie that you were planning to see yesterday?"
"I didn't go. You see, it was so hot yesterday that I decided to stay indoor and watch TV instead."
"You decided to stay indoors not indoor."
"How do you use ìndoor' then?"
"Table tennis is an indoor game."
"There are many hotels which have an indoor swimming pool."
"Good example. Most gyms are indoors. Now coming back to the five hundred rupees! When are you
going to fork it over?"
"My! My! Just look at the time. It's getting late! Good night Scrooge!"
"Children really brighten up a household. They never turn the lights off." — Ralph Bus

May 08, 2006
Is it `confidant' or `confidante'? Which is the correct spelling?
(V. Shwetha, Bangalore)

Both are correct. A `confidant' is someone you confide in. You trust this person implicitly and you tell
him everything that is going on in your life. In other words, you pour your heart out to him. A
`confidante', on the other hand, is a woman whom you tell your problems to. There are a few words in
English where the addition of the letter è' changes the gender: blond (man) and blonde (woman) is
one such example.
*Shruthi was her uncle's only confidante.
Both words are pronounced the same way. The first two syllables are pronounced like the first two
syllables of `confidence'. The à' in `dant' is like the à' in `pants', ànts', and àpple'. While some
people put the stress on the first syllable, others put it on the final syllable.
How is the word `content' pronounced?
(M. Balakrishnan, Cochin)

It can be pronounced in two different ways, and the pronunciation depends on how the word is used.
If you use the word as a noun, then the stress is on the first syllable. For example, if you are talking
about the `contents' of a suitcase or a book, then the ò' is pronounced like the ò' in `con', `continent'
and `confidence'. The second syllable is pronounced like the word `tent'; the stress is on the first
syllable. If, on the other hand, you use the word either as an adjective or a verb, then the stress is on
the second syllable. For example, if you are talking about how happy or content you are with life, then
the ò' in the first syllable is like the à' in `china'. The following syllable is pronounced like the word
`tent'.
*There was no content (CONtent) in any of the presentations the students made.
*The students were content (conTENT) to sleep in the veranda.
*Mariam contented (conTENTed) herself eating peanuts and drinking milk.
Which is correct? `Waiting in the wings' or `waiting on the wings'?
(Sana John, Hyderabad)

The correct expression is `waiting in the wings'. The `wings' in this idiom has nothing to do with the
wings of a bird. The idiom comes from the world of theatre. The word `wings' refers to the sides of
the stage, which are usually hidden from the audience by the curtain. Actors normally wait here before
they walk onto the stage. When you say that someone is waiting in the wings, what you mean is that
the person is ready to perform; all he needs is an opportunity.
*We must give him an opportunity. He's been waiting in the wings for too long.
What is the difference between `lonely' and àlone'?
(C. Purushothaman, Chennai)

If you are sitting all alone in the dining hall, there is no else with you in the room. You are the only
person present, the sole occupant. Loneliness, on the other hand, is a state of mind. When you say that
you feel lonely, what it implies is that you feel unhappy because you don't have any friends or anyone
to talk to; you feel isolated. When you are in the company of people you are not alone, but you can be
lonely. You might feel that you don't really belong with the group of people. Since you have nothing
in common with them, you cannot relate to them. When people go abroad, they might be in the midst

of a lot of people, but they still feel very lonely. On the other hand, people may be all alone, but they
may not feel lonely.
*Thinking of his life back home made him feel extremely lonely.
"There are a few things more satisfying than seeing your children have teenagers of their own." —
Doug Larson

May 15, 2006
What is the meaning and origin of `Monday morning blues'?
(Santosh Gupta, Mensa)

Monday is not a day that many people look forward to. In fact, most people get up feeling rather
depressed on this day. Reason? They know they have to work for another five or six days before they
get some time off. The `blues' referred to in the idiom has nothing to do with the colour. According to
some scholars, it refers to the type of music made popular by African Americans. The `blues music'
deals with rather sad themes, and as a result leaves the listener feeling sad. This is the reason why the
expressions `to have the blues' and `feeling blue' mean feeling sad or depressed.
How is the word èsoteric' pronounced?
(Samuel Pradeep, Coimbatore)

The first syllable is pronounced like the letter `s' and the following ò' is like the à' in `china'. The è'
is like the è' in `set', `pet', and `bet', and the final `ric' is like the `ric' in èlectric', èccentric', and
`metric'. The main stress is on the third syllable `ter'. This is how the Americans pronounce the word.
The British, on the other hand, pronounce the è' in the first syllable like the èe' in `bee', `fees', and
`geese', and the following ò' like the ò' in `so', `go' and `no'.. Any idea what the word means? When
you say that something is èsoteric', what you are implying is that it can be understood and
appreciated by only a few people. The word is usually used in formal contexts.
Venkat takes interest in esoteric subjects.
What is the meaning of `cul de sac'?
(Br. Pinto, Nagapattinam)

First, let's deal with the pronunciation. The ù' in `cul' is like the ù' in `cut', `but', and `hut'; the è' in
`de' is like the ì' in ìt', `bit', and `hit'. The final word is pronounced like the word `sack'. The main
stress is on the first syllable. A cul de sac is a short road which is blocked off at one end. In other
words, it's a dead end.
*Rahul lives in a beautiful house in a quiet cul de sac.
What is the difference between Ònly Ram can play tennis' and `Ram can only play tennis'?
(Pradeep, Shimoga)
The first sentence means that no person other than Ram can play tennis. You may have many friends
who play games, but none of them, except Ram, can play tennis. They may play other games, but not
tennis. The second sentence, on the other hand, means that tennis is the only game that Ram can play.
He cannot play any other game. Your other friends may play cricket, table tennis, badminton, etc, but
Ram cannot play any of these. Here are a few more examples.
*Only Geetha likes the Physics teacher. (No other student likes the teacher.)
*Geetha likes only the Physics teacher. (She doesn't like any other teacher.)
What is the difference between `psych out' and `psych someone out'?
(C. Ganpat, Hyderabad)

Both are expressions used in informal contexts. When you `psych out' you become terribly excited
about something. You get so excited that in the process you sometimes lose your ability to think
clearly.

*When my brother saw the new car I had bought, he psyched out.
When you `psyche someone out' you get them very excited and make them lose control of their
mental ability.
*Watching their children spending money recklessly psyched out the parents.
The expression can also be used to mean `to figure someone out'. When you `psyche someone out'
you begin to understand how his mind works.
*After having been married for twenty years, I still haven't psyched out my wife.
"The trouble with children is that they are not returnable." — Quentin Crisp

May 22, 2006
`Down to the wire'
"Did you watch the exciting game last night?"

"It went down to the wire, didn't it?"
"Wire? I am talking about the first ODI between India and... ."
"I am talking about the cricket match as well. When you say that the game went down to the wire,
what you mean is, it was not possible to predict the outcome till the very end."
"When something goes down to the wire, it is full of suspense. Is that what you're saying?"
"That's right! The expression is usually used to mean àt the very last minute' or àt the very end'. For
example, the two teams are good. I have a feeling that the game will go down to the wire."
"How about this example? Remember the assignment that I had to submit last week? I really went
down to the wire on that one."
"Meaning that you submitted it at the very last minute. Sounds good."
"Tell me, where does the expression come from?"
"It comes from the world of horse racing. You see in the old days, it was common practice to stretch a
metal wire across the finishing line. And... ."
"The first horse that crossed the wire was declared the winner!"
"Exactly! So when you say `down to the wire', what you actually mean is ùp to the finishing line'.
The race was exciting right up to the finishing line."
"That makes sense. Tell me, have you decided whether you are going to buy that beautiful flat you
saw last week?"
"I have decided not to."
"But why? You liked the flat so much. Why have... ."
"The builder wants me to pay 60 per cent of the amount immediately. I don't have that kind of money
right now. I told him that I would be able to pay the advance in dribs and drabs, but he... ."
"Dribs and drabs? What does that mean?"
"What do you think it means?"
"It probably means in small amounts. You told the builder that you couldn't pay 60 per cent of the
money at one go. But you would be willing to pay him in small amounts over a period of time."
"Exactly! For example. Not all the students were allowed to enter the museum at the same time. The
children were let into the main hall in dribs and drabs."
"How about this example? The striking miners returned to work in dribs and drabs."
"Sounds good. "
"But tell me, where does the word `dribs' come from?"
"It's the short form of `driblet', which in the 17th Century meant à drop' or `tiny quantity'. Some
believe it comes from `dribble' meaning `trickle'. Do you know what trickle means?"
"Of course, I do! It means to flow out very slowly and in small quantity."

"Well done! The word `drab' was used in the early 1800s to refer to a small sum of money."
"A small amount of money trickling down at irregular intervals. Hence, dribs and drabs."
"It can be a small amount of something or a small number of something."
"Tell me, how do you pronounce l..a..t..i..n..o?"
"Well, the à' in the first syllable is like the à' in `cat', `bat' and `hat', and the following ì' is like the
èe' in `fees', `bees', and `knees'."
"And I guess the final `no' is pronounced like the word `no'."
"Exactly! The main stress is on the ... ."
"It must be on the first syllable."
"Sorry, no. It's on the second syllable `ti'. Do you know what `Latino' means?"
"I have no idea."
"A `Latino' is someone from Latin America who has settled down in the U.S. It's a term mostly used
in American English."
"My wife is suffering from sickness and as I am her only husband at home, I may be granted leave."
— Unknown

May 29, 2006
What is the meaning and origin of `busman's holiday'?
(Sooriamoorthy, Chennai)
If you get a day off and you end up spending it doing what you normally do on any working day, then
you call it a `busman's holiday'. Instead of going out and enjoying yourself, you spend the day as if it
were any other working day — doing office work. By the way, the à' in `man' is pronounced like the
à' in `china'.
The expression comes from the time when buses in London were pulled by horses. Every driver was
given his own team of horses, and man and animal worked together every day. As it usually happens
in such circumstances, a close relationship developed between the driver and his team. Whenever the
driver went on leave, a substitute was hired to `drive' the bus. Very often the regular driver would sit
in his bus all day as a passenger just to make sure that his horses were being properly treated by the
substitute. Since the driver ended up doing what he normally did on any working day, these rides
began to be called `busman's holiday'.
*I thought I would make it a busman's holiday and finish writing the report.
How is the word `leitmotiv' pronounced?
(Anand Rao, Vizag)

The first syllable is pronounced like the word `light'; the following ò' is like the ò' in `so', `no', and
`go'. The ì' sounds like the èe' in `breeze', `freeze', and `sneeze'. The final `v' is like the `f' in `fish',
`feel', and `full', and the stress is on the first syllable. `Leitmotiv' is a German word meaning `leading
motive' or `leading theme'. The word, which comes from the world of music, can also be spelt
`leitmotif'. In some movies, for example, whenever a particular character appears on the screen, he is
always accompanied by the same piece of music. In the old days, whenever a wicked person made his
or her appearance, you always had the snake charmer's music playing in the background; it was the
director's way of telling the audience that the character was evil. This is an example of leitmotif.
Nowadays the term is used to refer to any dominant theme that appears repeatedly in something —
book, movie and talk.
*The title of his latest movie could serve as the leitmotif for the actor's life.
What is the meaning of `to stonewall'?
(G. Uday Kumar, Cochin)

The word is normally used to show disapproval. When you accuse someone of `stonewalling' what
you mean is that the individual is being obstructive, uncooperative or evasive. The person is delaying
taking a decision about something or refusing to answer your questions because there is something he
wishes to hide.
*The principal stonewalled when the reporter asked him about the scandal on campus.
Since walls made of stones were difficult to break through, the word `stonewall' began to be used to
refer to anything that presented a formidable obstacle.
The term is also used in cricket. When a batsman `stonewalls', he spends a lot of time at the crease
without really attempting to score runs.
Is there a difference between `re-count' and `recount'?
(B. Jayanth, Pune)

Yes, there is. The inclusion of the hyphen brings about a change in the meaning of the word. The
word `re-count' means `to count again' or à further count'. Here are a few examples.
*Both candidates demanded a re-count.
It must be mentioned here that not everyone uses the hyphen nowadays. The è' in the first syllable is
pronounced like the èe' in `seed', `feed', and `need'.
The word `recount', on the other hand, means to narrate. In this case, the è' is like the ì' in `sit', `bit',
and `hit', and the stress is on `count'.
*The students recounted their adventures in the Himalayas.
"Childhood is that wonderful time of life when all you need to do to lose weight is take a bath." —
Richard Zena

June 05, 2006
Know Your English
"What's wrong? You look really depressed."

"With the stock market going south, I have every right to be."
"What are you talking about? How can a market go south?"
"When you say that something has `gone south', what you mean is that it has gone down in value or
quality. For example, when share prices went south, investors panicked."
"How about this example? Sania lost in the first round of the French Open. Her famous forehand
seems to have gone south."
"That's a good one. Tell me, did your friends lose a lot of money because of the crash?"
"No, they sold off many of their stocks a week before the market went south. They must have got
wind of the crash. That's probably why they sold off their shares."
"Got wind of? What does it mean?"
"You come to know about something which others are trying to keep a secret. For example, Jai got
wind of the fact that I was taking Sarita to a movie."
"I am sure he didn't like it one bit. How about this one? My father wanted to throw a surprise party for
my sister. He made sure no one got wind of it."
"Good. Tell me, how did your friends get wind of the fact that the market was going to crash?"
"No clue. Wish they had told me though. I would have sold off some of the shares at least."
"Where does the idiom `get wind of' come from? Any idea?"
"Animals smell the wind to figure out which other animals are nearby."
"The wind carries the scent of the other animals. Is that what you're saying?"
"That's right! How is the bike that your uncle gave you on your birthday?"
"It's okay. But I sure wish that he had got another colour. This one is ... ."
"You know what they say. Don't look a gift horse in the mouth."
"Don't look a gift horse in the mouth? What does that mean?"
"It means that when someone gives you a gift, don't go about finding fault with it. Accept it for what
it's worth."
"I see. My friend is leaving for the U.S for six months. She said that I could stay in her flat for free.
Though there are several things wrong with the flat, I've decided not to look a gift horse in the
mouth."
"Excellent example. Tell me, what is the connection between a gift horse and its mouth? I mean... ."
"People can tell how old a horse is by looking at its teeth. The longer the teeth, the older the horse is.
So,... ."
"When someone gifts you a horse, don't open its mouth to find out how young or old it is. If it is old,
don't complain about it. After all, the horse is a gift."
"Exactly! Accept the gift for what it's worth."

"According to me, people should never complain about... ."

"How many times have I told you about according to... ."
"I don't know why, but I always keep forgetting. You cannot say, àccording to me'. It's always
according to someone else. According to my uncle I am brilliant."
"Has your uncle actually said that to you?"
"No, but I understand that he told my cousin... ."
"Then it's just hearsay."
"Hearsay? What does it mean?"
"Things that one has heard from other people. They may or may not be true."
"It's like a rumour, then?"
"Kind of! A lot of things reported in this article are based on hearsay."
"In our factory, we make lipstick. In our advertising, we sell hope." — Charles Revson

June 12, 2006
How is the word `loquacious' pronounced?
(K. C. Vasudevan, New Delhi)

The ò' in the first syllable and the ìou' in the final syllable are pronounced like the à' in `china'. The
`qu' sounds like the `qu' in `quit', `quiz' and `queen'. The à' that follows is like the à' in `way', `say',
and `bay', and the `c' is like the `sh' in `sheep', `ship', and `sheet'. The stress is on the second syllable.
When you say that someone is `loquacious', what you mean is that the individual talks a lot. The word
is mostly used in formal contexts.
*The normally loquacious Malar chose to remain silent at the meeting.
Is it OK to use `ranker' to mean `top rank in an examination'?
(B. Shalini, Hyderabad)

This is a word one frequently encounters in the months of May and June in India. A student who does
well in an entrance exam and gets a decent rank is immediately labelled a `ranker'. Proud parents
distribute sweets claiming that their child is a `ranker', and tutorial institutions take out ads claiming
that they had X number of `rankers' in this year's exam. This use of the word `ranker' to mean `top in
the examination' is Indian. Native speakers of English do not use the word in this manner.
Dictionaries define the word "ranker" as a commissioned officer who has been promoted from the
enlisted status. It has nothing to do with performing well in an exam.
What is the meaning of òut of the box'?
(P. B. Lakshmi Narasimhan, Chennai)

When you think out of the box, you think creatively, you think in an unconventional manner. The
expression derives from the famous puzzle created by a British mathematician, Henry Ernest
Dudeney. In this puzzle there are nine dots arranged in three rows; each row containing three dots.
The challenge is to connect all nine dots making use of four straight lines, without taking the pencil
off paper.
*Sanjay has always been an out of the box sort of guy.
What is the meaning and origin of `hit the sack'?
(A. Nalini, Thiruvananthapuram)

When you say that you are going to `hit the sack', you are saying in a rather informal way that you are
going to bed. What does a sack have to do with a bed? During World War II, American soldiers
started referring to their sleeping bags as `sacks'. `Hit the sack' replaced the earlier expression `hit the
hay'. Why hay? In the old days, people who couldn't afford a bed used to sleep on a sack stuffed with
hay. Before they lay down to sleep, they used to keep hitting the sack till the straw/hay was evenly
spread. Hence the expression `hit the hay'.
*I've had a tiring day. I think I am going to hit the sack early today.
*You don't seriously expect me to hit the hay so early, do you?
What is the difference between `password' and `buzzword'?
(S. Harish, Coimbatore)

A `buzzword' can either be a word or a phrase that has suddenly become very popular in a particular
field. Reporters from the various news media pick up on it and constantly use it in their stories. As a

result, the ordinary public becomes familiar with it as well. In recent years, `biotechnology' has been
the buzzword in medicine. Èmpowerment', `paradigm shift' and `synergy' are the other examples of
buzzwords.
A `password', on the other hand, is usually a secret word or phrase that you are expected to know in
order to enter restricted places. It tells the other person who you are. For example, if you want to
check your email, you have to type in your user mail id and your password. If you forget the
password, you will be denied access. Unlike buzzwords, passwords are not usually new, and are not
used frequently by one and all. They are usually kept a secret.
"Originality is the art of concealing your source." — Franklin P. Jones

June 19, 2006
Know Your English
"Hi! Haven't seen you for ten days. Where have you been?"
"Like everybody else, I've been busy watching the World Cup matches. Since I stay up all night and
watch the games, I have a long nap after I return back from school."
"You don't have to say `return back'. Just `return' will do. For example, the Vice Chancellor will
return from Nagpur on Thursday."
"That's a good one. Tell me, how do you manage to stay awake in school? Don't you... ."
"I fall asleep every now and then. So do my classmates. And yesterday, one of my teachers fell asleep
too! That was pretty funny!"
"The same thing is happening in my office. You should just see the place. Things are in limbo."
"In limbo? What does it mean?"
"It means that things are in an uncertain state. It can also mean that things are in a state of neglect. For
example, unless the Supreme Court gives its verdict, the various projects will continue to be in
limbo."
" How about this example? The Manager kept Lavanya's promotion in limbo for months."
"Sounds good. Listen, have you bought the MP3 player that you were saving up for?"
"Not yet. Devi was saying that the price might go down even further next week."
"Don't wait too long. Bottom fishing may get you into trouble."
"Bottom fishing? Haven't heard that expression before."
"It's a term used in the stock market. When you go bottom fishing, you look for shares whose prices
have dropped very low because of a crash in the market."
" The term has acquired a broader meaning. When you go bottom fishing, you try to buy something at
the cheapest possible price. And in the process are willing to settle for products of poor quality."
"I have a cousin who thinks that bottom fishing will always get you something of value."
"Not always, I am afraid. Personally, I don't think bottom fishing is always wise. There is a reason
why the seller is willing to sell something at such a low price."
"Of course, I do! My cousin who plays the stock market does a lot of bottom fishing."
"Your cousin? Which one? The one who lost a lot of money recently?"
"Yes, that's right! It seems to make no difference to him. Whenever he loses money, he sponges from
his parents."
"Sponges from his parents? What does it mean?"
"When you sponge something from someone, you beg or borrow something from them. For example,
my cousin sponged a thousand rupees from my parents."
"My cousin has been sponging food from her relatives for a year now."

"Why don't you tell your cousin's parents not to let their son sponge off them?"
"Unfortunately, my uncle doesn't trust people. He feels that the person advising him is trying to lead
him down the garden path."
"Which garden are you talking about?"
"When you lead someone down the garden path, you are cheating or deceiving the individual. This is
an informal expression commonly used in American English."
"Latha told Pradeep that she loved him. What the fool didn't realise was that she was leading him
down the garden path. She needed help with her project. How does that sound?"
"Good. It is also possible to say, ùp the garden path'. The mechanic led us up the garden path about
the cost — the repairs turned out to be really expensive."
"This is either a forgery or a damn clever original!" — Frank Sullivan

June 26, 2006
How is the word `poignant' pronounced?
(Kripa Rajesh, Mangalore)

The òi' is like the òy' in `boy', `toy', and `joy'; the following `g' is silent. The first syllable `poign'
therefore rhymes with the word `coin'. The sound following the `n' is like the `y' in `yes', `yell', and
`yellow'. The à' that follows is like the à' in `china', and the main stress is on the first syllable. When
you say that something is `poignant', what you mean is that it affects you very deeply and makes you
feel rather sad.
Please change the channel. I am not in the mood to watch a poignant love story.
Why is television called the ìdiot box'?
(Medepalli Seshu, New Delhi)

It is not the box which is the idiot, but the people watching it. Have you ever observed people
watching their favourite programme? Their eyes remain glued to the television set, and on most
occasions they have no clue what is going on around them. When you ask them questions, they either
tell you to keep quiet, or don't take the trouble to answer you. The only time they come alive is during
the commercial break; otherwise, they remain passive. They keep staring at the `box' as if they were a
bunch of idiots; the TV turns them into one. By the way, did you know that the words ìdiot' and
ìdiom' are related? Both come from the Greek ìdios', meaning `peculiar'. Why is an idiom peculiar?
Because the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of the meaning of all the words of the idiom. For
example, whenever it rains heavily, we say, Ìt's raining cats and dogs'. It doesn't mean that cats and
dogs are actually falling from the sky.
What is the meaning of `buy someone off'?
(A. S. Beg, Aligarh)

When a policeman stops us for a traffic violation, what is it that we normally do? We try to talk our
way out of paying the fine. Sometimes we plead with the officer, at other times, we try to bribe him so
that we don't have to pay the full penalty. This act of bribing someone so that he turns a blind eye to
the wrong that we have done is referred to as `buying someone off'.
The businessman succeeded in buying off some of the income tax officials.
What's the difference between "How are you?" and "How do you do?"
(Rohan Tendulkar, Bidar)

In British English, `How do you do?' is normally used when you are introduced to someone for the
first time. It is a way of greeting someone, and the standard response to this expression is, `How do
you do?' You normally use this expression only once with a person. The next time you meet him, you
can say, `How are you?' This expression is used with people you already know. Unlike `How do you
do', `How are you' is intended to find out how the individual is doing — both emotionally and
physically. `How do you do?' does not carry this meaning. Did you know that the word `hi' is actually
from `how are you'? When `how are you' is said very fast, it sounds like `hiya'. So instead of saying,
`how are you', people started saying, `hiya'. Later on, `hiya' was reduced to `hi'. Therefore when you
meet someone and say, `Hi, how are you?', what you are actually saying is, `How are you? How are
you?'.
What is the difference between `shovel down' and `shovel into'?
(L. Jaya, Bangalore)

When you `shovel something down', you take a huge bite of something and gulp it down very quickly.
It is an expression that is mostly used in informal contexts.
Listen, you don't have to shovel your sandwich down. We have plenty of time.
When you `shovel something into something', you make use of a shovel to put something into
something else.
The old gardener spent a lot of time shovelling gravel into the wheelbarrow.
"When you steal from one author, it's plagiarism; when you steal from many, it's research." — Wilson
Mizner

http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/edu/2002/03/26/index.htm
http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/edu/2001/10/30/index.htm
Education
2006: May: 31 25 24 17 11 10 03
Oct: 03 02
Apr: 26 19 12 05
Sep: 26 25 19 18 12 11 05 04
Mar: 29 22 16 15 08 02 01
Aug: 04 29 22 21 15 14 08 07 01
Feb: 23 16 09 02
Jul: 31 25 24 18 17 11 10 04 03
Jan: 26 19 12 05
Jun: 27 26 20 19 13 12 06 05
2003:
May: 30 29 23 22 16 15 09 08 02 01 Dec: 29 22 15 08 02
Apr: 25 24 18 17 11 10 04 03 Nov: 25 18 11 04
Mar: 28 27 21 20 14 13 07 06 Oct: 28 21 14 07
Feb: 28 27 21 20 14 13 07 06 Sep: 30 23 16 09 02
Jan: 31 30 24 23 17 16 10 09 03 02 Aug: 26 19 12 05
2005: Jul: 29 22 15 08 01
Dec: 27 26 20 19 13 12 06 05
Jun: 24 17 10 03
Nov: 29 28 22 21 15 14 08 07 01
May: 27 20 13 06
Oct: 31 25 24 18 17 11 10 04 03
Apr: 29 22 15 08 01
Sep: 27 26 20 19 13 12 06 05
Mar: 25 18 11 04
Aug: 30 29 23 22 16 15 09 08 02 01
Feb: 25 18 11 04
Jul: 18 12 11 05 04
Jan: 28 21 14 07
Jun: 28 27 21 20 14 13 07 06 2002:
Dec: 31 24 17 10 03
May: 31 30 24 23 17 16 10 09 03 02
Nov: 26 19 12
Apr: 26 25 19 18 12 11 05 04
Oct: 29 22 08 01
Mar: 29 28 22 21 15 14 08 07 01
Sep: 24 17 10 03
Feb: 28 22 21 15 14 08 07 01
Aug: 27 20 13 06
Jan: 31 25 24 18 17 11 10 04 03
Jul: 30 23 16 09 02
2004:
Dec: 27 20 13 07 06 Jun: 25 18 11 04
Nov: 30 29 23 22 16 15 09 08 02 01 May: 28 21 14 07
Oct: 26 25 19 18 12 11 05 04 Apr: 30 23 16 09 02
Sep: 20 14 13 07 06
Mar: 26 19 12 05
Aug: 31 30 24 23 17 16 10 09 03 02 Feb: 26 19 12 05
Jul: 28 27 20 19 13 12 06 05 Jan: 29 22 08 01
Jun: 29 28 22 21 15 14 08 07 01 2001:
Dec: 25 18 11 04

Nov: 27 20 13 06 Aug: 28 21 14 07
Oct: 30 23 16 09 02 Jul: 31 24 17 10 03
Sep: 25 18 11 04

Know Your English

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The Hindu’s Know Your English

75 How is the word "eerie" pronounced?

have been living here for five years"?

150 Wicked, pounding the books, Grade grubber...

188 Is it OK to say, "I have forgotten my briefcase at home''?

225 What is the meaning of "fait accompli"?

262 WHAT IS the difference between a "lawyer" and an "attorney"?

300 How is the word "awry" pronounced?

338 What is the meaning of "quasi"?

375 Is it ok to say, "Tea isn't my cup of tea"?

413 Is "Isabel" actually a colour?

452 What is the difference "loath" and "loathe"?

566 How is the word "heir" pronounced?

604 Is it necessary to have two examples before using "etc"?

642 How is the word "suite" pronounced?

680 How is the word "minutiae" pronounced?

718 What is the difference between "sob" and "weep"?

756 What is the meaning of "fall on stony ground"?

795 What is the meaning of "tongue-in-cheek"?

832 What is the meaning of "Big Apple"?

946 What is the meaning of `mouse journalism'?

Volume – II continues from July 2006 onwards.

July 03, 2001

Know your English

``Exactly! Radhakrishnan was an academic before he became the President of India.''

July 10, 2001

WHAT IS the meaning of ``sting operation''?

(B. Premananda Bhat, Manipal)

(S. Anand, New Delhi)

(Murali Krishnan, Ernakulam)

(A. J. Venkatasubramayam, Bangalore)

(P. Venkat, Saligramam)

(N. Balasubramanian, Kaveripakkam)

July 17, 2001

WHAT IS the origin of the expression ``lion's share''?

(V. H. Ninoy, Cochin)

(D. Devayani, Hyderabad)

(Chhoto Gawai, Nagpur)

(Vinta Manohar, Adoor)

(P. Ramanujam, Hyderabad)

July 24, 2001

Know your English

"We'll be in tall cotton then."

July 31, 2001

WHAT IS the meaning and origin of the word ``laconic"?

(Y. N. Murthy, Hassan)

(V. Shyamala, Bangalore)

(N. Subramanian, Chennai)

(S. Gopalan, Coimbatore)

August 07, 2001

WHAT IS the meaning and origin of "red letter day"?

(J. Suresh, Chennai)

(Anto Maria Santosh, Chennai)

(K. Raghavan, Thiruvananthapuram)

What is the difference between "martyr" and "victim"?

(F.S. Riazuddin, Port Blair)

(C.R. Lokanath, Madanapalli)

August 14, 2001

(A. Ramaniah, Secunderabad)

(S. Mohan, Kovaipudur)

(T. Aparna Raman, Mysore)

(V. S. Rama Sarma, Cuddapah)

(N. Visvanathan, Chennai)

August 21, 2001