Lenses

All lens are imperfect

Quality of glass
Wide open introduces corner softness
Middle apertures are the sharpest
Smallest f stop may not be sharpest
Sharp and depth are separate
Chromatic aberrations.
3rd party lens value vs. quality.
Prime lens is sharpest due to structure of having less elements
Simpler optical design
Chromatic aberration
Color ghosting, stopped down too much can cause, color fringing
Distortion
Barrel Distortion
Wide angle
Pin Cushion Distortion
Tele
Vignetting
Darkening of corners, fast lenses circle of light
Tele , when lens is wide open. Stopping down usually corrects
Flare
More elements, zoom lenses have more flare problem, lens hoods

Bokeh
Quality of the out of focus area, consistency and smoothness of an out of
focus area
Sharpest point of lens is the middle of the f-stop range, usually 1 or 2 stops from
full open is good.

Optical heirarchy
Pro prime 200 f2
Prime lens 50 1.4
Pro zoom 24-70 2.8
Standard zoom 18-55 3.5-4.5
Super zoom 18-200

Teleconverters lowers quality and extends length do not use on zoom

Macro has close minimum focusing distance

Lens speed refers to the largest aperture of the lens. I,e f 1.8
Angle of view

Human eye has the approximate field of view of a 50 mm on a 35 mm camera

system.
On a1.6mm crop APS sensors a 30 mm shows the same field of view as the
human eye.

The angle of view of the lens has a direct correlation to movement during the
exposure. Tele photo lens have a narrow angle of view, so any camera
movement is amplified. Lensing, choosing the correct lens depends on the
subject matter and your shooting style. Does the subject need to include a wide
expanse?, how far away is the subject?, are there foreground elements and
background elements? Also consider your own personal shooting style. Do you
get up close and personal or do watch from afar?

Wide lenses have more angle of view and can fit more in the frame. Wide lenses
also tend to distort around the edges of the frame, exaggerating proportions,
nearer objects looking much larger than further objects. Tele photo lenses do not
distort the image, in fact the telephoto lens tends to flatten out an image and
flattening depth, subject distance relative to size relation is not as apparent. Tele
photo lenses tend to be more flattering as it does not distort shape.