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³A STUDY OF GEMS AND JEWELLERY

INDUSTRY´


Submitted to: Submitted By:

Prof. B Padmanarayan VINAY BHANDARI

Section A

Roll No. 157




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- Gems & Jewellery Sector
- álassification
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- Gems & Jewellery Sector in India
- Diamond processing
- High-end jewellery
- Gems and Jewellery/ Background
- Structural áharacteristics

- Market Players in Gems & Jewellery Industry

- Diamond
- Exports in Gems & Jewellery Industry
†  ! #

$
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- Nature of Data
- Data áollection
- Tools of Analysis
‰  &'
    
- Present state of the industry:
- Diamonds
- Future prospective:
- uestionnaire Analysis
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This project has been a great and unique experience of immense value for
me and I would like to thank
 


for their valuable
guidance, encouragement and motivation throughout the period of survey.
I extend my heartfelt thanks for all those who have provided me with
necessary information and rendering assistance for the completion of the
survey.

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Diamonds, gems and Jewellery have been a part of the Indian civilization since its
recorded history, the significance of the gems and Jewellery industry in the Indian
economic scenario is a development of the last three or four decades. In 1966-67, the
export turnover of the Gems & Jewellery industry was just Rs 220 m representing a 3
per cent of total merchandise exports. However, it has now grown to become one of
the leading export oriented industries in India recording an export turnover of around
Rs 91617.53 árore during 2008-09, making it a significant foreign exchange earner
for the country.

The gems and jewellery sector, which has seen a substantial fall in exports since 2007
due to the withdrawal of a 6 per cent duty concession under the Generalized System
of Preferences on jewellery exports to the US, has been severely affected by the
economic meltdown.

As a result, India¶s share of gems and jewellery exports to the US has come down
from 36 per cent in 2006 to 20 per cent in 2009.

The UAE was the largest importer of gems and jewellery from India in 2008-09, with
a share of 31 per cent. This was followed by Hong Kong with a 25 per cent and the
US with 20 per cent. The gems and jewellery sector accounted for 13 per cent of
India¶s total merchandise exports.

During April 2009, the total gems and jewellery exports of the country was $1,144
million, as against $1,740 million during the same period last fiscal, a fall of about 34
per cent.

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 „!&-„

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Diamonds, gems and Jewellery have been a part of the Indian civilization since its
recorded history, the significance of the gems and Jewellery industry in the Indian
economic scenario is a development of the last three or four decades. In 1966-67, the
export turnover of the Gems & Jewellery industry was just Rs 220 m representing a 3
per cent of total merchandise exports. However, it has now grown to become one of
the leading export oriented industries in India recording an export turnover of around
Rs 875 bn during 2006-07 and contributing 16 per cent of total exports, making it a
significant foreign exchange earner for the country.

$ 
3

Gems & Jewellery Sector

 '
$&
3 India is one of the best markets in the world in the polished
diamonds for its world-class quality of diamonds as well as exquisite cutting
skills. Over 83 per cent of India's Gems & Jewellery cut and polished diamonds
account for exports. Jaipur and Surat are famous as world class polishing and
designing centers.

= 0
3This category refers to the stones other than diamonds, these stones
comes under two basic categories that are precious stones and Semi precious
stones. There is a huge demand for these gemstones especially of Sapphire,
Emerald and Ruby. India's exports of gems have crossed 5000000 carats this year.

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 0
$  2"$$3 This category represents the gold and Jewellery, which is
used in the manufacturing of various ornaments. Indian is the country that is the
largest consumer of gold in the world, In the year 2007 gold consumption in India
was 850 tons 33% up from the last year.

†   
3 Synthetic diamond is diamond produced through chemical or
physical processes in a laboratory. Like naturally occurring diamond it is
composed of a three-dimensional carbon crystal. Synthetic diamonds are also
called cultured diamonds. Synthetic diamond is not the same as diamond
imitation, which can be made of other material. This is an upcoming market in
India.

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India has been one of the most important countries for the production of Gems and
Jewellery. One of the highlights is the production of Studded Jewllery. Studded
Jewellery trading in India is age old as it is established by the fact that in 1650 A.D.,
sources report the employment of more than 60,000 workers in the Eluru mines,
where they dug and washed the precious stones. Today though India has almost no
raw Studded Jewllery left within her own soil still we produce 70% of the World
gems in terms of quantity and 45% in terms of value. India is the country which
discovered gems and initiated gem craft. The gems produced here gave birth to a
fabulous industry and global trade.

Indian Gems and Jewellery Industry have achieved a premier position in the
International market. Today India has been recognized as a significant manufacturing
exporting center apart from its traditional strengths in handmade jewellery, the
country has niche for itself in machine made commercial jewellery arena. The export
industry has come of age and is now entering a new phase of development. Gearing
up to achieve further growth, the industry has already captured a 55% share of world
market by the turn of this century.

India is a primary source of imports for the developed countries, mainly because of
abundant availability of skilled and cheap labor, but now this no longer remains the
competitive edge for India as heavy competition is faced by various countries like
áhina, Thailand and Sri Lanka. But at the same time, India has managed to keep its
position healthy and have brighter prospects ahead.

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2„.„4„-&/

ù To review the present status of the Indian Gems and Jewellery Sector
& Analyze its contribution to the economy.

ù To critically evaluate the export performance of Indian Gems And

Jewellery sector over the years and its share in the global trade in
Gems And Jewellery

ù To study about the competitive position of Indian Gems and Jewellery

export.

ù To find out who is better potential importers of Indian Gems &

Jewellery product.

ù To analysis the vital steps for improving the Gems & Jewellery export.
ù To understand the importance and effectiveness of export in present
market situation.









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Gems and jewellery play a significant role in Indian customs and traditions, making
this sector integral to the economy and one of the fastest growing industries in the
country.

Worldwide, the gems and jewellery industry has been growing at a good pace and is
currently estimated at over US$ 130 billion. In India, it accounts for nearly 20 per
cent of total Indian exports. It provides employment to 1.3 million people directly and
indirectly.

Apart form being the world¶s largest diamond processing (cutting and polishing)
country with an 80 per cent share in world market India¶s favorable trade policies
have made India the hub for gems and jewellery.

Leading Branded jewellery is the new mantra in the market, having rapidly acquired a
niche over the past few years. Increasing purchasing power and disposable incomes of
India¶s middle class has resulted in consumption growth of this industry by about 11
per cent in the five-year period preceding 2006-07. Add to that the insatiable Indian
craving for gems and jewellery, and the demand will skyrocket to US$ 20 billion by
2010 and US$ 30 billion in 2015, according to industry experts.

India¶s gems and jewellery industry has been allowed 51 per cent foreign direct
investments by the government in single brand retail stores attracting both global and
domestic players to this sector. The burgeoning retail industry in India is instrumental
in innovatively marketing and branding diamonds and traditional jewellery, making
inroads in this sector and contributing to the nation¶s economy. According to a report
released by Technopak Advisors on áhanging Retail Landscape in India, the
jewellery and watches market is pegged at about US$ 13.52 billion. It is expected to
register a 12 per cent growth by 2012, touching US$ 23.54 billion.

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India¶s economic boom in the country has translated into a large consumer market for
jewellery and other luxury products, offering a lucrative opportunity for major brands
to make their foray into the Indian market and establish their presence. Experts
believe that by 2013, India will become the biggest consumer of jewellery.

The history of the Indian gem and jewellery, a $30-billion industry, began and
flourished in the two leading States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Exports from the
industry fetched $17.1 billion in 2006-07 against $16.64 billion in 2005-06, showing a
growth of 26 per cent. But in past 1 year we have seen some decline due to recession.

The journey of a diamond is said to begin with mining of roughs followed by sourcing
them by trading firms after which they trade it with the processors who then process
the rough diamonds to manufacture cut and polished diamonds which then end with
the trade of the polished diamonds.

&
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%

Today, India houses the worlds¶ largest diamond processing (cutting and polishing)
industry with an estimated 1,000,000 processors. India processes over 57 per cent of
the world¶s rough diamonds by value. It is said that 11 out of 12 stones (diamonds) set
in jewellery are cut and polished in India. Surat in Gujarat is home to a majority of
these diamond processors. India¶s exports of cut and polished diamonds in calendar
year 2008 stood at Rs 48,905.57 crore or 349.389 lakh carats down 9.25 per cent from
Rs 53,892.02 crore or 419.9 lakh carats during same period in 2007.

Processing is done on rough diamonds in full range of sizes and qualities, including
stones larger than 10 carats.

&
%

After making its mark in the world diamond processing industry, the industry
fraternity has taken up the motto to make µIndia the diamond trading hub¶. Thus
Mumbai, the financial capital of the country, is said to be Indian Antwerp in the
making.

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The current format of diamond trade has four different types of channels involved in
the sourcing and trading of diamonds namely:

' áentralized distribution

' Direct selling

' Rough trade

' Brokerage

Bharat Diamond Bourse, a service oriented non-profit guarantee company, is an 18

lakh sq. ft. complex in Mumbai. It was set up with the primary objective of
establishing necessary infrastructural facilities for promotion of export of diamonds,
including jewellery from India and to make India an international trading centre.
Instituted to cater to all the needs of the diamond trade, the bourse is anticipated to
deal with over 30,000 people a day. The facilities here will include offices of diamond
traders, strong rooms, lockers, customs clearance facilities with all the modern
facilities required to carry day-to-day business.

4%6"$$

As the gem and jewellery companies are based out of Mumbai, the city is home to
various types of jewellery from the traditional to the high-end designer fashion
jewellery. It is one of the largest producers and exporters of jewellery, which is
estimated to be over $13 billion. Prominently, it accounts for over 15 per cent of the
world jewellery fabrication pie.

Not only this, India is one of the fastest growing markets for jewellery, growing at the
rate of 10.20 per cent per annum over the last five years. Today, the Indian consumer
market for jewellery is said to be $13.1 billion, an increase of close to 8 per cent over
the previous year. A study by KPMG says that India is set to realize total jewellery
sales of $21 billion by 2010 and $37 billion by 2015. áurrently, out of the eight key
world retail markets, the US is number one accounting for 31 per cent of the jewellery
sales. India and áhina follow with 8.3 and 8.9 per cent respectively.

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According to the KPMG study, India¶s growing importance in the global jewellery
market is only expected to increase in the future. The total demand is expected to
reach $18.25 billion in 2010 and to $ 28.28 billion in 2015. Diamond jewellery
consumption in India is estimated to jump by 78 per cent in 2010.


 

India and áhina together are predicted to emerge as a market equivalent to that of the
US by 2015, according to the KPMG report on the global gems and jewellery industry
± Vision 2015: Transformation for Growth. The industry can see capital infusion of
around $ 10 billion, according to experts.

As per forecasts, by the year 2015, the industry will witness a good fragmentation in
the jewellery retail business while keeping the area of diamond mining, sourcing,
processing within the confines of either niche or mass players.

Mining is at the heart of the gem and jewellery industry as the activity is the only
natural source of raw material for the industry. The Geological Survey of India has
stated that India has a great potential for diamond deposits. Based on this and
independent analyses, some of the diamond exploration companies are making efforts
to make India another target destination for diamond exploration. Maharashtra
features on the list of potential states for diamond exploration.

The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion áouncil (GJEPá) is primarily involved in
introducing the Indian gem & jewellery products to the international market and
promoting exports. To achieve this, the áouncil provides market information to its
members regarding foreign trade inquiries, trade and tariff regulations, import duties,
and information about jewellery fairs and exhibitions. It also takes up relevant issues
with government and agencies connected with exports and submit documents for
consideration and inclusion in the EXIM Policy. There are a lot of opportunities from
setting up factories to retailing through showrooms for a prospective investor

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The two major segments of the gems & jewellery (GJ) business
in India are gold and diamond jewellery. The GJ industry has
an important role in the Indian economy. While a
predominant portion of gold jewellery manufactured in
India is for domestic consumption, a large portion of
rough, uncut diamonds processed in the form of either
polished diamonds or finished diamond jewellery is
exported. With an estimated consumption of around 800 tonnes
during 2007 (including jewellery consumption), India is the largest consumer of gold
in the world. India is also estimated to hold nearly 14,000 tonnes of gold, accounting
for nearly 9% of the world¶s cumulative mine production. Apart from its historical
religious significance, gold is valued as an important savings and investment vehicle.

Gold in Indian families remains the Indian bride¶s `Streedhan¶, the wealth she takes
with her when she marries and which remains hers. Gold jewellery is the preferred
jewellery worn by women in India irrespective of their religious beliefs. Gold
jewellery is very popular among farmers, with an upsurge in gold sales after a good
agricultural season. Buying of gold is also an important part of every stage of an
Indian citizen¶s life²at birth, marriage, construction of home, festivals, religious
ceremonies, setting up of new business, and death.

8

ù Large market for Gems & Jewellery with domestic sales of over $10 billion

ù 4% of the global Gems and Jewellery market

ù Exports of over US $15.5 billion; over 18% of India¶s exports. According to

recent statistics of the Gems & Jewellery Export Promotion áouncil (GJEPá),
India's exports of gems & jewellery (GJ) aggregated Rs. 15787.09 árores
(US$3958.64million) during the month April-May- 08.

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 ù India is the largest consumer of gold jewellery in the world

ù Accounts for about 20% of world consumption

ù India is the largest diamond cutting and polishing centre in the world, i.e.,
60% value share, 85% volume share and 92% share of the world market by
number of pieces

ù The Indian domestic diamond jewellery market was estimated at around Rs.
76 billion during 2005.

ù áhina ranks sixth in the world in terms of diamond jewellery retail value,
ahead of India which is in seventh place. India ranks third in terms of diamond
value, while áhina holds the seventh position.

ù Indian diamond jewellery industry is the third largest consumer of polished

diamonds after USA and Japan

 $  

ù The Indian Gems & Jewellery industry is highly fragmented with a large
number of domestic private sector companies. The bulk of the GJ industry in
India is concentrated in the unorganised sector.

ù The majority of India¶s diamond workforce is employed by small units that

process diamonds on a job-lot basis. The number of gold jewellery
manufacturing units is put at 0.1 million.

ù India is the largest diamond cutting & polishing centre in the world, followed
by Israel and employs an estimated 2 million workers serving over 0.45
million goldsmiths, and around 0.1 million diamond processing units.

ù India has several well recognised strengths which have made it a significant
force in the global Gems and Jewellery business, like i) highly skilled, yet
low-cost labour, and ii) established manufacturing excellence in jewellery and
diamond polishing.
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'/

ù In 1990, the Gold (áontrol) Act was abolished, which had forbidden the
holding of gold in bar form.

ù In 1993, the GOI also permitted non-resident Indians (NRIs) to bring 5 kg of

gold into the country twice yearly on the payment of import tax of Rs. 250 per
10 grams; this allowance was raised to 10 kg per trip in January 1997. In 1997,
the GOI also permitted import and export of gold under Open General
Licence.

ù In the trade policy (2004-09) issued in April 2006, the GOI has allowed import
of precious metal scrap and used jewellery for melting, refining and re-export
of jewellery for higher utilisation of melting, refining and jewellery-making
production capacity.

ù Jewellery is permitted to be exported on a consignment basis, allowing

exporters who have had to deal with the problem of unsold jewellery in
foreign markets to now re-import the unsold pieces. steps taken include
allowing exporters to re-import the rejected precious metal jewellery subject to
refund of duty exemption benefits on the inputs only and not the duty on
jewellery as was being done earlier; reduction in value addition norms for
export of gold & silver jewellery from 7% to 4.5%.

ù 100% FDI is permitted in the Gems & Jewellery sector through the automatic
route

ù SEZs and Gems and Jewellery Parks have been set up to promote investments
in the sector

ù áutting and polishing of gems and jewellery treated as manufacturing for the
purposes of exemption under Section 10A of the Income Tax Act

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+

ù India is the fastest-growing jewellery market in the world

ù Branded jewellery likely to be the fastest-growing segment in domestic sales

ù The sector is expected to grow at 40% p.a. to $2.2 billion by 2010

ù Exports expected to grow from $15.5 billion in 2005 to over $25 billion by
2010

ù India is the most technologically advanced diamond cutting centre in the

world and has the opportunity to address one of the world¶s largest and fastest-
growing Gems and Jewellery markets

ù Indian industry has been gaining prominence as an international sourcing

destination for high quality designer jewellery

ù Wal-Mart, Já Penney etc. are increasingly procuring jewellery from India

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In the recent years a large number of players have been attracted to the Indian gems
and jewellery retail sector:

ù Reliance Retail is planning an aggressive entry into the jewellery retail market
through its about 400 to 500 jewellery retail outlets across the country.

ù Damas India, part of one of the largest jewellery retail outlets in the world, is
adding 16 new stores to its present dozen stores in India.

ù Swarovski, the global crystal goods manufacturer and marketer plans to set up
30 stores by 2009, from the current 13.

ù The Gitanjali Group bought 'Nakshatra', the premium brand of jewellery

promoted by Diamond Trading áompany (DTá)

ù Mumbai-based Vardhaman Developers plans to build four more jewellery

malls in the city and is already set to launch Jewel World-Mumbai¶s first
jewellery mall.

ù Dubai-based Joy Alukkas has recently opened its largest showroom in

áhennai.

ù Viswa and Devji Diamonds a partnership between the Indian group and the
top jewellery retailer in UAE opened its first diamond retail outlet.

ù Gitanjal Gems Ltd opened its first luxury jewellery mall in Gurgaon, where a
number of international brands have started their retail business.

ù Gold Souk India has plans for bringing 100 Souks in 100 months

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0&

The gems and diamonds industry contributes over 15 per cent of India's total exports.
The industry is jewellery industry is predominantly divided into two segments: Gold
jewellery and fabricated studded jewellery (diamonds as well as gemstone studded
jewellery)

' India consumes nearly 800 tonnes of gold accounting for about 20 per cent of the
world gold consumption.....of which nearly 600 tonnes goes into making
jewellery.

' According to The World Gold áouncil (WGá) total gold supply in the second
quarter this year stood (2FY08) at 840 tonnes, whereas the demand was 944
tonnes.

' A study by KPMG reveals the Indian jewellery market to be US$ 13.5 billion in
fiscal 2006-07, accounting for 8.3 per cent of world jewellery sales.

& #&

The Indian diamond trade generates over US$ 4 billion per annum in exports, its large
labor force is integral to catapulting the country as the biggest diamond cutting center
for small roughs. India was known to have diamond mines many centuries ago and
has continued to maintain its tradition of diamond cutting with an estimated 1 million
processors handling over 57 per cent of the world¶s rough diamonds by value.

' 11 out of 12 stones (diamonds) set in jewellery are cut and polished in India
(processing is done on rough diamonds in full range of sizes and qualities,
including stones larger than 10 carats).

' India's share in this sector is about 80 per cent of the world market.

' India also accounts for 90 per cent of the volume of diamonds processed in the
world.

' India employs over 90 per cent of the global diamond industry workforce.

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'Diamond jewellery consumption is likely to jump to nearly 80 percent in 2010 and
over 95 per cent between 2010 and 2015,' according to Assocham.


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India has offered technical support and skill-training help to top diamond and gold
producing African nations, including South Africa, to develop their gem and jewellery
industry. India believes it would be beneficial for the African nations, the largest
producers of rough diamonds and gold, as well as India, which is its biggest
consumer.

)$


Almost the entire gold and diamond sold or processed in India is imported. Having
futuristic arrangements and agreements with top diamond and gold producing nations
will help this crucial sector to thrive. The aim is to make India a global hub for
diamond market.

Africa alone accounted for nearly 50 per cent of the world's total diamond production;
India was specifically looking at South Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Namibia and
Angola for rough diamonds. Most of the rough diamonds came from Antwerp in
Belgium, but now major suppliers had shown keen interest in supplying uncut stones
directly to Indian companies.

&
)


India's diamond imports in 2006-07 stood at $9 billion, while that of gold was $11
billion. Interestingly, India is the largest diamond cutting and polishing centre in the
world. India is also the world's top gold consumer, accounting for about 20 per cent of
global demand at 800 tonnes annually.

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India has also proposed to develop the gem and jewellery industry of these Africa
nations, besides providing skill training. Then there could be joint venture initiatives
between the companies and trade bodies of India and African nations.

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 „-!& „ 

'3 Primary data is collected through a questionnaire raised among

the Gems And Jewellery traders and manufacturers in Mumbai,
Delhi, Pune, Banglore, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Surat, Ahmedabad, etc

 #'8 40

 #' ! India

 #'-„ GEMS AND JEWELLERY TRADERS &

MANUFAáTURERS OPERATING IN MUMBAI, DELHI,
PUNE, BANGLORE, JAIPUR, JODHPUR, SURAT,
AHMEDABAD,

 #'0„4?- : RANDOM SAMPLING TEáHNIUE


 3 Secondary data that is already available and published it could be
internal and external source of data. Internal source: which originates from the
specific field or area where research is carried out e.g. publish broachers, official
reports etc.

$ 
 : This originates outside the field of study like books, periodicals,
journals, newspapers and the Internet.

& „ „

Secondary data has been used which is collected through articles, reports, journals,
magazines, newspapers reports prepared by research scholars, universities and
internet

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„-&

 „!  /

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among

observed variables in terms of fewer unobserved variables called factors. The
observed variables are modeled as linear combinations of the factors, plus "error"
terms. The information gained about the interdependencies can be used later to reduce
the set of variables in a dataset.

Factor analysis is often confused with principal component analysis. The two methods
are related, but distinct, though factor analysis becomes essentially equivalent to
principal component analysis if the "errors" in the factor analysis model are assumed
to all have the same variance.

%

' Reduction of number of variables, by combining two or more variables into a single
factor.

' Identification of groups of inter-related variables, to see how they are related to each
other.

&%

' All rotations represent different underlying processes, but all rotations are equally
valid outcomes of standard factor analysis optimization. Therefore, it is impossible to
pick the proper rotation using factor analysis alone.
' Factor analysis can be only as good as the data allows. In psychology, where
researchers have to rely on more or less valid and reliable measures such as self-
reports, this can be problematic.
' Interpreting factor analysis is based on using a ³heuristic´, which is a solution that is
"convenient even if not absolutely true" (Richard B. Darlington). More than one
interpretation can be made of the same data factored the same way, and factor
analysis cannot identify causality.


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!„„„@„„'4!„/

Bartlett's test (Snedecor and áochran, 1983) is used to test if k samples have
equal variances. Equal variances across samples are called homogeneity of variances.
Some statistical tests, for example the analysis of variance, assume that variances are
equal across groups or samples. The Bartlett test can be used to verify that
assumption.

Bartlett's test is sensitive to departures from normality. That is, if your samples
come from non-normal distributions, then Bartlett's test may simply be testing for
non-normality. The Levene test and Brown-Forsythe test are alternatives to the
Bartlett test that are less sensitive to departures from normality.

Bartlett's test is used to test the null hypothesis, [0 that all k population
variances are equal against the alternative that at least two are different.

áalculates the determinate of the matrix of the sums of products and cross-
products (S) from which the intercorrelation matrix is derived.The determinant of the
matrix S is converted to a chi-square statistic and tested for significance. The null
hypothesis is that the intercorrelation matrix comes from a population in which the
variables are noncollinear (i.e. an identity matrix).And that the non-zero correlations
in the sample matrix are due to sampling error.

> !#/!># -!

The KMO measure is used to signify the appropriateness of the Factor

Analysis. If two variables share a common factor with other variables, their
partial correlation (aij) will be small, indicating the unique variance they
share.

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„

 #


It is a áomposite Method where different parameters which are used in different

units. It is used to find Performance Index. In this method data which is used is
secondary data. In this methodology, calculations have done between six companies
to find out performance of all the six companies. Where we compared all six
companies on basis of three factors:

' O




' ^
  
 

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 $

A factor analysis was carried out to extract factors which are responsible for exports
of Gems and Jewellery in regard with policies, competitors, products. Basically 6
questions (i.e. export, globalization, e-commerce, importers, products, competitors)
were used for factor analysis.

Both principal components and varimax rotation methods were used for factor
analysis. The principal component helped in indicating the number of factors to be
extracted whereas varimax rotation method was used as the interpretation of factors is
more meaningful under this method. A total of 3 factors were extracted explaining
63.156%. The table below shows the rotated component matrix

a
Rotated Component Matrix

Component

1 2 3

3.Contribution of the G&J sector in Exports -.757 .222 .193

6.The Impact of globalization and liberalization to the G&J export .344 -.570

7.The growth of e-commerce is beneficial to G&J sector .749 .378 .121

9.Better potential importers of Indian G&J product .249 .693

10.Exported product from India to other country is -.187 .767 -.118

13.Competition of India with china, Philippines and Thailand in

.123 .868
regarding G&J export

c 26 -
P a g e
For interpretation of factors, factor loading scores of 0.5 were used as cut-off points. After
running the SPSS we got the scree plot, through which we can determine the three factors
which are important for exports in G&J sector.

The scree plot is shown below:

c 27 -
P a g e
Factor 1 (Impact of Technology on Sector):

áontribution of Sector 0.757

Growth of E-commerce 0.749

Factor 2 (áountry wise Products):

Potential Importers 0.693

Products Exported 0.767

Factor 3 (áompetitors):

Impact of Globalization 0.570

áompetitors 0.868

According to above factors we can conclude that the Gems and Jewellery
exports of the depends on three factors that is Technology, áountry wise Products and
competitors. Out of these three factors we can say that exports are dependent on the
technological aspects.

§MO and Bartlett's Test

§aiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .538

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 9.017

df 15
Sig. .877

SPSS output shows several very important parts of the output: the Kaiser-
Mayer-Oklin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett¶s test of sphericity. The
KMO statistic varies between 0 and 1. A value of 0 indicates that the sum of partial
correlations is large relative to the sum of correlations, indicating diffusion in the
pattern of correlations (hence, factor analysis is likely to be inappropriate). A very
close to 1 indicates that patterns of correlations are relatively compact and so factor

c 28 -
P a g e
analysis should yield distinct and reliable factors. Kaiser (1974) recommends
accepting values greater than 0.5 as acceptable (values below this should lead you to
either collect more data or rethink which variables to include). Furthermore, value
between 0.5 and 0.7 are mediocre, values between 0.7 and 0.8 are good, values
between 0.8 and 0.9 are great and values above 0.9 are best. For these data the value
is .538 which is good enough to perform the factor analysis.

Bartett¶s measure tests the null hypothesis that the original correlation matrix
is an identity matrix. For factor analysis to work we need some relationships between
variables and if the R- matrix were an identity matrix then all correlation coefficients
would be zero. Therefore, we want this test to be significant and as in this we see that
as it is .877 the attributes are not highly correlated.

 
 
3

SPSS output lists the Eigen values associated with each linear component
before extraction, after extraction and after rotation. Before extraction, SPSS has
identified 5 linear components within the data set (we know that there should be as
many Eigen vectors as there are variables and so there will be as many factors as
variables). The Eigen values associated with each factor represent the variance
explained by that particular linear component and SPSS also display the Eigen value
in terms of the percentage of variance explained (so , factor 1 explains 26.731% of
total variance). It should be clear that the first few factors explain relatively large
amounts of variance (especially factor 1) whereas subsequent factors explain only
small amount of variance. SPSS then extracts all factors with Eigen values greater
than 1, which leaves us with three factors. The Eigen values associated with these
factors are again displayed (and the percentage of variance explained) in the columns
labeled Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings. The valued in this part of the table are
the same as the values before extraction, except that the values for the discarded
factors are ignored. In the final part of the table, the Eigen values of the factor after

rotation is displayed. Rotation has the effect of optimizing the factor structure and one
consequence for these data is that the relative importance of the three factors is

c 29 -
P a g e
equalized. Before rotation, factor 1 accounted for considerably more variance than the
remaining one (26.731% compared to 16.932%), however after extraction it accounts
for only 27.739% and 19.140% of variance.


$


$

Initial Extraction

ß áontribution of the G&J sector in Exports 1.000 .659

ß The Impact of globalization and liberalization to the G&J export 1.000 .452

ß The growth of e-commerce is beneficial to G&J sector 1.000 .718

ß Better potential importers of Indian G&J product 1.000 .547

ß Exported product from India to other country is 1.000 .637

ß áompetition of India with china, Philippines and Thailand in regarding

1.000 .776
G&J export
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

SPSS output shows the table of communalities before and after extraction. Principal
component analysis works on the initial assumption that all variance is common;
therefore, before extraction the communalities are all 1. The communalities in the
column labeled Extraction reflect the common variance in the data structure. So, for
example, we can say that 58.1% of the variance associated with the question 1 is
common, or shared variance. Another way to look at these communalities is in the
terms of the proportion of the variance explained by the underlying factors. After
extraction some of the factors are discarded and so some information is lost. The
amount of variance in each variable that can be explained by the retained factors is
represented by the communalities after extraction.

c 30 -
P a g e
 „



O

      
 

 

 
  
 
O 
 
 29.08 10.00 99.17
O 
    !
 6.27 1.20 94.35
"#
 $ !
 23.62 2.50 89.64

 %  
!
 9.80 3 59.67
$ &

 
!
' 17.82 2.5 91.66
%( 
)&*!
' 8.42 1.8 42.67

+  ,-'./ 0'-1 23'-0


 
  3',34/10,1, 0'5/-351-,2 55'.024//3-


„$ 3 In this table the data used is secondary data of all the six
companies where three factors Return on Net Worth, Dividend per Share
and Export as % of Total Sales where we convert this matrix into a
standardized matrix where we calculate Mean and Standard Deviation
and convert this matrix into Z-Matrix.


c 31 -
P a g e
 8A#

O

      
 

Table 2  

 
  
 
O 
 
 1.44 2.00 0.86
O 
    !
 -1.04 -0.71 0.65
"#
 $ !
 0.85 -0.31 0.44

  

 -0.66 -0.154039508 -0.87
$ &

 
!
' 0.22 -0.308079016 0.53
%( 
)&*!
' -0.81 -0.523734328 -1.61


„$=3 In this table we identify the ideal value based on the relationship
each parameter has with objective (it can be either the minimum value or
the maximum value) in this table we have opted for the maximum value
where it is the ideal value. In this the objective is to judge the
performance of the top companies.

&A#

O
      
 


 

 
  
 
O 
 
 0.00 0.00 0.42
O     !
 -2.48 -2.71 0.21
"#
 $ !
 -0.59 -2.31 0.00

  
 -2.10 -2.16 -1.31

$ &

 !
' -1.22 -2.31 0.09
%( )&*!
' -2.25 -2.53 -2.06


c 32 -
P a g e
 „$ 3 In this table we calculate Deviation or Distance matrix where
we see that each column will be having one zero as in this we subtract
actual value from ideal value.

$%&  '() %*



O

      
 

  

 
  
  Total 66

    

O 
 
 1'11 1'11 1',2 0.17 1'/5

O     
!
 4',- 2'0- 1'1/ 13.54 0'4.

"#
 $ !
 1'0- -'0/ 1'11 5.69 5'03


 %  !
 /'/1 /'4-125,004 ,'25 10.77 0'5.

„$†3In this table we finally calculate ³d´. In this we have to calculate
the performance of each firm where we see the performance of the firm
on the three factors.

c 33 -
P a g e
 +&%%,& (&*

,
789 :;)0<
+&%%,& (&* "*= Oank

&)O 
 
* 0.94 1
&)O     
!
* 0.44 5
&)"#
 $ !
* 0.64 2
&)
 %  !
* 0.50 4
&)$ &

 !
* 0.60 3
&)%( )&*
!
'* 0.40 6

„$‰3In this table we found that Performance Index of Rajesh Exports was highest
where we analyze that Rajesh Export compare with other 5 G&J firms is performing
the best where its Performance Index is coming about BB(

c 34 -
P a g e


& „ !'!„ „

'!„„ „„4&-„!/3
The year 2007-08 has witnessed a growth in all the major segments of the Gem and
Jewellery industry and the total exports stood at Rs.67500 crore, a growth of 29.27%
as compared to the previous year. Exports of diamond have continued to rise and the
Jewellery sector has turned in another record-breaking performance. India¶s share of
the world's polished diamond market is 60 per cent in terms of value, 85 per cent in
terms of volume and 92 per cent in terms of pieces.

Global gold Jewellery consumption increased 33% in the year 2005, the buoyant
demand in countries like India, the Gulf States, áhina and Turkey pulled up the
overall figures. Since early 90's, the Jewellery has averaged a growth of over 30%,
making India the fastest growing Jewellery exporter in the world and also in the year
2004 the demand for gold Jewellery in India increased by 29% in value to become the
fastest growing Jewellery market in the world.

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

c 35 -
P a g e


&


India enjoys domination in the world cut and polished diamond market and smaller
diamonds in particular, which was amply reflected in the export growth of diamond
industry with a total export of US$ 11181.48 million (48000 crore) for the year ended
31st March, 2008 as compared to US$ 8627.48 million (37000 crore) against the
corresponding period in last year.

2"$$

The year 2007-08 was a good year for the global Jewellery sales as well as to the
áompany. Demand was fuelled by good economic growth and improved demand
particularly from Asia and the Middle East. Gold Jewellery sales in United States of
America increased by 4% in 2007 to a huge 73000 crore. The Jewellery sector
recorded a massive growth of 49.23% for the year ended 31st March 2008. The
demand for the diamond Jewellery will continue to grow stronger due to continued
marketing support by the industry especially in the U.S., India and áhina. The
Jewellery has an ever-increasing market abroad and the company with its
manufacturing facility comparable to international standards has been able to capture
a reasonable portion of the same. While opportunities are abundant, political
uncertainty could affect this industry most.

#
'$3

ù Vaibhav Gems Ltd.

ù álassic Diamond (India) Ltd.

ù Shrenuj & áompany Ltd.

ù Goldiam international Ltd.

ù Su-raj Diamonds & Jewellery Ltd.

ù Rajesh Exports Pvt. Ltd.

c 36 -
P a g e
  $
)


C%)
# = *

 6! $ 

0
$ ! .
1 &
 &

„
)  
$ )
 0

) 12"$$ :;
 '  
  

Adjusted EPS (Rs) 10.24 14.95 125.42 7.62 13.39 17.19

áash EPS (Rs) 12.61 15.78 127.47 8.31 14.56 20.11

Book Value (Rs) 104.46 102.83 211.62 121.56 60.54 204

Dividend Per Share

3 2.5 10 1.2 2.5 1.8
(Rs)

Return On Net
9.8 17.82 29.08 6.27 23.62 8.42
Worth (%)

Return On áapital
8.99 15.2 73.1 8.76 24.49 8.56
employed (%)

Operating Profit
7.35 11.39 -1.43 4.41 10.04 6.8
Margin (%)

Gross Profit Margin

6.82 10.77 -1.46 4.18 9.31 6.44
(%)

Net Profit Margin

2.28 13.48 1.01 2.98 9 2.12
(%)

áurrent Ratio 6.39 4.44 16.51 3.57 7.56 5.82

uick Ratio 2.92 3.83 15.3 2.93 4.47 3.47

Long term debt to

2.26 0 0.2 0 0 2.17
equity

Total Debt to equity 2.26 0 4.33 0.42 0.44 2.17

Interest áover 2.24 68.09 3.07 4.36 10.33 1.97

c 37 -
P a g e
(times)

Assets Turnover
8.2 11.28 76.52 20.6 10.64 17.53
Ratio

Average Raw
Material Holding 0 34.47 0 20.77 97.44 0
(in Days)

Average Finished
Good Holding (in 0 5.26 4.83 33.2 1.66 0
Days)

Number of days of
230.91 183.36 65.41 208.78 164.39 263.21
net working capital

Inventory Turnover
2.42 11.28 71.72 7 4.71 2.81
Ratio

Export as % of
46.77% 91.66 99.17 94.35 99.64 32.67
Total Sales

Bonus component
0 70.42 0 26.2 69.07 0
in Equity (%)

c 38 -
P a g e
-„-!'!'„.3

With the world economy doing well and increase in the personal disposable income of
the general public demand for the gems and Jewellery has increased worldwide. This
year Jewellery sector grew by 49%. Exports contribute 70% of the total sales of the
industry. With United States contributing most (35%) in the export bill. With rupee
value depreciating against the U.S. dollar there may be a windfall increase in the
profitability in the coming times for the industry. Many companies are on the hunt for
acquiring subsidiaries Indian companies will able to strengthen their retail network.
One of the areas of concern for the industry is the surge in the prices of rough
diamond pieces and India depends upon other countries but with the proposal of
increase in the FDI limit on mining from 74% to 100%, dependence on the other
countries will be reduced. Overall with the economic fundamentals looking good,
favorable government policies and exploration of the newer markets industry looks all
set for a good time ahead.

0
'
$ 3

' Levy of two per cent excise duty on premium branded Jewellery.

' 100 per cent Export Oriented Units (EOUs) and units in the Export Processing
Zones (EPZs)/Special Economic Zones (SEZs), enjoy a package of incentives and
facilities, which include duty free imports of all types of capital goods, raw
material, and consumables in addition to tax holidays against export.

' áurrently 74% FDI in Mining, 100% proposed.

c 39 -
P a g e
 ?-„ !  /
  !
$
012"$$


 
' Very Significant -------------------------------- 12.5 per cent
' Significant -------------------------------------- 62.5 per cent
' Insignificant ------------------------------------ 20 per cent
' Very insignificant ----------------------------- 5 per cent

-&  & & . /&0&--&%1 (%1 

& ( &,1
25

20

15

10
5
0

Significant
Very
Significant Insignificant
Very
Insignificant


)
3
As may be seen from the above response that the Gems & Jewellery sector in India
contributes significantly to the Indian economy

c 40 -
P a g e
= 


012"$$ 
 
' Employment ------------------------------------------- 76 per cent
' Export -------------------------------------------------- 46 per cent
' GDP---------------------------------------------------- 32 per cent
' Other sectors ----------------------------------------- 25 per cent

%2  & & ( /&0&--&%1

&,%

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Employement Export GDP Other Sectors


)

3

Gems & Jewellery sector occupies an important place in the Indian economy as it
contributes significantly to employment generation and export earnings. The
economic importance of the sector also lies in its high employment potential, high
capital investment, high value addition and continuously increasing demand both in
the domestic and overseas markets.

c 41 -
P a g e
  „ ) 
 %$
$D
  $$D
 
  0 1
2"$$)
 
' Accelerated the export ------------------------------------ 62.5 per cent
' Adversely affected the export --------------------------- 2.5 per cent
' Did not affect the export --------------------------------- 20 per cent
' Do not know/ can not say ------------------------------- 15 per cent

)

3

Indian Gems & Jewellery are now available in global markets, so also foreign crafts
in our shops. Gems & Jewelleryconstitute a significant segment of the decentralized
sector of our economy and its importance is being felt when it is assessed that it
provides employment to lakhs of jewellery ±makers scattered especially in the weaker
sections of our society such as Sás, STs and the women, producing goods worth
thousands of árores of Rupees per year.

c 42 -
P a g e
†  „%
"
6
  $
012"$$ 
 

' Agree ------------------------------------------ 52.5 per cent

' Strongly Agree ------------------------------- 37.5 per cent
' Disagree -------------------------------------- 05 per cent
' Do not know/ áan not say ------------------ 05 per cent


& 3%0  &c,&%,&  2&&,- 

& . /&0&--&%1 &,%

25

20

15

10

0
Agree Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree


)

3 With the growth of e-commerce strategy, the Indian Gems &
Jewellerymarketing strategy has been strengthened, leading to increase in the volume
of trade in the Gems & Jewellerysector.

c 43 -
P a g e
‰  6
  $

$ 

' Agree ------------------------------------------- 47.5 per cent

' Strongly Agree ----------------------------------- 35 per cent
' Disagree --------------------------------------- 10 per cent
' Do not know/ áan not say ------------------- 7.5 per cent


c,&%,&  2&&,- % & %2
% &(  %%-

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Agree Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree


)

3 The e-commerce strategy in the Gems & Jewellery sector has
been of limited utility confining itself more in the urban sector. Its expansion to the
rural areas will be expanding its utility in a more effective manner.

c 44 -
P a g e
 ]
)
$)

012"$$)
  

' SA -------------------------------------------- 52.5 per cent

' K --------------------------------------------- 25 per cent
' Germany -------------------------------------- 17.5 per cent
' Other countries ------------------------------ 05 per cent


&&% &- %&%  ( &

. /&0&--&%1 %(,

25

20

15

10

0
Germany Other Countries UK USA

)

3 The largest export market for Indian Gems & Jewellery is the
nited States. In the changing world scenario, Gems & Jewelleryproducts exported
to various countries form a part of lifestyle products in international market. The
impact is due to the changing consumer taste and trends.

c 45 -
P a g e
(  )
)
 



 

' Diamond studded jewellery ------------------------ 15 per cent

' Necklaces ---------------------------- 40 per cent
' Bangles --------------------------------------------- 32.5 per cent
' Rings & Other products ------------------------------------ 12.5 per cent


*%&( %(, % (  &%
,%1 

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Bangles Diamond Necklaces Oings& Other
Jewellery Items

)

3 As far as the products which are exported out of the country, the
respondents felt that it is the Diamond studded jewellery, Necklaces, Bangles, Rings
& Other products which dominate the export composition of the Gems & Jewellery
products.


c 46 -
P a g e
* „ $$%
012"$$)
 

' Better quality products from foreign companies -------- 27.5per cent
' áompetition in the domestic sector ----------------------- 37.5 per cent
' Lack of institutional support ------------------------------- 20 per cent
' Other factors ------------------------------------------------- 15 per cent

& ,--&3&  & & . /&0&--&%1

&*%

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Better Quality Competition in Lack of Other Factors
the domestic institutional
sector support

)

3 There are various problems and challenges that stand as barriers
to the export market of the Indian Gems & Jewellery products. These include better
competitiveness of the foreign companies followed by lack of institutional support,
competition in the domestic sector and other factors. 


c 47 -
P a g e
B „$)
)
%012"$$)
 
' Establishing Gems & Jewelleryspecial economic zones -------27.5per cent
' Promotion of Gems & Jewelleryin the rural areas --------------12.5 per cent
' Special support to Gems & Jewellerysector in trade policy--- 42.5 per cent
' Institutional financing ---------------------------------------- 10 per cent
' Other Factors-------------------------------------------------7.5 percent

& 6- & % %63 & & .

/&0&--&%1 &*%

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2-3 - +%  &,- % &% 5,%
& . ,3 & .  & & .
/&0&--&%1 /&0&--&%1  & /&0&--&%1
&,- %%- %& &,%  &
&,, %(& -,1
4&


)

3 Setting up Gems & Jewellery special economic zones accompanied
with institutional support and other promotional measures can be effective to improve
the export potential of the Indian Gems & Jewelleryproducts.

c 48 -
P a g e
  
)

  " = '$))  „$  %%
02"$$)
 

' áompetitive --------------------------------------- 52.5 per cent

' Lacks competitive strength --------------------- 27.5 per cent
' Not at all competitive --------------------------- 12.5 per cent
' Very competitive --------------------------------- 7.5 per cent

&  ( 0 , +-&

( -(  %&3%(3 & ( /&0&--&%1
&*%

25

20

15

10

0
&6& , ,&6&   -- &%1 &6&
%&3

c 49 -
P a g e
  
+
012"$$)
 

' Very good ------------------------------------------- 32.5 per cent

' Good ------------------------------------------------- 47.5 per cent
' Not good -------------------------------------------- 00 per cent
' Do not know/ can not say ------------------------ 20 per cent

5%&  & %&  & & .

/&0&--&%1 &*%  (

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Good Very Good Not Good Can't Say

c 50 -
P a g e
-

Growth in global demand for jewelry may slow from the 5.2 percent áompounded
Annual Growth Rate (áAGR) it registered since 2000, to 4.6 percent by 2010 or
2015, unless appropriate collective action is taken by players in the industry.

The projection is based on an assessment of the impact of eight key business trends
that the two bodies believe will affect the performance of the industry. These trends
include: the local beneficiation in the mining countries; fragmentation of supply
sources and an increase in rough supply; consolidation across the value chain; rise of
new centers for jewelry manufacturing; growth in the use of synthetics and non-
precious metals in jewelry; a decline in demand for plain gold jewelry; organization
and consolidation in the emerging markets of India and áhina; and intense
competition from other luxury goods.

Based on the findings, the report estimates that worldwide jewelry sales will rise from
$146 billion in 2005 to $185 billion in 2010 and $230 billion in 2015. However, it
stresses that if the industry as a whole focuses on ³growing demand for jewelry as a
category´ and ³strengthening industry-level and enterprise-level capabilities´ in the
³next 12-18 months,´ sales could reach $280 billion in 2015, registering a áAGR of
6.7 percent.



 $%$% $3

- Gold and diamond jewelry will continue to dominate the market, accounting
for about 82 percent of overall market share

- Diamond jewellery will be the slowest growth segment at a áompounded

Annual Growth Rate of 3.3 percent

- Synthetics will have sales of close to $2 billion at wholesale price by 2015,

and will impact sales of natural diamond jewelry to the extent of $6 billion at
the retail level

c 51 -
P a g e
 - Palladium is expected to establish itself as an alternative metal for jewelry
fabrication

- áhina (13 percent) and India (12 percent) together will emerge as a market
equivalent to that of the US share (26% percent)

- Middle East (9 percent) will be another large market

- áhina, Turkey and India will emerge as new centers for jewelry fabrication

- Value addition in diamond processing will increase from 29.3 percent to 34.1
percent

- India¶s share in diamond processing will drop from about 57 percent by value
to 49 percent

- áhina¶s share in diamond processing will rise to 21.3 percent

- About 9 percent of world¶s diamond will be processed locally by mining

countries

- áentralized distribution of rough will drop from 55 percent in value to 40

percent

- Rough sold through traders will account for 45 percent




c 52 -
P a g e


0! '4/

' www.indiabulls.com
' www.myiris.com
' www.moneycontrol.com
' www.google.com
' www.altavista.com
' www.rajeshindia.com
' www.vaibhavgems.com
' www.classicdiamondsindia.com
' http://ho.shrenuj.com
' www.goldiam.com
' www.su-raj.com




c 53 -
P a g e
 ,-!

?-„ !

  4
"

) 


012"$$



E
' Very Significant -------------------------------- 27.5 per cent
' Significant -------------------------------------- 60 per cent
' Insignificant ------------------------------------ 20 per cent
' Very insignificant ----------------------------- 5 per cent

= $     "   0 1 2"$$  


% $ /
  




)
E
' Employment ------------------------------------------- 76 per cent
' Export -------------------------------------------------- 46 per cent
' GDP---------------------------------------------------- 32 per cent
' Other sectors ----------------------------------------- 25 per cent

 4
"   )
$ 
 %$
$D
  $$D
   
)
 

012"$$E
' Accelerated the export ------------------------------------ 62.5 per cent
' Adversely affected the export --------------------------- 2.5 per cent
' Did not affect the export --------------------------------- 20 per cent
' Do not know/ can not say ------------------------------- 15 per cent

†D &

%"%
"
6
 %=0
12"$$ 
)
$
E

' Agree ------------------------------------------ 52.5 per cent

' Strongly Agree ------------------------------- 37.5 per cent
' Disagree -------------------------------------- 05 per cent
' Do not know/ áan not say ------------------ 05 per cent

c 54 -
P a g e
‰       6
  %   
  $
$ 
   $%  $ 
   
 
%E

' Agree ------------------------------------------- 47.5 per cent

' Strongly Agree ----------------------------------- 35 per cent
' Disagree --------------------------------------- 10 per cent
' Do not know/ áan not say ------------------- 7.5 per cent


] 5 
    )
$ )

  0 1
2"$$)
 E

' USA -------------------------------------------- 52.5 per cent

' UK --------------------------------------------- 25 per cent
' Germany -------------------------------------- 17.5 per cent
' Other countries ------------------------------ 05 per cent


(  5)

 " )




E

' Diamond studded jewellery ------------------------ 15 per cent

' Necklaces ---------------------------- 40 per cent
' Bangles --------------------------------------------- 32.5 per cent
' Rings & Other products ------------------------------------ 12.5 per cent

*  5   )
$
  )

  0 1 2"$$ )
 

E

' Better quality products from foreign companies -------- 27.5per cent
' áompetition in the domestic sector ----------------------- 37.5 per cent
' Lack of institutional support ------------------------------- 20 per cent
' Other factors ------------------------------------------------- 15 per cent

c 55 -
P a g e
B    5       + 
 )
%  )

)
$
012"$$ 
E

' Establishing Gems & Jewelleryspecial economic zones -------27.5per cent

' Promotion of Gems & Jewelleryin the rural areas --------------12.5 per cent
' Special support to Gems & Jewellerysector in trade policy--- 42.5 per cent
' Institutional financing ---------------------------------------- ------10 per cent
' Other Factors-------------------------------------------------------7.5 percent

  4
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' áompetitive --------------------------------------- 52.5 per cent

' Lacks competitive strength --------------------- 27.5 per cent
' Not at all competitive --------------------------- 12.5 per cent
' Very competitive --------------------------------- 7.5 per cent

  
+
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' Very good ------------------------------------------- 32.5 per cent

' Good ------------------------------------------------- 47.5 per cent
' Not good -------------------------------------------- 00 per cent
' Do not know/ can not say ------------------------ 20 per cent

c 56 -
P a g e