Abio%c
Factors
affec%ng
the
Giant


Kelp
Beds
in
the



Catherine
Juranek

Northern
Arizona
University

Wednesday,
July
28,
2010

 Overview

•  IntroducAon

•  Background

–  Master
data

–  NDVI

–  Kelp
beds

–  Geology

•  Methods

•  Results/Findings

•  Conclusions

•  Future

 IntroducAon

•  Using
the
Oceans
to
Understand
Climate
Change

•  Giant
Kelp
beds
(Macrocys(s pyrifera)

[Cavanaugh
et
al,
2010]

–  A
Forest
sensi%ve
to
the
environment

•  Depth,
temperature,
sediment

•  Physiological
differences
in
geographic
beds
ranging
from
central
Baja
to

Santa
Cruz,
CA

•  Climate
Change
affects:

sea
level
rise,
erosion,
landslides

•  Objec%ve

–  Evaluate
geologic/sediment
data
as
well
as
depth
and
temperature
to

determine
correla%on
with
kelp
bed
growth


USGS
Erosional
Hazard
brochure
 Greene
et
al.,
2006

 IntroducAon


•  Na%onal
Suborbital
Educa%on
and
Resource
Center
(NSERC)

–  Student
Airborne
Research
Program
(SARP)


•  DC‐8

•  Remote
Sensors
(MASTER/MODIS)

–  Environmental
Analysis

 IntroducAon

•  2
data‐gathering
flights


Tuesday,
June
29,
2010
 Thursday,
July
1,
2010

Monterey,
CA
 Monterey
and
Santa
Barbara,
CA

 Background

•  MASTER
data

–  Simulates
the
EOS
Terra
Advanced
Spaceborne
Thermal
Emission
ReflecAon

Radiometer
(ASTER)
and
Moderate
ResoluAon
Imaging
Spectroradiometer
(MODIS)

sensors

–  50
spectral
bands
in
4
spectral
regions

 Background

•  MASTER


Hook
et
al.,
2001.

 Background

•  Normalized
Difference
VegetaAon
Index
(NDVI)

–  calculated
(or
derived)
from
sets
of
remotely‐sensed
data
that
is
used
to
quanAfy
the
vegetaAve
cover
on
the

Earth's
surface

–  calculated
as
a
raAo
between
measured
reflecAvity
in
the
red
and
near
infrared
porAons
of
the

electromagneAc
spectrum
(bands
most
affected
by
the
absorpAon
of
chlorophyll
in
leafy
green
vegetaAon
and

by
the
density
of
green
vegetaAon
on
the
surface;
in
red
and
near‐infrared
bands,
the
contrast
between

vegetaAon
and
soil
is
at
a
maximum)

 Background
–
The
Forest

•  Giant
Kelp
holdfasts

 Background


•  Geology

–  SBC
topography

results
from
island

arc
convergence

with
North

Permian
(260
mya)
 Jurassic
(180
mya)

American
plate
 Images
courtesy
of
Dr.
Ron
Blake,
NAU
Professor,
Emeritus

–  Channel
Islands

‘mountain
tops’

encircle
SBC
Basin

–  Primarily
sandstone

–  Crustal
weakness

NOAA
Tsumani
InundaAon
DEM

 Measurements

•  Grainsize
and
SorAng:

Uden‐Wentworth
classificaAon


GRAVEL



‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
2
mm
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐


SAND


‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
.063
mm
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐


MUD

Challenges

 Methods


•  GeoMapApp

–  an
earth
science
exploraAon
and
visualizaAon
applicaAon


–  part
of
the
Marine
Geoscience
Data
System
(MGDS)
at
the
Lamont‐
Doherty
Earth
Observatory
of
Columbia
University

–  provides
direct
access
to
the
Global
MulA‐ResoluAon
Topography

(GMRT)
compilaAon

•  hosts
high
resoluAon
(~100
m
node
spacing)
bathymetry
from
mulAbeam

data
for
ocean
areas

•  hosts
Shujle
Radar
Topography
Mission
elevaAons
over
land

•  USC
data:

NAD
1983
datum,
samples
back
to
1941

 Methods

•  GeoMapApp

Seafloor
Sediment
Composi%on

Surface
Sediment
Distribu%ons
on
the
US
Margins
(USGS
and
usSEABED)

Pacific
Coast
Offshore
Surficial‐Sediment
Data

 Methods

•  GeoMapApp
Databases

–  Datapoints
evaluated

•  Gravel

•  Sand

•  Mud

Methods

 Methods

•  ArcGIS

 Methods

•  ArcGIS

–  Raster
InterpolaAon

•  IDW
(Inverse
Distance

Waving)
=

Interpolates
a
surface

from
points
using
an

inverse
distance

weighted
technique

•  Spline
=
Interpolates

a
surface
from
points

using
a
minimum

curvature
spline

technique

•  Kriging
=
Interpolates

a
grid
from
a
set
of

points
using
kriging

 Methods

IDW
Raster
Interpola%on
 Raster
Calculator

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

–  Temp

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

–  Temp

–  SorAng

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

–  Temp

–  SorAng

–  Grainsize

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

–  Temp

–  SorAng

–  Grainsize

–  Gravel

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

–  Temp

–  SorAng

–  Grainsize

–  Gravel

–  Sand

 Methods

•  ENVI

–  NDVI

–  Depth

–  Temp

–  SorAng

–  Grainsize

–  Gravel

–  Sand

–  Mud

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
majority
within
3‐16
meters

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
temp
restricAons
290‐296
Kelvin

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
arAfacts
at
0
‐
0.2

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
arAfacts
from
.25
‐
.031
mm


mud


sand

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
arAfacts
at
<
5%
and
at
7%

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
arAfacts
at
20%,
45%,
80‐90%

 Results/Findings

•  No
correlaAon,
numerous
arAfacts
(4,15,55,
and
88%)

 Results/Findings

•  Fault
correlaAon

–  FaulAng
increases

sediment
breakdown

•  Hypothesis

–  Kelp
is
less
likely
to
grow

in
faulted
areas

USGS
Earthquake
Hazards
Program

hjp://gldims.cr.usgs.gov/qfault/viewer.htm

 Conclusion/Take‐aways

•  Geologic
factors
are
a
key

considera%on
in
biologic
processes

•  Kelp
growth
can
occur
in
sandy

substrates

•  Giant
kelp
bed
are
not
co‐located

with
faults

–  Limited
analysis

•  Other
Abio%c
factors

–  A
more
recent
and
higher
populated

database
is
needed

•  More
current
input
=
Higher
quality

output

–  Sample
collec%on
within
the
kelp

beds

–  Raster
Interpola%on

•  A
high
resolu%on
process

•  Requires
a
large
number
of

datapoints


USGS
Cross
SecAon.

hjp://www.davisnamson.com/
downloads/USGS%20Cross%20SecAon%2004.pdf

 Possible
Future
Research

•  More
indepth
analysis

–  Mineral
breakdown
of
sediment

–  Sediment
thickness

–  Mapping
of
rocky
substrates

–  Comparison
of
‘holding’
abiliAes
on
various
substrates

–  Landslide
correlaAon

•  Requirements

–  Sediment
sample
collecAon
w/in
wks
of
recording
sensory
data
>>
current
data

–  Numerous
samples
taken
within
and
around
the
giant
kelp
beds

–  Databases
in
usable
formats

 References

•  Anderson,
Clarissa
R.,
Brzezinski,
Mark
A.,
Washburn,
Libe,
and
Kudela,
Raphael,
2006.
CirculaAon
and

environmental
condiAons
during
a
toxigenic
Pseudo‐nitzschia australis bloom in the
Santa
Barbara
Channel,

California.
Mar
Ecol
Prog
Ser,
Vol.
327:
119–133.

•  Cavanaugh,
Kyle
C.,
Siegel,
David
A.,
Kinlan,
Brian
P.,
and
Reed,
Daniel
C.,
2010.
Scaling
giant
kelp
field

measurements
to
regional
scales
using
satellite
observaAons.
Mar
Ecol
Prog
Ser,
Vol
403:
13–27.

•  Dayton,
Paul
K.,
Tegner,
Mia
J.,
Edwards,
Peter
B.,
and
Riser,
KrisAn
L.,
1998.

Sliding
Baselines,
Ghosts,
and
Reduced

ExpectaAons
in
Kelp
Forest
CommuniAes.

Ecological Applica8ons, 8(2),
Pp.
309–322.

•  Erdey‐heydorn,
Mercedes
D.,
2008.
An
ArcGIS
Seabed
CharacterizaAon
Toolbox
Developed
for
InvesAgaAng
Benthic

Habitats.
Marine Geodesy, 31:
318–358.

•  Greene,
H.
G.,
Murai,
L.
Y.,
Wajs,
P.,
Maher,
N.
A.,
Fisher,
M.
A.,
Paull,
C.
E.,
and
Eichhubl,
P.,
2006.

Submarine

landslides
in
the
Santa
Barbara
Channel
as
potenAal
tsunami
sources.
Natural
Hazards
and
Earth
System
Sciences,

6,
63–88.

•  Harris,
Peter
T.
and
Whiteway,
Tanya,
2008.

High
seas
marine
protected
areas:
Benthic
environmental
conservaAon

prioriAes
from
a
GIS
analysis
of
global
ocean
biophysical
data.
Ocean
&
Coastal
Management
52
(2009)
22–38.

•  Hook,
S.
J.
Myers,
J.
J.,
Thome,
K.
J.,
Fitzgerald,
M.
and
A.
B.
Kahle,
2001.

The
MODIS/ASTER
airborne
simulator
(MASTER)
‐
a
new
instrument
for
earth
science
studies.
Remote Sensing of 
Environment,
vol.
76,
Issue
1,
pp.
93‐102.

•  Leisten,
Tania
M.,
2002.

Coastal
watershed
development,
erosion,
marine
habitat
loss
and
kelp
forest
decline
in

Santa
Monica
Bay,
California.
California
State
University
Monterey
Bay
Seafloor
Mapping
Lab,
29
pps.

•  Reid,
Jane
A
,
20020820,
POINT
COVERAGE
SCASMPL
‐‐
Sediment
sample
data
for
S.
Calif.:.

•  Tegner,
Mia
J,
Dayton,
Paul
K,
Edwakds,
Peter
B.,
and
Riser,
KrisAn
L.,
1996.
Is
there
Evidence
for
Long‐term
ClimaAc

Change
in
Southern
California
Kelp
Forests?

Calcofl
Rep.,
Vol.
37.

 THE
END

•  Acknowledgments

–  NASA

–  NSERC


•  Dr.
George
Seielstad,
Dr.
Rick
Shejer,
Eric
Buzay

–  SARP


•  Dr.
Nick
Clinton,
Dr.
Clarissa
Anderson,
Dr.
Raphael
Kudela

•  Shaun
Kefauver

–  USC
and
UCI

–  DAOF
and
the
DC‐8
crew

–  MASTER
and
MODIS
analysts

–  Raptor
boat
crew

QuesAons