Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Interconnecting
Networks with
TCP/IP
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1
Objectives
Internet
TCP/IP
7 Application
6 Presentation 5
Application
5 Session
4
4 Transport Transport
3
3 Network Internet
2
2 Data Link Data Link
1
1 Physical Physical
File
File Transfer
Transfer
-- TFTP
TFTP **
-- FTP
FTP **
-- NFS
NFS
E-Mail
E-Mail
Application -- SMTP
SMTP
Remote
Remote LoginLogin
-- Telnet
Telnet **
-- rlogin
rlogin **
Transport Network
Network Management
Management
-- SNMP
SNMP **
Internet Name
Name Management
Management
-- DNS*
DNS*
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies)
F T S D T S R
Application T E M N F N I
Layer P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T
Source Dest.
…
Port Port
Telnet Z
Host A Host Z
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-14
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-15
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-16
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-17
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-18
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-19
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Window size = 1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-20
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement …
Port Port # #
I just
sent #10.
I just
sent #10.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23 1028 1 11
11
I just
sent #11.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.
23 1028 1 11
11
1028 23 11
11 2
I just
sent #11.
I just got #11,
now I need #12.
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.
23 1028 1 11
11
1028 23 11
11 2 Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23 1028 2 12
12
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-24
TCP Windowing
Sender Receiver
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Transport
TCP UDP
Layer
6 17 Protocol
Numbers
Internet
Layer IP
Application
Transport Destination
1 Unreachable
ICMP
Echo (Ping)
Internet
Other
Data Link
Physical
I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
Map IP Ethernet
Local ARP
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-38
Reverse ARP
What is
my IP
address?
I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.
I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25
I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25
Map Ethernet IP
172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1
172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2
HDR SADA DATA
10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0
10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2 192.168.1.1
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
64
128
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
8
4
2
1
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
8
4
2
1
64
32
16
Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-46
IP Address Classes
Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
10NNNNNN Network Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
110NNNNN Network Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-48
Host Addresses
172.16.2.1 10.1.1.1
10.6.24.2
E1
172.16.3.10 E0 10.250.8.11
172.16.2.1
172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118
Routing Table
172.16 . 12 . 12 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
10.0.0.0 E1
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-49
Determining Available Host
Addresses
Network Host
172 16 0 0
N
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
16
15
14
13
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 1
00000000 00000001 2
00000000 00000011 3
...
...
...
11111111 11111101 65534
11111111 11111110 65535
11111111 11111111 65536
- 2
2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534 65534
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-50
IP Address Classes Exercise
10.2.1.1
128.63.2.100
201.222.5.64
192.6.141.2
130.113.64.16
256.241.201.10
256.241.201.10 Nonexistent
…...
172.16.0.0
Network 172.16.0.0
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-53
Addressing with Subnets
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0
Network 172.16.0.0
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-54
Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1
172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1
172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150
IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-57
Decimal Equivalents of Bit
Patterns
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Network Host
Network 172 16 0 0
Number
192
224
240
248
252
255
128
254
Network
Number 172 16 2 0
192
224
240
248
252
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
254
Network
Number 172 16 2 128
172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0
10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0
10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0
172.16.3.255 172.16.2.0
(Directed broadcast)
255.255.255.255
(Local network broadcast)
X
172.16.255.255
(All subnets broadcast)
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—8-64
Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160
255.255.255.192 Mask
Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last
Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last 7
10000000 Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
First 6
Last
10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6
Last
10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6
10111110 Last 7
20 subnets
5 hosts per subnet
Class C address:
192.168.5.0
192.168.5.16
Other
subnets
192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48
201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248
15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0
128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252
153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128
Router(config-line)#ip netmask-format
{bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal}
Router(config)#ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating ”pat"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#config t
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating ”pat"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#
Router#show hosts
Default domain is not set
Name/address lookup uses domain service
Name servers are 255.255.255.255
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
Application
TCP
IP
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
ISL
Ethernet
FastEthernet 0/0
FastEthernet 0/0.1
FastEthernet 0/0.2
FastEthernet 0/0.3
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
ISL S0
172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
TCP
interface Serial0 IP
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 HDLC
Serial
fa0/23 ...
fa0/1 fa0/12 fa0/12 fa0/1
fa0/24 fa0/13 fa0/13