RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology is a set of systematic techniques used by

scientific researchers.

DEFINITION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The section of a research proposal in which the methods to be used
are described. The research design, the population to be studied, and
the research instruments, or tools, to be used are discussed in the
methodology.

AIMS OF RESEARCH

The general aims of research are:

• Observe and Describe

• Predict
• Determine Causes
• Explain

OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION

The first stage of any research is to observe the world around us and
to ask questions about why things are happening. Every
phenomenon in the universe has a reason behind it, and the aims
of research are to understand and evaluate what is happening.

PREDICT
To be This stage is where you must make a statement of intent and
develop a strong hypothesis. This must be testable, with aims of
research being to prove or disprove this statement. At this stage,
you may express your personal opinion, favoring one side or the
other. You must make a statement predicting what you expect the
final answer.
DETERMINATION OF THE CAUSES
This is often the ‘business end’ for many areas of scientific research
and is where one of the predictions is tested, usually by
manipulating and controlling variables. The idea is to generate
numerical data that can determine the cause with one of the
many statistical tests.

EXPLAIN
After determining the causes, the next layer of the research process is
to try to find possible explanations of ‘Why?’ and ‘How?’
things are happening. For most areas, this stage involves sifting
through and reviewing earlier studies about similar phenomena.
Most research is built upon the work of previous researchers, so
there should be a wealth of literature resources available.

ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH
Common scientific research elements are:

Characterization –
• How to understand a phenomenon
• Decide what to observe about a phenomenon
• How to define the phenomenon
• How to measure the phenomenon

Hypothesis and Theory -

• The research questions before performing research
• Often based on earlier research
Prediction -
• What answers do we expect?
• Reasoning and logic on why we expect these results

Observation or Experimentation
• Test characterizations, hypothesis, theory and predictions
• Understand a phenomenon better
• Conclusion
 RESEARCH DESIGNS
Different research designs have different attributes. The design is the
structure of any scientific work. It gives direction and systematizes the
research.

The method you choose will affect your results and how you conclude
the findings. Most scientists are interested in getting reliable
observations that can help the understanding of a phenomenon.

There are two main approaches to a research problem:

• Quantitative Research
• Qualitative Research

There are various designs which are used in research, all with specific
advantages and disadvantages:

• True Experimental Design

• Quasi-Experimental Design
• Double-Blind Experiment
• Descriptive Research
• Archive Study
• Literature Review
• Case Study
• Survey
• Twin Studies
• Meta-analysis
• Systematic Reviews
• Observational Study
• Naturalistic Observation
• Field Experiment
• Cohort Study
• Longitudinal Study
• Factorial Design
• Case Control Study
• Pilot Study
ERRORS IN RESEARCH
Logically, there are possible to make two types of errors when drawing
conclusions in research:

Type 1 error is when we accept the research hypothesis when the null
hypothesis is in fact correct.

Type 2 error is when we reject the research hypothesis even if the null
hypothesis is wrong

AIM
To identify, describe and produce an analysis of the interacting factors
which influence the learning choices of adult returners, and to develop
associated theory.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
The function of research is to either create or test a theory. Research
is the instrument used to test whether a theory is good or not. It is the
process by which data is gathered to generate a theory or used to test
a theory. There are different ways of conducting research. However
any method you use will be based on the systematic collection and
analysis of data. The emphasis here is on the word systematic.

This means you have to collect your data in an ordered manner, with a
purpose in mind, and following certain rules about your mode of
collection.

You can become familiar with the basic principles underlying two major
types of research: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
The main characteristics of research are as follows:-
1. Research is a systematic inquiry. Research is a scientific study of
facts or phenomenon.
2. Research is a critical investigation into a phenomenon or a
subject.
3. Research is undertaken to establish facts or principles.
4. Research is a logical method which uses possible tests to
validate theories or tools and draw valid conclusions.
5. Research is also based on empirical evidence and observational
experience for formulating conclusions to establish new theories.
6. Research, many a times, is directed towards finding answers to
pertinent questions posed.
7. Research does follow a scientific method.

LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
1. Conceptualization problem.
2. Inefficient library and information system.
3. Lack of resources.
4. Lack of scientific training.
5. Lack of interaction.
6. Absence of code of conduct.
7. Lack of confidence.
8. Problem of co-ordination.
9. Repetition
 DATA COLLECTION
In today’s competitive world, in the increasing complex nature of
business and governance, decision making has to be accurate for
solving such problems. For this purpose, concerned decision makers in
solving various types of problems make an increased use of Research
methodology. The credibility of the results derived from application of
such methodology depends upon the most up-to-date information
pertaining to characteristics of various problem faced by the decision
makers. The necessity and usefulness of information gathering
depends upon basic data collected.

The basic data directly affects the answers to the various questions. If
a question is with respect to govt. policy or industrial problem, perhaps
the type of data can affect the fortunes of govt. and /or industry. Data
are two types:-

a. Primary data
b. Secondary data

a. Primary Data - Data, which are obtained direct from source and
original. a method refers o the way of gathering data. Some of the
methods are as follows:-

• Observation
• Questionnaire and Schedules
• Experimentation
• Simulation
• Interview
• Projective Technique

b. Secondary Data- Data which has been removed at least one

stage from source. Methods of collecting Secondary Data is broadly
classified into two main factors-

• Internal
• External
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Research is an organized activity requiring proper planning. For the
sake of a systematic research study, the process of research may be
classified under, three stages viz. Primary stage, secondary stage, and
the final stage.

The primary stage includes:-

1. Observation
2. Interest
3. Crystallization and identification of a research problem
4. Formulating of research problem and hypothesis
5. Primary synopsis
6. Conceptual clarity
7. Documentation
8. Literature survey

The secondary stage includes:-

1. Research project planning
2. Research project formulating
3. Data collection
4. Compilation of data
5. Classification, Tabulation and presentation of data
6. Data analysis
7. Testing of hypothesis
8. Interpretation

The final stage includes:-

1. Conclusion and recommendations
2. Report writing

SCALING TECHNIQUES
CONCEPT OF SCALING
Scaling involves assigning numbers to various degrees of opinion,
attitude and other abstract things like brand image, quality etc. We not
only try to assess options of the respondents but also measure the
intensity of it. A scale is a continuum consisting of a set of statements,
logically related to the attitude under study. A number of observations
can be used to study the attitude of each respondent simultaneously
on the scale. The scale must satisfy the principles of measurements. It
must satisfy the characteristics of homogeneity, linearity, validity and
reliability.

TYPES OF SCALES
The combination of the three characteristics namely order, distance
and origin give rise to six levels of measurement for a dimension or a
continuum. They are:
1. Nominal scales
2. Ordinal scales
3. Interval Scales
4. Ratio Scales
5. Arbitrary Scales
6. Judgment Scales

RATING SCALES
There are many types of rating scales used in research. Rating means
measuring an attribute of object or persons by judgment on a
continuum. It gives a measure of one’s actual position on the judgment
continuum. It can be either
a. Graphical rating scale
b. Itemized scale
RANKING SCALES

In this scale, the respondents are asked to rank the response on

objects or persons in the order of priority w.r.t. some attribute e.g.
ranking T.V. serial according to the best story. This is purely on an
ordinal scale that describes the most favoured or disfavoured
attributes but does not highlight about the distance between any of
item. Ranking, therefore, tells us the order of sequence. There are
following ranking methods:

a. Simple Ranking
b. Paired comparison rating scale
c. Constant sum rating scale
d. Fractionation rating scale
e. Cumulative scale
f. Factorial scale
 INTERVIEWING

The interview technique is the most important and powerful tool for
data collection in social research. The interview technique is a verbal
method of securing data especially in the field research connected
with the social problems. It is a direct method of enquiry. The person
who is interviewing is called the Interviewer or Interrogator and the
person who is giving interview is called the Interviewee or Respondent
or Informant.
An interview is usually a non-reciprocal relationship between the
individuals concerned, that is, one party desires to get information for
a particular or specific purpose. It is certain that the interviewer
initiates the interaction (interview) and the interviewee is at the
receiving end.

Objective of Interview
The main purpose of interview as a tool of data collection-field
procedure-is to gather data extensively and intensively. The objectives
of interview may be exchange of ideas and experiences eliciting
information pertaining to a very wide range of data in which the
interviewee may wish to rehearse his past, define his present and
canvass his future possibilities. The objectives of interview are two
fold:
1. To exchange ideas and experience
2. To elicit (collect) information
Process of Interview
• Introduction
• Object of Interview
• Interview
• Free atmosphere
• Help
• Research questions
• Encouragement
• Direction
• Note-taking
• Concluding
• Report
 SAMPLING DESIGNS

The selected part, which is use to ascertain the characteristics of the

population, is called sample. While choosing a sample, the population
is assumed to be composed of individual unit of members, some of
which are included in the sample. The total number of members or
units of the population and the number included in the sample are
called population size and sample size respectively.

The method, consisting of selecting for study the so called part /

portion – known as sample, with a view to drawing conclusions about
the universe or population is known as sampling. It means selection of
part of the whole (group) with a view to obtaining information about
the whole.

Methods of Sampling
A Sampling method refers to the procedures of selecting a sample and
not its composition. A study of different method of sampling is
necessary b’coz the precision, accuracy and the efficiency of sample
result depend upon the actual method in use. Sampling methods are
classified into two types.
a. Probability sampling
b. Non-probability Sampling

a. Probability Sampling-
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Stratified Random Sampling
3. Systematic Random Sampling
4. Multi Stage Sampling
 5. Cluster Sampling

b. Non-probability Sampling-
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling (or judgment)
3. Quota Sampling

Techniques of Sampling
1. The sampling techniques are as follows-
2. Economy
3. Intensive and elaborate study
4. Reliability
5. Scientific nature
6. Suitability
 SAMPLE SIZE DECISION

There are two basic requirements for the sampling procedure to fulfill.
A Sample must be representative and it must be adequate. When it is
representative, a sample will be relatively small piece of the
population that mirrors the various patterns and subclasses of the
population. A sample is adequate if it provides an estimator with
sufficiently high precision. It should be remembered in this context
that the higher is the precision, the larger is the sample size and more
is the cost.

It is essential to have proper sampling for the proper study of a

problem. It means that the sample should be of the sample is either
too small or too big, it shall make the study difficult. The size of the
sample can be decided after considering the various factors of study
and the sample. Barten has opined “An optimum sample in survey is
one, which fulfils the requirements of efficiency representative ness,
expenses and flexibility. The sample should be small enough to avoid
unnecessary expenses and large enough to avoid intolerable sampling
error.” It is the total number of units in the sample.

Factors Determining the Size of the

Sample
The following factors help to decide the size of the sample:
1. Nature of the study
2. Nature of the population
3. Questionnaire and Schedule
4. Types of the sampling
5. Practicability
 TABULATION OF DATA

Tabulation is the final stage in collection and compilation of data, and

is a sport of steppingstone to the analysis and interpretation of figures.
In deciding about the type of tabulation, one has to keep in mind the
nature, scope and the object of enquiry. Tabulation of data should be
done in such a form that it suits the nature and object of the research
investigation

Statistical data can be presented in the form of tables and graphs. In

the tabular form, the classification of data is made with reference to
time or
some other variables. The graphs are used as a visual form of
presentation of data.

Tabulation simply means presenting a data through tables. It is next to

classification in the process of statistical investigation. To be more
precise ‘Tabulation is an orderly arrangement of data in columns and
rows’

Types of Tables
Tables are of following types:
• Simple and complex tables
• One way tables
• Two way tables
• Three way tables
• Manifold tables
 CODING OF DATA

The coding helps efficient analysis of data. The coding decisions should
usually be taken at the designing stage of the research itself so that
the likely responses to questions are precoded. It may be noted that
any errors in coding should be eliminated altogether or at least be
reduced to the minimum possible level.

The process of assigning some symbols, either alphabetical or

numerals or both, to the answers is known as coding. The responses
then can be recorded into a limited number of classes or categories.
The classes should be appropriate to the research problem being
studied, must be exhaustive and mutually exclusive so that the answer
can be placed it one cell or a given category. Further, every class must
be defined in terms of only one concept.
 SAMPLE SIZE DECISION

There are two basic requirements for the sampling procedure to fulfill.
A Sample must be representative and it must be adequate. When it is
representative, a sample will be relatively small piece of the
population that mirrors the various patterns and subclasses of the
population. A sample is adequate if it provides an estimator with
sufficiently high precision. It should be remembered in this context
that the higher is the precision, the larger is the sample size and more
is the cost.
It is essential to have proper sampling for the proper study of a
problem. It means that the sample should be of the sample is either
too small or too big, it shall make the study difficult. The size of the
sample can be decided after considering the various factors of study
and the sample. Barten has opined “An optimum sample in survey is
one, which fulfils the requirements of efficiency representative ness,
expenses and flexibility. The sample should be small enough to avoid
unnecessary expenses and large enough to avoid intolerable sampling
error.” It is the total number of units in the sample.

Factors Determining the Size of the

Sample
The following factors help to decide the size of the sample:
a. Nature of the study
b. Nature of the population
c. Questionnaire and Schedule
d. Types of the sampling
 e. Practicability

QUESTIONNAIRE
This questionnaire is prepared by the MBA student for comparison
between Honda jazz active & Maruti Suzuki ritz

Dear Respondent,

This is a partion programmed in the middle of MBA degree of a

University. The aim of this survey is to study the habits of people in
Saharanpur city and to assess their response in comparison between
Honda jazz active v\s maruti Suzuki ritz car I shall be thankful to you if
you can spare some time and fill up this questionnaire truly in details.
The work if of academic interest and your name and views will be kept
in secrecy.
Thank you,
Yours faithfully,

Neha Gupta
 INDEX
• Introduction to Research
• Objective of research
• Research Process
• Research Design
• Data Collection
• Scaling techniques
• Designing Questionnaire
• Interviewing
• Sampling Design
• Sample Size Design
• Introduction of Hypothesis
• Testing of Hypothesis
• Steps in Testing Hypothesis
• Tabulation of Data
• Coding of Data
• Editing of Data
• Interpretation of data
• About Hindustan Unilever Limited
• About ITC Limited
• About Lux
• About Vivel
• Objective of My Research
• Questionnaire
• Conclusion
 OBJECTIVE OF MY RESEARCH

The objective of our research is to find out which car is more in

demand & which provides more facilities & satisfaction among the

resident of our city. We have considered some of the features,

comfort, interior and exterior, decoration, looks, safety and other

benefits provides by both these cars. And suitability on the roads of

a city like SAHARANPUR.

After comparing both these cars in all these above terms, we have

found that the car Honda Jazz Active is more in demand in each

term, whether it is price or comfort ness or looks or style.

 CONCLUSION
At the last stage, it can be conclude that when we take two product
of different repotted companies Honda Siel Cars India ltd.(HSCI)
& Maruti Suzuki. Honda jazz active & Maruti Suzuki ritz These
products are available at reasonable price. When we went for
survey and asked the opinion about to the people,to Honda jazz
active & Maruti Suzuki ritz when we found approximately 61%
people prefer Honda jazz active, Which is the product of HSCI Ltd.
After this survey we think why people prefer Honda jazz active
b’coz of easy availability provide in many colors. It is better product
than Maruti Suzuki ritz. Honda jazz active was Launched currently &
Maruti Suzuki ritz was launched previously. According to public
views is Honda jazz active better than Maruti Suzuki ritz and I am
also in the favors of public view.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Research Methodology

2. Production and Operation Management

Published by Himalaya Publishing House
Kumar and Mittal

3. Marketing Management
Published by Himalaya Publishing House
Dr. Satish Inamdar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege and duty to express my gratitude to

everyone, who at one stage or the other, and in some

way or the other, extended help and support enabling

me to complete my work.

I am thankful to Mr. Ranjan Gupta (Director of

SIMT) for his valuable suggestion to me. & I am also

thankful to Mrs.Swati Sharma (Faculty SIMT) without

there guidance and active support I would not have

been able to do my project successfully.

Neha Gupta

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work done on
“RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON MARUTI SUZUKI &
HONDA CAR” Saraswati Institute Of Management &
Technology by the student Neha Gupta in partial
fulfillment of the requirement Business Management, is a
bonafide work carried out by him under my supervision
and guidance. The original work was carried during 2nd
Sem MBA.

Date: Name
of the guide
Mrs.
Swati Sharma
 MARUTI SUZUKI
Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL, formerly Maruti Udyog Limited), a
subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan, is India's largest
passenger car company, accounting for over 50 per cent of the
domestic car market.

Full Range of cars

We offer 13 brands and over 150 variants ranging from people's car
Maruti 800 to stylish hatchback Ritz, A star, Swift, DZire, SX4 sedan
and luxury suv Grand Vitara.nt of the domestic car market

25 years of trust
Maruti has always spelt trust - be it with the products themselves or
with the service standards. We have built trust by aligning ourselves
with the needs of customers. See how we have done that over the 25
years.

Keeping our roads safe

With 51 Driving Schools across the country and using advanced
training methods like simulators Maruti Driving Schools tackle road
safety at the grassroots.

Customer Delight
Creating Customer Delight is not a recent discovery for the company
rather the expression finds roots in the company vision. Taking forward
the same spirit the company is committed to serve many more
customers through a numerous way in times to come.
 HONDA IN INDIA
Honda Siel Cars India Ltd., (HSCI) was
incorporated in December 1995 as a joint
venture between Honda Motor Co. Ltd.,
Japan and Siel Limited, a Siddharth
Shriram Group company, with a
commitment to providing Honda’s latest
passenger car models and technologies,
to the Indian customers. The Honda City,
its first offering introduced in 1997,
revolutionized the Indian passenger car
market and has ever since been
recognized as an engineering marvel in
the Indian automobile industry. The
success of City as well as all its other
models has led HSCI to become the
leading premium car manufacturer in
India. The total investment made by the
company in India till date is Rs. 1620
crores, further investment of RS. 1000
crore is planned and being currently
invested for the coming second plant in
Rajasthan. The company has a capacity
of manufacturing 100,000 cars.

Showcase Manufacturing Facility

HSCI’s state-of-the-art manufacturing unit was set up in 1997 at
Greater Noida, U.P with an investment of Rs. 450 crore. The green-
field project is spread across 150 acres of land (over 6,00,000 sq.
m.).

The initial installed capacity of the plant was 30,000 cars per annum,
which was thereafter increased to 50,000 cars on a two-shift basis. The
capacity has further been enhanced to 1,00,000 units annually in
February 2008 . The capacity expansion was necessitated by the
excellent performance of all the Honda models, particularly the
growing demand for City in India. Several modifications were done by
the company with the objective of offering higher quality products to
its customers, faster and quicker. The expansion process also included
expansion of the covered area in the plant, from 1,07,000 sq. m. to
1,31,794 sq. m.

HSCI currently produces the newly launched Honda Jazz, City, Civic
and Accord models in India and the premium SUV, CR-V is sold as a
fully imported unit from Japan.

The company operates under the stringent standards of ISO 9001 for
quality management and ISO 14001 for environment management.

Sales and Distribution Network

Honda Siel Cars India has a strong sales and distribution network
spread across the country. The network includes 105 facilities in 62
cities. HSCI dealerships are based on the “3S Facility” (Sales,
Service, Spares) format, offering complete range of services to
its customers.

About Honda Siel Cars India Ltd. (HSCI)

The history of the Honda Motor Company began

with the vision of one man - Soichiro Honda. His
dream was personal mobility for everyone.

Soichiro Honda founded the Honda Motor Company

in 1948. In the same year, he designed and
engineered the first product of this company - a 50 cc motorised bike
on a bicycle frame - in his small shed at Hamamatsu.

Soichiro Honda
Founder, Honda Motor Co.

Challenging the Limits

'Challenging the Limits' is a phrase commonly heard across the length

and breadth of Honda. It was made popular by its founder, Soichiro
Honda, who knew that his fledgling company had to out-think and out-
perform its competitors every step of the way in order to survive. After
all, he started out at a time when his country was devastated by war

HONDA JAZZ ACTIVE

MARUTI SUZUKI RITZ LDI BS IV

QUESTIONNAIRE ON CAR
HONDA JAZZ ACTIVE
MARUTI SUZUKI RITZ

1. Which car do you want to own?

Ans.
2. Which car is more comfortable?
Ans.
3. Which car is more affordable?
Ans.
4. Which car has more power windows?
Ans.
5.Which car provides CD player facility?
Ans.
6. Which car is more in demand?
Ans.
7. Which car provides better customer service?
Ans.
8.Which car is more in height & weight?
Ans.
9. Which car is more in length?
Ans.
10. Which car is provides keyless entry with answer block?
Ans.
11. Which car is provides auto lock braking system?
Ans.

12. Which car has facility of driver seat belt reminder?

Ans.
13.Which car has fuel consumption display?
Ans.
14. Which car is provides headlight alarm facility?
Ans.
15. Which car is provides power door lock?
Ans.
16.Which car is provides power door mirror?
Ans.
17. Which car is provides the headlight height adjustment?
Ans.
18.Which car is provides child safety locks?
Ans.
19. Which car is provides central locking system?
Ans.
20.Which car is provides front fog lights?
Ans.
 COMPARISION

MARUTI SUZUKI
HONDA JAZZ
RITZ LDI BS IV
ACTIVE
PRICE - Rs.4,80,754
Rs. 7,78,871
FEATURES- RITZS
JAZZ
Air conditioner *
*
Power window
*
Power door locks
*
Power steering *
*
Anti lock braking system
*
Air bag (driver-passenger) *
*
Leather seats
CD player
*

SPECS-
Overall length (mm)
Overall width (mm)
Overall height (mm)
Kerb weight (kg)
Mileage overall (km)
Seating capacity (person)
No of doors
Displacement (cc)