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    IEEE Transaction On Power Delivery (Jan 2008) Scan

    Transféré par

    Nhung Hong Nguyen

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    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY ‘A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE POWER ENGINEERING SOCIETY VANUARY 2008 VOLUME 23 NUMBERT TTPDES (ISSN 0885-8977) POWER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT Zero-Phase Filtering for Lightning Impulse Bvaluation: A K-factor Filter for the Revision of TEC60060-1 and -2 .. 2 PL. Lewin, [.N, Tran, D. J. Swatield, and J. K, Halistréim Estimating Inlecharmonics by Using Sliding- Window ESPRIT. ‘LY-H, Gu and MH. J. Bollen A Novel Method for Live Detection of Faulty Direct Current Insulators... XJ. Shen, XC. Jiang, YC. Cheng, and Macaipine Extraction of Harmonies Using Composite Observers. K Sehvajyothi and P.A. Janakiraman Frequeney Estimation of Disteted Power System Signals Using «Rebus Algorithm CoH. Huang, Coll, Lee, Kel. Shih, and Wang POWER SYSTEM RELAYING Advanced Coordination Method for Overcurrent Protection Relays Using Nonstandard Tripping Characteristics T. Keil and J. Jager New ANN:Based Algorithms for Detecting HIFS in Multigrounded MV Networks... M. Michalik, M, Lukowics, W. Rebizant, SI. Lee. and 8-H. Kang ‘Transformer Differential Protection Using Principal Component Analysis - evesnsees E. Vézqles, Ll. Mijares, O, Ls Chacon, and A, Conde A Novel Scheme to léentify Symmetrical Faults Occurring During Power Swings .........-...X Lin, ¥. Gao, and P.Liw ‘A Cumulative Sum Based Fault Detector for Power System Relaying Application seoves 5, R Mohanty, A. K. Pradhan, and A, Rowiray ‘A New Weak Fault Component Reactance Distance Relay Based on Voitage Amplitude Comparison T. Nengling and C. Chen PWT-Based Detection and Transient Power Direction-Based Location of High-Lmpedance Faults Duc to Leaning Trees in Unearthed MY Neiworks ....... Nf. Elkalashy, M. Lehtonen, H. A. Darwish, A.M. 1. Taalab, and M. A. Izzularab Sensitivity Analysis to Operation Margin of Zone 3 Impedance Relays With Bus Power and Shunt Susceptance S. Li, N. Yorino, M. Ding, and ¥. Zoka Development and Implementation of a Syachrophascr Estima Capable of Measurements Under Dynamic Conditions W. Premerlani, B. Kasctenny, and M. Adamiak T. Kase, ¥. Kurosawa, and H. Amo Charging Current Compensation for Distance Protection. 94 102, 109 124 (Contents Continued on Page 1) IEEE IEEE POWER ENGINEERING SOCIETY ‘The Per Hnpieng Soc san nunato EEE ems nal eet se avancnet fhe le aad pace of lec: per seen, ani Urination aed uiteice, Aliment of x SEE ae capbl Or menbsip ne ocety and wt cee a TuanGacons upon pene Ge aod Sock) {ce(30.0 ps an aul stern ex rie 0.00; date ESN pan lr 54300), Rorinomaon bot arn coma te HE a ena Mentor cope of Pansat ar prs IEEE. TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY EDITORAN-CHIEE Tw CLA Const weaetiee ep is tow Sate Univ, sinned EDITORS Rese Arsene, Nal Ren ComcilofCanla Dea W, Lew, The Obie Ba Co De Ss0n, EPRL Saat Kissert Bow. The Dov Chal Co dom McDat Ratont Kalan Sn Cris Weigh Eker Mechanical Cap Some: Chotst. "Gone Hears Co Shas Minsorotos Georgi ino Tec ‘Tastoca 5. St, Ut of Donen Ona ‘NixDacr, Ales Dac. Bue Mosceny, HeodPatenen & Deva Eapinews —Vant KSodb, Conon Ue. ‘Tronav Guna Bestack Cosy In drtaey I Netsen Tensence Wally Niche) Rasta Suroncatany Arua Ste Uh Em Rizainwane. Uno. of Fumo Sovee Net The Opn Un Shows Ton,” Vig ech ‘Aino, Rest” Ameren Hen Pover VW OLE Siemens tv K Vata, Un of Reser Ono oxo Lescy, Costa Dota ceton, Prat peeing Me Jes @ Wovn, Prete Gan nd eee Divo LIMES, PECO-ESERY PES PUBLICATIONS HOARD MowaiiadShaltpenrocR Chair lin Sst Teo Wax K, REDE, SKC Flt Co, aruce RYAN, IEEE Pover ngieting Society ALAN Rov PML lect Utes NOEL. Sem? Assi! Sse in Paral. Tye, EPRI PES EXECUTIVE OFFICE Parken P RYAN, Eucate Diector ‘Smal: es@ieecors 48 Heer Lane fier 47 50a Po, Bex 13) tow 1 732 $40 28 Panay NI CRBSS.1581 USA IW tpi ce onover EE Omicers Lows M.THRMGAN, President JOH BALUEUL, Vice Presiden, Publication Services end Padus Fou RV, Preside let Jose LILLIE. ew Preven. Member and Grorephi Atte xem 1 Si00%Scrtry Geomae W-Anso12, President IEEE Standen Acoaton Dav G Gxt, Traror J'Ronemro B be Manca, Vee President, Techical etter LOM Sne90N, Past President RUSSELL. Larevne, Pesiden, IEEE-USA EWQORLIA MIGHE-T2ANAKOU, Vice President, Ecsta Aces {WAIN D. MeDUNALD, Director, Dison VU—Energy aud Por Engicetag IEEE Executive Sttt Jerrny W. RAMs, CAE, Etcate Diecor & Chief Operating Ofcer SerSY DAVIS, SPH, Human Resources [MATTHEW LOEB, Corporate Srtegy & Communications ANTHONY DURNIAK, Publications Actes RicHARD D. ScuWatz, Business Admeistraton Inet Gowns, Standards cries huts Buawtiry, TEEE-USA (Crema Jasons, Resonal Atti Maky WARD-CALLAN, Techie Activites Dress Goma, Edscanal Aches SAILY A BIUCKSEN. ClO -nirmation Technology IEEE Periodicals Transcton/Tourvals Deparment ‘Sif Deets Pua ZAR. n Edoral Daecor Dass MILEY Monaping For ARTIS MORASS Aso dir: PET STN on owen Driven ASN OMS 857) pblal quart by The ae of el Bro Engines. Remy for snes earl wt pn TEE the Seno su more. HEER Carporte Of Puck Aer, 1th Rew ek, NY 1051659, ERE Operon Cnr at; may, NP 9885-131 8) Roepe: +1732 981 WX. PecePabenteInormaten inhi cyie YEE Meters $20.0 (fn Sy on ey Nr Pag lis caret ce) Mette ad tae iron pik ahaa tpn ee Avbe to matt a eden a Rept Permtsiom: Attang sprites wit sew fe sou Litas fro pay for Pate se ps pve he poy fe ode de bate o te page np tough He Capi Clear Cenc 222 Rosen Dave, Dave, MA C192 Foal copying ope fe Copyrg n ertons Depuinsnt ISEE Putian Alsusrn, 5 Hxs Lave, Pacavay. NI USNS. Capp © 300885 Te th Becrakt Eager I lis reve. Pesos Pstage Plat New Yok NY sta nl ring ken, Poster Send aie chng On PUNEA Devin, Eh Hos ane, Peavy. NI CBSS3135, CST Reps No [50308H CP Sais Ape 0308? Reon tiers: ie) Bowes NMEX. FO, Box #332, Samm Re, Teno, ON MSW Cam Ped te USA. [Oj Teer 101 1097TPWRD.2007.81470 (Contents Continued jram Front Cover) POWER SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION ‘On the Efficacy of Using Ground Return in the Broadband Power-Line Communications—A Transmission-Line AnalySis.sssesescesos isc sath sevtesssseseeee od Anatory and N, Theethayi Coupler Winding Ratio Selection for Effective Narrowband Power-Line Communications P.A. Janse van Rensburg and H.C. Ferveina Solutions for the “Silent Node” Problem in an Automatic Meter Reading System Using Power-L.ine Communications @. Gao, 4. ¥ Ye, PH. J. Chong, P.L. So, and E. Gunawan ‘imation in OFDM Power-Line Communication A. Masoling, M. Raugi, and M. Tucel Cyelie Shor Time Varying Channel E Broadband Pawer-Line Communications: The Channel Capecity Analysis J Anatory, N. Theethavi, R. Thottappillil, MM. Kissakan cd N. HL Mvung Modeling and Analysis of Common-Mode Current Propagation in Broadband Power-Line Commiinication Networks ~ LS. Pang, P-L. So, K. ¥. See, and A. Remar The Influence of Load impedance, Line Length, and Branches on Underground Cable Power Line Communications PLC) Systems sss. eos Anatory, N. Theethav', R. Thontappilil, M. M. Kissaka, and N. H. Muungi Expressions for Current/Voltage Distribution in Broadband Power-Line Communication Networks Involving Branches J-Anatory, N. Theethayi, R. Thottappilil, M.M, Kissaka, aad N. H. Moun SUBSTATIONS How to Achieve a Rapid Deployment of Mobile Substations and to Guarantee its Integrity Dring Transport . sscssnsess J. Lopes-Roldan, C, Devriendt, J. Enns, R, Gij, and P. Guillaume SWITCHGEAR Numerical Investigations on the Pressure Wave Absorption and the Gas Cooling Interacting in a Porous Filter, During an Internal are Fault ina Medium-Voltage Cell... D. Rochete, S. Clain, and F. Gentils ldzntitication of Capacitor Switching ‘Transients With Consideration of Uncertain System ancl Component Parameters HY. Zhuwand 8. Chen Heating Effects of Short-Circuit Current Impulses on Contacts and Conductors —Patt I~ L. Koller, B. Novidk, and G. Tevan Heating Effeets of Short Circuit Current Impuises on Contacts and Conductors Part I 1, Koller, B. Novak, and G. Tevan TRANSFORMERS An Accurate Current Transformer Model Based on Preisach Theory for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Transienis, .. A, Rezaet-Lure, R. Iravani, M. Sanaye-Pasand, H, Mohseni, and S, Farhangi Elimination of Overshooting Effects and Suppression of Numerical Oscillations in Transformer Transient Caleulations ‘A. Tokie and 1, U Investigations of Temperature Effects oa the Dielectric Response Measurements of Transformer Oil-Paper Insulation Sysiem TK, Saha and P. Purkait ‘TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION Multiobjective, Multiconstraint Service Restoration of Electric Power Distribution System With Priority Customers eeseee ¥ Kumar, B. Das, arid J. Sharvna Optimal Switch Placement in Distibution Systems Using Trinary Particle Swann Optimization Algorithm ‘A. Morad ond M. Fotuhi-Firircabad Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Using Transform and Probabilistic Neural Network sssse, S Mishra, CN, Bhende, and B. K, Panigrahi Optimal Number and Locations of Power Quality Monitors Considering System Topology’... DJ. Won and 81. Mo Modeling of Positive Leader Speed Under Slow Front Voltagos—Part I: Long Air Gaps»... F A.M. Rick and E Vidad Detection of Dryband Arcing Processes on ADSS Cable Coating B. Florkowska, M, Florkowski, and M. Timler Stability Analysis of AC/DC System With Multirate Discrete-Time HVDC Converter Motel RK. Pandey Characterizing Voltage Fluctuations Caused by a Pair of Interharmonies ..... 4. Yong, T. Rayjasonant, W. Xu, and C, Sun Applications of the Fault Decoupling Device to Improve the Operation of LV Distribution Network: A. Cataliotti, G. Coechiara, M. C, Ippoti 1-and G, Morana (Contents Continued on Page 2) 132 140 150 137 et 7 180 188 196 203 213 21 228 233 243 (Contents Continued from Page 1) ‘Tayristor Controlled Reactors Nonlinear and Linear Dynamic Analytical Models ....... . JER. Alves, dr, L.A. S. Pilon, end &. H, Watanabe Fault Distribution Modeling Using Stochastic Bivariate Models for Prediction of Voltage Sag in Distibuticn Systems : B.Q. Khanh, DJ. Won, and Sl. Moon ‘A New Broadband Microcurrent Transducer for Insulator Leakage Current Monitoring System .... W Cher, C. Yao, P Chen, C. Sim, E. Du, and R. Lio ‘Two-Leg Three-Phase Inverter Control for STATCOM and SSSC Applications. A. Griffo and D. Lawria Coordinated Control of EPT and Generator Excitation System for Multidouble-Circuit Transmission-Lines System D. Wang, C.Mao, and J. Lue assessment of Feeder Voltage Regulation Using Statistical Process Contol Methods N,V Mago, S. Santoso, and M. F McGranaghian Real Tine Sag Monitoring Sym for High-Vhnge Overhead Tenmvision Lines Have on PowerLine Cant Sigua Behavior. W.de Villiers, J. H. Cloete, M. Wedepohl, and A. Burger Study on the fem ooo P- Hao, W. Zanji, and C. Jianye Elimin: in VSC-Based Multitenminal DC Systems by AC/DC Decoupling LT Tang and B-T. Ooi ination of Subeynetronows Voltage Components in Power Systems. .. ll. Bongiorno, J. Svensson, and C. Angguist Fiects of Surface Decay on Remaining Sieh “Transmission-Line Wood Cross-arms .VEWK, Ho, M, D. Pandey, and 8, Bedi Harmonic Contributions Evaluation sess. T: Pfaifar, B. Blasié, and |, Popie Optimal Scheduling of LTC and Shunt Capacitors in Large Distorted Distribution Systems Using Evolutionary Based Algorithms ..... A. Ulinuha, M.A, S. Masoum, and 5. M. Islam Voltage Sags and the Respanse of a Synchronous Distributed Generator: A Case Study ....... E.R. Collins and J. Jiang Gontcaly OpinivedPusry Psreat sed Sing of Capacitor Banka in DinttedDistituton Networks ss scee Me Ladjavardi and M, A. S. Masoun fultiline FACTS Controllers and ‘Their Operational Constraints ... RL Vasquez-Arnez and L. C. Zanetta “Trace of Flicker Sources by Using the Quantity of Flicker Power .... PG. V. Axelberg, M. H. J. Bollen, and |. Y-H. Gu Pole Identification for the Universal Line Model Based on Trace Fitting cess B. Gustavsen and J. Nordstrom Ising Detsion Assessment of Mat-Invener Systems With Active Fraciey Dring Methods... . L.A.C. Lopes and ¥. Zhang .. A. Gaudreau and B. Koch ‘Control of an Electronicaly-Coupled Distributed Resource Unit Subsequent an Islanding Event» H. Karimi, H. Niklhajoei, and R. Travani A Novel Approach for Modeling 338 385 361 am 380 389 396 410 a9 25 434 42 POWER ENGINEERING LETTERS FDID Analysis of the Unit Step Response of a Circuit Measuring Chopped Lightning Impulse Voltages ...... : ¥. Baba, A. Tamane, M. Ishii, N. Nagaoka, and A. Ametani Aceurasy Limits for Synchrophasor Measurements and the IEEE standard ..,...s.... M.A, Donolo and V.A. Centero Using the Fault Current Limiter With Spark Gap to Reduce Short-Cireuit Currents ........0cs..++ 2 Xiaoging and M. Li Corrosive Sulfur in Insulating Oils: Its Detection and Correlated Power Apparatus Failure sone Scatiggio, V.Turiatt, R. Maina, M. Turniati, M. Pompili, and R. Bariikas TEEE Copyright Form Aluiract—This paper presentsa new method regarding fault dis- ‘modeling for the stochastic prediction study of voltage in thedlstribution system. 2-D stochastic morlelsfor fault med- snake it possible to obtain the Fault performance forthe whole sem of interest, which helps t obtain not only sag performance individual locations but also system sag performance through indices of voltage sag. BY using the bivariate normal dis- tion for fault distribution modeling, this paper estimates the jnce of model parameters on system voltage sag performance. paper also develops the modified SARI, regarding phase stat create better estimation for voliage sag performance for istribution system. Indes Termy—Bivariate normal distribution, distribution en, fault distribution modeling, phase loads, power quality stochastic prediction, valtage sag frequency. 1. bytRopuction MONG power-quality (PQ) phenomena, the voltage sag (ip) is defined in IEEE1159, 1995 as a decrease in rms tage to between 0.1 and 0.9 of the nominal voltage at the er frequency forthe duration of 0.5 eyele to 1 min, There has a greater interest in vollage sags recently cue to problems used by the performance of sensitive electronic equipment tis widely used Rescarch about the voltage say is usually related 10 a basic ss known as a “compatibility assessment” [1]. [2] which Judes three steps, ‘Step 1) Obtain the voltage sag performance ofthe system of Seep 2) Obtain eyuipment voltage tolerance, Step 3) Compare equipment voltage tolerance with the voltage sag performance and estimate the expected impacts of the voltage sag on the equipment. Current research has shown evidence that obtaining the piltage say performance still needs more improvement. ‘The Manusrpt received Augus 2 2005: reised December S, 2006. Tis work ls sappored by the Korea Foundavom fer Advanced Studies" Intemational Solr Exchange Fellowship fer the academic year of 2004-2008. Pape a0. TWWRD- 01465-2005, 5-0. Khanh is with he Elsie Power System Department, Faculty of Eke |p Ensincene, Hence University af Techsology, Han. Veins (esa [fetnittd nat hacer xm). DI. Won i withthe School af Flectical Engineering, INHA iver, Ineo 402-751, Korea (em won iahs 8-1 Moon i wih the School of Ektial Engineering and Computer Sei 1, Scoul National Univeniy, Seoul 151742, Kora (emul ncn plana sack Digit Object unui 10.1 1097TPWRDD 2007 905817 Fault Distribution Modeling Using Stochastic Bivariate Models for Prediction of Voltage Sag in Distribution Systems Bach Quoe Khanh, Dong-Jun Won, Member, JERE, and Seung-Il Moon, Member, [EEE information about the voltage sag is mainly obtained by monitoring and stochastic predietion, With recently advanced ‘computer-tided simulation tools, the stochastic prediction of voltage sag becomes the preferable approach that can obtain the results at required accuracy for various network topologies ‘and operational conditions. “The method of fault positions” and “the method of critical distances" are known 6 the most widely used methods for siochastic prediction studies. I is notable that regardless of which method is used. a sio- chastic prediction study always has to solve wo eritical prob- Jems: 1) the modeling of causes leading to voltage sags and 2) the simulation of the power system for computing voltage sag, characteristics, Among important cause of voltage sags, Short circuit faults in the povver system account for the largest part and the assessment of the voltage saz performance based on fault ‘bution modeling is a well-known approach. However, itis very difficult build up “accurate” fault modeling because the data of faulis can only obtained by monitoring and, thus, it has the same uncertainties as to what the monitoring of voltage sags ‘This paper presents a new approach on fault distribution mod- cling for the stochastic prediction of voltage sags in the distr. ‘elton system using the method of fault positions, The simula- tion of the distribution system and fault distribution modeling are made on MATLAB for computing no1 only site indices, but also system indices of voltage sags. Il, FAULT DISTRIBUTION MODELING ‘Modeling the fault distribution is to determine the short cuit fault frequency (i.e, fault rate or the number of short-circuit faults per year) for all fault types at all possible fault positions throughout the system of interest, It consists of the selection of fault position and fault type and the distribution of fautt rate for the selected fault positions and fault types Fault positions are generally chosen in a way that a fault po- sition should represent short-circuit faults leading to sags with similar characteristics [2]. For the distribution system with typ. {cal radial network topology, small line segments, and distribu- tion transformers along the trunk feeders. itis possible to apply ‘only one fault position for each distribution transfermer and one fault position for each line segment. Different fault types should be applied to each fault position ‘mainly depending on the number of phases available at the se~ lected fault positions. The fault rate of each fault type is nor- mally referred fiom the observed historical data 6885.8977825.00 0 2007 IEEE ‘The fault rate mainly depends on fault positon, fault type, and fault cause. While two earlier factors have been discussed at length in past research, the distribution of the fault rate for the selected fault postions has received less interest. The most common assumption that has been argued so faris that because the fault can occur anywhere in the system, stochastically, it is possible to model the fault rate asthe uniform distribution (31, [4]. In tis sense, the fault rate at each position is identical 9 the component failure rat that is based on component retia- bility. However, in reality, many factors can lead to faults, not just the component failure, and fault rates at different postions in the system are rarely the same. Recently, a report [5] pro posed some interesting I-D models of fault distnbution along ingividual line segments (between two nodes). However, thisre- search could not consiler the distribution of transformer faults. Furthermore, by using I-D fault distribution, itis hard t0 ob- ‘ain a system index about voltage sag performance since there are plenty of line segments in the distribution system. The new rethod of fault distribution madeting proposed by this paper carefully analyzes concerned fault causes and builds up a suit- able modeling ofthe fault distribution for the whole system of interes fom which system indices can be obtained IIL, New Fauct DisteiBuT10N MODELING BASED ‘ON FAULT CAUSES FOR DISTRIRUTION SYSTEMS Although there are a variety of causes that result in faults in distribution systems, itis possible to group them into two parts: ‘namely 1) equipment failures and 2) extemal causes. Equipment failure is basically due to defeets that are prob- ably created during manufacture, transportation, and installa~ tion. Equipment failure depends on the time of being placed Tnto operation, the aging period, and maintenance conditions. ‘According to the reliaility theory, itis often characterized by the component failure rate, There are several distribution func- tions to model this parameter but the most common one is the exponential distribution which assumes the component failure rate to be constant, This value is equal 19 the average failure rate during the useful life of the “bathtub” curve [6]. Therefore, if the same type of equipment is used throughout the system (e.g. the same type of distribution transformers used in the dis- tribution system), it is possible to assume that the failure rate ‘of equipment follows he uniform distribution depending on the ‘equipment type although it sill may cause some errors (e.g.,not ‘all equipment is put into operation atthe same time or has the same maintenance conditions). Besides equipment failure, there are many other causes from, the ambient environment that also may lead to faults in power systems. This paper calls them the external causes. Some can in- fluence the fault performance of the power system ina large area such as severe Weather (wind storms, lightning, etc.). Mean- while, others mainly have local impacts, such as trees and ani- mals (birds, mice, etc,). Human factors (scheduled interruption, mischief, and vandalism) can cause faults that only influence the power system in small parts as well as se- vere faults for a large power system. All of these causes occur randomly and they can be simulated by stochastic models. 1-D. stochastic models seem to not be suitable as explained before ‘human error ig. Example of tvarate normal estibuon, ‘This paper proposes the idea of using 2-D stochastic models stead (e.g, the bivariate normal distribution model as illustra in Fig. 1) For large power systems, itis hard to ebtain a converged: fault distribution model for various causes ina large area. ‘ever, for small-to-me distribution network fed from a bulk-point distribution sul tion, of which the monitored historical data of Fault performan shows that faults due toexternal causes occur concentrativey cone location (eg., some lines pass through a small area isat high risk for faults due to industrial pollution or trunk it is the favorite condition to obtain a converged 2-D fault tribution model TV, PROBLEM DEFINITION AND SOLUTION A. Case Study Definition ‘To illustrate the new method of fault distribution model in the stochastic prediction of voltage sag in the distribuia system, this paper uses the IEEE 123-bus radial dis feeder (7] asthe test system. It ean be seen asthe distribu systems fed from a bulk point. It does not narrow the coped application of the study with the Following assumptions, + Since Tine segments in the test system come in one, and three phases, distribution transformers at load nob are the single phase type for separate single-phase lo For three-pnase louds, the connection oF the dist tion transformer is 4.16-KV grounded wye—low-rol srounded wye + Voltage sogs are only caused by faults in the test sy + Irthe test system is supposedly a section of a large ds bution system, only faults occurring in it ae consi The faults in sections fed from other distribution sus sions can he skipped as the transformer impedance i cribution substations, in reality is rather high. Similarly faults in low-voltage networks are also ignored because the large impedance of distribution transformers. This sumption only neglects voltage sas caused by faults in transmission system. It wll be considered ifthe stot prediction of voltage sag in large transmission systems 's included, + In terms of reliability, the test system is modeled on ‘main components: lines and distribution transformes. reliability of any other distribution equipment is sup ealy included inthe reliability of these two compe + The fault positions are selected as mentioned in Pat transformers, one fas postion at each lead rode (ie. nodes connected wit distribution transforters) spp (etl: FAULT DISTRIBUTION MODELING USING STOCHASTIC BIVARIATE MODELS ws For lines, one fault position is also applied for each segment. Due to the short line segments, this paper selects the fault position at the end of each line segment (For the test system, there are 122 line segments and 87 Iead nodes. ‘Therefore, 209 fault postions in total are selected) Fault types (single phase to ground, phase to phase, (60 phases to ground, and three phases to ground) are applied, to fault positions depending on the number of availabie phases. The fault impedance is assumed to be negligible ‘The fault rate of a distribution transformer is a random variable depending on the position of the load node itis connected to. The fault rate of a line segment is also a random variable depending on the fault position and the length ofthis tine segment. Based oa the previous definitions and assumptions, the com- ion of voltage sags at all load nodes on the primary side Jstibution transformers throughout the test system is per- on MATLAB [8]. The voliagesag frequency atesch load is obtained when applying the fault rate to each fault posi- ‘The fault rates atthe fault postions are calculated based on ew fault distribution modeling presented in Part B. Finally, voltage sag indices are calculated. Fault-Rate Modeling ‘Faults are random events and as previously indicated, they be simulated by stachastic distribution models, According she analysis in Section TIT the fault rate of each fault type at + fault position is equal to the sum of equipment failure rate fault rate due to external causes. The equipment failure rate :pposed to follow the uniform distribution model, Therefore, the fault position of the transformer i, the failure rate is cal- as follows: Nuane Nogami) = SoMa “ Meas number of transformer Falts ofthe tat systems im total distribution transformers; ac contributory percentage of equipment failure. The Line failure rate is normally expressed in the number of tus per year per foot (or meter) length. However, because of heshort length of line segments, the line failure rate is calcu Hel for the whole line segment as follows: bi No-tin(é) = Oy Nine ag — @ Re & ‘here ‘Nine umber of line faults of the test system; sm total line scements; k length of the line segment é (in feet). ‘The distribution of the fault rate due to external causes de- ‘enling on fault positions is supposedly in compliance with the UD stochastic model. This paper uses hivatiate normal distribu tion because it is the most common stochastic model which has such critical advantages as itaccepts continuous variables and is ceasy to build up the distribution based on monitored historical data, Besides that, itis also simple to convert to other models using continuous variables. ‘So the fault rate at each fault position is as follows. For the transformer 7 ex N crane Werans(i) @ For the line segment ¢ Nex-tnati) = Gor Mine ge Mite) E hWina where meal oe coniributory percentage of faults due toesternal cases gy + cex = 100%: Weeansts Wine) Weighted factors of the faalt rates of the transformer i and the line segment 4 that follow the bivasiate normal distribution mode! depending on fault positions ‘The joint probability density function of bivariat normal dis- tribution is expressed as follows 10a gap aT (Jes BysFsFysP) _ 2px = pe)y ~ Hy) ee ‘means and standard deviations of two variables 2. : Hes Hyp Oar Oy ° correlation coefficient. If the coordinates of fault positions are independent variables p = 0. ‘The probability fora faultto occur at the fault position (1, vs) within an area As; = A.rj.Ay, can be calculated as follows Flan. du) = Hayytedy = LE2WA% oe an YL Stet) Mae m IAs; = Aay = const(¥i = 1,1n) and mn is large enough, then the distribution is normalized as follows: Fas.u)Aso _ _ Slrs.m) F(A2;, Ay) ® = = Efeman ¥ sem) ao For the distribution system, geographically, if network nodes are disposed relatively uniform, it will be possible to apply the following approximation where. and yj are the coordinates of the fault position é. ‘+ Poults rate for the transformer i - jo ® X ew m) + ault rate foe the line segment i Wane = ae (9) 2 flxesye) ca C. Development of Voltage Sag Indices PQ indices are used to estimate the quality of supplied elec- tic energy for the power system. To date, many PQ indices have been proposed for various PO events, A well-known index of voltage sag is the system average rms voltage variation fre: ‘quency index for voltage sag down to under X*% of the nominal voltage value (SARFT.). Its offen used for evaluating the PQ of a three-phase power system based on monitored limited sez mentation [3]. The assessed system is segmented so that every point in the system is contained within a section monitored by an actual PQ measuring instrament In distribution systems, because various phase loads (phase to neutral, phase to phase, three-phase leads) ate available, asymmetrical faults, which account for most faults, never result in voltage sags o all single-phase loads (e.g, phase A-1o-ground faults may not eause voltage sags tothe loads connected between Phase B and neutral or phase C and neutral or loads connected between phase Band phase C). Therefore, using SARFx regardless of the number of phases involved, may not exaetly rellect the voltage sag performance of the distribution system, 1 From the demand sides, the indices are more interesting because they can estimate the voltage sag performance for phase loads. In order to take the availability of various phase loads in the distnbution system into account, this paper newly develops SARFly. in regard to phase lozds as follows: UMx-rxo, SARFIx-ex =p «oy ED Mx-rrwy SARELx-pp = “Sas ay = Mx-sr SARP ae a2 where My-pxtoy My-ppjoy mamber of sugs down to under wee Xe that phase to-neutral (ABO, phasete-phase (AD, B-C, C-A), or three-phase load 1 Mon. Mpp, Mae hunter of phase-to-reutral (ABC), phase-to-phase (A-B, B.C, C-A), or three-phase customers served from the aioe iterat TARLEL SYSTEM PAULE RATE BREAKDOWN Fou me Taal dition Trantor tol opi Uhre Bivariate Now me Ni-Fquin SEEM, NiLEquin. NILES “Heep NEEM Cwat — le Phe Pie Mapping ofthe IEEE—123-mus taal subuton es fede \V. RESULT DEMONSTRATION AND ANALYSIS A. Procedures of Stochastic Predietion ‘The process of stochastic predi through the following steps First, the system fault rate (the total of faults occuring it test system over a certain period of time) is assumed to aubitrary number. say 500 faults. This value is just fr c laiion and easier graphic demonstration of the results, Bes that, contributory percentages of different fault types are assumed as follows: + single phase to ground (NI): 80%; + tao phase to ground (NI 10%: + wo phase together (N2): 8%; + three phase to ground (N3); 2% ‘and the component fault rates are supposed 0 be + transformer: 50%: + line: 5096 “The listed percentages shown are in fact, based on actual data [9], Based on the aforementioned assumptions. the faut rates of vansformers and fines for differen fault spe to different fault causes (equipment failure or extemal are calculated and shown in colurmns 2 and 3 of Table es [ay fe) that are included make it possible 0c the influence of fault eauses due to external factors Second, the fault rate ofeach faulttype is calculated fr fault position using the fault distribution models as jon study is peri as eI. The test system with actual dimensions in feet is mapped in Fig. 2. The fault positions are assigned with coordinate. Third, he voltage sag magnitude and phase shift at all load sare computed forall selected fault positions. With the sp- sation of fault rates tothe selected fault positions, the voltage frequencies corresponding to different characteristics are ined, The voltage sag frequency is calculated for the fol- in: + individual load nodes; + all possible phase loads. including phase-to-neutral, phase-to-phase, and three-phase loads; + the whole test system, Evaluation of influences of the Fault Distribution Modeling the Voltage Sax Performance ‘The fault distribution modeling uses several parameters. In ice, itis possible o adjust these parameters so thatthe re: ling model is suitabfe for the fault performance of the disti- ion system of interest. However. the variation of these param- fe also makes the voltage sag performance change accord bly. In modeling fault distribution, this paper also considers be following options of fault distribution for estimating the in Fences of fault distribution on voltage sag performance. | + Change contributory percentages of the fault due to ex- temal causes (change étyq OF erex)- In this paper, thee op- | tons ay = 0%, 50%, and 100% are considered. + Switch the position of the mean value (jc, #1) of the bi- ‘arlate normal distribution. This paper considers four op- tions of the mean value at nodes 13, $1, 67, and 85 as in- dicated in Fig. 2, + Vary the deviations 0, oy of the bivariate normal distri- tution. This paper also considers the options of the devi- ation that are equal to 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 of the maximum value among deviations (Aviax = Max{Ar,, Ay,.i yeep) 3. Sip frequency spectrum and SARE of diferent phase Toads forthe ese the mean vali at node 13 and deviation. = 0 . meen fo z DPhaseB . an NO al 7 Bindws ‘ Biindne i [| amsecioa Eg anew aire a val cht) ‘alll owen aby or on on one ont aoe a ae mre Cae 5Awax ©. Results Analysis Based onaforementioned procedures of stochastic prediction, the following are remarkable results In Fig. 3, the indices of voltage sag for diferent phase loads, including voltage sag fiequency speciums, corresponding SARFIx_ px, SARFIx_pp. and SARFIx_ap for X ranging from 10% to 906 of the nominal voltage are shown. In this case study, (jes fty) = (a13.uishe Ge = oy = 05OMax Besides that, SARFlx for the whole test system for dif- ferent mean values (at nodes 13, 51, 67, and 85) of the fault, distribution models regardless of the number of involved pluses are also depicted in Fig. 4. Obviously there arc big differences between SARFlx of different phase loads or between SARFIy. of phase loads and SARFIx of the whole system. SARFIx_px of phases A, B, and C are different because the number of single-phase loads on each phase are difierent. SARFIx—py are rather low as single-phase loads jst experience sigs dve to single-phase-to-ground faults on the same phase. Generally, SARFIx pp are greater because phase-tr-phase loads are impacted by more faults (faults on {hwo phases) than pase-to-neutral Toads (faults on one phase). For phase-to-phase loud, there isa fle deep sag frequency; meanwhile, the shallow sag frequency rises greatly because al- ‘most phase to- ground faults (80% system fault rate) just cause shallow sags to phase-to-phase loads. SARFIx sp for three phases isthe greatest and SARFIx_ap for X > 80% is equal to 500 sags per load because three-phase loads will expeticnce voltage sag for any fault type. The aforementioned remarks also explain why SARF, defined for phase loads, is for more ‘useful indices for estimating the voltage sag performance in the

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