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Indian Standard
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF AUTOMATIC FIRE
DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM —
lCS 13.220.10
0 BIS 2008
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Fourth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Fire Fighting Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
The purpose of a fire detection and alarm system is to detect fire at the earliest practicable moment and to give an
alarm so that appropriate action can be taken (for example, evacuation of occupants, summoning the tire
fighting organization, triggering of extinguishing processes, etc). An alarm system maybe activated by automatic
detection devices or by manual operation of manual call points.
This standard covering the requirements of heat sensitive tire lletectors was first published in 1962 and revised in
1976, 1988 and 1999. The present revision includes modifications with regard to terminology, inclusion of
Indian Standard
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF AUTOMATIC FIRE
DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM —
CODE OF PRACTICE
(Fourth Revision)
1 SCOPE 3 TERMINOLOGY
1.1 This standard covers the planning, design, 3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following
selection, installation and maintenance of fire detection definitions and definitions given in IS 8757 shall
and alarm systems. It is applicable to simple systems apply.
11360:1985 Specification for smoke detectors for 3.8 Analog Initiating Device (Sensor) — An initiating
use in automatic electrical fire alarm device that transmits a signal indicating varying
system degrees of conditions as contrasted with a conventional
initiating device which can only indicate an on-off
12456:1988 Code of practice for fire protection condition.
of electronic data processing
installations 3.9 Annunciator — A unit containing one or more
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IS 2189:2008
indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays, graphical transmission of calls for assistance to emergency
displays or other equivalent means in which each services.
indication provides status information about a circuit,
3.22 Control Unit — A system component that
condition or location.
monitors inputs and controls outputs through various
3.10 Approved — Acceptable to the authority having types of circuits.
jurisdiction.
3.23 Detection Zone — Sub-division of the protected
3.11 Audibility — Property of a sound which allows premises such that the occurrence of fire within it will
it to be heard among other sounds in the, background. be indicated by a tire alarm system separately from an
indication of fire in any other sub-division.
3.12 Authority having Jurisdiction — The
organization, office, or individual responsible for 3.24 Detector — A device suitable for connection to a
approving equipment, materials, an installation or a circuit that has a sensor that responds to a physical
procedure. stimulus such as heat or smoke or flame.
3.13 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm 3.25 Display — The visual representation of output
System — Fire alarm system comprising components data, other than printed copy,
and sub-system required for automatically detecting a
c) is used to monitor automatically the correct processed and used to convey an alarm condition when
functioning of the system; and it meets preset criteria.
d) is used to indicate or display the location of ftre/ NOTE — It is suggested that the use of such detectors be
3.35 Fire Alarm Signal — A signal initiated by a 3.46 Line Detector — Detector which responds to the
fire alarm-initiating device, such as a manual fire alarm phenomenon sensed in the vicinity of a continuous
box, automatic fire detector, water flow switch, or line.
other device in which activation is indicative of the
presence of a fire or fire signature. 3.47 Maintenance — Repair service, including
periodic inspections and tests, required to keep the tire
3.36 Fire Alarm System — A combination of alarm system and its component parts in an operative
components for giving an audible and visible and/or condition at all times, and the replacement of the system
other perceptible alarm of fire. The system may also or its components when they become undependable or
initiate other ancillary action. inoperable for any reason.
3.37 Fire Rating — The classification indicating in 3.48 Manual Call Point — A manually operated
time (hours) the ability of a structure or component to device used to initiate an alarm signal. It can be maqd
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IS 2189:2008
3.56 Protected Premises — The physical location connected to the fire alarm system when the normal
protected by a fire alarm system. power supply fails.
3.57 Radio Alarm System (RAS) — A system in 3.71 Trouble Signal — A signal initiated by the fire
which cignals are transmitted from a radio alarm alarm system or device indicative of a fault in a
transmitter (RAT) located at the protected premises monitored circuit or component.
through a radio channel to two or more radio alarm
3.72 Zone — Area or space that has a group of
repeater station receivers (RARSR) and that are
automatic and/or non-automatic tire detection devices
annunciated by a radio alarm supervising station
for which there is a separate common display in the
receiver (RASSR) located at the central station.
control and indicating equipment.
3.58 Rate-of-Rise Detector — A device that responds
4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a
predetermined value. 4.1 Automatic fire detection and alarm system consists
of fire detectors and manual call points connected by
3.59 Search Distance — Distance which has to be
travelled by a searcher within a zone in order to appropriate cables to sector/zonal panels which in turn
determine visually the position of fire. are connected to control and indicating equipment
(C and I). The equipment and cables of automatic tire
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1S 2189:2008
j) The entire electrical installation pertaining to x) Where a special risk is present within a large
the entire fire alarm system as described above protected area, for example, a spray painting
shall be independent of other systems. both in engineering workshop and it is
considered important to obtain rapid
k) When a signal of fire is given it is necessary
identification of fire in that risk, such special
that there shall be no confusion about the zone
risk shall be deemed as a separate zone.
from which it is received.
m) To facilitate response by persons providing Y) Where a zone extends beyond a single
compartment, the zone boundaries shall be the
assistance, the zone shall be small enough for a
boundaries of the fire compartments.
fire located quickly.
NOTES
n) It is advisable to provide adequate fwe separation
1 Itispermissible to have two complete fire compartments in
between the zones. one zone, or two complete zones in one fire compartment.
P) In larger premises, the tire alarm system shall 2 It is not permissible to have a zone, which extends into parts
be so designed and arranged that it is fully of two compartments, or a compartment, which extends into
compatible with the emergency procedures and parts of two zones.
provides at some central or convenient point, z) If the arrangement of an area is complex and
or points, an indication of the zone from which time is likely to be wasted in search for the fire,
an alarm has originated. notwithstanding any limits shown above, the
q) In the case of two stage alarms, clear and area shall be fhrther sub-divided into zones that
unambiguous signals shall indicate the are easier to search.
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IS 2189:2008
4.2.3 Size and Number of Zones (Protected with sounders should be such that the alarm is heard at all
Manual Call Points) sites which can be occupied within the protected area.
a) In systems containing only manual call points, A minimum sound level of either 65 dB (A) or 5 dB
location of a fire is usually known to the person (A) above any other noise likely to persist for a period
operating the call point. As it is often difficult longer than 30 s, whichever is greater should be
to get information in time to the safety personnel, produced by the sounders at any point which can be
the restriction on the size and number of zones occupied in a building. Sounders should be suitably
shall also apply to the systems protected with distributed throughout the building in regard to
manual call points only. attenuation of sound caused by walls, floors ceilings
b) To prevent misleading indication of the position and partitions. If the fire routine for the premises
of the fire, it is advisable that manual call points requires the audible alarm to arouse sleeping persons,
be indicated in the control equipment separately the minimum sound level should be 75 dB (A) at the
from the detectors in zones, which are protected, bed head with all doors shut. A large number of quieter
by both detectors and manual call points. It is sounders rather than a few very loud sounders may be
strongly recommended that the circuits for the preferable to prevent noise levels in some areas from
detectors and the call points shall be different becoming too loud. In siting sounders in corridors to
4.2.4.3 Each loop should not be divided into more 5.1 The types of detectors covered in the standard are
than 8 tire zones. Minimum two isolators are required given in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.
per zone. It is recommended that a pair of fault isolator
5.1.1 Heat Detectors
modules be employed for every 20-30 detectors/manual
call points. See IS 2175.
4.3 The sounders for fire alarm should be electronic 5.1.1.2 Rate-of-rise temperature-cum-fixed
temperature detector
hooters/horns/electric bell having a frequency range
of500 to I 000 Hz. The sound of the fire alarm should The detectors are designed to operate within a given
be continuous although the frequency and amplitude time:
may vary. If a two tone alarm is used, at least one of
a) when the rate of temperature rise at the detector
the major frequencies should be within the fi-equency
exceeds a predetermined value regardless of the
range of 500 to 1 000 Hz. The distribution of fire alarm
actual temperature; and
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IS 2189:2008
CONTROL
UNIT
INITIATING
DEVICE
CIRCUIT
RELAY / CONTROL
MODULE
24V DC
CJ MODULE
m—
:
ISOLATOR
d MODULE
a–
k
g+
b c) ADDRESSABLE
PULL STATION
OR
* SEPARATE FQWFRED HOOTER
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IS 2189:2008
END OF LINE
ZONE ADDRESSABLE
RELAY / CONTROL
MODULE
ISOLATOR
0 MODULE
-l—
(n
g+
~
ISOLATOR
d MODULE
u– ,
1-
6+
0
1D Addressable Fire Detection and Alarm System — Class A Wiring with Class B Tapping
b) when temperature at the detector exceects a These cables are used for detecting fue and overheating
predetermined value. in certain specific occupancies such as:
5.1.1.3 Probe type high temperature hi-metal heat a) cables tunnels, trays and vaults;
detector b) material conveyors;
Bi-metal heat detectors are resettable and highly c) bulk storage multi-racked areas;
suitable to use above 80” C where electronic d) rim seals of floating roof tanks storing hazardous
components cannot be used. The following are type of chemicals; and
application for which probe type high temperature heat e) a few other special occupancies.
detectors are suitable.
5.1.1.5 Heat detectors application
Generator enclosure, turbine enclosure, oven and
furnace area, kitchen wood and other places as per the These are suitable for use in situation where sufficient
requirement where automatic fire extinguishing/ heat is likely to be generated and damage caused by
suppression systems are used. heat generated by the fire constitutes main hazard. This
is to be minimized through early detection. In many
5.1.1.4 Linear heat sensing cables buildings, especially non-air-conditioned buildings,
Linear heat sensing cables can be broadly divided into these conditions prevail where heat detectors can be
two categories. Digital or analogue, depending upon advantageously used. Heat detectors are however, not
the principle by which the sensing cable registers a suitable for protection of places where larger losses
change in temperature. can be caused by small fires and where safety of life is
involved.
[]igita] sensor consists of two core cable in which the
conductors are separated by a heat sensitive insulator. 5.1.2 Smoke Detectors
When a specified temperature is reached, the cable See IS 11360.
insulation breaks down and an alarm is indicated. In
the case of analogue sensor, cores are separated by a 5.1.2.1 Ionization smoke detectors
negative temperature co-efficient polymer whose
resistance wi 11reduce in proportion to the temperature Detectors employing ionization chamber(s) as sensing
increase. means for detecting aerosols given-off by tires.
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IS 2189:2008
A detector whose operation is based on light UV Flame detector makes use of ultraviolet sensitive
attenuation by smoke andlor light scattering by smoke photocathode for detecting flame. It has a narrow
particles. spectral sensitivity of 185 to 260 ~m which is
insensitive to visible light.
5.1.3 Air Sampling Type Detector
5.1.5.1 IR Flame detector
Laser type smoke detectors are used in this type of
detection system. A detector that consists of a piping Single or multiple wavelength infia-red flame detector
or tubing distribution network that runs from the sense wavelength in the intla-red spectrum. Almost
detector to the areas to be protected. An aspiration fan all the materials that participate in the flaming
in the detector housing draws air from the protected combustion emit ultraviolet radiation to some degree
area back to the detector through air sampling ports, during flaming combustion, whereas only carbon-
piping or tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed containing fhels emit significant radiation at the 4.35
for fire products. Typical application of the systems is micron (carbon dioxide) band used by many detector
where a trace of smoke needs to be detected, where types to detect a flame.
b) Electromagnetic interference (EMI, RFI); Fire detectors are designed to detect one or more of
and three characteristics of a fire that is smoke, heat or
radiation (flame). No one type of detector is the most
c) Electrostatic discharge in the fuel stream. suitable for all applications and final choice is
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IS 2189:2008
should be efllcient in detecting flaming fire to keep adecmate concentration. In a building, the
losses to a minimum. It is important to minimize hott&t gas and the greatest concentration of
incidence of false alarms particularly when detectors smoke ~ill generally-form at the highest parts
are hooked up to actuate means of automatic extinction. of the enclosed areas, and it is here, therefore,
Automatic extinction should generally be initiated only that heat and smoke detectors need to be
on confirmation of two detecting signals to avoid sited.
possibility of false actuation. b) There are other constraining factors in siting
the detectors like the height of the ceiling
5.2.2.1 Computer/EDP centre/other electronic
(more the height means more cooling of hot
equipment which have a very high value should be
gases, thus diluting the performance of the
protected by smoke detectors.
detectors), effects of stratification (where
5.2.2.2 Archives, high value libraries, and museums smoke does not rise to the ceiling at all), type
with high value combustibles should be protected by of roof (with beams extending deep below,
combination of heat, flame, smoke detectors. The heat etc), air movement (within the protected area
detectors should be used on the racks and cupboards below the detectors), supply air inlets (in the
and smoke detectors in open space on the ceiling. vicinity of detectors), HVAC systems (with
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IS 2189:2008
separate enclosure for provision/spacing of the detectors may be greater than the determined
detectors. spacing provided the maximum spacing from
the detector to the farthest point of a side wall
g) Detectors shall not be mounted within 1 mof
or comer within its zone of protection is not
any air inlet (supply air inlets of HVAC system)
greater than 0.7 times the determined spacing.
or a forced ventilation system.
h) Detector siting shall be such that a clear Table 1 gives spacing parameter(s) at different
space of 500 mm is maintained below each ceiling heights for open areas under smooth and
detector. flat ceiling with no-forced ventilatiordair-flows.
NOTE — ReferFig. 2 for the arrangement details of the
j) Where detectors are constrained to be fixed to
detectors.
the wall, they shall be sited in such a way that
the top of the detection element is between 6.3.3 Compensation to the Spacing of Detectors
150 mm and 300 mm below the ceiling and
the bottom of the detection element is above a) Height consideration
the level of door opening. Additional detector Spacing of 7.5 m for smoke detectors is ●
shall be placed on the ceiling at a position valid up to a height of 7 m only and that of
1.5 m from any opening which might act like a 5.3 m for heat detectors is valid only up to a
flue.
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IS 2189:2008
/ \
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Grade 1
(time instant 7 No chance 6 5 5 4 3 Nil
NO-I-ES
I '~llespacings have been adopted from cha~ofFire Detection Institute of Merica, adopting thepmameters mentioned in 6.3
(nearcstlrounded off values).
9’
Table 2 Modified Spacing for High Air Movement Areas
[Clause 6.3.3(b)(l)]
/ 3
Spacing (Area Coverage)
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●
ANYWHERE IN
THIS AREA
2A Smoke or Heat Detector Spacing Layout, 2B Smoke or Heat Detector Spacing Layout,
\’ 1
SMOKE SMOKE
DETECTOR o DETECTOR
ix - i
RAISED FLOOR
PANEL
SMOKE
# DETECTOR
# ‘
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IS 2189:2008
is farther than 7.5 m fkom the nearest point of type smoke detector. Accordingly, all
optical beam. requirements specified under items (a) to (j)
above are applicable.
b) In case of a sloping roof or pitched ceiling
(where the distance between the top of apex However, as the detector actually draws
and bottom of the roof exceeds 600 mm), samples of air through sampling points (holes
distance stated in (a) above maybe increased to in pipe work), it shall be possible to mount the
8.5 m. sampling points flush with a ceiling,
provided otherwise the system’s effectiveness
c) Where optical beam type smoke detectors are is confirmed by the manufacturer.
used at more than 600 mm from ceiling level
in order to provide supplementary detection of b) If the system is intended to co-exist with
rising smoke within a high space (like Atrium other types of detection system for specific
etc), the width of the area protected on each application within the protected area,
side of optical beam shall be regarded as installation shall comply with the
12.5 percent of the height of the above beam manufacturer’s specifications. ●
f) The path length of the optical beam shall be a) The location and spacing of the detectors shall
withir the limits specified by the manufacturers. be based on sound engineering evaluations
taking into account the following:
g) Beam detection area shall not exceed the
detection zone in which it is installed. 1) Size of the fire requiring detection,
h) The effects of stratification shall be fully 2) Fuel involved,
evaluated when locating the detectors.
3) Sensitivity of detectors,
j) If mirrors are used with the projected beams 4) Distance between the fire and detector,
(reflective beam detectors), they shall be
installed as per manufacturer’s recommenda- 5) Radiant energy absorption of the
tions. atmosphere,
k) Projected beam detectors and their mirrors 6) Presence of other sources of emission,
(reflective beam detectors) shall be mounted on
7) Purpose of detection system, and
stable surfaces to prevent false or erratic
operation due to vibrations and movements in 8) Response time required.
the vicinity. b) Certain flame detectors respond to the
m) The beam shall be designed so that small instantaneous level of radiation received while
angular movements of the light source or others depend upon the level received over a
receiver do not prevent operation due to smoke period.
and do not cause nuisance alarms. c) In either case the response will depend on
n) The light path of projected beam detectors the distance between the flame detector and
(reflective beam detectors) shall be kept clear the fire, since the radiation level received is
of opaque obstacles at all times. inversely proportional to the square of this
distance. Increased distance from the fire will,
6.3.5 Additional Requirements for Aspirating Type therefore, lead to an increase in the size of the
Detection Systems fire at detection.
a) When an aspirating type smoke detection
d) A clear line of sight to the area being protected
system is intended to provide general area is of great importance but at the same time
protection, each aspirating sampling point
care shall be exercised to avoid a direct line of
shall be regarded as a point type smoke
sight to likely sources of non-fire radiation to
detector, provided that a single sampling prevent false alarms.
point has equivalent sensitivity to a point
15
IS 2189:2008
the wider dimension of the duct and the length of sensitivity test instrument, or
the probe shall be at least two-thirds of that c) approved control equipment arranged for the
dimension. purpose, or
7 INSPECTION, TESTING AND d) other approved calibrated sensitivity test
MAINTENANCE method.
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IS 2189:2008
7.4.3 Daily Attention by User examined and tested to ensure that they are in
good serviceable condition.
A check should be made every day to ascertain
c) Where applicable, secondary batteries should be
that:
examined to ensure that the specific gravity of
a) the panel indicates normal operation; if not, that electrolyte in each cell is correct. Necessary
any fault indicated is recorded in the log book remedial action should be taken and an
and is receiving urgent attention; and appropriate entry made in the log book. Care
b) any fault warning recorded the previous day has should be taken to ensure that hydrometers, $
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IS 2189:2008
7.2.5 inresoect of heat detectors and, 7.2.6 a period of 3 months. For each detector, the cleaning,
and 7.2.7 inrespect ofsmoke detectors. checking, operating and sensitivity adjustment should
be attempted only after consulting manufacturer’s
d) Visual inspection should be made to confm
instructions. These instructions should detail methods
that all cable fittings and equipment are secure,
such as creating vacuum to remove loose dust and
undamaged and adequately protected.
insects, and cleaning heavy greasy deposits, following
e) At least once in every three years at the annual partial disassembly or the cleaning or the washing of
inspection, the electrical installation should be detectors to remove contamination, the sensitivity test
tested. Any defect should be recorded in log requirements in accordance with the relevant clauses
book and suitable remedial action should be should be performed.
taken.
7.7 Tests Following an Alarm or Fire
t) On completion of the amual inspection, the
entry should be made in register in respect of All detectors suspected of exposure to a fire condition
defects found. Atler the defects are rectified, should be tested in accordance with the provisions
the entries should then again be made. contained in this Code pertaining to annual inspection
7.5 General Points About Detectors tests. In addition, a visual check of the battery charger
should be carried out to ensure perfect serviceability,
Detectors require periodic cleaning to remove dust or It may not be necessary to keep spares in premises other
dirt that has accumulated. The frequency of cleaning than covers for manual call point and ties and other
depends upon the type of detector and local ambient essential spares which should be worked out based on
conditions. In any case, the interval should not exceed installation.
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IS 2189:2008
ANNEX A
(Ckwe 5.2)
MERITS AND RELATIVE DEMERITS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DETECTORS
Smoke detectors Slow burning fires, smoldering fires, Not sensitive for clean burning fires
(general) for most of the areas where principal which does not produce smoke
tire hazard is not from the presence of particles; areas in which the principal
flammable liquids. Fires involving fwehazard is the presence of flammable
wood, paper, textile, etc, in earlier liquids or gases that produce little
stages smoke during a fire
Light obscuration Sensitive to very dark smoke which Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
type (smoke) absorbs light rather than scattering it dirt during normal use
detector
Photo-thermal General purpose detector — good for Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
multi-criteria smoldering and fast flaming fires, dirt during normal use, less sensitive
detector optically dense smoke to small particles found in clean
burning fires that produce little visible
smoke
Optical beam Large and high rooms, open plan Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
smoke detector spaces with relatively high ceilings dirt during normal use. Less sensitive
(for example warehouses), fires not to colour of smoke. Cannot detect clean
involving production of smoke (with colorless smoke
built in thermal turbulence detection).
Suited for applications where
anticipated fire would produce black
smoke. Sensitive to cumulative
obscuration presented by a smoke field
Aspirating (air- They are suitable for use where usage Air-sampling detectors are not
sampling) type of other types of smoke detectors suitable if the air movement due to
smoke detector present dil%culties, such as aesthetics, HVAC requirements is outside the
height and temperature of the range specified by the manufacturers
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IS 2189:2008
Rate-of-rise heat Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or Areas subject to rapid changes of
detector dirt during normal use temperature or temperatures over 43°C
Fixed temperature Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or —
heat detector dirt and rapid changes of temperature
during normal use
Multi-sensor fire Combines the characters of two —
detector types of detectors, each of which
responds to different physical andlor
chemical characteristics of fire. The
purpose of combining sensors in this
way is to enhance the performance of
the system in detection of tire or its
resistance to at least certain categories
of false alarms or both. There is
significant potential for reduction of
many types of false alarm. It is also
possible to disable an individual sensor
depending on the circumstances
at the place of installation
Flame detectors High ceiling, open spaced buildings Not sensitive to smoldering/slow
(general) like warehouses/aircraft hangers, burning fires and hence cannot be
outdoorlsemi-outdoor areas, areas called general purpose detectors. Not
where rapidly developing flames occur suitable for the type of fires where.
like petrochemical/refinery/gas flaming can occur only after substantial
installations/paint shops, etc release of smoke
Infra red flame Same as above, these detectors Affected by temperature range in the
detector penetrate through smoke well. High vicinity, subject to false alarms caused
speed, moderate sensitivity. Suitable by blackbody radiation like heaters,
for indoor/outdoor applications incandescent lamps, halogen lamps,
flickering sunlight, etc and hence usage
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IS 2189:2008
UVIIR detector Highest speed, highest sensitivity and Blinded by thick smoke and oil vapours
low false alarm rate on optics. Suitable for indoorloutdoor
applications
Spark detector Spark detectors are suitable for Extraneous sources of radiant
detection of sparks some types of duct emissions that have been identified as
or conveyor, monitoring the fuel, etc, interfering with the stability of spark
as it passes by. Usually, it is necessary detectors include: (a) ambient light (b)
to enclose the portion of the conveyor electromagnetic interference (EM!,
where the detectors are located, as these RFI), and (c) electrostatic discharge
devices generally require a dark in the fhel stream
environment
Ember detector Same as above except that ember Detector window clarity shall always
detectors can also detect fires in lit be ensured
environment like coal conveyors, etc
Linear heat sensing Cables tunnels, trays and vaults, Not suitable at all applications other
cables material conveyors, bulk storage than what is specified
multi-racked areas, rim seals of
floating roof tanks storing hazardous
chemicals, and a few other special
occupancies
22
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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country. I
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