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CL 303: Heat and Mass Transfer Operations (Autumn-2010)

Assignment No. 1

1. NH3 (A) and N2 (B) are diffusing through a straight glass tube 0.610 m long with an inside diameter
of 24.4 mm at 298 K and 101.32 kPa. Both ends of the tube are connected to large mixed chambers at
101.32 kPa. The partial pressure of NH3 is constant at 20.0 kPa in one chamber and 6.666 kPa in the
other. The diffusivity at 298 K and 101.32 kPa is 2.30 X 10 -5 m2/s.
a) Calculate the diffusion rate of NH3 in kmol/s [Ans. 9.48 X 10-11 kmol/s]
b) Calculate the diffusion rate of N2
c) Calculate the partial pressures at a point 0.305m in the tube and plot p A , pB and P versus Z.

2. Methane gas is diffusing in a straight tube 0.1 m long containing helium at 298 K and a total
pressure of 1.01325 X 105 Pa. The partial pressure of CH4 is 1.400 X 104 Pa at one end and 1.333 X
103 pa at the other end. Helium is insoluble and hence is stagnant. The diffusivity of methane in
helium at 298 K is 0.675 X 10-4 m2/s. Calculate the flux of methane in kmol/s/m2 at steady state.

3. NH3 gas (A) is diffusing through N 2 gas (B) under steady state conditions with N 2 non-diffusing
since it is insoluble in the other phase. The total pressure is 1.013 X 105 Pa and the temperature is 298
K. The partial pressure of NH 3 at one point is 1.333 X 104 Pa and at the other point 20 mm away it is
6.666 X 103 Pa. The DAB for the mixture at 1.013 X 105 Pa and 298 K is 2.30 X 10-5 m2/s.
a) Calculate the flux of NH3 in kmol/s/m2 [Ans. 3.44 X 10-6 kmol/s/m2]
b) Calculate the flux of NH3 in kmol/s/m2 now assuming that N2 also diffuses.
c) In which of the above cases the flux of NH3 is greater.

4. NH3 (A) –H2O (B) solution at 278 K and 4.0 mm thick is in contact at one surface with an organic
liquid at this interface. The concentration of NH 3 in organic phase is held constant and is such that
equilibrium concentration of NH 3 in the water at this surface is 2wt % NH 3 ( = 991.7 kg/m3) and the
concentration of NH3 in water at the other end of the film 4.0 mm away is 10 wt% ( = 961.7 kg/m3).
Water and the organic liquid are insoluble in each other. The diffusion coefficient of NH 3 in water is
1.24 X 10-9 m2/s.
a) At steady state, calculate the flux N A in kmol/s/m2.
b) Is there a flux NB? If yes, explain why and calculate the value.

5. Nickel carbonyl (A) is produced by passing CO (B) at 323 K and 1 atm over a nickel slab. The
following reaction takes place at the solid surface:

Ni (s) + 4 CO (g) = Ni (CO)4 (g)


The reaction is very rapid, so that the partial pressure of CO at the metal surface is essentially zero.
The gases diffuse though a film 0.625 mm thick. At steady-state, estimate the rate of production of
nickel carbonyl, in mole/m2 of solid surface per second. The composition of the bulk gas phase is 50
mol% CO. The binary gas diffusivity under these conditions is D AB = 20 mm2/s. [Ans. 1.89 X 10-4
kmol/s/m2 ]

6. A crystal of chalcanthite (CuSO4. 5H2O) dissolves in a large tank of pure water at 273 K. Estimate
the rate at which the crystal dissolves by calculating the flux of CuSO4 from the crystal surface to the
bulk solution. Assume molecular diffusion occurs through a liquid film- adjacent to the crystal
surface- the solution is saturated with CuSO4, while at the outer side of the film the solution is
virtually pure water. The solubility of chalcanthite in water is 1140 kg/m3. The estimated diffusivity
of CuSO4 in dilute aqueous solution at 273 K is 3.6 X 10-10 m2/s. Density of pure liquid water at 273
K is 999.8 kg/m3. [Ans. 3.342 X 10-5 kmol/s/m2 ]

7. A drop of Toluene is kept at a uniform temperature of 25.9 o C and is suspended in air by a fine
wire. The initial radius r1= 2 mm. The vapor pressure of toluene at 25.9 oC is p A1 = 3.84 kPa and
density of liquid toluene is 866 kg/m3.
a) Derive an expression to predict the time t F for the drop to evaporate completely in a large volume
of still air.
b) Calculate the time for complete evaporation. [Ans. 1388 s]

8. NH3 is being selectively removed from an air-NH3 mixture by absorption into water. In this
steady-state process, NH3 is transferred by molecular diffusion through a stagnant gas layer 5mm
thick and then through stagnant water layer 0.1 mm thick. The concentration of NH 3 at the outer
boundary of the gas layer is 3.42 mol% and the concentration at the lower boundary layer is
essentially zero.
The temperature of the system is 288 K and the total pressure is 1 atm. The diffusivity of NH3 in air
under these conditions is 0.215 cm2/s and in liquid water is 1.77 X 10 -5 cm2/s. Neglecting water
evaporation; determine the rate of NH3 diffusion in kg/m2/h. Assume gas and liquid are in equilibrium
at the interface.
The equilibrium data for NH3 over very dilute aqueous solution at 288 K and 1 atm can be
represented by yA =0.121 + 0.013 in xA [Ans. 0.053 kg/s/m2]

9. A mixture of ethanol and water vapor is being rectified in an adiabatic distillation column. The
alcohol is vaporized and transferred from the liquid to the vapor phase. Water vapor condenses –
enough to supply the latent heat of vaporization needed by the alcohol being evaporated – and is
transferred from the vapor to the liquid phase. Both components diffuse through a gas film 0.1mm
thick. The temperature of 368 K and pressure is 1 atm. The mole fraction of ethanol is 0.8 on one side
of the film and 0.2 on the other side of the film. Calculate the rate of diffusion of ethanol and of
water, in kg/m2/s. The latent heat of vaporization of alcohol and water at 368 K can be estimated by
the Pitzer acentric factor correlation.
H v
 7.08(1  Tr )0.354  10.95 (1  Tr )0.456 0.5  Tr  1.0
RTc

where  is the acentric factor. [Ans. 0.17 kg/s/m2]

10. Water evaporating from a pond at 298 K does so by molecular diffusion across an air film 1.5mm
thick. If the relative humidity of the air at the outer edge of the film is 20% and the total pressure is 1
bar, estimate the drop in the water level per day, assuming that conditions in the film remain constant.
The vapor pressure of water as a function of temperature can be accurately estimated using the
following correlation:

 P  7.7645  1.4584 1.5  2.7758 3  1.2330 6


ln  w  
 Pc  Tr

 =1-Tr and Pw = water vapor pressure [Ans. 2.81 cm]

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