& RS 418 Tmenvairecra Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering §.3.2 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering (PRoAK: 3) As observed in Figure 6.15, the noise power-spectral density at the output of the demodulator in PM is flat within the message bandwidth, whereas for FM the noise power spectrum has a parabolic shape. This means that for low-frequency components of the message signal FM performs better and for high-frequency com- ponents PM is a better choice. Therefore, if we can design a system that for low-frequency components of the message signal performs frequency modulation and for high-frequency components works as a phase modulator, we have a bet- ter overall performance compared to each system alone. This is the idea behind pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering techniques. The objective in pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering is to design a system that behaves like an ordinary frequency modulator-demodulator pair in the low- frequency band of the message signal and like a phase modulator-demodulator pair in the high-frequency (band of the message signal. A phase modulator is nothing but the cascade connection of a differentiator and a frequency modulator; therefore, we need a filter in cascade with the modulator that at low frequencies does not affect the signal and at high frequencies acts as a differentiator. A simple highpass filter is a very good approximation to such a system. Such a filter has a constant gain for low frequencies, and at higher frequencies it has a frequency characteristic approximated by Kf], which is the frequency characteristic of a differentiator. At the demodulator side, for low frequencies we have a simple FM demodulator and for high-frequency components we have a phase demodulator, which is the cascade of a simple FM demodulator and an integrator. Therefore, at the demodulator we need a filter that at low frequencies has a constant gain and at high frequencies behaves as an integrator. A good approximation to such a filter is a simple lowpass filter. The modulator filter that emphasizes high frequencies is called the pre-emphasis filter, and the demodulator filter, which is the inverse of the modulator filter is called the de-emphasis filter. Frequency responses of a sample pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters are given in Figure 6.17 Another way to look at pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering is to note that, due to the high level of noise at high-frequency components of the message in FM, it is desirable to attenuate the high-frequency components of the demodulated signal. This results in a reduction in the noise level, but it causes the higher- frequency components of the message signal to be attenuated also. To compensate for the attenuation of the higher components of the message signal, we can amplify these components at the transmitter before modulation. Therefore, at the transmitter we need 2 highpass filter and at the receiver we must use a lowpass filter. The net effect of these filters should be a flat-frequency response. Therefore, the receiver filter should be the inverse of the transmitter filter. Signal Processing and Telecommunications5 PRE-EMPHASIS /DE- EMPHASIS & — SS Elektriese, Elektroni: mancicrrore — Rekonsavingentourewose 7 Sth C%e] Frerf lde- ages Creéd—Ovel- wma ABH Mle spe Cie) 21cofte] K-ta-t , penne a- a! a Ps = -B, - Wf fw & >t& t s=2_ [Reaion TE Umersiy (Felco ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC and COMPUTER ENGINEERING rT Nore: For |fl=f, [He] mt) fol, [ml ay (ae a Now: Upyl = Ae cos (wt+ $f4) = Ac cos (wet + kf @ar) = Ag cos (wt + Kafhtern (nb) d (ol Ha) =4 Ac cog (Witt Kp+ mk) oe ahere Kp = KwM [rath J RAE con ‘ Stochastic Communication Systems ESC320& 10 2 PRE /DE-EMPHASIS FILTER 7 Universi ofPretorcELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC and COMPUTER ENGINEERING FZ | set A -4O = Ta 3 beh ashes. fo as a = 2100[He] ; Ta 7Sys. ce [Hea] = 53th? rim (Hf0| = (Bell land milly alle oe kamotiafortedl at Ylie ole - ernghion Ahoy ofp of Hie Re. a a Ao Heo ever fy Ve ate & 5h: ae taal" a Me f 5 “TO & B42) ie = tao. ie Aw, Ro - eae Yao Pye, 7 feet i 1 Up.) ? tof =a) (-8-44) Stochastic Communication Systems ESC320ae ek Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer : University of Pretoria. Engineering ya VOOR BEKLEMTONING (VoorskerPine) ="PRE-EMPHASIS” R, [Hl od8t. 2 ee G wy, dyoou Ha _ _G+S0R\) fe Hy@) = EER sce, f= Yreric 5 fe tere 5 Re = RfRe M = 20 toa fee) ONTSKERPING ~ “DE-EMPHASIS” TAT S| Re es a ee eB homes : c : ' Ne Moran a | 1 : wy HE) -—Fyseq 5 f= Sexe ViR KommersiéLe OM: fix aakHe, £,, = (Ski VERGETERING: 134B @FAKTOR 19,952 In Daina)! TELECOMMUNICATION ETK320419 a Umesivetrers Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering ‘The characteristics of the pre-emphasis and de-erphasis filters depend largely ‘on the power-spectral density of the message process. In thé-commercial FM broad- casting of music and voice, first-order lowpass and highpass RC filters with a time constant of 75 sec are employed. In this case, the frequency response of the receiver (de-emphasis) filter is given by Af) 0 (6.3.41) where fo = sr7higa * 2100 Hz is the 3-dB frequency of the filter. To analyze the effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering on the overall SNR in FM broadcasting, we note that, because the transmitter and the receiver filters cancel the effect of each other, the received power in the message signal remains unchanged and we only have to consider the effect of filtering on the received noise, Of course, the only filter that has an effect on the received noise is the receiver filter that shapes the power-spectral density of the noise within the message bandwidth. The noise component before filtering has a parabolic power spectrum. Therefore, the noise component after de-emphasis filtering has a power spectral density given by Saro(F) = Say PI Ha POP (6.3.42) where we have used (6.3.17). The noise power at the output of the demodulator now can be obtained as 7 Pno= Sm df Mm ph op =3 +d Atdw 148 7 2Nof2 = of [% sean 2] (63.43) 2 Lf fo Signal Processing and Telecommunications~Sfo “Yo fa -Yo fo 0 fo Yo Yo o Sf Ff tg (t= ae fe L ~Sfo fo -3fo -Y%o fo 0 fo Yo Ho Yo Sf f FIGURE 6.17. Pre-emphasis (a) and de-emphasis (b) filter characteristics. Because the demodulated message signal power in this case is equal to that of @ simple FM system with no pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering, the ratio of the output SNR’s in these two cases is inversely proportional to the noise-power ratios, [ Wen (6.3.44) where we have used (6.3.18). The above equation gives the improvement obtained by employing pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering Signal Processing and Telecommunicetionsee UmesivetReiio Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering 421 Example 6.3.2 in commercial FM broadcasting W = 15 kHz, fy = 2100 Hz, and § = 5. Assuming | that the average-to-peak-power ratio of the message signal is 0.5, find the improvement in output SNR of FM with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering compared to a baseband system. | Solution From (6.3.24) we have s a s (§),-2«sx05*(2), : =ns(8), s ~157+(5), (6.3.45) ‘Therefore, FM with no pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering performs 15.7 dB better than a baseband system, For FM with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering, we have ( ~1334157+(2) N Ss ~2 = +(r), ‘The overall improvement compared to a baseband system is, therefore, 29 dB. | (6.3.46) Signal Processing and Telecommunications70}- w Bes eo mm Bee B08 50} 3 20808 7 u g sor / g ’ 8 1 Serle ha a 38 toe Be ee eee eed eee eee 0 10 20 30 40 50 Channel signal-to-noise ratio, dB Figure 6.21 Comparison of the noise performance of various CW modulation systems. Curve |: Full AM, = 1. Curve ll: DSBSC, SSB Curve Ill: FM. 8 = 2 CurvelV:FM. f = 5.(Curves Ill and IV include 13- dB pre-emphasis, de-emphasis improvement).