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,9 FILOSOFIA ARTEI

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n u m ai po lit ic e , c i m ai ale s art is t ic e , as u pra


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(He rbe rt Marc u s e )

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sunt demersuri legitime prin care devin inteligibile dimensiunile


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fie în JHQHUDO FD GRPHQLX DO FXOWXULL úL VIHU  GLVWLQFW  D
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/LPSH]LULOH WHRUHWLFH GHúL VXQW QHFHVDUH QX SRW vQORFXL vQ QLFL XQ
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

IHO DFHDVW  LQWHUSUHWDUH SURSULX ]LV  vQ úL SULQ FDUH GLQF
- olo de
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teoretice - ILH DFHVWHD úWLLQ LILFH VDX ILORVRfice - nici nu pot avea o
DVHPHQHD SUHWHQ LH (OH U VSXQG QXPDL XQXL LQWHUHV GHFXQRDúWHUH

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úLVDX RULHQWDDFWHOH GH UHFHSWDUH vQH[SHULHQ DHIHFWLY  FX RSHUHOH

nu este secundar, ba, mai mult, adesea este chiar obiectul expres
LQWHQ LRQDW GH SHUVSHFWLYH WHRUHWLFH VSHFLDOL]DWH vQV  FX WRDWH

DFHVWHDDSDU LQHPDLDOHVVIHUHLFRQVHFLQ HORU

'HVSUHDUW vQJHQHUDO

$UWDHVWHRPDQLIHVWDUHVSLULWXDO VSHFLILF (DUHDOL]HD] R

FXQRDú tere a omului prin intermediul imaginilor sensibile,


H[SUHVLYH &UHDWRUXO úL UHFHSWRUXO RSHUHL GH DUW  DQJDMHD]  PHUHX

vQ SURFHVXO GH YDORUL]DUH R vPELQDUH D IXQF LLORU UD LRQDOH FX FHOH

DOH VHQVLELOLW LL úL LPDJLQD LHL 2ELHFWXO FXQRDúWHULL DUWLVWLFH v l


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UHDOLW L LQGLIHUHQWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH XPDQ QDWXUD PRDUW  vQ

SLFWXU  GH SLOG  LPSOLFLW H YRUED GHVSUH RP QX VXQW SUH]HQ tate
UHDOLW L QHXWUH VWULFW QDWXUDOH FL UHDF LL XPDQH GH RUGLQ

HPR LRQDODSUHFLDWLYvQID DDFHVWRURELHFWHLQWHUYLQHWRWGHDXQDR

valorizare ce introduce un punct de vedere uman, permitând


WUDQVPLWHUHDXQRUVHPQLILFD LLSHFDUHDFHVWHH[LVWHQ HRELHFWive în

HOH vQVHOH QX OH DX -XGHFDWD GH YDORDUH HVWHWLF  YDORUL]DUHD

DUWLVWLF  DUH vQ FRQ LQXWXULOH HL GHWHUPLQD LL H[WUDUD LRQDOH

HOHPHQWHGHJXVWFRGXULDIHFWLYHDVWIHOvQFkWRSHUDGHDUW vQFDUH

VH vQFDUQHD]  FRQ LQXWXULOH YDORUL]DWH DUH XQ VWDWXW H[LVWHQ LDO

specific.
3URGXVXO DUWLVWLF VH SUHWHD]  OD LQWHUSUHW UL úL XWLOL] UL
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

diferite; opera este pentru istoric un capitol de istoria


PHQWDOLW LORU SHQWUXFRPHUFLDQWDUH R YDORDUH GH vQWUHEXLQ DUH úL

de schimb; pentru restaurator este o relicv  VRFLR LVWRULF  úDPG


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(D HVWH UHFHSWDW  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HVWHWLF DWXQFL FkQG VH DUH vQ

YHGHUH LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD VD YDORULF  LQWULQVHF  2SHUD QX VH

FRQIXQG  QLFL FX WH[WXO &UHD LD DUWLVWLF  XWLOL]HD]  OLPEDMH

VSHFLILFH úL GLIHULWH JHQXUL FXYkQWXO vQ SRH]LH URPDQ FXORDUHD úL

IRUPHOH vQ SLFWXU  VXQHWXO vQ PX]LF  PDWHULDOH FRQFUHWH vQ

VFXOSWXU  ÌQV  RSHUD GH DUW  vQ FHHD FH DUH HD VSHFLILF FRQVW  vQ

DSDUL LD OXPLL LPDJLQDUH SH FDUH R YHKLFXOHD]  UHVSHFWLYXO OLPEDM

úL WH[WHOH  vQ FKLDU SURFHVXO UHFHSW ULL 'HFL RSHUD WUHEXLH

UHFHSWDW  FD RSHU  GH DUW  úL QX FD R YDORDUH HFRQRPLF  SROLWLF 

HGXFDWLY  GRFXPHQWDU  3HQWUX DFHDVWD H QHFHVDU V  GLVSDU 

interesul practic în procesul de receptare, ceea ce permite ca


VWUXFWXULOH QRDVWUH UD LRQDOH VHQVLELOLWDWHD úL LPDJLQD LD V 

FRQFUHWL]H]H V  DFWXDOL]H]H XQLYHUVXO GH VHPQLILFD LL SH FDUH

WH[WXO vO FRQ LQH vQ VLQH 0HVDMXO DUWLVWLF DSDUH GRDU FkQG

UHFRQVWLWXLP úL UHSURGXFHP SULQWU-R FRPSOLFLWDWH DIHFWLY  FX

textul (opera), ansamblul de sensuri, tkOFXUL vQ HOHVXUL SHUVRQDMH


DWPRVIHU  VXJHVWLH úDPG RSHUD ILQLW  H GHFL PDL PXOW R

VFKHPDWL]DUH XQ SURLHFW GH OXPH FDUH YD GHYHQL YDORDUH HVWHWLF 

QXPDLDWXQFLFkQGUHFHSW PXQLYHUVXOLPDJLQDUO VkQGGH -o parte


RULFH WUHEXLQ  GH DOW RUGLQ 6HQVLELOLWDWHD XPDQ  RELúQXLW  HVWH

HGXFDW  DVWIHO vQFkW DUH WHQGLQ D GH D MXGHFD RSHUHOH GH DUW  GLQ

SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO FRUHVSRQGHQ HL FX UHDOLWDWHD HVWH DLFL XQ

LQVWLQFWPLPHWLFPRGHODWGHSURFHVXODGDSW ULLODPHGLXvQYHGHUHD

VXSUDYLH XLULLúLvQDFHODúLWLPSHXUPDUHDGLUHFW DIDSWXOXLF vQ

YLD D GH ILHFDUH ]L VWUXFWXULOH GH VHQVLELOLWDWH úL LPDJLQD LH VXQW

VXERUGRQDWH UHDOL] ULL XQRU VFRSXUL SUHFLVH úL LQL LHULL XQRU DF LXQL

FX UH]XOWDWH FRQFUHWH ILLQG VXERUGRQDW  VHQVLELOLWDWHD QX VH

specialL]HD]  ÌQ YLD  GH RELFHL HD DSDUH GRDU FD XQ IXQGDO SH

FDUH VH GHVI úRDU  SURFHVHOH GH JkQGLUH úL DF LXQH HILFLHQWH 'H

DFHHD PDMRULWDWHD RDPHQLORU VXQW vQ ID D DUWHL SUL]RQLHULL XQHL

SUHMXGHF L DFHHD D FRQIRUPLW LL FRQ LQXWXOXL XQHL RSHUH FX R
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

rHDOLWDWH H[WHULRDU  VH FHUH DUWHL V  ILH ILGHO  XQRU H[LJHQ H GH

DGHFYDUH OD UHDOLWDWH $UWD DGHY UDW  QX LPLW  QX UHIOHFW 

UHDOLWDWHDFLLQYHQWHD] PRGHOHGHVHQVLELOLWDWHúLUHDF LHXPDQ vQ

ID D OXPLL úL YLH LL /XPLOH RSHUHL GH DUW  VXQW LPDJLQDUH dar, în
DFHODúL WLPS DX FRQ LQXW PHVDMH VHQVXUL úL VHPQLILFD LL XPDQH

IRDUWH FRQFUHWH ,PDJLQDUXO QX WUHEXLH vQ HOHV FD HYDGDUH GLQ UHDO

GLVSUH  ID  GH DFHVWD HOXFXEUD LH DIHFWLY  VLPSO  IDQWD]DUH

RQLULVP VDX IDEXOD LH FL FD LQVWUXPHQW VSHFLDOL]DW ce permite


VLWXDUHD vQ SODQXULOH GH DGkQFLUH DOH LVWRULHL úL SVLKRORJLHL XPDQH

3ULQ DUW  SRW IL LQYHVWLJDWH ]RQH úL VWUDWXUL DOH XPDQXOXL

LQDFFHVLELOH DOWRU IRUPXOH VSLULWXDOH UHOLJLH úWLLQ  0DUHD DUW 

SURLHFWHD]  vQWRWGHDXQD PRGHOH GH UHDF LH DIHFWLY  YDORULF  D

RPXOXL úL vQ DFHODúL WLPS PRGHOH SULQ FDUH ILLQ D XPDQ 

UHDOL]HD]  FXQRDúWHUHD GH VLQH vQWU -un anumit context socio-


cultural.
(VWHWLFXO QX VH UHGXFH OD DUW  ([LVW  QXPHURDVH GRPHQLL

ce au componente estetice (frumoase) sau care se pretHD]  OD

DSUHFLHUL DUWLVWLFH ([LVW  XQ IUXPRV IXQF LRQDO PRELOD SHLVDMXO

ILLQ D XPDQ  úL UDSRUWXULOH LQWHUXPDQH  ÌQ WRDWH DFHVWH FD]XUL

IUXPRVXO HVWH R YDORDUH VXERUGRQDW  VHFXQG  DGHUHQW  9DORDUHD

HVWHWLF  úL DSUHFLHUHD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH VXQW XUP UL


te în mod
expres, ca scop, numai în cadrul artei. Arta este domeniul
HVWHWLFXOXLSULQH[FHOHQ (DXUP UHúWHvPSOLQLUHDYDORULLHVWHWLFH

vQ SULPXO UkQG &RQVHFLQ HOH PRUDOH HGXFDWLYH SROLWLFH GH

FXQRDúWHUH LVWRULF  úDPG VXQW DLFL VHFXQGDUH QHIL ind vizate


GLUHFW 'H DFHHD DUWD DUH R ILQDOLWDWH I U  VFRS úL HVWH R DWLWXGLQH

QHSUDFWLF  (D DQWUHQHD]  VSLULWXO XPDQ vQ PRG JUDWXLW SHQWUX D

DYHD DFFHV vQ PRG GH]LQWHUHVDW OD XQ DQXPLW PRG GH D vQ HOHJH úL

LQWHUSUHWDOXPHDúLRPXO

Tehnicile limbajului artistic sunt specifice. Limbajul


FRPXQ DUH FD VFRS WUDQVPLWHUHD GH LQIRUPD LL FXQRúWLQ H úL

SHUVXDVLXQHD GH DFHHD DSHOHD]  XQHRUL OD PLMORDFHOH DUWHL YRUED

GH GXK IRUPXODUHD PHWDIRULF  SDUDEROHOH HWF  GDU úL DLFL

FDOLW LOH HVWHWLFH DOH OLPED jului sunt secundare, subordonate; spre
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

GHRVHELUH GH OLPEDMXO úWLLQ HL FDUH HVWH H[SOLFDWLY úL JHQHUDOL]DWRU

OLPEDMXO DUWHL HVWH LQWXLWLY ùWLLQ D FRQFHSWXDOL]HD]  FD]XULOH

LQGLYLGXDOH FDUH FDG VXE LQFLGHQ D XQRU OHJL ÌQ DUW  SULPHD] 

individualul, generDOXO ILLQG VXJHUDW ÌQ URPDQ GH SLOG  H[LVW  R

DWPRVIHU  XQLF  VLWXD LL VSHFLILFH SHUVRQDMH XQLFDW HWF GDU SULQ

DFHVWHD VXQW YL]DWH VW UL úL SHUVRQDMH UHDF LL úL YDORUL] UL WLSLFH

/LPEDMXO úWLLQ LILF HVWH GHQRWDWLY FRQFHSWHOH DX VHPQLILFD LL

preFLVH VWDELOLWH HYHQWXDO SULQ GHILQL LL  GHPRQVWUD LLOH VXQW

ORJLFH /LPEDMXO DUWHL HVWH FRQRWDWLY &XYLQWHOH vQ DUW  PDL PXOW

VXJHUHD]  GHFkW VSXQ 3H OkQJ  VHPQLILFD LLOHFXUHQWH WHUPHQLL DX

VHPQLILFD LL VHFXQGH DX DXU  VHPDQWLF  SH FDUH UHFHSWRUXO o


DFWXDOL]HD]  &RHUHQ D WH[WXOXL DUWLVWLF LHVH GLQ FDQRDQHOH ORJLFLL

IRUPDOH (DH GH QDWXU DIHFWLY  'H SLOG  vQ SRH]LH FXYLQWHOHDX

XQ VHQV UD LRQDO GDU H QHFHVDU  WUHFHUHD OD GHFRGLILFDUHD úL

lecturarea sensului afectiv, ascuns, sugerat, neevident. Limbajul


úWLLQ HL VH SUHWHD]  OD UHFHSW UL XQLYRFH /LPEDMXO DUWHL HVWH

plurivoc, el are mai multe linii de sens ce sunt active în procesul


UHFHSW ULL5HFHSWRUXO DUWHL RVFLOHD]  vQWUH PDL PXOWH OLQLL GH VHQV

DFHVWHD ILLQG LPSOLFDWH vQ FRQ LQXWXULOH VSL rituale ale lumii
LPDJLQDUHvQPHVDMXOXQLFúLLUHSHWDELOYHKLFXODWUHFHSWRUXOvQV 

nu se poate fixa numai pe o linie de sens în interpretare. Deci,


OLPEDMXO úWLLQ HLH WUDGXFWLELO úLILQLW vQ VHPQLILFD LH OLPEDMXODUWHL

H LQWUDGXFWLELO úL LQILQLW SULQ RUL]RQWXO VHPQLILFD LLORU SH FDUH OH

GHVFKLGH /LPEDMXO DUWHL H SROLVHPLF úLVDX DPELJXX $GHY UDWD

vQ HOHJHUH D XQHL RSHUH FRQVW  vQ VWDUHD DIHFWLY VSLULWXDO  FH R


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GHFODQúHD] úLVXV LQHRULFHLQWHUSUHWDUHvQWHUPHQLUD LRQDOLHVWHR

WU GDUH SHQWUX F  QX HSXL]HD]  VIHUD vQ HOHVXULORUSHFDUH RSHUD OH

SURGXFH /LPEDMXO úWLLQ HL HVWH SDUDGLJPDWLF SUHVXSXQH

vQWRWGHDXQD DOHJHUHD GLQWUH WHUPHQLL UHODWLY HFKLYDOHQ L VXE UDSRUW

semantic. Limbajul artei este sintagmatic, întrucât tehnicile de


combinare a unit LORU GH VHQV SURGXF QRL VHPQLILFD LL 'H DFHHD
GHSLOG SRHWXOPRGHUQIRORVHúWHDOWHUHJXOLGHFkWFHOHDOHVLQWD[HL

RELúQXLWH )RUPD vQ DUW  SURGXFH SULQ HD vQV úL FRQ LQXW 'DF  vQ

úWLLQ  LPSRUWDQW H FH VSXL úL FH WUDQVPL L vQ DUW  PRGXO vQ FDUH
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

spuL úL PkQXL OLPEDMXO DUH LPSOLFD LL FKLDU DVXSUD PHVDMXOXL ÌQ
FRQVHFLQ  UHJXOLOH GH RSHUDUH FX OLPEDMXO SHUPLW FUHDUHD GH QRL

VHQVXUL VDOYkQG OLPEDMXO GH OD VFOHUR]D OD FDUH vO REOLJ 

vQWUHEXLQ ULOH FXUHQWH &D RUL]RQW GH VHPQLILFD LL QHOLPLWDWH úL

intUDGXFWLELOHOXPHDRSHUHLGHDUW SRDWHILUHFHSWDW vQPDLPXOWH

IRUPH H[LVW  XQ WLS GH UHFHSWDUH vQ FDUH SULPHD]  ILH LQWHUHVH GH

RUGLQ H[WUDDUWLVWLF FRQ LQXWXUL PRUDOH PHVDMH XPDQLVWH  ILH GH

RUGLQ SVLKRORJLF QHYRLD LQGLYLGXDO  GH FRPSHQVDUH SULQ D pel la


LPDJLQDU  UHFHSWDUHD VSHFLILF  DUWLVWLF  D DUWHL SUHVXSXQH FD

LQGHSHQGHQWGHDOWHFRQVLGHUHQWHVSLULWXOXPDQV ILHGHVFKLVVSUH

RSHU  DúD vQFkW DFHDVWD FDS W  FRQVLVWHQ  FRQFUHWH H DFWXDOLWDWH

5HFHSWDUHD GH WLS WHRUHWLF FULWLFD OLWHUDU  HVWHWLF  ILORVRILD  FD]

vQ FDUH RSHUD H SULYLW  FD RELHFW FXOWXUDO FH WUHEXLH H[SOLFLWDW úL

H[SOLFDW HVWH FDOLWDWLY DOWFHYD vQWUXFkW SUHVXSXQH GHWDúDUHD

UD LRQDO ID GHRSHU WU GDUHDLQWHUSUHW ULORUWU LWHHIHFWLY

$úD FXP VXEOLQLD]  7XGRU 9LDQX produsele artistice se


GLIHUHQ LD]  GH FHOHODOWH RSHUH FXOWXUDOH SULQ RULJLQDOLWDWHD

LQXWDELO  úL VLPEROLVP LOLPLWDW >@ ÌQ FD]XO DUWHL YDORDUHD VH

J VHúWH WRSLW  vQ EXQ YDORDUHD úL EXQXO IDF XQXO úL DFHHDúL ILLQ 

raportul dintre ele este de imaneQ  >@ 0RWLYXO VXELHFWXO 

WUDQVILJXUDWvQFRQ LQXWXOSHUFHSWLYPDLPXOWDSDUHGHFkWH[LVW 

>@ 9DORDUHD HVWHWLF  HVWH DúDGDU LQHUHQW  UDSRUWXOXL GH DSDUL LH

UHFHSWDUHD DGHFYDW  UHvQYLH úL ULGLF  OXPHD UHSUH]HQWDW  OD UDQJXO

GH OXPH H[SULPDW  GHS úLQG SULQ LQWHJUDUH VHQVXULOH ORJLFH vQ

VHQVXUL DIHFWLYH $FHDVW  LGHDOLWDWH D DUWHL QX VH LGHQWLILF  FX

LUHDOLWDWHD ,GHDOLWDWHD DUWHL HVWH DUHDO  >@ vQWUXFkW HD QX VH

RSXQHUHDOLW LLFDRLUHDOLWDWHFLFDRDOWHUQDWLY FDSRVLELOLWDWHGH

a leFWXUD VHPQLILFD LL QHHYLGHQWH DOH UHDOXOXL vQ DIDUD LPSXOVXULORU


SUDFWLFH 'DU SULYLW  VXE UDSRUW HVWHWLF DUWD QX-úL SURSXQH QLFL V 

cultive iluzia nici s-R SURYRDFH QLFL QX DGHPHQHúWH FX OLEHUW L
DGRUPLWRDUH úL GXOFHDJ-HYD]LRQLVWH (VWH SXU úL VLPSOX R DOW 

realitate. Prin elementele extraestetice pe care le cuprinde, cu sau


I U  YRLD DUWLúWLORU VDX GRFWULQDULORU vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH DFHVWHD QX

VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH VXE DVSHFWXO H[SUHVLYLW LL úL XQLW LL HVWHWLFH FL
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FD YDORUL VHSDUDWH FX FRQ LQXWH SUHFLVH HVWH HYLGHQW F  DUWD VH

SRDWH vQWUH HVH FX YLD D SUDFWLF  úL DUH vQ DFHDVW  FDOLWDWH R

LQFRQWHVWDELO  UHDOLWDWH >@ $úDGDU vQ YL]LXQHD OXL 7XGRU 9LDQX

SROL DQWLQRPLFL FDUH DX SULOHMXLW SROHPLFL vQ MXUXO SXULW LL VDX

LPSXULW LL DUWHL SRW IL SXúL


de acord. Desigur, :"un obiect nu
devine pentru noi estetic decât atunci când îl gândesc în sfera
valorii respective". [6] Dar subalternarea actelor valorificatoare
permite receptarea unor bunuri - vQ DFHVW FD] RSHUH GH DUW  -
printr-RSULVP YDORULF FHQXFRUHVSXQGHLQWHQ LRQDOLW LLYDORULFH
DEXQXULORUUHVSHFWLYH(VWHRLQDGHFYDUHIHUWLO 'DF MXGHFRSHUD

GH DUW  H[FOXVLY GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DOH PHVDMXOXL HGXFDWLY

PRUDO HWF H YRUED GHVLJXU GH RSDFLWDWH 'DU GDF  DFHVWH OHFWXUL

sunt subordonate FULWHULXOXL HVWHWLF DFHDVWD YD F S WD DGkQFLPH

$FHVWH YDORUL] UL LQDGHFYDWH VXQW SRVLELOH SHQWUX F  vQVXúL

RELHFWXO YDORUL]DW VH SUHWHD]  SULQ FRQ LQXWXO YDORULF SH FDUH vO úL

SULQ FDUH VH VWUXFWXUHD]  OD DVHPHQHD YDORULILF UL ÌQ IXQF LH GH

pondereD WUHEXLQ HORU FH LQWHUYLQ vQ UHFHSWDUH VH SRDWH YRUEL GH R
DGHY UDW  VWDWLILFDUH D H[SHULHQ HL HVWHWLFH ÌQ UDSRUW FX RELHFWXO

LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD VD úL P VXUD vQ FDUH UHXúHúWH V  ILH FHHD FH vúL

propune a fi, deci din punct de vedere al nivelului de exisWHQ 

HVWHWLF  WRWGHDXQD FkPSXO DUWLVWLF HVWH QHRPRJHQ FRQFHSWXO GH

gradualitate a valorilor - GLQ S FDWH SX LQ YDORULILFDW GH 9LDQX

vQVXúL vQ WHRULD VDHVWHWLF   H SURPL


- WRU VXJHUHD]  H[LVWHQ D XQHL

LHUDUKLL vQ XQWUXO DFHOXLDúL WLS GH YDORUL IXQF LH de adâncimea


JXVWXOXL SURSXV GH RSHUD vQV úL ÌQ UHFHSWDUH VWUDWLILFDUHD

vQDLQWHD]  GH OD XQ VWDGLX SUH HVWHWLF FX JkQGXUL GH VLPSO 
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GHOHFWDUH VDX LOXVWUDUH D XQRU VFRSXUL VWU LQH LQWHQ LHL HVWHWLFH  OD

VWDELOLUHD XQHL GLVWDQ H vQWUH VXELHFWLYLWDWH úL RSHU  FHHD FH

$GRUQRQXPHúWHPLúFDUHvPSRWULYDVXELHFWXOXL >@úLvQVLWXD LD

FHD PDL IHULFLW  VXSXQHUHD LQWHOHFWLY DIHFWLY  OD XQLYHUVXO


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H[SUHVLY DO RSHUHL 'LVWDQ D FRJQLWLY  úL XQLILFDUHD DIHFWLY  FX

YDORUL DUWLVWLFH UHPRGHOHD]  VHQVLELOLWDWHD vL LQYHQWHD]  QRUPHOH

cristalizând-o în atitudini care pot structura, cu o eficacitate


SURSULH RULFDUH GLQ YDORULOHFXOWXUDOHvPSOLQLQGR LFRDQ  D OXPLL
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

úLYLH LLDF UHLIHFXQGLWDWHDIRVWGHPXOWHRULGRYHGLW vQGHFXUVXO

LVWRULHL >@ VXEVWDQ D DQWURSROJLF  úL ILQDOLW LOH IRUPDWLYH DOH

DUWHLVXQWvQDIDU GHRULFHvQGRLDO 3URGXVXOHVWHWLFHVWHDúDFXP

UHPDUF  ,RQ ,DQRúL R WRWDOLWDWH RUJDQLF  YLH FX YLUWX L

LQWHJUDWRDUH YDORDUHD VD GRPLQDQW  HVWH VLQFUHWLF  úL

VLQWHWL]DWRDUH vQ FRQVHFLQ  LPSXULWDWHD HVWHWLFXOXL DWUDJH GXS 

VLQH R LPSXULWDWH D HVWHWLFLL >@ 9DORDUHD DUWLVWLF  QX HVWH RVWLO 

DOWRU YDORUL FL GLPSRWULY  OH DVLPLOHD]  OH UH VHPQLILF  IL[HD] 


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atunci când vom lua ca prim reper produsul estetic, aptitudinile


creatoare ale unui Gauguin sau Edgar Poe - EH LYL QRWRULL 9DQ
Gogh - schizofren, Holderlin - nebun, Baudelaire - excentric
úDP.d. apar într-RDOW OXPLQ úLFDS W VHPQLILFD LLFDUHSULQHOH
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

vQVHOH QX OH DX $GHY UXO VFULLWRUXOXL VH DIO  vQ RSHUD VD -
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drumul invers nu deschide perspective mai eficient-explicative:


procesele psihice structurate într-R YL]LXQH DUWLVWLF  SHUVRQDO  -
GDF  QX GRULP V  ILH VLPSO  VFKL  SVLKRORJLF  ELRJUDILH

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privite în actualiz ULOH ORU RSHUHOH GH DUW  ([LVW  FUHD LL DOH F URU

DXWRUL VXQW QHFXQRVFX L


- FHHD FH QX QH vPSLHGLF  V  DSUHFLHP

aceste valori estetice -  GDU QX H[LVW  JHQLL I U  RSHUH

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comunicativH DOH DUWLVWXOXL 2SHUD DUH R LQGHSHQGHQ  FDUH-i


permite - vQ YLUWXWHD VSHFLILFXOXL V X HVWHWLF - DFWXDOL] UL
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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

2ULFHSHUVSHFWLY PHWRGRORJLF DVXSUDRELHFWXOXLHVWHWLFúL

D H[SHULHQ HL FUHDWRDUH HVWH XQ GHFXSDM DVXSUD RELHFWXOXL LDU vQ

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ofice de a epuiza
problemele valorii artistice, tratarea literaturii doar ca limbaj în
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VH RE LQH QXPDL SULQ DUWLFXODUHD XQJKLXULORU GH DQDOL] FKLDU GDF 

acestea nu sunt complementare, dintr-R SHUVSHFWLY  ILORVRILF 

LQWHUJUDWRDUH 5HYHQLQG GXS  DFHDVW  PHQ LRQDUH OD SUREOHPD

FUHDWLYLW LL FRQVLGHU P F  FHUFHW ULOH GH WLS VWUXFWXUDO VHPLRWLF

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VXUSULQG  QRL DVSHFWH 6XJHU P GRDU FkWHYD SXQFWH GH LQWHUHV

teoretic în care aportul acestor analize nu poate fi suplinit de


SVLKRORJLDFUHD LHLDUWLVWLFH

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SXUW WRDUH GH VHQVXUL XPDQH úL YLUWXDOLW L SULQ FDUH HVWH YL]DW

realul - ca pretext sau ca obiect al unui "comentariu" provocat de o


VXELHFWLYLWDWH HVWHWLF  &KLDU GDF  HYDGHD]  vQ UHYHULH IDQWDVWLF

LOX]RULX DEVXUG LPDJLQD LD -GDF  QX VLPXOHD]  DGkQFLPHD

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- o
OXPH LQFOXV  vQ GLPHQVLXQLOH FHOH UHDOH vQ VWUDWXULOH HL FH U PkQ

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UHFHSWDW $FHVW DFW DQJDMHD]  GXS  FXP DU WD / *ROGPDQQ

niveluO FDWHJRULLORU úL VWUXFWXULORU PHQWDOH FkW úL QLYHOXO

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PDL DOHV vQ DUWD PRGHUQ  GLILFXOW LOH XQHL UHFHSW UL DGHFYDWH

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incapacitatea de a sesiza structurile mentale, schemele logicii


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exclaPkQG OD SOHFDUH $VWD H FHYD FDUH QX H[LVW  5HDOLWDWHD QX
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

VHLQWHJUHD] vQDFHVWFD]vQRUL]RQWXOFRJQLWLY LPDJLQDUFHRIHU 


-
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SHUFHSXW VHQVXO 'HPHUVXO VWUXFWXUDOLVW úL FHO VHPLRWLF XUP UHVF

surprinderea, prin construirea de modele descriptiv-explicative,


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creaWRUXOXL úL D UHFHSWRUXOXL GH DUW  'H]Y OXLUHD XQHL UHDOLW L


LPDJLQDUHLQGLYLGXDOL]DWHúLVHQVLELO-evocatoare include inventarea

XQHL QRL RUGLQL D FRQ LQXWXULORU PLQLPDOH ,DU DQDOL]HOH VXV

PHQ LRQDWH SURSXQ R LPDJLQH DVXSUD PRGXOXL GH FRQVWUXLUH úL

constLWXLUH D VHQVXOXL SURFHGHH úL WHKQLFL IRUPDOH FRUHOD LL

VLQWDFWLFH FD LQIUDVWUXFWXU  D XQHL PHGLWD LL WUDQVILJXUDWH HVWHWLF

DVXSUD H[LVWHQ HL 'HS úLUHD WHQGLQ HL VSUH R IRUPDOL]DUH H[WUHP 

VH IDFH DWXQFL FkQG VH FDXW  HOXFLGDUHD LQYDULD LORU WHPDWLFL

testarea unor modele semantice, ce cuprind semne artistice din


FODVDFRQ LQXWXOXLDSWHV UHOHYHOLQLLOHXQHLLQWHUSUHW ULSRVLELOHD

XQLYHUVXOXL LPDJLQDU VWUXFWXUDUHD LQWHUQ  D GRPLQDQWHORU SH FDUH

DSDUH YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  /XPHD LPDJLQDU  D RSHUHL GH DUW  SRDUW 

SHFHWHD LQFRQIXQGDELO  D SHUVRQDOLW LL FUHDWRUXOXL 0HWRGRORJLLOH

YL]DWHVWXGLLQGVWUXFWXULOHQXQHDJ XQLFLWDWHDDFWXOXLFUHD LHLúLDO

UHFHSW ULL FL SUHFXP RULFH WHRULH VLPLODU DERUG ULL ILORVRILFH

WU GHD]  DFHDVW  XQLFLWDWH SHQWUX D -i surprinde mecanismele


JHQHUDOH ILLQG FRQúWLHQWH GH DFHDVW  VWDUH GH OXFUXUL 6XQW

UHYHODWRULL vQ DFHVW VHQV REVHUYD LLOH OXL $ 0ROHV DVXSUD

LQIRUPD LHL HVWHWLFH SH FDUH R DSURSLH GH FRQFHSWXO LQIRUPD LHL

pesonale", considerând-R LQWUDGXFWLELO  úL GRDU WUDQVSR]DELO 


aproximativ". [12] Nu este, deci, eludat rolul creatorului care
SHUVRQDOL]HD]  PHVDMXO RSXQkQGX-VH vQWUHEXLQ ULORU FRWLGLHQH

ale limbajului, ci sunt doar desprinse structuri, cu oarecare grad de


JHQHUDOLWDWH DOH SURFHVHORU GH FUHD LH 6WUXFWXULOH IRUPDOH  úL

constantele semantice ale imaginarului se disting de valoarea pe


care o au operele în care sunt decelabile astfel de structuri. Se
XUP UHúWH FRQVWUXLUHD GH PRGHOH H[SOLFDWLYH SHQWUX FUHD LL
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

distincte, dar analoge structural, sub aspectul mecanismelor de


FRQVWUXLUH D VHQVXULORU $SDUH DVWIHO HYLGHQW IDSWXO F  QX H[LVW 

VFKHPHVWDQGDUGDOHIXQF LHLLPDJLQDWLYHFDUHGHILHFDUHGDW  - în
GHSHQGHQ  GH SUHIHULQ HOH DXWRUXOXL - sunt umplute cu anumite

FRQ LQXWXUL &KLDU IRUPXOHOH LPDJLQDUXOXL VH PRGLILF  úL

GLYHUVLILF  VXE SUHVLXQHD SURFHVHORU FXOWXUDOH LGHDWLFH úL D

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SULQ H[FHOHQ  DQWLWUDGL LRQDOLVW 
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DUWD FRQWHPSRUDQ 
- WUDGL LD HVWHWLF  HVWH DSULRUL VXVSHFW 
Autoritatea Noului este cea a ineluctabilului istoric". [13]
,PDJLQD LD FUHDWRDUH GHRVHELW  GH FHD PLPHWLF  úL LGHDOL]DWRDUH

SUH]HQW  vQ PXOWLSOH PDQLHUH VWLOLVW ice actuale, permite


LQYHVWLJDUHDFRQGL LHLXPDQHFRQWHPSRUDQH - dincolo de ilustrarea
XQRU YL]LXQL DVXSUD OXPLL úL YLH LL GLQFROR GH PHQWDOLW LOH úL

FRQYLQJHULOHFXSUL] ODDUWLVW
- prin iluminarea proceselor istorice,
DVHPQLILFD LLORUúLFRQVHFLQ HORr virtuale ascunse. În cazul marilor

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mari riscuri: ceODODQJDM ULLvQFRQ LQXWXULGHVXSUDID SHULVDELOH

úL vQ HJDO  P VXU  FHO DO H[SHULPHQW ULL IRUPDOH DO PRGHL

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perspectiva filosoILHLDUWHLúLFXOWXULL

2SHUDGHVFKLV 

'DF  QH VLWX P vQ SODQXO XQHL LGHDOL] UL WHRUHWLFH SXWHP

DFFHSWD F  SHQWUX DQWLFL úL UHSUH]HQWDQ LL FODVLFLVPXOXL YLUWX LOH

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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

RUQDPHQWDW DOHV  QHUH]LVWHQW OD WUDGXFWLELOLWDWH ÌQFHUF ULOH

UHQDVFHQWLVWHvQGLUHF LDFRPSDU ULLGLIHULWHORUDUWH - ceea ce, de altfel,


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SUHVXSXQH UHFXQRDúWHUHD SOXUDOLW LL WHKQLFLORU VLPEROLFH SULQ FDUH

DFHDVWD HVWH HIHFWXDW  - FXOPLQHD]  vQ RSHUD OXL /HVVLQJ FX

justificarea autonomiei limbajelor artistice. PriQDFHDVWDHVWHSUHJ WLW

GHIDSWWHUHQXOUHIOHF LLORUURPDQWLFH&ULWLFDSULQFLSLXOXLLPLWD LHLVH

YD IDFH vQ QXPHOH SULPDWXOXL VXELHFWLYLW LL 3HQWUX vQFHSXW QRXD

orientare se impune printr-R VFKLPEDUH GH GLUHF LH vQ PRGXO GH D
vQ HOHJHLPLWD LD$VWI
el Karl Philipp Moritz -vQRSHUDF UXLD7]YHWDQ
7RGRURYYHGHH[SULPDW vQWUHDJDSUREOHPDWLF DHVWHWLFLLURPDQWLFH-

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SULQFLSLXO LPLWD LHL FX IDSWHOH HUD VXILFLHQW V  VH DO WXUH OD D LPL ta"
XQDGYHUEPRGHUDWVDXVXSUHP vQGU ]QHDO RELHFWXOV ILHFDOLILFDW

vQ FKLS GHRVHELW IUXPRDVD QDWXU  LGHDOXO  0RULW] VFKLPE 

VXELHFWXO YHUEXOXLúLWRWRGDW VHPQLILFD LDOXL&HDFDUHLPLW QXPDL

este opera, ci artistul". [14] Natura este imitaW  FD SULQFLSLX


SURGXF WRU-creativ, nu în aspectele sale formal-obiectuale. Prin

urmare, mimesis-XOQXHDGPLVGHFkWFDSRLHVLV$FHVWHFRQVLGHUD LL-


vQ FRQWH[WXO DFFHQWXOXL SXV SH ILQDOLWDWHD LQWULQVHF  D RSHUHL GH DUW 

SH IDSWXO F  DFHDVWD vúL DUH SURSULLOH VDOH QRUPH IXQF LH GH FDUH VH

impune aprecierii - SUHJ WHVF FRQFOX]LL HORFYHQWH FX SULYLUH OD


autonomia artei. Analiza modului în care frumosul se propune
UHFHSWRUXOXLLQFOXGHVXELDFHQWRQRX SHUVSHFWLY DVXSUDVLPEROXOXL

artistic. Limbajul este LPDJLQHD FHOXL FDUH YRUEHúWH LDU IXQF LD
H[SUHVLY GHS úHúWH-vQDUW -SURFHVXOGHVLPSO UHSUH]HQWDUH'DF 

JURVVR PRGR VH SRDWH VSXQH F  SHQWUX FODVLFL DUWD FRPXQLF  GRDU

DOWIHOvQDFFHS LHURPDQWLF HDFRPXQLF DOWIHOúLDOWFHYDDGLF FHHD

ce nu SRDWH IL H[SULPDW SULQ DOWH PLMORDFH $FHVWH LGHL HPDQ  GLQ
operele multor gânditori: Herder, Rousseau, Vico, Schaftesbury,
6FKOHJHO6FKHOOLQJ*RHWKH6FKLOOHUúLDO LL+RW UkWRDUHHVWHúLWHRULD

OLQJYLVWLF  D OXL +XPEROGW vQ ORF GH D VWXGLD IRUPHOH OL ngvistice


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actelor prin care acestea sunt produse, iar aplecarea asupra limbii ca
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

activitate vie conduce la repunerea în drepturi a rolului jucat de


IDFWRULL SHUVRQDOL úL VRFLDO-istorici în SURFHVXO FRPXQLF ULL 3XWHP

DILUPD SH VFXUW F  GXS  5HQDúWHUH VH LPSXQH WRW PDL PXOW

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Exacerbarea acestei autonomii estH GH IDFWXU  HVWHWLVW  1X

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H[SUHVLHL SRHWLFH FRUHVSXQG SHUIHFW GLVWLQF LHL .DQWLHQH GLQWUH DUWHOH

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prezente în poeticile unor mari creatori contemporani. Important este,


vQV GHVHVL]DWF QRLOHUHIOHF LLHVWHWLFR-ILORVRILFHvúLDWDúHD] RQRX 

YL]LXQH DVXSUD OLPEDMXOXL DUWLVWLF VXUSLQV  HORFYHQW vQ GLVWLQF LD SH

FDUH *RHWKH R IDFH vQWUH DOHJRULH úL VLPERO XOWLPXO RSXQH UH]LVWHQ 

ODvQ HOHJHUHDVWULFWUD LRQDO HVWHLQWUDGXFWLELOOLPLWDWvQVHPQLILFD LL

úDPG 

Articularea elementelor de limbaj în vederea producerii


XQHL RSHUH FH VH SUHWHD]  OD LQWHUSUHW UL PXOWLSOH HVWH FRQGL LD GH

H[LVWHQ úLRUJROLXODUWHi moderne. Dintotdeauna, arta a recurs la o

îmblânzire a logicii, cerându-VH WU LW  úL vPSUXPXWkQG LQHIDELOXO


QHGHILQLWXO LPSUHFL]LD WU LULL ÌQV  DUWLVWXO PRGHUQ OXFUHD]  DVWIHO

FX OLPEDMXO vQFkW V  RE LQ  PD[LPXP GH HIHFWH VHPDQWLFH

3RWHQ DUHD VHPQLILFD LLORU úL SOXULYDOHQ D OLQLLORU GH VHQV SDUH D IL

postulatul practicilor artistice contemporane. Pentru a surprinde


DFHVWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL 8PEHUWR (FR HODERUHD]  PRGHOXO RSHUHL

deschise". Ideea deschiderii operei artistice la o pluritate de


UHFHSW UL HVWH VXUSULQV  GH +HLQULFK :ROIIOLQ >@ vQ DQDOL]D

QRXW LL DGXVH GH DUWD EDURF  ID  GH DUWD 5HQDúWHULL :ROIIOLQ

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de la lineDU OD SLFWXUDO GH OD UHSUH]HQWDUHD ELGLPHQVLRQDO  OD FHD

vQ SURIXQ]LPH GH OD IRUPD vQFKLV  OD IRUPD GHVFKLV  GH OD

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FODULWDWH UHODWLY  $FHVWH IHQRPHQH UHDOL]HD]  vQ DFHODúL WLPS

trecerea de la tactil la vizual, de la eleatismul formei clasice la


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

KHUDFOLWHLVPXO IRUPHL EDURFH )RUPD FODVLF  HVWH FODU  úL GLUHFW

SHUFHSWLELO  IRUP  EDURF  - SULQ MRFXO GH OXPLQ  - întuneric,


curbe, linii frânte, etc.- GHWHUPLQ  LQFDSDFLWDWHD UHFHSWRUXOXi de a
surprinde un efect clar. Oricât de diverse ar fi variantele stilistice
SRVWFODVLFH HOH SUH]LQW  DFHHDúL QRW  FDUDFWHULVWLF  FH FRQVW  vQ

IDSWXO F  WRDWH VH VXVWUDJ XQHL SHUFHSHUL LPHGLDWH úL FRPSOHWH

Devalorizarea conturului are drept urmare o subiectivizare a


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imuabile.
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RSHUHL GH DUW  FDWHJRULLOH


fundamentale ale spiritului omenesc la
un moment dat". [16] Transformarea polisemiei din corolar al
YDORULL HVWHWLFH vQ SRVWXODW DO RSHUHL GH DUW  SXQFWHD]  DVLPLODUHD

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este anaORJ XQ FRQVWUXFWLYLVP DO DUWHL ÌQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH úWLLQ D
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realitatea nu este rupt. Într-RHSRF vQFDUHUHDOLWDWHDHVWHH[SOLFDW 


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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

XQLYHUVXOXL FRQFHSWXDO DUWD PDQLIHVW  DQDORJLL VWUXFWXU ale cu


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PXWD LH VWUXFWXUDO  ú i permite o încadrare de tip sincronic în


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sau ca studiu al structurilor lingvistice (formalismul rus,


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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FULWLFLL DUWLVWLFH 3RHWLFD HVWH OHJLWLP  QXPDL vQWUXFkW H[SOLFLWHD] 

printr-un model ipotetic principiile de structurare a operei


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receptare.
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GH DUW  GHD SULPL R LQILQLWDWH GH OHFWXUL FKLDU GDF  RSHUD FD DWDUH

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d necesar, valoarea
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chiar decât vrea. Ceea ce Umberto Eco numeúWH GHVFKLGHUHD GH


gradul doi" include o indeterminare a operei din punctul de vedere
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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

SRVLELOLW LORU LQIRUPD LR nale ale mesajului. Autoreflexivitatea


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Sistemele cuantice sunt deschiVHODRPXOWLWXGLQHGHVW ULYLLWRDUH

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comunicarea, la fel cum probabilitatea nu exclude cauzalitatea.


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ED]  RQWLFR DUWLVWLF 


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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

UHDOL]HD]  R PXOWLSOLFDUH D DGHY UXOXL úL D UHDOLW LL vQ VWUkQV 

OHJ WXU  FX FUHDUHD GH QRL SRVLELOLW L FRPXQLFDWLYH SULQ

organizarea elementelor foUPDOH ,QYHQ LD VH WUDGXFH WRFPDL SULQ


RE LQHUHD XQHL FRPELQ UL D VHJPHQWHORU VHPLRORJLFH FDUH V  ILH

VXUV  GH VHPQLILFD LL PXOWLSOH 3RQGHUHD R DUH PRGXO GH

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HVWH UHOD LH D QRUPDO  FUHDWRDUH GH VHPQLILFD LL PXOWLSOH 'DF 
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SHQWUXFRPXQLFDUHDDUWLVWLF 

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de numeroase alegeri interpretative, dar poate fi delimitat ca


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SUHRFXSDW V  VXUSULQG  LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUHD GLQWUH IRUP  úL

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al câmpului semantic. În momentul în care acest control nu mai


HVWH SRVLELO FRPXQLFDUHD VH GHSODVHD]  VSUH arbitrar. Aceste

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RSHUD vQ PLúFDUH - o specie a deschiderii de gradul doi. Aceasta


VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ LQYLWD LD GH D IDFH RSHUD vPSUHXQ  FX
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

DXWRUXO >@ 0HVDMXO QX DUH R IRUP  GHWHUPLQDW  úL ODV 

SRVLELOLWDWHD RUJDQL] ULL HOHPHQWHORU FRQVWLWXWLYH GH F WUH UHFHSWRU

vQ vQVXúL DFWXO GH FRQVXP DUWLVWLF 3HQWUX D H[HPSOLILFD DFHDVW 

GLUHF LH D DUWHL FRQWHPSRUDQH (FR DGXFH vQ GLVFX LH RSHUHOH

muzicale ale unor postweberieni (Henri Pousseur, Karlheinz


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QXP U GH HOHPHQWH - subsisteme polisemice create de autor - care


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structurilor este într-DGHY U FLUFXPVFULV  de autor prin regulile de


FRPELQDUH &X WRDWH UH]HUYHOH ID  GH XQ DVHPHQHD WLS GH RSHU 

QX SXWHP V  QX UHFXQRDúWHP H[LVWHQ D FDWKDUVLV -ului în receptarea


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GHIDYRUL]HD]  FRPXQLFDUHD GHSODVkQG-o spre arbitrar,


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totalitate. În acest caz, receptareD QX DIHFWHD]  FX QLPLF YDORDUHD

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a codurilor presupun analiza raportului comunicativ mesaj-


receptor. Ca atare, studierea rolului activ al subiectului în procesul
UHFHSW ULL HVWH LQFOXV  vn metodologia deschiderii structurii operei

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QX UHDOL]HD]  R PXWD LH VWUXFWXUDO  FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ  FD


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

UHFHSWDUHD V  ILH LQFOXV  vQ VIHUD GH DúWHSW UL VWDELOLW  GH

VHQVLELOLWDWHD JXVWXO FXOWXUD SUHMXGHF LOH HWF LQGLYLGXOXL

modelate de un anume context socio-cultural. Rolul activ al


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DGHFYDUHD OD PHVDM FDUH HVWH DPELJXX SHQWUX F  HVWH HVWHWLF  úL

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FRQYHQ LRQDOLVPXOXL UHFHSWDUHD vQV úL QX SRDWH DYHD ORF I U  R

GHS úLUH D LQHU LHL HVWHWLFH ILLQG R DúWHSWDUH D QHSUHY ]XWXOXL

(FR  2SHUD GHVFKLV  GH JUDGXO GRL VXSXQH FRQWHPSO ULL úL

DSUHFLHULLQXRIRUP FDUHV ILHUHFHSWDW FDDPELJX FLRIRUP 

FDUHGLQHDvQV úLSURGXFHFRQILJXUD LLQRLSRVLELOLW LLQILQLWHGH

a se metamorfoza în DFWXO GH FRQVXP DUWLVWLF I U  D SXWHD IL

LGHQWLILFDW  H[KDXVWLY FX XQD VDX DOWD GLQ vQI Lú ULOH VDOH

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VHPDQWLFH 'H DFHHD QL VH SDUH LQFRPSOHW  DILUPD LD OXL (FR

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de alegere propriu-]LV  FL GH R LPSRVLELOLWDWH GH D DOHJH R

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condamnat nu la, ci în liberWDWH >@ SHQWUX F  QX HVWH OLEHU V 

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VHPDQWLFH DOH RSHUHL GH DUW  FD UH]XOWDW DO RUJDQL] ULL GH WLS

probabilist, sunt neH[KDXVWLYH HFKLYDOHQ H VLPXOWDQH

FRPSOHPHQWDUH $FFHQWXO SH FDUH DUWD FRQWHPSRUDQ  vO SXQH SH

structura elementelor de limbaj este revelatoriu pentru


SHUVSHFWLYHOH VDOH XPDQLVWH (VWH XQDQLP DFFHSWDW vQ HVWHWLF 

SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH FRQIRUP F UXLD RSHUD GH DUW  QX GXEOHD] 

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IL YHKLFXODWH QXPDL SULQ PRGXO V X VSHFLILF GH VWUXFWXUDUH


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

&RPSOLFDUHD RUJDQL] ULL IRUPDOH QX HVWH XQ H[HUFL LX JUDWXLW FL

VDWLVIDFH DFHVW GH]LGHUDW vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX stadiul actual de


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GH DUW  GDF  QX FD PRGHO vQWRWGHDXQD vQ FDOLWDWH GH FUHDWRU

0RGHOXO RSHUHL GHVFKLVH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ LQYHQ LH úL

probabilitate, permite crearea de noi registre, modele ale


VHQVLELOLW LL XPDQH 2SHUD GHVFKLV  UHXúHúWH V  QH SXQ  vQ

FRQWDFW FX LQFHUWLWXGLQLOH UHDOLW LORU XPDQH FRQWHPSRUDQH QX

prin ilustrarea sau explorarea unui umanism, ci prin inventarea


DFHVWXLD 'DF  XPDQLVPXO DUWHL FODVLFH VH vQVFULH vQ UHSHUWoriul

PRGHOHORU SHUPLVH GH R DQXPH FRQFHS LH DVXSUD RPXOXL

umanismul artei moderne este creator, preponderent inventiv.

4. Modele structuralist-VHPLRWLFHúLHVWHWLF ILORVRILF

&HUFHW ULOH VWUXFWXUDOLVW VHPLRWLFH vQFHDUF  V  GHPLWL]H]H


-
anumite aspectHDOHFUHD LHLDUWLVWLFHYL]kQGvQPRGH[SUHVDQDOL]D
úWLLQ LILF  D WHKQLFLORU GH OLPEDM SULQ FDUH VH SURGXFH IL[HD]  úL

WUDQVPLWH YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  3ULQ DFHDVWD LQL LD]  XQ JHQ GH

FHUFHW UL vQ FDUH SXQFWHOH GH FRQWDFW GLQWUH UHIOHF LD ILORVRILF  úL

stXGLXO úWLLQ LILF FRQWULEXLH OD IHUWLOL]DUHD GHPHUVXOXL WHRUHWLF

DVXSUD DUWHL FRQWHPSRUDQH *DOYDQR 'HOOD 9ROSH UHXúHúWH R

demitizare a imaginii poetice, salvându-L YLUWX LOH FRJQLWLYH -


specifice, desigur - GH OD R SRVLELO  HúXDUH vQ REVFXULWDWH
VHPDQWLF  3RVWXODWHOH vQFHUF ULL VDOH PXOWH GLQ HOH FRPXQH GH

DOWIHO SHUVSHFWLYHORU DFWXDOH úWLLQ LILFL]DQWH UDGLRJUDILD]  SRH]LD

FD VHQV FRPSOH[ FRQVWUXLW úL LQYHQWDW FX DMXWRUXO XQRU VFKHPH

WHKQLFL úL WUXFXUL FH SRW IL GHVFRQVSLUDWH 6WUDWHJLLOH GH WLS

lingvistic, structuralist, semLRWLF VXQW vQV  ULJXURV VSHFLDOL]DWH vQ


modul de operare a decupajelor epistemologice din ceea ce numim
DUW  /LWHUD úL VHPQXO YRU IL FRQVLGHUDWH GH F WUH QRL FD ED]  D

întregii literaturi". - >@ DUDW  7]YHWDQ 7RGRURY 1X RSHUD

OLWHUDU  vQV úL HVWH RELHFWXO DFWLYLW LL VWUXFWXUDOH FHHD FH DFHDVWD
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FDXW  VXQW SURSULHW LOH DFHVWXL GLVFXUV SDUWLFXODU FDUH HVWH

GLVFXUVXO OLWHUDU ÌQWUHDJD RSHU  QX HVWH GH DOWIHO FRQVLGHUDW 

decât ca manifestarea unei structuri abstracte mult mai generale,


ea fiind nuPDL R UHDOL]DUH SRVLELO  >@ ùWLLQ D OLWHUDWXULL QX
WUHEXLH V  VWXGLH]H OLWHUDWXUD FL OLWHUDULWDWHD DGLF  FHHD FH IDFH

dintr-R RSHU  GDW  RSHU  OLWHUDU  SURFHGHHOH DUWLVWLFH IRUPDOH

,17kQLDQRY DYHD GUHSWDWH FkQG DU WD F  H JUHúLW D vQ HOHJH

rapRUWXO GLQWUH IRUP  úL FRQ LQXW GXS  IRUPXOD IRUP   FRQ LQXW

 SDKDU  YLQ 'H DOWIHO HVWH SUHIHUDW  GLVWLQF LD

PDWHULDOSURFHGHX'XS FXPUHPDUF %(LKHQEDXPQR LXQHDGH

IRUP D RE LQXW XQVHQVQRX QXPDL HVWH XQ vQYHOLú FL R WRWDOLWDWH

GLQDPLF  úL FRQFUHW  FDUH DUH FRQ LQXWXO vQ HD vQV úL vQ DIDU  GH

RULFH FRUHOD LH >@ (YLGHQW IRUPDOLúWLL UXúL VHVL]HD]  F  HVWH

LPSRVLELO  VHSDUDUHD vQ RSHUD GH DUW  D HOHPHQWHORU OLQJYLVWLF -


H[SUHVLYH GH LGHLOH H[SULPDWH GDU VXQW WHQWD L V  UHGXF  OLWHUDWXUD

OD R VXP  GH SURFHGHH GH OLPEDM $FFHQWXO FDGH SH vQ HOHJHUHD

DUWHLFDIRUP LDUDQDOL]DIRUPHLHVWHUHGXV ODDQDOL]DUDSRUWXULORU

GLQWUHHOHPHQWHGHOLPEDM$FHVWIDSWMXVWLILF vQWU XQIHODILUPD LD


-
OXL 5:HOOHN GHúL FX LQVWUXPHQWH LQILQLW PDL ILQH ei s-au întors
la vechiul formalism retoric". [28]
6WXGLXO ULJXURV DO SROLVHPLHL LQWUDGXFWLELOLW LL úL YDORULL

VHPDQWLFH SURSULL VLPEROXOXL DUWLVWLF HVWH FRQVHFLQ D ILUHDVF  D

autonomiei fenomenelor estetice. Aplecarea asupra procedeelor


OLQJYLVWLFH úL D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH VHPQH vQ LQWHULRUXO WH[WXOXL DUH

FDSDFLWDWHD GH D UHYHOD PHFDQLVPHOH SULQ FDUH DXWRUXO FUHD] 

YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  úL HYLGHQW DGXFH vQ GLVFX LH SUREOHPD IXQF LHL

VSHFLILFHDOLPEDMXOXLvQDUW ,QL LDODVHPHQHDHODERU ULLPDQHQWH

ale SRH]LHL vQ VSHFLDO  úL OLWHUDWXULL vQ JHQHUDO  HUDX DSURSLDWH GH

YL]LXQLOH HVWHWLFH vQV  GHOLPLW ULOH QX vQWkU]LH V  DSDU  $VWIHO

GDF LQL LDO5-DNREVRQDFFHSWDLQGLIHUHQ DSRH]LHLID GHRELHFWXO

HQXQ ULL >@ vQ /LQJYLVWLF  úL SRHWLF  GHS úHúW e autotelismul
SXU SULQ UHFXQRDúWHUHD vPELQ ULL IXQF LHL HVWHWLFH FX FHD

UHIHUHQ LDO  3ROHPL]kQG FX FHL FDUH vO vQYLQXLDX GH DUW  SHQWUX

DUW  SUHFL]HD]  F  PHWRGD VWUXFWXUDO  QX GXFH LQHYLWDELO F WUH R


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

GHVFRQVLGHUDUH D IXQF LLORU DUWHL vQ YLD D VRFLDO  QX VXEOLQLD] 

VHSDUDWLVPXODUWHLFLGRDUDXWRQRPLDIXQF LHLHVWHWLFH'LQDFHHDúL

SHUVSHFWLY  -0XNDURZVN\ SUHFL]HD]  F  OLPEDMXO DUWLVWLF QX

SRDWH IL GHILQLW VDWLVI F WRU SULQ vQVXúLUL RUQDPHQWH ILJXUL

LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD H[SUHVLHL úD  FL SULQ IXQF LH VFRSXO OLPEDMXOXL

SRHWLF HVWH RE LQHUHD XQXL HIHFW SRHWLF >@ $FHVW HIHFW HVWH

RE LQXW SULQ DUDQMDPHQW OLQJYLVWLF SULQ WHKQLFL GH FRUHODUH

VHPDQWLF  SULQ GHS úLUHD IXQF LHL VWULFW FRPXQLFDWLYH UHIHUHQ LDOH

úDPG &RQFHQWUDUHD IXQF LHL SRHWLFH DVXSUD VHPQXOXL vQVXúL

DSDUH FD R FRQVHFLQ  GLUHFW  D DXWRQRPLHL SURSULL IHQRPHQHORU

HVWHWLFH 0HQ LRQ P vQV  F  DQDOL]D PRGXOXL GH VWUXFWXUDUH D

OLPEDMXOXL vQ WH[WHOH DUWLVWLFH QX HSXL]HD]  VSHFLILFXO YDORULL

HVWHWLFH 7H[WXO OLWHUDU FRPSR]L LD SODVWLF  HWF VXQW HOHPHQWH

IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH DOH RSHUHL DUWLVWLFH GDU QX VH FRQIXQG  FX

DFHDVWDHIHFWXODUWLVWLFUH]XOW GLQFRUHODUHDWH[WXOXLFXDQVDPEOXO

FRPSOH[DOFRQFHS LHLGHVSUHYLD úLLGHDWLFH3URFHGHHOHDUWLVWLFH

SURLHFWHD] ROXPHGHPRWLYHSHUVRQDMHúLLQWULJLXQLWDWHDGHVHQV

D RSHUHL HVWH HIHFWXO FRQVWUXF LHL XQLILFDWH SULQ FRPXQLWDWHD LGHLL

VDX WHPHL ,QYHQ LD IRUPDO  O UJHúWH FkPSXO GH SRVLELOLW L

H[SUHVLYH ILLQG VXERUGRQDW  WUDQVPLWHULL XQXL PHVDM XPDQ

trasfigurat afectiv. Tehnica forPDO  D FRUHO ULL VHPDQWLFH

vPERJ HúWH XQLYHUVXO VHPQLILFD LLORU GDU WHPD XQLILF  WRWDOLWDWHD

procedeelor într-R VWUXFWXU  LDU YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  GHSLQGH GH

P VXUD vQ FDUH VHQVXO UD LRQDO WUHFH vQ VHQV DIHFWLY VXELHFWXO

operei este ridicat la rangul de lXPHHVWHWLF 


Un creator poate cultiva, desigur, arbitrariul sistematic.
'DUDUDW 8(FRXQPHVDMWRWDODPELJXXDSDUHFDIRDUWHV UDFvQ

LQIRUPD LL GHRDUHFH GLVSXQH GH QXPHURDVH DOHJHUL LQWHUSUHWDWLYH

GDUSRDWHILGHOLPLWDWFD]JRPRWDGLF vOSRW reduce la o dezordine


SXU  >@ 2U FDOLWDWHD HVWHWLF  GHSLQGH KRW UkWRU GH úL VH DILUP 

numai prin mesajul subiectivizat al operei. Întrucât simbolul


artistic nu este neutru din punct de vedere axiologic, perspectiva
structuralist-VHPLRWLF  DUH DYDQWDMXO GH D HYLGHQ LD SUHJQDQW
WHKQLFLOH IRUPDOH úL ORJLFD LQWHUQ  D VHPQHORU SULQ FDUH DUWLVWXO
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FRPXQLF  0DL DOHV vQ UDSRUW FX DUWD FRQWHPSRUDQ  FHUFHW ULOH GH

DFHVW JHQ LQL LD]  R QRX  SHGDJRJLH D OHFWXULL FLUFXPVFULX XQ

orizont de sensibilitate a lumii opeUHL GH DUW  vQ FDUH WUHEXLH V  VH
vQVFULH FDSDFLW LOH LQWHOHFWXDO-afective ale receptorului valorii

estetice. Tocmai de aceea integrarea lor în planul mai general al


HVWHWLFLL ILORVRILFH HVWH QX QXPDL SRVLELO  FL úL QHFHVDU  'HúL

autonom, limbajul artisWLF YHKLFXOHD]  VHPQLILFD LL XPDQH VRFLDO -


LVWRULFH FRPSOH[H LDU GHVFLIUDUHD ORU VROLFLW  GHVLJXU

FRQFHQWUDUHD DVXSUD VWUXFWXULL RSHUHL GDU vQ HJDO  P VXU  úL

situarea sa în contexte explicative mai largi (ideologice, morale


úDPG  3ULQ XUPDUH DGHY UDWD XWLOLWDWH D GHPHUVXOXL VHPLRWLF

DSDUH DWXQFL FkQG QX L VH DEVROXWL]HD]  SXWHUHD H[SOLFDWLY  FkQG

QX HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ VFRS vQ VLQH FL DSHOHD]  OD R IUXFWXRDV 

MRQF LXQH FX HVWHWLFD ILORVRILF  úL DOWH PRGXUL GH DERUGDUH D

simbolului artistic (psLKDQDOL] SVLKRORJLHVRFLRORJLHHWF 

ÌQ UDSRUW FX DUWD FHOH GRX  LSRVWD]H DOH VHPLRWLFLL úWLLQ 

úL PHWRG  FDS WD DFFHQWH GLVWLQFWH $VWIHO H[LVW  GHPHUVXUL

VHPLRWLFH DSOLFDWH úL DSOHFDWH DVXSUD OLWHUDWXULL úL DUWHL XQLYHUVXO

estetic este utilizDW FD WHUHQ GH vQFHUFDUHWHVWDUH úL FRQILUPDUH

SHQWUX R WHRULH JHQHUDO  D VHPQHORU VDX FD GRPHQLX GLVSXV OD

LSRWH]HLQYHQWLYLWDWHH[SOLFDWLY úLVXJHVWLLGHFRQVWUXFWHWHRUHWLFH

FX YLUWX L UHJXODWRULL SHQWUX WHRULD JHQHUDO  D FRGXULORU 6SHFLILFXO

estetiF QX HVWH GLVSUH XLW FL GRDU vQSDUDQWH]DW PDL ELQH ]LV HVWH
SXV vQ FDWHJRULL VHPLRWLFH úL SULQ XUPDUH UHGXV OD OLWHUDULWDWH

vQ HOHDV  FD XWLOL]DUH VSHFLILF  D VHPQHORU &ULWLFD GH RULHQWDUH

VHPLRWLF SRUQHúWHGHODSUHPLVDF SRDWHDWLQJHRFXQRDúWHU e mai


DGkQF  D IXQF LRQ ULL OLPEDMXOXL úL PHVDMXOXL RSHUHORU GH DUW  FX

DMXWRUXOPRGHOL] ULORU7HRULDJHQHUDO DVLVWHPHORUGHVHPQLILFDUH

úL D SURFHVHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH HVWH DQWUHQDW  vQ GLUHF LD VSRULULL

gradului de inteligibilizare. Accentul nu mai cade, ca în primul


FD] SH RSHUD LL GHVFULSWLY-explicative, ci pe recuperarea
LQWHUSUHWDWLY  D VHQVXOXL 'H DFHHD DFHVW WUDYDOLX VHPLRWLF SDUH

PDL GLVSXV OD LQWHJUDUH vQ SHUVSHFWLYH PDL VHQVLELOH ID  GH úL PDL
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

VXEWLOPXODWHSHUHDOLW LOHHVWHWLFXOXL

CunoDúWHUHD YDORULORU QX SRDWH IL HSXL]DW  SULQ GHWHFWDUHD

VWUXFWXULORU FDUH OH YHKLFXOHD]  úL D FRGXULORU FDUH OH IXQGHD] 

RUL]RQWXULOH GH VHPQLILFD LH $úD FXP UHPDUF  /XGZLJ *UQEHUJ

VHPLRWLFD úL PHWRGDVWUXFWXUDO DX SXQFWH FRPXQH FX D[LRORJLD úL

de aceeD SRWFRQOXFUDIHUWLO FHO SX LQ GLQFkWHYDPRWLYH YDORULOH


FD VHPQLILFD LL XPDQH VXQW vQFRUSRUDWH vQ VHPQH DúD FXP

YDORDUHD QX HVWH UHGXFWLELO  OD EXQXUL QLFL VHPQLILFD LLOH QX VXQW

UHGXFWLELOH OD VHPQLILFDQ L VXQW GHVFRQVSLUDWH DQDOLWLF úL

construFWLY PRGHOH FDUH vQ UHDOLWDWHD FXOWXUDO  DX R

IXQF LRQDOLWDWH ODWHQW  úL QHHYLGHQW  VH SXQH DFFHQWXO SH WRWDOLW L

SXUW WRDUH GH VHQV úD ÌQ P VXUD vQ FDUH VHPLRWLFD úL

VWUXFWXUDOLVPXO DQXOHD]  VLVWHPDWLF LVWRULFLWDWHD úL SUREOHPD

VXELHFWLYLW LL DSDUH XQ ULVF WUDQVIRUPDUHD XQHL UHGXF LL

RSHUD LRQDOH vQWU R


- UHGXF LH RQWRORJLF  úL D XQXL SRVWXODW

PHWRGRORJLF VHSDUDUHDVLQFURQLFXOXLGHGLDFURQLFúLDFRQFHSWXOXL

GH H[SHULHQ  WU LW  vQWU-XQ SRVWXODW PHWDIL]LF FRQIRUP F UXLD

structura exclude definitLY úL DEVROXW SULQFLSLXO LVWRULVPXOXL úL


UDSRUWDUHDODVXELHFWLYLWDWHDXPDQ >@

6WXGLXO XQLYHUVXOXL VHPQLILFD LHL PDL DOHV SULQ WHRULD

FRGXULORU OXPLQHD]  DGkQFHúWH GH]Y OXLH DVSHFWH FH LQ GH

SURGXFHUHD IXQF LRQDOLWDWHD úL UHFHSWDUHD YDORULORU dar nu poate


vQORFXL GHPHUVXO D[LRORJLF 7RFPDL SHQWUX F  vQ VHPLRWLF 

GLVSDUH RPXO 6DX PDL ELQH ]LV FRQGL LD XPDQ  QX HVWH OXDW 

úLVDX SULYLW  FD VLVWHP GH UHIHULQ  DO SURFHVXOXL FRJQLWLY úL GH

DFHHD GRDU WUDQVSDUH GLQ VWUDWHJLD WH[WXDO  $XWRUX l, ca entitate


ELRJUDILF  úL VXELHFW DO HQXQ ULL UHFHSWRUXO HPSLULF úL OXPHD

RSHUHLVHVXVWUDJVHPLRWLFLLvQDFHHDúLP VXU vQFDUHVHQVXOWU LW

QXVHODV H[SOLFDWGRDUSULQFRQGL LLOHVHPDQWLFHJHQHUDOHFDUHvO

IDFSRVLELO6HSRDWHVSXQHF QLFLQXH[LVW  GHIDSWQLFLQXHVWH

SRVLELO  R OHFWXU  RELHFWLY  D XQHL RSHUH OLWHUDUH FKLDU GDF 

DFHDVWD H SULYLW  GRDU FD WH[W LQGHSHQGHQW  GH RULFH DQJDMDUH

VXELHFWLY  /HFWXUD KHUPHQHXWLF  QX IDFH DOWFHYD GHFkW V 

confirme sistemul de encoding al textului, dar nu poate fi


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

HSXL]DW  GH R GHFRGLILFDUH FX PLMORDFH VHPLRWLFH &RGXO FD

LQVWUXPHQW FX YDORDUH RSHUD LRQDO  UHOHY  GRDU FRQGL LLOH

necesare care pot explica praxis-XO FRPXQLFD LRQDO 'HWHFWDUHD

OXL GHVFKLGH LWLQHUDULL GH OHFWXU  úL IXQGHD]  VFHQDULL

inWHUSUHWDWLYH 1XPDL ILQDOL]DUHD KHUPHQHXWLF  RIHU  UHOHYDQ 

WHRUHWLF  FRQVWUXFWHORU VHPLRWLFH ÌQWUXFkW YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  HVWH

GHVFKLV  vQ VHQVXO IL[DW GH 8(FR  RSHUHOH GH DUW  QX SHUPLW

GHFkW OHFWXUL VXELHFWLYH DGLF  GH WLS KHUPHQHXWLF ,QWHUSUHWDUHD

HVWH DGHY UDWD OXDUH vQ SRVHVLH D WH[WXOXL FD PHVDM  vQWUXFkW

FDXW  PRGHOH GH FRHUHQ  D VHQVXOXL WRWDOLW L GH VHQV DFROR

XQGH VHPLRWLFD QX SHUPLWH GHFkW WRWDOL] UL GH VHPQLILFD LL

0'XIUHQQH REVHUY  F  DQVDPEOXULOH VHPQLILFDQWH VXQW

concepute, în sHPLRWLF  GXS  PRGHOXO OLPEDMXOXL LDU FRGXO HVWH

R JHQHUDOL]DUH H[SDQVLY  D FHHD FH 6DXVVXUH úL +MHPVOHY vQ HOHJ

SULQ OLPE  3ULQ XUPDUH DUWD QX HVWHDYXW vQ YHGHUH H[SUHV QLFL

QX SRDWH DYHD XQ WUDWDPHQW VSHFLDO FKLDU GDF  VH EXFXU  WRWXúL

de unul dLIHUHQ LDW  'HFXSDMXO VLVWHPHORU VHPLRORJLFH VH IDFH


GXS  DOWH FULWHULL GHFkW FHOH VHPDQWLFH úL YDORULFH ([LVW 

GRPHQLL FKLDU GLQ FHOH SH FDUH VHPLRWLFD úL OH DVXP  FDUH

VROLFLW PDLvQWkLXQSUD[LVQRQOLQJYLVWLFúLQXGHYLQVHPQHGHFkW

ca urmare a unei decizii culturale mediate de limbaj. Nu


vQWkPSO WRUVXQWUHIX]DWHGHF WUHVHPLRWLF VHPQHOHFDUHQXVXQW

HVHQ LDOPHQWH VHPQLILFDQWH VDX GDF  VXQW QX vQ PDQLHUD

OLPEDMXOXL 0DL PXOW GHFXSDMXO RSHUDW vQ DFHVWH VLVWHPH GXS 

modelul codului lingvistic circumscrie obiectul epistemologic,


GDU F XWkQG V  úWLH FXP VHPQLILF  VHPQXO VHPLRORJLL WLQG V 

HVFDPRWH]HFHVHPQLILF DFHVWD>@XLWkQGFRQúWLLQ DG W WRDUH

GH VHQV $VWIHO SULYLOHJLHUHD OLPEDMXOXL GDWRULW  RELúQXLQ HORU

FLYLOL]D LHL DFWXDOH úL SUHVWLJLXOXL úWLLQ LILF DO OLQJYLVWLFLL IDFH FD

RSHUD V  ILH UHGXV  OD WH[W VHQVXO QX HVWH VHQVLELO YL]LELOXO

vizibil decât prin intermediul a ceea ce este spus". [34] Lectura


vQV úLHVWHXQDYRUELW DGLF WUDGXV vQOLPEDM2UH[SUHVLYLWDWHD

"este mai pX LQ vQ DQDOL]D RSHUHL GHFkW vQ SUH]HQ D HL >@ FD
OXPH 3ULQ XUPDUH FRGXO QX HSXL]HD]  VIHUD VHPQLILFD LLORU
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

DUWLVWLFH 0DL PXOW FKLDU H GLILFLO GH VSXV F  PDL HVWH RSHUDQW SH

DFHVW WHUHQ 'XIUHQQH SURSXQH R DOW  FODVLILFDUH D FkPSXULORU

semiologice: OLQJYLVWLFH DFROR XQGH VH IRUPXOHD]  PHVDMH FX


ajutorul codului; infra-OLQJYLVWLFH SHQWUX VLVWHPH FDUH vQF  QX
sunt semnificante, au un cod, dar nu transmit mesaje, iar
VHPQLILFD LD VH UHGXFH OD LQIRUPD LH VXSUDOLQJYLVWLFH UHVSHFWLY

suprasemnificante, vQWUXFkW WUDQVPLW PHVDMH GDU I U  FRG $UWD

vQWUXFkW vúL DVXP  VHPQLILFD LLOH vQ IRUPD H[SUHVLHL DSDU LQH

ultimei categorii. Limitele demersului semiotic apar astfel mult


PDL FODU &RGXO QX VH ODV  FXQRVFXW GHFkW SULQ PHVDMH VLVWHPXO

prin produsele sistemului". [36] Dar, întrucât teritoriul artei este


SOXUDO GLIHULWHOH DUWH GLQ FDUH XQHOH VH SUHWHD]  OD

FRUHVSRQGHQ H DOWHOH EORFKHD]  RULFH vQFHUFDUH GH WUDGXFHUH  úL

QHRPRJHQ RSHUHOH FH DSDU LQ DFHOXLDúL JHQ GH SLOG  FRGXO QX

este identificabil. ÌQ WLPS FH OLPED VH PDQLIHVW  vQ DQVDPEOXO

GLVFXUVXULORU úL LPSXQH ILHF UXLD FkWHYD OXFUXUL vQ FRPXQ SULQ

FDUH DFHVWHD VH FRQVWLWXLH FD WRWDOLWDWH RPRJHQ  DQVDPEOXO

RSHUHORU XQHL DQXPLWH DUWH QX SUH]LQW  FDUDFWHUH vQ FDUH V


-ar
releva un sistem". [37] Praxis-ul artistic este întotdeauna anarhic;
ILHFDUH RSHU  LPSXQH SURSULLOH -L QRUPH DQXOHD]  WUDGL LD vQ

FRQVHFLQ  FRQWLQXLWDWHD LVWRULF  LQH PDL PXOW GH XQ ULWP YLWDO

5HJXODULW LOHFRQYHQ LRQDOHúLH[LJHQ HOHLPDQHQWHRSHUHLQXSRW

avea necesitatea FRQVWUkQJHULORU GH FRG ÌQ HJDO  P VXU  FRGXO

UHFHSWRUXOXL LQH PDL PXOW GH LQL LHUHD úL SUHJ WLUH vQ ID D DUWHL

QLFLGHFXP GH H[SHULHQ D SHUFHSWLY  FD DWDUH HVWH GRDU XQ

SUHOXGLXDODFHVWHLDF FLvQFRQWDFWFXRSHUDFRGXOQXHVWHVHVL]DW

ca un cod, ci FD H[LVWHQ  úL VWUXFWXU  D RSHUHL VLQJXODUH 'H


aceea, conchide Dufrenne "obiectul estetic nu poate fi justificat
de categoriile lingvisticii". [38] De fapt, ceea ce respinge
Dufrenne este numai imperialismul lingvistic în cercetarea
VHPLRWLF ÌQYL]LXQHDVDDWHQW ODPRGXOD LLOHYDORULFHDOH]RQHL

HVWHWLFXOXL FUHD LD DUWLVWLF  QX GLVSXQH GH FRG DQDORJ OLPELL GDU

DFHDVWD QX vQVHDPQ  OLSVD WRWDO  D FRGXOXL QXPDL F  DFHVWD QX

HVWH QLFL GHILQLW QLFL ULJXURV LQWUkQG vQ IXQF LXQH GRDU FD
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

preparativ a reaOLW LL HVWHWLFH GXS  H[SHULHQ D FUHDWRUXOXL úL vQ

FDOLWDWH GH FRQYHQ LH vQ ID D UHFHSWRUXOXL &RGXO HVWH FXP

'XIUHQQH vQVXúL FRQVWDW  RSHUD FRQúWLLQ HL UHIOH[LYH HO WUDGXFH

XQPRGHOWU LWGLIX]úLREVFXUGHF WUHFRQúWLLQ DQDLY FRQFUHW 

deci, nu DSDU LQHFDVFKHP  úL LQVWUXPHQW SUHDODELODFWXOXL FUDWRU

úLVDXSHUFHSWLYFLHVWHXQFRQVWUXFW'HYLQHRSHUDQWQXPDLGDF 

VXSRUW  R FRQYHUWLUH VDX PXWD LH LQWHUSUHWDWLY  ÌQ DFHODúL VHQV

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FRQYHQ LLOH QHH[SOLFLWDWH LQYHQ LD úL QXPHURDVH DOWH

determinante non-FRGLILFDWH FRGXULOH úL FD XUPDUH VWUXFWXULOH


H[SUHVLYH VXQW PHUHX SXVH vQ FUL] &RGXULOH - UHPDUF  8(FR -

sunt sisteme ale DúWHSW UL >@ ÌQV  FRQVWDW  *DGDPHU


H[SHULHQ D RSHUHL GH DUW  GHS úHúWH vQWRWGHDXQD vQ PRG

fundamental orice orizont subiectiv de interpretare". [40] De


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iar rostul esteticii filosoficHFDUHSOHGHD] SHQWUXRKHUPHQHXWLF 

LQWHJUDWRDUHDDUWHLHVWHúLDFHODGHDGHVFRQVSLUDLPSRVLELOLWDWHD

UHGXFHULLH[SHULHQ HLHVWHWLFHODFRG

Demersurile structuralist-semiotice au meritul de a


GH]Y OXL F L úL WHKQLFL SULQ FDUH DFWHOH GH UHFHSWDUH WUHEXLH úL SRW

V VHVXSXQ DGHFYH]HODRSHUDGHDUW DVXPkQGX úLULJRULSHFDUH


-
RSHUD vQV úL OH FRQ LQH vQ RUL]RQWXULOH VDOH GH VHQV ÌQ ID D XQXL

SURGXV DUWLVWLF LPSUHVLRQLVPXO SVLKRORJLF SURLHF LD VXELHFWLY 

DUELWUDULXO LQWHUSUHWDWLY S WUXQGHUHD RFD]LRQDO  D PHVDMXOXL úL

VLPSOD VWLPXODUH LPDJLQDWLY  QX VH MXVWLILF  ,QHIDELOXO YDORULL

estetice nu trebuie invocat ca argument în favoarea provizoratului


úL LPSURYL]D LHL SHUFHS LHL úL LQWHUSUHW ULL XQHL RSHUH 3ULQ XUPDUH

RULHQWDUHD FHUFHW ULL F WUH RELHFWXDOLWDWHD DUWLVWLF  HVWH PRWLYDW  úL

GH]LUDELO  /LPLWHOH VXQW HYLGHQWH QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG GHFXSDMXO

RSHUDW DVXSUD RSHUHL GH DUW  QX PDL HVWH SULYLW VXE DVSHFWHOH VDOH

ipotetice, deci, ca un construct teoretico-PHWRGRORJLF úL VH UHIX] 


orice integrare heUPHQHXWLF  úL D[LRORJLF  6XE DFHVW DVSHFW
GHVHRUL FHUFHWDUHD úWLLQ LILF  D FkPSXOXL HVWHWLF HúXHD]  vQ
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

constructivism logic sau într-XQ SR]LWLYLVP OLSVLW GH RUL]RQW úL


UHVSLUD LH &KLDU XQ DGHSW DO PHWRGHL VWUXFWXUDOH GH WDOLD OXL

0%DKWLQFRQVWDW F SRHWLFDVH LQHVFDLGHOLQJYLVWLF 'HIDSW

RULHQWDUHD F WUH DQDOL]D VWUXFWXULL RELHFWXOXL V D LPSXV FRQV LLQ HL


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HVWHWLFH PRGHUQH PDL DOHV SULQ GLUHF LD IHQRPHQRORJLF  0D[

'HVVRLU VHVL]D F  WU LUHD HVWHWLF  SUHVXSXQH R GHSHQGHQ  GH

FRQVWLWX LD RELHFWXOXL úL SULQ XUPDUH DFHVWD WUHEXLH FHUFHWDW

LQGHSHQGHQW LPSUHVLD HVWHWLF  HVWH GHFL - SULYLW  WHRUHWLF -


FRQVHFLQ D QHFHVDU  D XQHL VW UL GH IDSW RELHFWLYH 0*HLJHU

RSWHD]  SHQWUX LQWXLUHD HVHQ HL D OHJLW LORU JHQHUDOH vQ RELHFWXO

individual, întruckW DWXQFL FkQG YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  HVWH VHVL]DW 

QXPDLSHFDOHDDQDOL]HLWU LULORUFRQWHPSODWRUXOXLGHDUW vQORFGH

FH HVWH XQ OXFUX VH VSXQH GRDU FXP DF LRQHD]  HO SVLKRORJLF

Pentru cercetarea valorii date (ca fenomen) contemplatorului în


ceea ce aUHHVHQ LDOWUHEXLHV ILDGXVRELHFWXOvQVLWXD LDSRWULYLW 
SHQWUX D SXWHD LQWXL vQ HO R HVHQ  JHQHUDO  úL PDL WUHEXLH V  IL

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DSXWHDH[HUFLWDvQJHQHUHLQWXL LDDGHFYDW >@

ÌQ XQWUXO HVWHWLFLL IHQRPHQRORJLFH SUREOHPD VWUXFWXULL

RELHFWXOXL HVWHWLF HVWH SXV  vQ FX WRWXO DO L WHUPHQL GHFkW FHL

VSHFLDOL]D L vQ GLVFLSOLQHOH úWLLQ LILFH 6H SRW vQV  LQWXL vQWUH

DQXPLWH OLPLWH XQHOH FRUHVSRQGHQ H SRVLELOH ÌQ HVWHWLFD VD

fenomenRORJLF 5RPDQ,QJDUGHQFRQVLGHU RSHUDGHDUW FDILLQG

XQ SURGXV VFKHPDWLF GRDU vQ DQXPLWH SULYLQ H XQLYRF

GHWHUPLQDW  FRQ LQkQG úL QXPHURDVH ]RQH GH LQGHWHUPLQDUH DWkW

vQ FH SULYHúWH VXELHFWXO FHHD FH HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW FkW úL FDOLW LOH

afective. )LHFDUH ]RQ  D RSHUHL VH SUHWHD]  OD XQ QXP U OLPLWDW GH

vPSOLQLUL SRVLELOH RSHUD GH DUW  GHYLQH RELHFW HVWHWLF GRDU DWXQFL

FkQGDFHVWHOLQLLGHVHQVVHDFWXDOL]HD] VHFRQFUHWL]HD] vQúLSULQ

UHFHSW UL FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH $FHDVW  GLVWLQF LH HVWH IRORVLW 


de
Ingarden pentru a deosebi valorile artistice de cele estetice.
9DORULOH DUWLVWLFH DSDU LQ RSHUHL GH DUW  úL GHSLQG GH VWUXFWXUD

IRUPDO  D DFHVWHLD FD DWDUH VXQW GDWH vQ PRG DEVROXW úL QX VH

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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

operei de a-úL FLUFXPVFULH VIHUD FRQFUHWL] ULORU SRVLELOH


disponibilitatea sa de a se actualiza, ca mesaj, umplându-úL SULQ
FRQFUHWH H VHQVLELO  ]RQHOH GH LQGHWHUPLQDUH vQWU-XQ QXP U

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DUWLFXOD LLORU LQWHULRDUH DOH RSHUHL vQVHúL GHD SURGXFH VHPQLILFD LL

Deci, din punct de vedere al raportului pe care îl au cu actele de


FXQRDúWHUH DFHVWH YDORUL VXQW DEVROXWH vQWUXFkW RSHUD GH DUW  FD

GHSR]LWDU  D XQRU VHQVXUL SRWHQ LDOH SH FDUH OH SURGXFH úL

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vQFkW QX SRW IL DQXODWH GHILQLWLY VXSULPDWH ÌQV  SULYLWH GLQWU -un
SXQFW GH YHGHUH RQWRORJLF H[LVWHQ D ORU HVWH SUHFDU  QHvPSOLQLW 

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DSDUL LD YDORULORU HVWHWLFH ÌQ VFKLPE YDORULOH HVWHWLFH ILLQ HD]  OD

modul absolut de vreme ce nu depind de vreun suport material sau


IRUPDO úL VXQW UHODWLYH vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH VXQW DIHFWDWH GH

YDULDELOHOH FRQWH[WHORU GH UHFHSWDUH 3ULQ DFHVWH GLVWLQF LL HVWH

HYLGHQW F  ,QJDUGHQ VH VLWXHD]  vQ XQWUXO XQHL SHUVSHFWLYH

filosofico-D[LRORJLFH úL SULQ XUPDUH LGHLOH VDOH SULYLWRDUH OD


caracterul schematic al operei GH DUW  úL OD FRQFUHWL]DUHD DFHVWHLD
în procesele de receptare pot fi asimilate modelelor structuraliste
úLVHPLRWLFHXOWLPHOHSURFHGHD] ODGHVFULHULDQDOL]HúLFRQVWUXFWH

PHWDOLQJYLVWLFHSULQFDUHGRYHGHVFúWLLQ LILFWHKQLFLOHFRPELQDWRULL

ce întemeia]  VFKHPDQWLVPHOH LPDQHQWH RSHUHL DFFHQWXO ILLQG SXV

SH FRQVWDWDUH GHVFULHUH úL H[SOLFDUH QLFLGHFXP SH DSURSLHUHD GH

VSHFLILFXO YDORULF SULQ vQ HOHJHUH úL LQWHUSUHWDUH 'H DOWIHO

,QJDUGHQ GHúL FRQVLGHU  F  GRDU DWLWXGLQHD FHUFHW WRUXOXL vL IDFH

depliQ  GUHSWDWH RSHUHL - vQWUXFkW GHS úHúWH LPSUHVLLOH LPHGLDWH

FDUH VXQW GHILFLWDUH vQ UDSRUW FX SRWHQ LDOLW LOH GH FRQFUHWL]DUHDOH

operei - VXEOLQLD]  F  GLIHULWHOH VWUDWXUL DOH SURGXVXOXL HVWHWLF

VROLFLW  FRQGXLWH DGHFYDWH GH FHUFHWDUH LDU DWLWXGLQHD pur

teoretico-LQWHOHFWXDO  - FDUDFWHULVWLF  VXELHFWXOXL FXQRVF WRU


insensibil la valorile estetice (sau, în general, la valorile) care apar
vQ RSHUD OLWHUDU  VDX R RSHU  GH DUW  vQ JHQHUH  - " [42] nu este o
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FDOH GH DFFHV OD FDOLW LOH DIHFWLYH úL YDORULFH LUHSHWDELOH úL

VSHFLILFHDOHFUHD LHL

1 +DUWPDQQ FRQVLGHU  F  GHRDUHFH IUXPRVXO DSDUH

întotdeauna în raport cu un subiect, analiza poate porni fie de la


RELHFWXO HVWHWLF ILH GH OD DFWXO DO F UXL RELHFW HVWH HO 2ELHFWXO

poate fi cercetat sub rapoUWXO VWUXFWXULL úL PRGDOLW LL GH ILLQ DUH
sau, în al doilea rând, pentru a surprinde specificul estetic al
YDORULL VDOH /D UkQGXO V X DQDOL]D DFWXOXL VH FRQFHQWUHD]  ILH SH

DFWXO UHFHSW ULL ILH F WUH SURGXFHUHD RSHUHL GH F WUH FUHDWRU 1

Harmann are serioase îndoieli cu privire la posibilitatea de a putea


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FRQúWLLQ DvQVR LWRDUHDDFWXOXL'HDFHHDFXQRDúWHPQXPDLODWXULOH

OXL H[WHULRDUH úL QX SXWHP V  WUDJHP FRQFOX]LL DVXSUD HVHQ H i lui
LQWHUQH SRUQLQG GH OD UHDOL] ULOH VDOH 'H IDSW FRQWHD]  DXWRUXO

pe care ni-O GH]Y OXL RSHUD F FL I U  V  YUHD SO VPXLWRUXO XQHL

PDWHULL RELHFWLYHD]  WRWGHDXQD úL FHYD GLQ VLQH vQVXúL vQ XQWUXO

RSHUHL ILH úL QXPDL PRGXO V X GH D YHGHD 2ELHFW ul estetic se


SUH]LQW  SHUFHS LHL DGHFYDWH vQ GRX  LSRVWD]H SH GH R SDUWH FD

RELHFW UHDODFFHVLELO VHQVLELOLW LL úL GHVFULHULL SH GHDOW  SDUWHFD

ceva ireal, ne-UHDO LGHDO FH VH LYHúWH SULQ RELHFWXO UHDO GDU QX VH
FRQIXQG  FX DFHVWD 6WUXFWXUDO RELHFWXO DF LRQHD]  XQLWDU vQV 

PRGXO GH ILLQ DUH HVWH GHVSLFDW vQ GRX  SODQXUL 8QLWDWHD VH

J VHúWH SH SODQXO GH DSDUL LH &HHD FH IDFH V  DSDU  WUHEXLH V  ILH

UHDO úL FHHD FH DSDUH QX SRDWH IL UHDO vQWUXFkW FRQVW  QXPDL vQ

DFHDVW DSDUL LHDVD'HDLFLMRFXOVFKLPE WRUvQIHOXOGHDILLQ DDO

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FXPS Q  &HOH GRX  VWUDWXUL DOH RELHFWXOXL SODQXO SULP úL SODQXO

GH VSDWH DGLF  FHO SHUFHSXW QHPLMORFLW úL FHO FDUH HVWH VLPSO 

DSDUL LH DX PRGXUL GLIHULWH GH VXE]LVWHQ  ILLQ DUH-în-VLQH úL

UHVSHFWLYILLQ DUH -pentru-QRL2ELHFWXOHVWHWLFvQ HOHVFDDSDUL LH


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pHUFHS LHSHQWUXDDYHDUHYHOD LDDFHYDQHHYLGHQWVSDUJHFDXQ


IXOJHU PDUJLQLOH vQ HOHJHULL úL LD DVWIHO FDUDFWHUXO DSDUL LHL vQ
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

VHQVXO QHRELúQXLW  vQWUXFkW DP QXQWHOH VHQVLELOH vúL DILUP 

SXWHUHD GH D PLMORFL S WUXQGHUHD FRQúWLLQ HL UHFHSWRDUH vQ ceea ce


QX DUH SUH]HQ  HIHFWLY  úL vQ DFHODúL WLPS IDF V  DSDU 

QHVHQVLELOXOIRQGXODVFXQV$UWDRSHUHD] RGH -realizare, întrucât


VXVSHQG  UHDOXO úL vO GHS úHúWH LQVWLWXLQGX úL DXWRQRPLD VSHFLILF 
-
)DSWXO DSDUL LHL HVWH   FD DWDUH LQGLIHUHQW ID  GH UHDO úL GH

LUHDO &HHD FH DSDUH VH SUH]LQW  OLSVLW GH JUHXWDWH WHUHVWU  I U 

U VSXQGHUHID GHDGHY UúLQHDGHY UI U SUHWHQ LHGHDGHY U'H

DFHHD úL HVWH VHVL]DW GRDU FD DSDUL LH ( DGHY UDW HO HVWH FX WRWXO

RELHFW GDU QXPDL LQWHQ LRQDO DGLF  XQ RELHFW FDUH VH UHGXFH OD

IDSWXOGHDILRELHFWDúDGDUQXDUHFDRELHFWXOFXQRDúWHULLRILLQ 

VXSUDRELHFWLY  $úDGDU DSDUL LD QX GHSLQGH QXPDL GH PRGXO vQ

FDUH QRL QH UDSRUW P OD RELHFW FL úL GH LQWHQ LD FDUH VWUXFWXUHD] 

RELHFWXO vQVXúL FD RELHFW vQ úL SULQ FDUH ILLQ HD]  YDORUL HVWHWLFH

QX VXE]LVW  vQ VLQH FL QXPDL SHQWUX XQ VXELHFW FDUH SHUFHSH

HVWHWLF $OWIHO VSXV RELHFWXO FDUH SULQ QDWXUD úL VWUXFWXUD VD HVWH

GHVWLQDW XQHL SHUFHS LL HVWHWLFH VROLFLW  XQ UHFHSWRU VXELHFWXO SULQ

FDUH V -úL DFWXDOL]H]H PHQLUHD DGLF  V  VH vPSOLQHDVF  úL V  VH

afirme ca obiect estetic.


9DORULOH HVWHWLFH VXQW FRQGL LRQDWH GH XQ VXELHFW DFHVWD

LQL LD]  VDX GHV YkUúHúWH  UDSRUWXO GH DSDUL LH GH FDUH DWkUQ  VDX

F UXLD vL VXQW LQHUHQWH  YDORULOH HVWHWLFH LQGLYLGXDOH F FL DSDU LQ

QXPDL RELHFWXOXL vQ FDX]  2SHUD GH DUW  FD WLS H[HPSODU GH

RELHFW HVWHWLF HVWH RELHFWLYD LH DGLF  SURLHFWDUHD XQXL FRQ LQXW

VSLULWXDO vQ SODQXO RELHFWHORU 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH FHOH GRX  IRUPH

ale spiritului viu (cea personal-VXELHFWLY  úL FHD LVWRULF RELHFWLY 


-
RELHFWLYD LD FD SURGXV DO VSLULWXOXL VXE]LVW  vQWU R DQXPLW 
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GHVSULQGHUH GH  YLD D VSLULWXDO  HVWH RDUHFXP VFRDV  GLQWU vQVD úL
-
DVWIHO VFXWLW  GH WUDQVIRUPDUHD HL SRDWH GXFH DúDGDU OkQJ  HD R

H[LVWHQ  vQ VLQH 6XSRUWXO RELHFWLYD LHL HVWHWLFH DGLF  PDWHULD

este, potrivit caracterului artei, piatra, bronzul, culoare de pe


SkQ]  FXYkQWXO VFULVXO VDX VXQHWXO  ÌQV  DFHVWHD DU U PkQH PXWH

úL QX DU SXWHD IL SXUW WRDUH GH FRQ LQXW VSLULWXDO I U  DF LXQHD

recLSURF  D VSLULWXOXL YLX $FHDVWD FRQVW  vQ UHFXQRDúWHUH vQ


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

vQ HOHJHUH&HHDFHDIRVWvQFKLVvQPDWHULHúLRDUHFXPGHSXVvQHD

WUHEXLH GLQ QRX VFRV OD LYHDO  OLEHUDW SXV vQ PLúFDUH UHvQYLDW HO

WUHEXLH UHLQWHJUDW VSLULWXOXL YLX 6HPQLILFD LLOH YDORULF e ale artei


VXQW FDSWLYH vQ PDWHULH vQ DUWLFXOD LLOH OLPEDMXOXL vQ WH[W VXQW

VXV LQXWHGHDFHVWHDúLvQDFHODúLWLPSOHWUDQVILJXUHD] DSDUL LD

ORU GHSLQGH GH DF LXQHD VSLULWXOXL YLX SHUVRQDO VDX LVWRULF ÌQ

analiza spiritului obiectivat care, dup  FXP DP REVHUYDW VH

GHRVHEHúWH GH FHO YLX QHPLMORFLW LPSOLFDW vQ YLD D VSLULWXDO 

1+DUWPDQQ GLVWLQJH SDWUX WHUPHQL PDWHULD PRGHODW    úL

FRQ LQXWXO VSLULWXDO   VWUkQV XQLWH FKLDU SULQ PRGHODUHD PDWHULHL

vQV  QXPDL SHQWUX XQ VSLULW YLX   8OWLPXO WHUPHQ VH UHIHU  OD

IXQF LD VSLULWXOXL FUHDWRU   6SLULWXO SURGXF WRU PRGHOHD] 

PDWHULDHOvLDGDXJ DVWIHOFRQ LQXWXOVSLULWXDOvQDFHODúLWLPSvQV 

vO úL vQFXLH vQWU vQVD DVWIHO vQFkW VSLULWXO FDUH vO UHFHSWHD]  OD
-
WLPSXO V X WUHEXLH PDL vQWkL V  vO GHVFKLG  GLQ QRX DGLF  V -l
UHGREkQGHDVF  GLQWU vQVD SULQ DFHDVWD GHYLQH OLPSHGH F  VSLULWXO
-
UHFHSWRU DUH GH DGXV GLQ SDUWHD VD úL R FRQWULEX LH VSRQWDQ  HO

WUHEXLH V  UHQDVF  LQWHULRU vQ vQ HOHJHUH úL vQ LQWXL LH FHHD FH

fusese produs de cel GLQWkL WUHEXLH V -O UHSURGXF  &RQWULEX LD

DFHDVWD  úL UHDOL]DUHD DFHDVWD DELD L]EXWHVF V  IDF  V  vL DSDU 

FRQ LQXWXO VSLULWXDO 1+DUWPDQQ DQDOL]HD]  OLPED FD ILLQG

VLWXDW  vQ DFHODúL WLPS vQ SODQXO VSLULWXOXL YLX RELHFWLY vQWUXFkW

HVWH YRUELW  LQWHUPHGLD]  FRPXQLFDUHD úL vQ HOHJHUHD FXYkQWXO

HVWH RDUHFXP PRQHG  GH VFKLPE D FRPHU XOXL VSLULWXDO VHUYHúWH

IXJLWLY PRPHQWXO úL GLVSDUH ILLQG XLWDW GDU úL RELHFWLYD LH LDU FD

RELHFWLYD LH SUH]LQW  DPkQGRX  VWUDWXULOH ILLQ HL FDUDFWHULVWLFH

obiectLYD LHL S WXUD UHDO  VHQVLELO  WRQXO SH FDUH O DX]LP úL
-
FRQ LQXWXO VSLULWXDO VHPQLILFD LD VHQVXO 7HKQLFLOH GH SURGXFHUH

vQ SRH]LH D GHWDOLXOXL LQWXLWLY FX PDUH SXWHUH VHPQLILFDQW  VXQW

SXVH vQ VOXMED vQFDSVXO ULL XQHL OXPL VSLULWXDOH SXWHUQLF

indiYLGXDOL]DWHFDUH vúL DúWHDSW  UHFHSWRUXO FRPSOLFH SHQWUXDLQWUD

într-XQUDSRUWGHDSDUL LH
0RGXO GH H[LVWHQ  DO RELHFWXOXL HVWHWLF SUH]LQW  LQHYLWDELO

GRX  SODQXULFD RELHFWHVWH XQLWDU vQV  VXE UDSRUW RQWRORJLFHVWH


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

RWRWDOLWDWHLQGLVFXWDELO úLLQGLVRFLDELO DFHYDUHDOúLDFHYDLUHDO

"non-VHQV RQWLF RDUHFXP VXEOLQLD]  +DUWPDQQ DFHDVW 

GHVSLFDUHLQHYLWDELO FRQVWLWXLHvQV úLFRQGL LDH[LVWHQ HLLVWRULFH

a obiectului estetic. Dar, sub aspectul structurii globale a


FRQ LQXWXOXL DGLF  D IRrmei interioare, el are straturi multiple.

$FHDVW  SOXULWDWH GH VWUDWXUL DSDU LQ FRQ LQXWXULORU SODQXOXL GLQ

VSDWH úL SHQWUX RELHFWXO HVWHWLF UHSUH]LQW  FRQGL LD HVWHWLF  D

DGkQFLPLL úL D ERJ LHL VDOH D SOLQ W LL OXL GH VHQV úL GH

VHPQLILFD LH vQ DFHODúL WLPS vQV  úL QX vQ XOWLPXO UkQG FRQGL LD

YDORULL HVWHWLFH D IUXPXVH LL 'H SLOG  GLVWLQJkQG DQXPLWH

VWUDWXUL vQ RSHUD SRHWLF  GUDP  +DUWPDQQ VLWXHD]  FXYkQWXO vQ

SODQXO SULP FHO GLQ ID  DSRL FD VWUDWXUL LQWHUPHGLDUH GH

DSDUL LH  FHHD FH VH SRDWH QXPL FRQFUHWH HD VHQVLELO  XQ

FRUHVSRQGHQW JUHX GH GHILQLW D FHHD FH vQ SLFWXU  úL VFXOSWXU  LQH

GH YL]LELOLWDWHD VHQVLELO  úL SULQ PLMORFLUHD DFHVWXL VWUDW FHO

FRPSXV GLQ FRQGXLWH DF LXQL LQWHQ LL PDL SURIXQG HVWH VWUDWXO

PRGHO ULL VXIOHWHúWL HWRVXO RPXOXL PHULWXO úL YLQD FRQIOLFWXO

SUHVLP LWRU DO YDORULORU úD  XOWLPXO VWUDW VH DIO  OD OLPLWHOH

H[SULPDELOXOXL 'H IDSW +DUWPDQQ VXSXQH DUWD XQRU H[LJHQ H

DWURSRORJLFH úL vL DFRUG  VHPQLILFD LL RQWRORJLFH URVWXO DFHVWHLD

este de a resWLWXLSHQWUXRPQXXQDGHY UDOIDSWHORUFLXQDGHY U

DO YLH LL DGLF  R FRQFRUGDQ  SUHFLV  FX YLD D UHDO  GDU QX vQ

GHWDOLX úL vQ FHHD FH DUH ORF R VLQJXU  GDW  vQ LQGLYLGXDO  FL vQ

SULQFLSLDO úL vQ HVHQ LDOXO RPHQHVF 3H DFHOHDúL WUDLHFWRULL

sugerHD]  DQDORJLL I U  LPSRUWDQ  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HVWHWLF

GDU FX WkOF PHWDIL]LF vQWUH VWUDWXULOH RELHFWXOXL HVWHWLF úL VWUDWXULOH

RQWLFH JHQHUDOH DOH OXPLL UHDOH 7UHEXLH V  VSXQHP OXFUXULOH FODU

vQ IRQG vQ RELHFWXO HVWHWLF UHYLQ DFHODúL VWUDWXUL FDUH DOF WXLHVF úL

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GHVSLFDW PDL GHSDUWH úL DQXPH GHVSLFDW IRDUWH GLIHULW vQ GLIHULWHOH

arte". [43]
Chiar aceste VXPDUH WULPLWHUL OD HVWHWLFD ILORVRILF  UHOHY  F 

DFHDVWD vúL SRDWH LQWHJUD VWUDWHJLL úWLLQ LILFH GH WLS VHPLRWLF
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

VWUXFWXUDOLVW OLQJYLVWLF úD DOH F URU SHUIRUPDQ H vQ H[SOLFDUHD  XQRU

GLPHQVLXQLFH LQGHRQWRORJLDRELHFWXOXLHVWHWLFQXPDLSRWILSXVH la
vQGRLDO  vQV  FX WRDWH DFHVWHD DVSHFWHOH YDORULFH úL SUREOHPD

VHPQLILFD LHL PHWDIL]LFH D H[SHULHQ HL HVWHWLFH QX SRW DSDU LQH GHFkW

GLVFXUVXOXL ILORVRILF (VWH IRDUWH JUHX GDF  QX FKLDU LPSRVLELO GLQ

FDX]D PXOWLWXGLQLL GH LGHL úL H[SHULHQ H FDUH GH


finesc arta
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SUHFL]HD] VSHFLILFXOD[LRORJLFúLVHLPSOLF vQUDSRUWFXSURIXQ]LPLOH

FRQGL LHL XPDQH SULQWU R QHW  GLVWDQ DUH GH DWLWXGLQLOH FDUH FRQúWLHQW
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VDX QX vL UHGXF VHPQLILFD L a la un mimetism facil sau jocul formal.
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vQWkPSLQDW HYROX LDDXDYXWORFPXWD LLGHWHKQLF DUWLVWLF PRGGH

VWUXFWXUDUH IXQF LRQDOLWDWH VRFLDO  DGDSWDUH OD QLYHOXO DFWXDO DO

FXOWXULLúLFLYLOL]D LHLFDUHREOLJ ODHYLGHQ LHUHDXQRUQRLGLPHQVLXQL

DOHXPDQLVPXOXLDFHVWHLDUWH'LILFXOW LOHXQHLFDUDFWHUL] ULJOREDOHD

FRRUGRQDWHORU DFHWXL XPDQLVP LUHGXFWXELO  úL D UROXOXL V X vQ

VSLULWXDOLWDWHDPRGHUQ GHúLDXVXUVHPXOWLSOHVHSDUHF vQSULQFLSLX

VXQW PHQ LQXWH GH IDSWXO F  IHQRPHQXO DUWLVWLF FRQWHPSRUDQ HVWH

DERUGDW SUHSRQGHUHQW GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD FULWLFLORU úL LVWRULFLORU GH DUW 

WHQWDWLYHOH HVWHWLFLL ILORVRILFH ILLQG vQF  WLPLGH úL QHVHPQLILFDWLYH

&ODULILF ULOH DVXSUD VS ecificului artei moderne aduse din aceste


XQJKLXUL SDUWLFXODUH OLSVLWH GH UHOHYDQ D úL JHQHUDOL]DUHD ILORVRILF 

QHFHVDUH HIRUWXULOH URGQLFH DOH HVWHWLFLORU GH WLS úWLLQ LILF

LQIRUPD LRQDO  VWUXFWXUDOLVW  VHPLRWLF  U PDVH GLQ SULQFLSLX OD

surprinderHD XQRU DVSHFWH SDU LDOH SUHFXP úL WH]HOH JHQHUDOH DOH
HVWHWLFLL ILORVRILFH FX SUHMXGHF L vQ UDSRUW FX DUWD PRGHUQ  úL vQ

JHQHUDO UH]LVWHQW  OD vQQRLULOH úWLLQ LILFL]DQWH DOH FHORUODOWH HVWHWLFL

DúWHDSW  vQF  VLQWH]D FDSDELO  V  GHS úHDVF  XQLODWHUDOLW LOH VSUH D

RIHUL IXQGDOXO ILORVRILF VWDELO DEVROXW QHFHVDU SHQWUX D GHVFULH úL

DSUHFLD YLUWX LOH DFHVWXL XPDQLVP SURSXV LPSXV úL H[SORUDW SULQ

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RSUHL GH DUW  D PRGXOXL vQ FDUH DUWLVWXO FRPELQ  HOHPHQWHOH GH
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

OLPEDM WRFPDL SHQWUX F DFHDVW  SHUVSHFWLY  HVWH DSW  V  HYLGHQ LH]H

YDOHQ HOH VSHFLILFH DOH XPDQLVPXOXL HVWHWLF vQ UDSRUW FX FHO ILORVRILF

moral, politic úD 3UREOHPD HVWH GH DFWXDOLWDWH úL GH R LPSRUWDQ 

FDSLWDO  ILH úL SHQWUX VLPSOHOH PRWLYH F  D  H[LVW  R LQHU LH D

VXELHFWLYLW LLUHFHSWRDUHFDUHPDQLIHVWkQGX -se în principal în raport


FXPRGXOPRGHUQGHDIDFHDUW GXFHODUHVSLQJHULQHMXVWLILFDWHúLOD

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SUREOHPDWL]DWRDUH DGDSWDWH OD QRLOH RUL]RQWXUL FXOWXUDOH úL GH

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PHQ LRQDWH - úWLLQ LILFH úL ILORVRILFH - esWH DSW  V  FRQIHUH HVWHWLFLL

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VWUXFWXULORUYDORULORUúLGHVFKLGHULORUVDOHF WUHRPXOFRQWHPSRUDQ

([SHULHQ DHVWHWLF úLYLROHQ DVLPEROLF

+HQUL 0HVFKRQQLF VXJHUHD]  H[LVWHQ D D GRX  PRGHUQLW L

SDUDOHOH SH GH R SDUWH UDGLFDOL]DUHD ID  GH WUDGL LH VWLPXODW  GH

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H[FHVXO SULQ FDUH vúL IDFH ORF PLWXO QRXW LL +HUEHUW 0DUFXVH vQ

WHUPHQLGHRULJLQHIUHXGLDQ vQFOLQ V YDG FDWHQGLQ úLúDQV D

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HD IDFH DSHO OD R ORJLF  WDEXDW  ORJLFD VDWLVIDFHULL FDUH VH RSXQH
FILOSOFIA ARTEI

ORJLFLL UHSULP ULL  >@ QHDFFHSWkQG UHJXOLOH úL YDORULOH

principiulXL UHDOLW LL 'H IDSW DFHVWH SR]L LRQ UL DOH DUWHL GHMD
autonomizate în câmpul socio-FXOWXUDO úL LVWRULF - refuz, negare,
GH]Y OXLUH FRQWHVWD LH úDPG - VXQW FkúWLJDWH SULQ LQYHQ LL

IRUPDOH vQ VHQV ODUJ &RQVHFLQ HOH - complexe, de altfel - unei

asePHQHD GLUHF LL - GHILQLWH SULQ GLVWDQ DUH UXSWXU  úL


H[SHULPHQWDUHLQYHQ LHWHKQLF-IRUPDO -SRWILúLDXIRVWvQVXúLWHGH

WHRULH vQ IHOXULWH PRGXUL 2 LQWHUSUHWDUH ILORVRILF  DPSO  QH RIHU 

GH SLOG  HVWHWLFD OXL 0LNHO 'XIUHQQH FDUH SRUQHúWH GH OD SUHP isa
F  YDORDUHD HVWHWLF FRQVW  WRFPDL vQ UHFHSWDUHDHIHFWLY D FHHDFH

RSHUD LQWHQ LRQHD]  V  ILH VH DFRUG  DVWIHO XQ VWDWXW SULYLOHJLDW

SHUFHS LHL QHPLMORFLWH FRUHFWDWH GH LPDJLQD LH úL SULQ H[LJHQ HOH

VXSXQHULL VHQVLELOLW LL QRDVWUH OD XQLYHUVXO GH VHPQLILFD LL FDUH

VLQJXODUL]HD] RSHUDGHDUW 

Arta - în opinia lui Dufrenne - VH SUHWHD]  OD R SHUFHS LH

VDXYDJH QRUPDW  GH FXOWXU  FDSDELO  vQV  V  VSDUJ  FDUDSDFHD

RELúQXLQ HORU SHQWUX D vQJ GXL UHYHQLUHD OD R TXDVL -imediatitate,


privilegiind asWIHO DFFHVXO OD R H[SHULHQ  D 1DWXULL vQ HOHDV  FD
real debordant, putere a sensibilului în devenire). Aceste idei,
angajate în planul unei posibile ontologii a umanului, sunt dublate
GH XQ FRQWHVWDWDULVP GH DFHHDúL IDFWXU  GHVILLQ DUHD DUWHL FD

institu LH VLWXDUHD SDUDOHO  D UHYROX LHL SROLWLFH úL D UHYROX LHL

FXOWXUDOH vQ DúD IHO vQFkW ILHFDUH V -úL UH]ROYH SURSULLOH SUREOHPH
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VLVWHP GH UHIHULQ  RSHUHOH GH DUW  DúD FXP VXQW UHFXQRVFXWH

FXOWXUDO HVWH FRQúWLHQW GH IDSWXO F  URVWXO HVWHWLFLL QX HVWH QXPDL

DFHODGHDFODULILFDFLúLGHDRULHQWDSUD[LVXO creator.
3UREOHPD GHS úLULL FRQVWUkQJHULORU PHWRGRORJLFH DOH

IHQRPHQRORJLHL úL D UHVWULF LLORU WHPDWLFH DGLDFHQWH HVWH R

FRQVWDQW  D JkQGLULL OXL 'XIUHQQH (D SRDWH IL VXEVXPDW 

SUHRFXS ULORU VDOH vQ VHQVXO FLUFXPVFULHULL D FHHD FH SXWHP QXPL

JUDQL HOH politice ale teritoriului esteticii. Astfel, estetica


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

WUDGL LRQDO  QX HUD REOLJDW  V -úL GHWHUPLQH IURQWLHUHOH vQWUXFkW


DFHVWHD HUDX FD GH OD VLQH vQ HOHVH DUWD FXSULQGH DQVDPEOXO

RSHUHORU GH DUW  úL VH UHGXFH OD IDSWHOH DUWLúWLORU (VWH DLFL

FDPXIODW  R LGHRORJLH HVWHWLF  vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH VH SUHJ WHúWH úL

MXVWLILF  VDX QXPDL VH IDFH SRVLELO  FRPHUFLDOL]DUHD YDORULL

estetice, publicul fiind redus la calitatea de contemplator pasiv sau


client. Reducerea artei la ceea ce este consacrat ca atare prin
inVWDQ H VRFLDOH D PHQ LQXW DUWLúWLL vQFKLúL vQWU-un ghettou
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DFWXDOH QX PDL SRWILDGXQDWH VXELQFLGHQ D XQXLFRQFHSW UHSUHVLY

Pledoaria sa pentru democratizare prin intermediul unei arte


popXODUH QX VH FRQIXQG  FX SUROLIHUDUHD DUWHL GH PDV  FDUH GH
RELFHL HVWH vQ PRG YROXQWDU PHGLRFU  UHDF LLOH vPSRWULYD XQRU

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'H IDSW IHQRPHQRORJLD H[SHULHQ HL HVWHWLFH vQFXUDMHD]  UHYROX LD

DUWHL GHVFULLQG R SHUFHS LH úL R FUHD LH VDXYDJH mai mult ca
VLWXD LH OLPLW  F FL FXOWXUD úL vQ PRG GHRVHELW FRGXULOH QH VXQW

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VXQW vQF OFDWH >@ 'HPRFUDWL]DUHD UDGLFDO  SUHVXSXQH R QRX 

H[WHQVLH D FRQFHSWXOXL GH DUW  R UHHYDOXDUH D FkPSXOXL V X

VHPDQWLFSLYRWXOvOFRQVWLWXLHSHUFHS LDDúDFXPDIRVWHYLGHQ LDW 

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FRQFUHWH H VSRQWDQ  SUH UHIOH[LY 


- vQ VHQVXO GH QHDOWHUDW 

FRQFHSWXDOúDPG(DVXJHUHD] RSULPLWLYLWDWHLQRFHQW DRPXOXL

úLFXOWXULLúLIDPLOLDULWDWHDFXQDWX
ra. Arta are puterea de a propune
o anume privire a unei lumi non-DGPLQLVWUDWH vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH
LPDJLQDUXO FHOHEUHD]  UHJ VLULOH VDOH FX UHDOXO úL SULQ UHDOXO

spontan perceput. Politizarea de stânga [46] presupune refuzul


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

RSULP ULL úL GHQDWXU ULL VHQVXOX i antropologico-ontologic al


H[SHULHQ HL HVWHWLFH FHHD FH vQGHDPQ  PDL vQWkL OD SLHUGHUHD

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SURFODPDUHD PRU LL DUWHL FHD FH vQVHDPQ  UHIX]XO FRQFHS LLORU

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circuitul consumului, pervertindu-L vQWUHEXLQ DUHD úL GHQDWXUkQGX-i


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LPRELOL]DW úL DVHUYLW UHWUDV vQWU R DS UDUH SDVLY  WHQWDWLYHOH GH D


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VIkUúLW LQWURGXFHUHD vQ RSHUD vQV úL D WHPHORU SROLWLFH SURSULX -zise:
denun DUHD VRFLHW LL úL D LGHRORJLHL VDOH H[DOWDUHD OXSWHORU

UHYROX LRQDUHRUJDQL]DUHDHYHQLPHQWHORUVDXSURGXFHUHDGHRELHFWH

FDUHVHDVRFLD] DFHVWHLOXSWH>@

6HSRDWHFRQVWDWDF UHIOHF LDOXL'XIUHQQHDVXSUDQDWXULLúL

omului - VXJHUDW  GH WHPD SHUFHS LHL úL D SULRUL -urilor are o
ILQDOLWDWHSROLWLF  U PkQkQGvQV VWUXFWXUDORULHQWDW GHHVWHWLF 
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WHKQRORJLF úLSULQFLSLXDOHILFLHQ HL DUHPHUHXvQID


- H[SHULHQ D

HVWHWLF  vQ FDOLWDWH GH PRGHO D FHHD FH SRDWH IL DFWLYLWDWHD XPDQ 

OLEHU  'H IDSW FHHD FH SURSXQH HVWH R UH -umanizare prin


LPSXQHUHD OD QLYHOXO WU LULORU D XQHL UD LRQDOLW L GH WLS HVWHWLF

spontan-a[LRORJLFH ,GHRORJLD vQ HOHDV  FD VHW GH UHSUH]HQW UL

LPDJLQDUH OHJDWH GH UDSRUWXULOH WU LWH DOH RDPHQLORU ID  GH

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FRQFUHWL]HD]  vQ LQVWLWX LL RELFHLXUL SUDFWLFL ILLQG WHQWDFXODU 

invadatRDUH GLVLPXODQW  ÌQ P VXUD vQ FDUH VH LQVLQXHD]  vQ

VXEVWDQ D FXOWXULL  FX HIHFWH FD SUHWHQ LD FXOWXULL GRPLQDQWH GH D
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WLSXULOH GH UHDF LH VXQW SHUYHUWLWH DVWIHO vQFkW DILUP  LQFRQúWLHQW

FRHUHQ D úL LQWHQ LLOH LPSHULDOLVPXOXL LGHRORJLF DO FODVHL


FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FRQGXF WRDUH 3UHVLXQLOH LGHRORJLFH REOLJ  úL DUWD OD

LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DUH YDORDUHD VD HVWH FRQVDFUDW  GH H[SHU L PXWLODW 

prLQLQVWDQ HGHOHJLWLPDUHDXWRUL]DW úLUHFRPDQGDW VSUHFRQVXP

SULQ JUXSXUL GH SUHVLXQH DFDGHPLL FRQVHUYDWRDUH XQLYHUVLW L

FULWLF  DVWIHO vQFkW SDUWLFLS  OD vQV úL UHSURGXFHUHD VLVWHPXOXL

cultural în sensul ideologiei dominante, devenind simbol de


VWUDWLILFDUH VRFLDO  vQWUXFkW FRQVXPXO V X GLVWLQJH úL RQRUHD] 

FROHF LRQDUXO DPDWRUXO VDYDQWXO  &RGXULOH SHUFHSWLYH VXQW

HPDVFXODWH RULHQWDWH GH UHJXOL GLVWRUVLRQDUHD SHUFHS LHL FXOWLY 

UHSULPDUHDSO FHULL

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U PkQH DQFRUDW  DGkQF SH WHUHQXO WU LW DO YLH LL VRFLDO LVWRULFH úL -
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GHSLQGH WRFPDL GH DFHDVW  VLWXDUH vQ SUH -real, în alte dimensiuni
WU LWH DOH UHDOXOXL GH GHVFKLGHUHD DOWHL OXPL úL UHYHODUHD OXPLL FD

DOWD SULQ DFHD SHUFHS LH VDXYDJH FULWLF  SULQWU -o anarhie a


DIHFWLYLW LL D OXPLL SUD[LVXOXL FXQRDúWHULL úL LGHRORJLHL

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H[WHULRUL]HD]  vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWH úL RELHFWH FDUH GHPLVWLILF  GDU

QX GHPRQVWUDWLY DEROHúWH FRGXULOH úL DQHDQWL]HD]  VRFLDOXO SULQ

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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

FRQWHVWDWRDUH 8WRSLD LQYHVWHúWH UHDOXO FX XQ DOW VHQV SH FDUH vO úL

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SUHJ WHúWH SVLKRORJLF úL VH DVRFLD]  UHYROX LHL SROLWLFH 3ROLWL]DUHD

artei nu alterHD]  vQV  VHQVXULOH LUHGXFWLELOH DOH H[SHULHQ HL

HVWHWLFH 'LQ DFHVWH PRWLYH 'XIUHQQH DFFHSW I U  UH]HUYH IXQF LD

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accentuHD]  R HVWHWLF  D FRQ LQXWXOXL UHDSDU ULVFXULOH DSRORJHWLFH

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