Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Issue 02
Date 2008-03-29
Email: support@huawei.com
and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective
holders.
Notice
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Author
Prepared by Date
Reviewed by Date
Approved by Date
Summary
This document includes:
Chapter Details
1 Network Application Describes the OptiX OSN 1500 and its position in the
network.
2 Function This chapter generally describes the features of the OptiX
OSN 1500 in the terms of capacity, interface, built-in WDM
technology, ROP system, REG, protection, TCM and
network management.
3 Hardware Describes the mechanical structure and the adaptable
cabinet installation of the OptiX OSN 1500.
4 Software Describes the software system of the OptiX OSN 1500. It
includes intelligent software, board software, NE software
and NM software.
5 Data Features Describes the Ethernet, RPR and ATM features of the
OptiX OSN 1500 in terms of function, application and
protection.
6 DCN Features This chapter describes the DCN feature supported by the
OptiX OSN 1500.
7 ASON Features This chapter introduces the ASON features of the OptiX
OSN 1500 in terms of service classes and application.
Chapter Details
History
Issue Details Date Author Approved by
Contents
3 Hardware .......................................................................................................................37
3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 37
3.2 Cabinet ........................................................................................................................................... 37
3.3 OptiX OSN 1500A Subrack ............................................................................................................ 39
3.3.1 Structure ................................................................................................................................ 39
3.3.2 Slot Allocation ........................................................................................................................ 40
3.3.3 Technical Specifications......................................................................................................... 47
3.4 OptiX OSN 1500B Subrack............................................................................................................ 48
3.4.1 Structure ................................................................................................................................ 48
3.4.2 Slot Allocation ........................................................................................................................ 49
3.4.3 Technical Specifications......................................................................................................... 59
3.5 Boards ............................................................................................................................................ 59
3.5.1 Board Type ............................................................................................................................ 59
3.5.2 SDH Processing Boards........................................................................................................ 62
3.5.3 PDH Processing Boards........................................................................................................ 63
3.5.4 DDN Processing Boards........................................................................................................ 65
3.5.5 Data Processing Boards........................................................................................................ 65
3.5.6 WDM Boards ......................................................................................................................... 67
3.5.7 Optical Booster Amplifier Boards........................................................................................... 68
3.5.8 Auxiliary Boards..................................................................................................................... 69
4 Software.........................................................................................................................71
4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 71
4.2 Board Software............................................................................................................................... 72
4.3 NE Software ................................................................................................................................... 72
4.4 T2000 System ................................................................................................................................ 73
4.5 ASON Software .............................................................................................................................. 74
7 ASON Features............................................................................................................123
7.1 Automatic Discovery of the Topologies ........................................................................................ 123
7.1.1 Auto-Discovery of Control Links .......................................................................................... 123
7.1.2 Auto-Discovery of TE Links ................................................................................................. 125
7.2 End-to-End Service Configuration................................................................................................ 125
7.3 Mesh Networking Protection and Restoration.............................................................................. 126
7.4 ASON Clock Tracing .................................................................................................................... 127
7.5 SLA............................................................................................................................................... 130
7.6 Diamond Services ........................................................................................................................ 131
7.7 Gold Services ............................................................................................................................... 135
7.8 Silver Services.............................................................................................................................. 136
7.9 Copper Services........................................................................................................................... 138
7.10 Iron Services .............................................................................................................................. 139
7.11 Tunnels ....................................................................................................................................... 140
7.12 Service Association .................................................................................................................... 142
7.13 Service Optimization .................................................................................................................. 143
7.14 Service Migration........................................................................................................................ 143
7.15 Reverting Services to Original Routes ....................................................................................... 144
8 Protection ....................................................................................................................151
8.1 Equipment Level Protection ......................................................................................................... 151
8.1.1 TPS Protection for Tributary Boards.................................................................................... 151
8.1.2 1+1 Hot Backup for the Cross-Connect, Timing and SCC Units......................................... 152
8.1.3 1+1 Protection for Ethernet Boards ..................................................................................... 153
8.1.4 1+1 Protection for ATM Boards ........................................................................................... 154
8.1.5 1+1 Hot Backup for the Power Interface Unit...................................................................... 154
8.1.6 Protection for the Wavelength Conversion Unit .................................................................. 154
8.1.7 1:N Protection for the +3.3 V Board Power Supply ............................................................. 155
8.1.8 Board Protection Schemes Under Abnormal Conditions .................................................... 155
8.2 Network Level Protection ............................................................................................................. 156
8.2.1 Linear MSP .......................................................................................................................... 156
8.2.2 MSP Ring............................................................................................................................. 157
8.2.3 SNCP................................................................................................................................... 158
8.2.4 DNI....................................................................................................................................... 163
8.2.5 Fiber-Shared Virtual Trail Protection ................................................................................... 164
8.2.6 Optical-Path-Shared MSP ................................................................................................... 164
8.2.7 RPR Protection.................................................................................................................... 165
8.2.8 VP-Ring/VC-Ring Protection ............................................................................................... 167
9 Clock ............................................................................................................................169
9.1 Clock Source ................................................................................................................................ 169
9.1.1 External Clock Source ......................................................................................................... 169
9.1.2 Line Clock Source ............................................................................................................... 169
9.1.3 Tributary Clock Source ........................................................................................................ 169
9.1.4 Internal Clock Source .......................................................................................................... 170
9.2 Clock Working Mode .................................................................................................................... 170
9.2.1 Locked Mode ....................................................................................................................... 170
9.2.2 Holdover Mode .................................................................................................................... 170
9.2.3 Free-Run Mode ................................................................................................................... 170
9.3 Clock Outputs............................................................................................................................... 170
9.4 Clock Protection ........................................................................................................................... 171
9.4.1 Clock Configuration with SSM Not Enabled ........................................................................ 171
9.4.2 Clock Configuration with Standard SSM Enabled ............................................................... 171
9.4.3 Clock Configuration with Extended SSM Enabled .............................................................. 172
10 OAM ...........................................................................................................................177
10.1 Operation and Maintenance....................................................................................................... 177
10.2 Network Management ................................................................................................................ 178
C Glossary......................................................................................................................233
D Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................................239
1 Network Application
The different features of the OptiX OSN 1500A and the OptiX OSN 1500B are described in this
document. If the features are not described, they still remain the same.
The OptiX OSN 1500 is used at the access layer of a MAN. The OptiX OSN 1500 can
also be networked with the following equipment to optimize the investment and to
lower the networking costs for customers:
OptiX OSN 9500
OptiX OSN 7500
OptiX OSN 3500
OptiX OSN 3500T
OptiX OSN 2500
OptiX OSN 2500 REG
Figure 1-3 describes how the OptiX OSN 1500 NE is used in a transmission network.
Backbone
layer
Convergence
layer
Access
layer
2 Function
2.1 Capacity
The capacity covers the cross-connect capacity and slot access capacity.
Figure 2-1 Access capacity of the slots in the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack (Q2/Q3CXL)
XCS1A PIU
Slot Slot 11 PIU XCS B1.25 Gbit/s
Slot 6
If the cross-connect and timing units use the R1CXL series boards, Figure 2-2 shows
the access capacity of each slot in the OptiX OSN 1500A.
Figure 2-2 Access capacity of the slots in the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack (R1CXL)
FAN
Slot 4 2.5Gbit/s Slot 9 AMU/EOW
In the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack, slot 12 and slot 13 can be divided into half-width
slots. Slot 12 can be divided into two half-width slots numbered slot 12 and slot 2, and
slot 13 can be divided into two half-width slots numbered slot 3 and slot 13.
In case the cross-connect and timing boards configured on the OptiX OSN 1500A are
the Q2/Q3CXL series boards:
As full-width slots, slot 12 and slot 13 each have the access capacity of 2.5
Gbit/s.
As half-width slots, slots 2, 3, 12 and 13 each have the access capacity of 1.25
Gbit/s.
In case the cross-connect and timing boards configured on the OptiX OSN 1500A are
the R1CXL series boards:
As a full-width slot, slot 12 has the access capacity of 1.875 Gbit/s, and slot 13
has the access capacity of 1.25 Gbit/s.
As half-width slots, slot 2, slot 12 and slot 13 can house boards. Slot 2 has the
access capacity of 622 Mbit/s, slot 12 and slot 13 each have the access capacity
of 1.25 Gbit/s.
If the cross-connect and timing units use the Q2/Q3CXL series boards, Figure 2-3
shows the access capacity of each slot in the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack.
Figure 2-3 Access capacity of the slots in the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack (Q2/Q3CXL)
Slot 14
Slot 18 PIU
Slot 15
Slot 16
Slot 19 PIU
Slot 17
If the cross-connect and timing units use the R1CXL series boards, Figure 2-4 shows
the access capacity of each slot in the OptiX OSN 1500B.
Figure 2-4 Access capacity of the slots in the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack (R1CXL)
Slot 14
Slot 18 PIU
Slot 15
Slot 16
Slot 19 PIU
Slot 17
In the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack, slot 11, slot 12 and slot 13 can be divided into
half-width slots. Slot 11 can be divided into two half-width slots numbered slot 1 and
slot 11; slot 12 can be divided into two half-width slots numbered slot 2 and slot 12;
and slot 13 can be divided into two half-width slots numbered slot 3 and slot 13.
In case the cross-connect and timing boards configured on the OptiX OSN 1500B are
the Q2/Q3CXL series boards:
As full-width slots, slots 11–13 each have the access capacity of 2.5 Gbit/s.
As six half-width slots, slots 1–3 and slots 11–13 each have the access capacity
of 1.25 Gbit/s.
If the cross-connect and timing boards configured on the OptiX OSN 1500B are the
R1CXL series boards:
As a full-width slot, slot 11 has the access capacity of 622 Mbit/s, slot 12 and slot
13 each have the access capacity of 1.25 Gbit/s.
As half-width slots, slots 11-13 can house boards, and the access capacity of
each slot is the same as the access capacity of a full-width slot.
2.2 Service
The supported services are SDH services, PDH services and other services.
Table 2-2 Maximum service access capacity of the OptiX OSN 1500
Service Class Maximum Access Capacity
2.3 Interface
The interfaces include service interfaces, administration and auxiliary interfaces.
Ue-16.2c, Ue-16.2d, Ue-16.2f, L-16.2Je, V-16.2Je, U-16.2Je, Ve-1.2, Ve-4.2 are technical
specifications defined by Huawei.
Table 2-4 Administration and auxiliary interfaces of the OptiX OSN 1500
Interface Type Description
2.4 Networking
The OptiX OSN 1500 can be used for several network topologies such as the ring
network and the chain network.
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the separate and hybrid configuration of the following
types of NEs:
Terminal multiplexer (TM)
Add/drop multiplexer (ADM)
Multiple add/drop multiplexer (MADM)
The OptiX OSN 1500 can be interconnected with Huawei OSN, DWDM, and Metro
equipment series, to provide a complete transmission network solution.
When the equipment is interconnecting, make sure that the K bytes to be received and
transmitted are on the same path at both ends.
The OptiX OSN 1500 can be used with another OptiX OSN equipment to provide
a complete ASON solution. This solution covers all the layers including the
backbone layer, the convergence layer, and the access layer.
Through an SDH interface or a GE interface, the OptiX 1500 can be
interconnected with the WDM equipment.
Through an SDH, PDH, Ethernet, ATM, or DDN interface, the OptiX OSN 1500
can be interconnected with the OptiX Metro equipment.
Table 2-5 lists the networking modes supported by the OptiX OSN 1500.
1 Chain
2 Ring
3 Tangent
rings
4 Intersecting
rings
5 Ring with
chain
6 DNI
7 Hub
8 Mesh
Supports the remote optical pumping amplifier (ROPA) system to transmit signals
over a long distance.
Supports the intelligent power adjustment (IPA) function.
IN IN
OUT IN IN OUT
ADM
For details on the boards that support REG, see Table 2-6.
For the optical interface types of these boards, see Table 2-7.
2.9 Protection
The equipment provides equipment level protection and network level protection.
Table 2-9 Network level protection schemes supported by the OptiX OSN 1500
Network Level Protection Protection Scheme
The intelligent software system can be bundled with or separated from the OptiX OSN 1500
according to the requirement. If not equipped with the intelligent software system, the OptiX
OSN 1500 does not support the intelligent features described in this manual.
2.11 TCM
The tandem connection monitor (TCM) is a method used to monitor bit errors.
If a VC-4 passes through several networks, the TCM method can be used to monitor
the bit errors of each section.
2.13 RPR
The RPR is suitable for ring topology and is used to quickly restore services from a
fiber cut or a link failure.
The main features of the RPR are as follows:
Provide the topology auto-discovery function to reflect the network status in real
time.
Support fairness algorithm by configurable weight and support five service levels.
Support a maximum of 255 nodes in the ring network and support stripping at the
destination node.
Solve the fairness and congestion control problems.
Provide RPR protection.
2.14 ETH-OAM
The ETH-OAM function enhances the method of performing Ethernet Layer 2
maintenance. It can be implemented to verify service connectivity, commission
deployed services, locate network faults, and so on.
For the OptiX OSN 1500, Ethernet service processing boards provide the ETH-OAM
function, which complies with IEEE 802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah. The ETH-OAM
function provides a complete ETH-OAM solution to automatically detect and locate
faults.
The IEEE 802.1ag ETH-OAM is realized through the following methods:
The loopback (LB) test, which is used for a bidirectional continuity check.
The link trace (LT) test, which is used to locate the faulty point.
The continuity check (CC), which is used for a unidirectional continuity check.
OAM_Ping test, which is used to test the packet loss ratio and latency in service.
The IEEE 802.3ah ETH-OAM function is realized through the following methods:
Automatic OAM Discovery, which is used to obtain the capability for the opposite
end to support the IEEE 802.3ah OAM protocol.
Link performance monitoring, which is used to monitor the bit error performance
of the link.
Fault detection, which is used to report a fault to the opposite end.
Remote loopback, which is used to locate a fault and test the link performance.
Self-loop check, which is used to check the self-loop port.
Loop shutdown, which is used to block a self-loop port and rectify a port loop.
To enable the DCC transparent transmission (through external clock interfaces) function, the
setting is required on only the NEs that are connected to the third-party network.
On NE2 and NE3 that are respectively located in Huawei networks B and C, the
DCC information in the overhead bus is sent from the external clock interface to
the tributary board. After cross-connect grooming, the DCC information is sent,
together with the service, through an optical interface (or a 2 Mbit/s electrical
interface) for transmission.
On NE1 in Huawei network A, when the optical interface (or the 2 Mbit/s electrical
interface) receives service data transparently transmitted through the third-party
network, the DCC information is extracted, and is then sent through the tributary
board to the external clock interface. At last, the DCC information returns to the
overhead bus.
Figure 2-6 Application of DCC transparent transmission through external clock interfaces
iManager T2000
If the two versions before and after the upgrade have significant differences, the
service interruption during the NSF-mode upgrade cannot be controlled within 50 ms,
and this ensures only a low service interruption time.
IP over DCC
OSI over DCC
DCC transparent transmission through 2 Mbit/s external clock interfaces
2.23 Clock
The OptiX 1500 supports the clock functions.
SSM clock protocol
Tributary retiming
Two 75-ohm/120-ohm external clock output and input
Line clock source
Tributary clock source
Three working modes are as follows:
− Tracing mode
− Holdover mode
− Free-run mode
ASON clock tracing
3 Hardware
3.1 Overview
The OptiX OSN 1500 can be installed in an ETSI cabinet (300 mm or 600 mm deep)
or a 19-inch standard cabinet. It can also be installed against the wall.
3.2 Cabinet
The OptiX OSN 1500 can be installed in an ETSI cabinet (300 mm or 600 mm deep)
or a 19-inch standard cabinet.
Figure 3-1 shows an ETSI cabinet that is 300 mm deep.
W D
W
D
Table 3-2 lists the technical specifications of the 19-inch standard cabinets.
3.3.1 Structure
The OptiX OSN 1500A subrack is of a one-layer structure. The subrack consists of the
slot area for boards, power supply area, fan area and fiber routing area.
Figure 3-2 shows the structure of the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack.
2
3
H
4
6 W
D
5
Slots 12 and 13 in the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack can be divided into two half-width
slots. See Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4 Slot layout of the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack after the division of slots
The slots in the OptiX OSN 1500A subrack are allocated as follows:
Slots for integrated boards of the line, SCC, cross-connect and timing units: slots
4–5
Slots for processing boards before the division of slots: slots 6–9 and 12–13
Slots for processing boards after the division of slots: slots 6–9, 12–13, and 2–3
Slot for the orderwire board: slot 9 (also for the processing board)
Slot for the auxiliary interface board: slot 10
Slots for PIU boards: slots 1 and 11
Slots for the fan board: slot 20
Mapping Relation Between Slots for Interface Boards and Slots for Processing
Boards
Table 3-3 lists the mapping relation between slots for the interface boards and slots for
the processing boards of the OptiX OSN 1500A.
Table 3-3 Mapping relation between slots for the interface boards and slots for the
processing boards of the OptiX OSN 1500A.
Slots for Processing Boards Slots for Interface Boards
Table 3-4 CXL series boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-5 lists the SDH processing boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN
1500A.
Table 3-5 SDH processing boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
N1SL16, N2SL16, 1 x STM-16 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
N3SL16 capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slots 12 and 13
If the cross-connect capacity is 15
Gbit/s, these slots are unavailable.
N1SL16A, 1 x STM-16 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
N2SL16A, N3SL16A capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slots 12 and 13.
If the cross-connect capacity is 15
Gbit/s, these slots are unavailable.
N1SF16 1 x STM-16 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
(with FEC) capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slots 12 and 13
If the cross-connect capacity is 15
Gbit/s, these slots are unavailable.
N1SLQ4, N2SLQ4, 4 x STM-4 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
N1SLQ4A capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slots 12 and 13
If the cross-connect capacity is 15
Gbit/s, these slots are unavailable.
N1SLD4, N1SLD4A, 2 x STM-4 optical interface board Slots 12 and 13
N2SLD4
R1SLD4 2 x STM-4 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
(half-width) capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slots 2–3, 6–9, and
12–13
Valid slots when the cross-connect
capacity is 15 Gbit/s: slots 12–13
N1SL4, N1SL4A, 1 x STM-4 optical interface board Slots 12 and 13
N2SL4
R1SL4 1 x STM-4 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
(half-width) capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slot 2-3, 6-9, 12-13
Valid slots when the cross-connect
capacity is 15 Gbit/s: slot 2, 6-8, 12-13
N1SLT1 12 x STM-1 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slots 12 and 13
If the cross-connect capacity is 15
Gbit/s, these slots are unavailable.
N2SLO1 8 x STM-1 optical interface board Slots 12 and 13
N1SLQ1, N1SLQ1A, 4 x STM-1 optical interface board Slots 12 and 13
N2SLQ1
R1SLQ1 4 x STM-1 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
(half-width) capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slot 2-3, 6-9, 12-13
Valid slots when the cross-connect
capacity is 15 Gbit/s: slot 2, 6-8, 12-13
N1SL1, N1SL1A, 1 x STM-1 optical interface board Slots 12 and 13
N2SL1
R1SL1 1 x STM-1 optical interface board Valid slots when the cross-connect
(half-width) capacity is 20 Gbit/s: slot 2-3, 6-9, 12-13
Valid slots when the cross-connect
capacity is 15 Gbit/s: slot 2, 6-8, 12-13
N1SEP1 2 x STM-1 line processing board Slots 12 and 13
Table 3-6 lists the PDH processing boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN
1500A.
Table 3-6 PDH processing boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-7 lists the interface boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A.
Table 3-7 Interface Boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-8 lists the data processing boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN
1500A.
Table 3-8 Data processing boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
N2EMR0 (not 1 x GE and 4 x FE Ethernet Valid slots when the cross-connect capacity is 20
used with the processing board Gbit/s: slot 12-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
interface Valid slots when the cross-connect capacity is 15
board) Gbit/s: slot 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1ADL4 1 x STM-4 ATM processing Slots 12 and 13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
board
N1ADQ1 4 x STM-1 ATM processing Slots 12 and 13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
board
N1IDL4 1 x STM-4 IMA processing Slots 12 and 13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
board
N1IDQ1 4 x STM-1 IMA processing Slots 12 and 13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
board
N1MST4 4-channel multiservice (SAN Valid slots when the cross-connect capacity is 20
or video service) transparent Gbit/s: slot 12-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
transmission board Valid slots when the cross-connect capacity is 15
Gbit/s: slot 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
Table 3-9 lists the WDM boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A.
Table 3-9 WDM boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-10 lists the optical booster amplifier boards and their valid slots of the OptiX
OSN 1500A.
Table 3-10 Optical booster amplifier boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-11 lists the auxiliary boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A.
Table 3-11 Auxiliary boards and their valid slots of the OptiX OSN 1500A
Board Full Name Valid Slots
444 (W) x 262 (D) x 131 (H) 8 (with the backplane, fan and two PIU boards)
3.4.1 Structure
The OptiX OSN 1500B subrack is of a two-layer structure. The subrack consists of the
slot area for processing boards, slot area for interface boards, slot area for the
auxiliary interface board, power supply area and fan area.
Figure 3-5 shows the structure of the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack.
2
3
H
5
7 W
D
6
1. Interface board area 2. Power supply area 3. Fan area 4. Processing board area
5. Processing board area 6. Fiber routing area 7. Ear bracket
Slot area for the auxiliary interface board: This area is used to house the auxiliary
interface board, which provides alarm interfaces, orderwire phone interface,
management and maintenance interface, and clock interface.
Power supply area: This area is used to house two PIU boards, which are used to
supply power for the equipment.
Fiber routing area: This area is used to route fibers and cables in the subrack.
Slot 14
Slot 18 PIU
Slot 15
Slot 16
Slot 19 PIU
Slot 17
Slot 11 Slot 6
Slots 11-13 in the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack can be divided. As shown in Figure 3-7,
the divided slots are in the dashed area. The slots in the left portion of the original
slots are slots 1-3, and the slots in the right portion of the original slots are slots 11-13.
Figure 3-7 Slot layout of the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack (after the division of slots)
Slot 14
Slot 18 PIU
Slot 15
Slot 16
Slot 19 PIU
Slot 17
Slot 1 Slot 11 Slot 6
The slots in the OptiX OSN 1500B subrack are allocated as follows:
Slots for integrated boards of the line, SCC, cross-connect and timing units: slots
4-5
Slots for processing boards before the division of slots: slots 6-9 and 11-13
Slots for processing boards after the division of slots: slots 1-9 and 11-13
Slots for the interface boards: slots 14-17
Slot for the orderwire board: slot 9 (also for the processing board)
Slot for the auxiliary interface board: slot 10
Slots for PIU boards: slots 18 and 19
Slot for the fan board: slot 20
Mapping Relation Between Slots for Interface Boards and Slots for Processing
Boards
Table 3-13 lists the mapping relation between slots for the interface boards and slots
for the processing boards of the OptiX OSN 1500B.
Table 3-13 Mapping relation between slots for the interface boards and slots for the
processing boards of the OptiX OSN 1500B.
Slots for Slots for Interface Slots for Slots for Interface
Processing Boards Processing Boards
Boards Boards
The corresponding interface boards of the PD3, PL3, SEP, and SPQ4 can be housed
only in slots of even numbers.
For the OptiX OSN 1500B, the boards housed in slots 12 and 7 share the same
interface board housed in slot 15, and the boards housed in slots 13 and 8 share the
same interface board housed in slot 17. Therefore, when you configure the boards,
ensure the following:
If slot 12 houses the N1EMS4 (used with an interface board) or R1PD1, slot 7
cannot house any board used with an interface board.
If slot 13 houses the N1EMS4 (used with an interface board) or R1PD1, slot 8
cannot house any board used with an interface board.
Table 3-14 CXL series boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-15 lists the SDH processing boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN
1500B.
Table 3-15 SDH processing boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
N1SL16, N2SL16, 1 x STM-16 optical Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20
N3SL16 interface board Gbit/s: slots 11-13
If the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s, these
slots are unavailable.
N1SL16A, N2SL16A, 1 x STM-16 optical Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20
N3SL16A interface board Gbit/s: slots 11-13
If the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s, these
slots are unavailable.
Table 3-16 lists the PDH processing boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN
1500B.
Table 3-16 PDH processing boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-17 lists the interface boards or protection switching boards and their valid slots
for the OptiX OSN 1500B.
Table 3-17 Interface/protection switching boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN
1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-18 lists the data processing boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN
1500B.
Table 3-18 Data processing boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
N1EMS4 (used with 4 x GE and 16 x FE Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
the interface board) Ethernet processing slots 12-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
board with Lanswitch Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1EMS4 (not used 4 x GE Ethernet Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
with the interface processing board with slots 11-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
board) Lanswitch Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slot 11 (622 Mbit/s), slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1EGS4 4 x GE Ethernet Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
processing board with slots 11-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
Lanswitch Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slot 11 (622 Mbit/s), slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N3EGS4 4 x GE Ethernet Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
processing board with slots 11-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
Lanswitch Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slot 11 (622 Mbit/s), slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N2EMR0 (not used 1 x GE and 4 x FE Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
with the interface Ethernet processing slots 11-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
board) board Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slot 11 (622 Mbit/s), slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
R1EFT4 (interfaces 4 x FE processing Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
available on the board slots 1-3, 6-9, 11-13 (622 Gbit/s)
front panel) Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slots 6-8, 11-13 (622 Gbit/s)
N1EFF8 8-channel Ethernet Slots 14–17
optical interface board
N1ETS8 8 x 10/100M Ethernet Slots 14 and 16
twisted pair interface
switching board
N1MST4 4-channel multiservice Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
transparent slots 11-13 (2.5 Gbit/s)
transmission board Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slots 11 (622 Mbit/s), 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1ADQ1 4 x STM-1 ATM Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
processing board slots 11-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slot 11 (622 Mbit/s), slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1ADL4 1 x STM-4 ATM Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
processing board slots 11-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slot 11 (622 Mbit/s), slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1IDQ1 4 x STM-1 IMA Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
processing board slots 11-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
N1IDL4 1 x STM-4 IMA Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 20 Gbit/s:
processing board slots 11-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
Valid slots if the cross-connect capacity is 15 Gbit/s:
slots 12-13 (1.25 Gbit/s)
Table 3-19 lists the WDM boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B.
Table 3-19 WDM boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-20 lists the optical booster amplifier boards and their valid slots for the OptiX
OSN 1500B.
Table 3-20 Optical booster amplifier boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
Table 3-21 lists the auxiliary boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B.
Table 3-21 Auxiliary boards and their valid slots for the OptiX OSN 1500B
Board Full Name Valid Slots
444 (W) x 263 (D) x 221 (H) 9 (with the backplane, fan and two PIU boards)
3.5 Boards
The equipment supports different types of boards.
SDH/PDH/Ethernet/
ATM/DDN interface
SDH interface
Cross Connect
PDH signal
board
Matrix
STM-N optical
unit
Ethernet signal
signal ATM signal
Interface unit
Synchronous
processing
timing unit
Auxiliary
Overhead
SCC unit
unit
SDH interface Processing board N1SF16, N1SL16, N2SL16, N1SF16, N1SL16, N2SL16,
unit N3SL16, N1SL16A, N2SL16A, N3SL16, N1SL16A, N2SL16A,
N3SL16A, N1SLQ4, N3SL16A, N1SLQ4,
N1SLQ4A, N2SLQ4, N1SLD4, N1SLQ4A, N2SLQ4, N1SLD4,
N1SLD4A, N2SLD4, N1SL4, N1SLD4A, N2SLD4, N1SL4,
N1SL4A, N2SL4, N2SLO1, N1SL4A, N2SL4, N2SLO1,
N1SLQ1, N1SLQ1A, N2SLQ1, N1SLQ1, N1SLQ1A, N2SLQ1,
N1SL1, N1SL1A, N2SL1, N1SL1, N1SL1A, N2SL1,
N1SEP1, N1SLT1, R1SL4, N1SEP1, N1SEP, N1SLT1,
R1SLD4, R1SLQ1, R1SL1 R1SL4, R1SLD4, R1SLQ1,
R1SL1
Interface board - N1EU04, N1EU08, N1OU08,
N2OU08
Protection - N1TSB8, N1TSB4
switching board
PDH interface Processing board R1PD1A, R1PD1B, R2PD1A, R1PD1, R2PD1, N1SPQ4,
unit R2PD1B, N1PL3A, R1PL1A, N2SPQ4, N1PD3, N1PL3,
R1PL1B, N2PL3A N1PL3A, N1PQ1, N1PQM,
N2PQ1, R1PL1A, R1PL1B,
N2PQ3, N2PD3, N2PL3,
N2PL3A
Interface board R1L12S, R1L75S N1MU04, N1D34S, N1C34S,
N1D75S, N1D12S, N1D12B
Protection - N1TSB8, N1TSB4
switching board
TN11OBU1 TN11OBU1
N1PL3A Interfaces available on the front panel 75-ohm E3/T3 electrical interface SMB
N2PL3A Interfaces available on the front panel 75-ohm E3/T3 electrical interface SMB
Table 3-28 Data processing boards and their interfaces (OptiX OSN 1500A)
Board Interfacing Mode Interface Type Connector
Table 3-29 Data processing boards and their interfaces (OptiX OSN 1500B)
Board Interfacing Mode Interface Type Connector
Table 3-30 lists the WDM boards of the OptiX OSN 1500A and their interfaces. Table
3-31 lists the WDM boards of the OptiX OSN 1500B and their interfaces.
Table 3-30 WDM boards and their interfaces (OptiX OSN 1500A)
Board Interfacing Mode Connector
Table 3-31 WDM boards and their interfaces (OptiX OSN 1500B)
Board Interfacing Mode Connector
4 Software
4.1 Overview
The software system of the OptiX OSN 1500 is of a modular structure.
The software system includes the following modules:
Board software (residing in each relevant board)
NE software (residing in the SCC board)
T2000 software (residing on a T2000 computer)
ASON software (contained in the NE software)
The software system of the OptiX OSN 1500 is as shown in Figure 4-1.
T2000 software
ASON
software
NE software
Board software
The ASON software can interact with the T2000 software directly, but it needs the NE
software to intercommunicate with the board software.
During the software loading, the ASON software is loaded together with the NE software.
4.3 NE Software
The NE software is used to manage, monitor and control the operation of the boards
of an NE. The NE software also functions as the communication unit between the
T2000 system and the boards. Through the NE software, the T2000 system can
control and manage NEs.
In compliance with ITU-T M.3010, the NE software belongs to the element
management layer in the telecommunications management network (TMN), and
provides NE functions, some coordination functions, and operations system functions
at the network element layer. The data communication function implements the
communication between the NE and other components (including equipment, the
T2000 system, and other NEs).
The NE software consists of the following modules:
Real-time multi-task operating system
Network side (NS) module
Equipment administration module (AM)
Communication module
Database management module
the application layer) and the NE equipment management layer, and provides security
control for the NE layer.
Functionally, the NS module is divided into the following three submodules:
Qx interface module
Command line interface module
Security management module
Communication Module
The communication module performs the message communication function (MCF) of
the functional blocks of the transmission network equipment. Through the hardware
interface provided by the SCC board, the communication module transmits the
OAM&P information and exchanges management information between the T2000
system and NEs, and between NEs themselves. This module consists of the network
communication module, the serial communication module, and the ECC
communication module.
The T2000 software manages OptiX equipment through the Qx interface, which
adopts a management protocol specially designed for the OptiX equipment.
The T2000 software runs on a workstation or a PC. The T2000 enables the user not
only to operate and maintain the transmission equipment, but also to manage the
transmission network.
Alarm management
The T2000 realizes the following alarm management functions: real-time collection,
prompting, filtering, browsing, acknowledgement, check, clearing, counting, alarm
insertion, alarm correlation analysis, and fault diagnosis.
Performance management
The T2000 realizes the setting of performance monitoring, and enables the user to
browse, analyze, and print performance data. The short-term and long-term
performance forecast and the performance register reset are also supported.
Configuration management
The T2000 enables the user to configure and manage interfaces, clocks, services,
trails, protections, and time.
Security management
The T2000 realizes NM user management, NE user management, NE login
management, NE login lockout, NE setting lockout, and local craft terminal (LCT)
access control.
Maintenance management
The T2000 provides the loopback, board reset, automatic laser shutdown (ALS), and
optical power detection, and data collection functions, to help the maintenance
personnel in troubleshooting.
AOSN software
Signaling Module
By using the RSVP-TE protocol, the signaling module provides the following
functions:
Set up or interrupt service connections according to user requests.
Synchronize and restore services on the basis of service status changes.
Routing Module
By using the OSPF-TE protocol, the routing module provides the following functions:
Collect and flood the TE link information.
Collect and flood the control link information of the control plane.
Compute service trails and control the routing.
5 Data Features
5.1.1 Functions
The OptiX OSN 1500 provides many Ethernet boards to meet different Ethernet
service requirements.
Table 5-1 lists the Ethernet functions of the EFS4 and EFS0 boards.
Table 5-2 lists the Ethernet functions of the EGS2 board.
Table 5-3 lists the Ethernet functions of the EGS4 and EGS4A boards.
Table 5-4 lists the Ethernet functions of the EMS4 board.
Table 5-5 lists the Ethernet functions of the EGT2, EFT8, EFT8A and EFT4 boards.
Interface 4 FE 4 FE 8 FE 8 FE 8 FE
Interface type 10Base-T, 100Base-TX 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 100Base-FX
Interface board None None N1ETF8, N1ETS8 N1ETS8 (used
N1EFF8 (used with with TSB8 to
TSB8 to realize 1:1
realize 1:1 TPS),
TPS), N1ETF8,
N1ETF8, N1EFF8
N1EFF8
Service frame In compliance with Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.1q/p
format
JUMBO frame Supported, 9600 bytes
Interface 2 GE
Interface type 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-ZX
Interface board None
Service frame In compliance with Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.1q/p
format
JUMBO frame Supported, 9600 bytes
Uplink bandwidth 16 VC-4
Mapping mode VC-12, VC-3, VC-12-xv (x≤63), VC-3-xv (x≤12)
Number of 48
VCTRUNKs
EPL Supported
EVPL Supported
EPLAN Supported
EVPLAN Not supported
Static MPLS label MartinioE label supported
Stack VLAN Supported
VLAN Supports VLAN and QinQ, in compliance with IEEE 802.1q/p
RSTP Supported
Multicast listening Supported
(IGMP snooping)
Encapsulation GFP-F
Function N2EGS2
Interface 4 x GE
Interface type 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-ZX
Interface board None
Service frame In compliance with Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.1q/p
format
JUMBO frame Supported, 9216 bytes
Uplink 16 VC-4
bandwidth
Mapping mode VC-12, VC-3, VC-4, VC-12-xv (x≤63), VC-3-xv (x≤24), VC-4-xv
(x≤8)
Number of 64
VCTRUNKs
EPL Supported
EVPL Supports VLAN-based and QinQ-based EVPL services.
EPLAN Supported
EVPLAN Supported
Static MPLS Not supported
label
VLAN Supports VLAN and QinQ, in compliance with IEEE 802.1q/p.
RSTP Supported
Multicast Supported
listening (IGMP
snooping)
Encapsulation GFP-F, LAPS, HDLC
LPT Supports P2P and P2MP LPT Supports P2P LPT
LCAS In compliance with ITU-T G.7042
BPS Supported
PPS Supported
CAR Supported (The granularity is 64 kbit/s.)
QoS traffic Supports port flow, port+VLAN flow and port+SVLAN flow.
classification
CoS Supported
Shaping Supported
Flow control Supports flow control based on GE port, in compliance with IEEE
802.3x
Ethernet Supported
performance
monitoring
Ethernet OAM Supported, in compliance with IEEE 802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah
Test frame Supported
Link Supports manual link aggregation, static link aggregation and
aggregation distributed link aggregation.
Interface 4 GE and 16 FE
Interface type 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-ZX, 10Base-T,
100Base-TX, 100Base-FX
Function N1EMS4
Function N1EMS4
Ethernet Supported
performance
monitoring
Ethernet OAM Supported, in compliance with IEEE 802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah
Test frame Supported
Service mirroring Supported
Link aggregation Supports manual link aggregation, static link aggregation and
distributed link aggregation.
Interface 2 GE 16 FE 8 FE 4 FE
Interface type 1000Base-SX, 10Base-T, 10Base-T, 10Base-T,
1000Base-LX, 100Base-TX, 100Base-TX 100Base-TX
1000Base-ZX 100Base-FX
Interface board None Supports 8 x FE if None None
it is not used with
an interface board.
Supports 16 x FE
if it is used with
the N1ETF8 and
N1EFF8 interface
boards.
Service frame Iformat In compliance with Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.1qTAG
JUMBO frame Supported, 9600 Supported, 9600 Supported by the Supported, 9600
bytes bytes latter four ports, bytes
9600 bytes
Uplink bandwidth 16 VC-4 8 VC-4 4 VC-4 4 VC-4
Mapping mode VC-3, VC-4, VC-12, VC-3, VC-12, VC-3, VC-12, VC-3,
VC-3-xv (x≤24), VC-12-xv (x≤63), VC-12-xv (x≤63), VC-12-xv (x≤63),
VC-4-xv (x≤8) VC-3-xv (x≤3) VC-3-xv (x≤3) VC-3-xv (x≤3)
Number of 2 16 8 4
VCTRUNKs
Ethernet service types Only EPL supported; EVPL, EPLAN and EVPLAN not supported
MPLS Not supported
VLAN Transparent transmission
Encapsulation GFP-F, LAPS, HDLC
5.1.2 Application
The OptiX OSN 1500 has the Ethernet access function integrated on the SDH
transmission platform.
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the following types of Ethernet services:
EPL Service
EVPL Service
EPLAN Service
EVPLAN Service
EPL Service
The EPL implements the point-to-point transparent transmission of Ethernet services.
As shown in Figure 5-1, the Ethernet services of different NEs are transmitted to the
destination node through their respective VCTRUNKs. The Ethernet services are also
protected by the SDH self-healing ring (SHR). This ensures the secure and reliable
transmission of services.
PORT1 POTR1
VCTRUNK 1 VCTRUNK 1
A
A
NE 1 NE 2
EVPL Service
The OptiX OSN 1500 adopts two ways to support EVPL services.
Port-shared EVPL services. The services are isolated by VLAN tags and share a
bandwidth.
As shown in Figure 5-2, traffic classification is performed for the Ethernet service
according to VLAN ID, to distinguish different VLANs from different departments of
Companie A. The two traffics are transmitted in respective VCTRUNKs.
NE 1 NE 2
OptiX OSN
Enterprise
equipment
user
VCTRUNK-shared EVPL services. OptiX OSN 1500 adopts three ways to realize
convergence and distribution of EVPL services.
− EVPL services based on VLAN ID, as shown in Figure 5-3.
− EVPL services based on MPLS, as shown in Figure 5-4.
− EVPL services based on QinQ, as shown in Figure 5-5.
NE 1 NE 2
Branch 1 Branch 2
Branch 1 Branch 2
EPLAN Service
Though the EPLAN service, NEs can communicate with each other and dynamically
share a bandwidth, the OptiX OSN 1500 adopts virtual bridge (VB)
to support Layer 2 switching of Ethernet data. This is referred to as the EPLAN
service.
Each NE in the system can create one or several VBs. Each VB establishes a media
access control (MAC) address table. The system updates the table by self-learning.
The data packets accessed select the mapping VCTRUNK according to the MAC
address table, as shown in Figure 5-6.
PORT1
VB VCTRUNK1
Department 3 Port 1
of company A NE3
VCTRUNK2
VB PORT1
PORT1 VB
VCTRUNK1
VCTRUNK1
Port 1 NE 1 NE 2 Port 1
Department 1
Department 2
of company A
of company A
Access OptiX OSN
Company A
point equipment
EVPLAN Service
The EVPLAN services can dynamically share the bandwidth and support for the data
packets accessed into the same VLAN. When the data services with the same VLAN
ID are accessed into the same NE and dynamically share the bandwidth, the EVPLAN
service can meet the service requirements.
As shown in Figure 5-7, the Ethernet processing boards of the OptiX OSN 1500 adopt
VB+S-VLAN filter table to support the EVPLAN services.
VCTRUNK2
VCTRUNK1
Department 3
of company B
VB1
Department 3
C-Aware S-Aware
of company A
Port 1 NE3
VCTRUNK2
Port 2 VCTRUNK1
C-Aware
PORT2 C-Aware
VB1 PORT2
PORT1 VB1
S-Aware LSP LSP PORT1
S-Aware
VCTRUNK1 NE 1 NE 2
VCTRUNK2
Port 2
LSP Port 1
Port 1 Port 2
Department 2
of company B
Department 2
Department 1 Department 1 of company A
of company A of company B
5.1.3 Protection
OptiX OSN 1500 provides layered protection on Ethernet services.
The optical transmission layer supports MSP, SNCP, SNCMP and SNCTP.
The protection schemes supported at the Ethernet service layer are as follows:
LCAS
STP/RSTP
Tributary protection switching (TPS)
Board protection switching (BPS)
Port protection switching (PPS)
Link aggregation group (LAG)
DLAG
LPT
LCAS
The LCAS provides an error tolerance mechanism to enhance the reliability of the
virtual concatenation function. The LCAS has the following functions:
When the LCAS is applied in the virtual concatenation technology, the LCAS
enables the configuration of system capacity, the increase and decrease of the
concatenated VC quantity, and the dynamic change of bearer bandwidth
(services are not damaged during the dynamic change).
The LCAS protects and restores failed members.
As shown in Figure 5-8, the LCAS can dynamically add or delete members to increase
or decrease the bandwidth. Services are not interrupted during this bandwidth
adjustment.
Member Headquarters
Branch
Member
Member Headquarters
Branch
New member
OptiX NE
As shown in Figure 5-9, the LCAS realizes the protection of the Ethernet service.
When some members fail, the faulty members are automatically deleted, whereas
other members transmit data normally. When the faulty members are available again,
they are automatically restored, and the data is loaded to these members again.
Member
Headquarters
Branch Failed
member
Member
Member
Headquarters
OptiX NE
STP/RSTP
The Ethernet boards support the spanning tree protocol (STP) and the rapid spanning
tree protocol (RSTP). When the STP or the RSTP is started, it logically modifies the
network topology to prevent a broadcast storm. The STP or the RSTP realizes link
protection by restructuring the topology.
TPS
The TPS provides equipment level protection for tributary services. When a protected
board becomes faulty, its services are switched to the protection board. This ensures
a reliable operation of the equipment.
The OSN 1500B supports one group of 1:1 TPS protection for the N2EFS0 or
N4EFS0 board.
BPS
The BPS is a board-based protection scheme that requires an active board and a
standby board. When the active board detects a link down failure of any port, or
detects a board hardware failure, the cross-connect board switches all the services
from the active board to the standby board to realize the service protection.
The N1EGS4, N3EGS4 and N1EMS4 boards both support BPS.
PPS
The PPS is a port-based protection scheme that requires an active board and a
standby board. When the active board detects a link down failure of any port, or
detects a board hardware failure, the cross-connect board switches the services of
one or more affected ports to the standby boards. In this case, a protection switching
for the entire board is not necessary.
Compared with the BPS, the PPS has lesser impact on external systems and the
network.
The N1EGS4, N3EGS4 and N1EMS4 boards both support the PPS.
LAG
A link aggregation group (LAG) bundles multiple links that are connected to the same
equipment, to increase the bandwidth and improve the link reliability. An LAG can be
regarded as one link.
The LAG provides the following functions:
Improves the link availability. In an LAG, members dynamically back up each
other. When one link is interrupted, other members quickly replace the link to
provide services.
Adds the link bandwidth. The LAG is an economical method for the user to
increase the link transmission rate. When multiple physical links are bundled, the
user is able to obtain a data link of higher bandwidth, without an upgrade of the
existing equipment. The capacity of an LAG is equal to the sum of the capacity of
all the member links.
Balances load. Multiple physical links in an LAG share the traffic load and back
up each other.
Improves the reliability. Members in an LAG dynamically back up each other.
The LAG has three modes: dynamic aggregation, manual aggregation, and static
aggregation. For details, refer to B.4 Link Aggregation.
The N1EMS4, N1EGS4 and N3EGS4 boards support link aggregation, and currently
support only manual aggregation and static aggregation.
DLAG
The DLAG requires two boards. One board is the working board and the other is the
protection board.
During switching, only the affected ports are switched and the other ports are not
switched. The equipment configured with the DLAG should be connected to the
equipment where the LACP is running. When any intermediate node is between two
equipment sets where the DLAG is configured, the intermediated node should support
the transparent transmission of the protocol packets.
The DLAG can be of modes: revertive or non-revertive.
Revertive mode
If the working board becomes faulty, the DLAG is switched to the protection board.
When the working board is restored, the DLAG is automatically switched to the
working board.
Non-revertive mode
If the working board becomes faulty, the DLAG is switched to the protection board.
When the working board is restored, the DLAG is not automatically switched to the
working board unless the protection board becomes faulty.
The N1EMS4, N1EGS4 and N3EGS4 boards support distributed link aggregation.
LPT
The link state pass through (LPT) is a link-based protection scheme. In a network,
when the active and standby ports between routers belong to different links, the LPT
function is available for protection. When the working link becomes faulty, the LPT
function shuts down the local port so that the opposite router knows that the working
link is abnormal. As a result, services are switched from the active port to the standby
port. Thus, these services are protected.
The LPT function includes P2P and P2MP LPT.
Node 3
5.2.1 Functions
The RPR functions provide the basic functions, service class, topology auto-discovery,
spatial reuse and fairness algorithm.
Basic Functions
The EMR0 and EGR2 boards of the OptiX OSN 1500 support the RPR features
defined by IEEE 802.17. Table 5-6 lists the basic functions of the RPR boards.
Interface 1 GE and 12 FE 2 GE
Service frame format Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.1QTAG
JUMBO frame Supported, 9600 bytes
Maximum uplink 16 VC-4 (2.5 Gbit/s)
bandwidth
Mapping granularity VC-3, VC-3-2v, VC-4, VC-4-xv (X≤8)
EVPL Supported
EVPLAN Supported
Static MPLS label MartinioE label supported
Stack VLAN Supported
VLAN Supports 4096 VLAN tags, and the adding, deleting, and
exchange of VLAN tags; compliant with IEEE 802.1q/p.
Spanning tree Supports RSTP and STP
Service Class
The user data has three classes, which are A, B and C. On an RPR ring, Class A is
further divided into the A0 and A1 subclasses. Class B is also divided into the B_CIR
(committed information rate) and B_EIR (excess information rate) subclasses.
Table 5-7 lists the differences among these classes.
Topology Auto-Discovery
The topology auto-discovery protocol provides an accurate and reliable method to
quickly discover the topologies and their changes, for all the nodes in a ring network.
Hence, the topology auto-discovery realizes the plug and play feature for the RPR.
To increase or decrease the total bandwidth of an RPR, you can use the LCAS
function, which realizes the dynamic increase and decrease of bandwidth without
affecting the existing services.
Spatial Reuse
On an RPR, the stripping of unicast frames at the destination node realizes the spatial
reuse for ring bandwidth. As shown in Figure 5-11, the bandwidth of a single ring is
1.25 Gbit/s. Traffic 1 sent from Node 1 to Node 4 is stripped from the ring at the
destination Node 4, and thus the bandwidth behind Node 4 is left unused. In this case,
Node 4 is able to send traffic to Node 3 at a 1.25 Gbit/s bandwidth. In this way, the
bandwidth utilization is improved.
Traffic 1
1.25 Gbit/s
Traffic 2
Bandwidth of single ring is 1.25 Gbit/s
1.25Gbit/s
Node 3
Fairness Algorithm
The outer ring and the inner ring of an RPR support independent weighted fairness
algorithm. The fairness algorithm ensures the fair access of lower-class B_EIR and C
services. The weight in the fairness algorithm is configurable so that different nodes
can have different access rates. Weights need to be set for a node on the outer ring
and the inner ring separately. In the case of preemptible bandwidth, these two weights
decide the bandwidth at which the node transmits lower-class services on the inner
ring and the outer ring.
As shown in Figure 5-12, the weights of Nodes 2, 3 and 4 on the outer ring are 1. On
the outer ring, assume that the preemptible bandwidth that is available for lower-class
services is 1.2 Gbit/s. In this case, the fairness algorithm allocates 400 Mbit/s each for
the lower-class services transmitted from Nodes 2, 3 and 4 to Node 1.
Figure 5-13 shows a fairness algorithm with different weights, that is, the weights of
Nodes 2, 3 and 4 on the outer ring are 1, 3 and 2 respectively. In this case, the
fairness algorithm allocates 200 Mbit/s, 600 Mbit/s, and 400 Mbit/s bandwidths for the
lower-class services transmitted from Nodes 2, 3 and 4 to Node 1.
Node Weight
3
Node2 1
2 Node3
Node 2 1
Node4 1
Node 3 Node 1
1
Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 4 Node 6
Traffic Bandwidth
1 400 Mbit/s
Node 5
2 400 Mbit/s
3 400 Mbit/s
Node Weight
3
Node2 1
2 Node3 3
Node4 2
Node 2
Node 1
Node 3
1
Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 4 Node 6
Traffic Bandwidth
1 400 Mbit/s
Node 5
2 600 Mbit/s
3 200 Mbit/s
5.2.2 Application
The RPR boards support the application of RPR features in EVPL and EVPLAN
services.
EVPL Service
The EVPL service supports traffic classification based on port or port+VLAN, and
encapsulates and forwards the traffic in the MPLS MartinioE format.
Figure 5-14 illustrates the accessing, forwarding and stripping of a unidirectional
EVPL service. Node 2 adds the Tunnel and VC labels into the packet, and sends the
packet onto the RPR. Node 3 forwards the packet to the destination Node 4, which
then strips the packet.
Figure 5-15 illustrates the EVPL service convergence, in which the traffic classification
is based on port+VLAN so that multiple services can be converged at the GE port of
Node 1.
Node 1
Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
FE/GE FE/GE
Node 2 Node 4
Action Stripping
LSP
Tunnel 100
Action Insertion Node 3 VC 100
Tunnel 100
VC 100
Destination Node 4
Action Forwarding
Node 1
FE FE
VLAN 2
Node 2 Node 4 VLAN 4
Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 3
FE
VLAN 3
EVPLAN Service
The EVPLAN service supports traffic classification based on port or port+VLAN, and
encapsulates and forwards the traffic in the stack VLAN format. The EVPLAN service
is realized by creating virtual bridges (VBs) in the board. The VB supports the
self-learning of source MAC addresses and the configuration of static MAC routes.
Figure 5-16 shows an example of the EVPLAN service. Port rpr1 is where the packets
are accessed onto the RPR. By address self-learning, the VB of each node
determines the forwarding port and the destination node of the packets. At Node 1, if
the destination MAC address of the packets is A1, the packets are forwarded through
Port 1. If the destination address is A2, the packets are forwarded through Port 2. If
the destination address is B1, B2 or C1, the packets are forwarded onto the RPR
through Port rpr1, added with a stack VLAN tag whose value is 100. Node 2 forwards
packets in the same way.
5.2.3 Protection
The RPR services of the OptiX OSN 1500 are protected by various protection
schemes.
The protection schemes of the RPR services include:
Wrapping, steering and wrapping+steering
LCAS
RSTP
Optical transmission layer protections, such as MSP, SNCP, SNCMP, and
SNCTP
Wrapping
When a failure is detected on the ring, the wrapping function performs an automatic
loopback at the nodes that are adjacent to the failure point, to connect the inner ring
and the outer ring. The protection switching time is less than 50 ms. The advantages
of this protection scheme are enhanced protection speed and minimal loss of data,
and the disadvantage is the waste of bandwidth.
Figure 5-17 illustrates the wrapping protection. The traffic is sent from Node 4, passes
through Nodes 3 and 2 in turn, and finally reaches Node 1. When there is a fiber cut
between Nodes 2 and 3, they perform an automatic loopback to connect the inner ring
and the outer ring, so that the protection is realized.
X Node 1
Node 3
Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 6
Node 4
Node 5
Steering
In the steering protection, switching is not performed at the failure point. Instead, the
source node sends the traffic to the destination node through a new route that is
generated by the topology auto-discovery protocol. If the number of nodes on the ring
is less than 16, the steering protection switching time is less than 50 ms. The
advantage of this protection scheme is that it does not waste bandwidth. The
disadvantage is that, when the network scale is large, the protection switching speed
is low, and some data is discarded before a new route is generated.
Figure 5-18 illustrates the steering protection. Before a failure occurs on the ring, the
traffic is sent from Node 4, passes through Nodes 3 and 2 in turn, and finally reaches
Node 1, through the outer ring. When there is a fiber cut between Nodes 2 and 3, the
topology auto-discovery protocol discovers a new topology. On the basis of this new
topology, the traffic is sent from Node 4, passes through Nodes 5 and 6 in turn, and
finally reaches Node 1, through the inner ring.
X Dual-ring Node 1
Node 3
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 5
Wrapping+Steering
In the wrapping+steering protection, when a failure is detected on the ring, the ring
first performs a wrapping switching to ensure the switching speed and decrease the
packet loss. After the topology auto-discovery protocol generates a new ring topology,
the ring performs the steering protection so that the traffic is sent to the destination
through the best route. This reduces the waste of bandwidth.
Figure 5-19 illustrates the wrapping+steering protection. Before a failure occurs on the
ring, the traffic is sent from Node 4, passes through Nodes 3 and 2 in turn, and finally
reaches Node 1, through the outer ring. When there is a fiber cut between Nodes 2
and 3, a wrapping switching is first performed so that Nodes 2 and 3 are automatically
loopbacked. After the topology auto-discovery protocol discovers a new topology, a
steering switching is performed. As a result, the traffic passes through Nodes 5 and 6
in turn, and finally reaches Node 1, through the inner ring.
X Node 1
Node 3
Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 6
Node 4
Node 5
Node 2
Fiber cut
X Node 1
Node 3 Dual-ring
2.5 Gbit/s RPR
Node 5
LCAS
The LCAS function adds and reduces the bandwidth dynamically, and protects the
bandwidth.
For details about the LCAS, refer to section 5.1.3 Protection.
RSTP
The RPR boards support the rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP). The RSTP realizes
link protection by restructuring the topology. When the RSTP is started, it logically
modifies the network topology to prevent a broadcast storm.
5.3.1 Functions
The OptiX OSN 1500 provides four types of ATM processing boards, which are ADL4,
ADQ1, IDL4, and IDQ1.
An ADL4 board can access and process one STM-4 ATM service and an N1ADQ1
board can access and process four STM-1 ATM services. When working with the
N1PL3/N1PL3A/N1PD3 board, the ADL4 or ADQ1 board can access and process E3
ATM services.
Table 5-8 lists the functions of the ADL4 and ADQ1 boards.
An IDL4 board can access and process one STM-4 ATM service and an IDQ1 board
can access and process four STM-1 ATM services. When working with the E1
processing board, the IDL4 or IDQ1 board can access and process IMA services.
Table 5-9 lists the functions of the IDL4 and IDQ1 boards.
5.3.2 Application
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the application of several types of ATM services.
DSLAM
34M ATM
Traffic
Service
Convergence
NE 1
Router
DSLAM
NE 3
34M ATM
Traffic
DSLAM
NE 3 34M ATM
Traffic
DSLAM
NE1
T2000
40km
25km
NE2 NE4
NodeB 1 STM-16 two-fiber
bidirectional
MSP ring NodeB 4
35km 30km
NE3
NodeB 2
NodeB 3
5.3.3 Protection
The ATM services of the OptiX OSN 1500 are protected at several layers.
The protections that are available are as follows:
ATM layer protections
Optical transmission layer protections, such as MSP, SNCP, SNCMP, and
SNCTP
1+1 board level protection for IMA boards
5.5.1 Functions
The OptiX OSN 1500 uses the N1DX1/N1DXA processing boards and the N1DM12
interface board to access and process DDN services.
The N1DX1 board processes 8 x 64 kbit/s services and eight framed E1 services
and realizes the service convergence. The N1DX1 also cross-connects N x 64
kbit/s signals at the system side.
The N1DXA board cross-connects N x 64 kbit/s signals at the system side.
The N1DM12 board accesses framed E1 and N x 64 kbit/s services when it works
with the N1DX1 board.
Table 5-13 lists the functions and features of the DDN boards.
5.5.2 Application
When the DDN service access and convergence board is configured in the OptiX
OSN 1500, the SDH network is able to access and groom DDN services.
The N1DX1 and the N1DXA boards are mainly used for the following functions, so
various services such as RS449, EIA530, EIA530-A, V.35, V.24, X.21 and framed E1
can be accessed to a transmission network.
Point-to-point transmission for video conferences and routers
Point-to-multipoint transmission for video conferences and routers
Multipoint-to-multipoint transmission for video conferences and routers
Access and convergence of multipoint routers
The N1DX1 and N1DXA boards are applicable to DDN private networks for
small-sized and medium-sized enterprises, government agencies, and banking and
security service halls.
5.5.3 Protection
The OptiX OSN 1500 provides TPS protection for DDN services.
In TPS protection, when any working board is faulty or not in position, the DDN
services are switched to the protection board. This ensures the reliable operation of
the equipment.
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports one group of 1:N (N≤2) TPS protection for the N1DX1
boards.
6 DCN Features
6.1 Overview
The element management system (EMS) sets up communication with NEs through a
data communication network (DCN), to manage and maintain these NEs.
In a DCN, the EMS and NEs are regarded as network nodes, which can be connected
through Ethernet or physical data communication channels (DCCs).
In practical networking, the EMS and NEs can be located on different floors in a
building, in different buildings, or even in different cities. Therefore, the connection
between the EMS and NEs usually requires an external DCN that consists of
equipment such as LAN switch and routers. On the other hand, the DCN among NEs
is referred to as an internal DCN. This section describes the internal DCN that
consists of SDH NEs. See Figure 6-1.
T2000
HW ECC or
IP/OSI over
DCC
Internal DCN
LAN switch
* *
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1 RSOH
D1 D2 D3
AU PTR
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
When OptiX equipment is interconnected with other vendors’ equipment that does not support
the TCP/IP and OSI standard communication protocols, Huawei provides the transparent
transmission function for DCC bytes, and provides relevant Ethernet service channels to
transparently transmit the OAM information.
The Q3CXL/R1CXL board can also provide two 2 Mbit/s external clock interfaces,
which can be used to transparently transmit DCC information. For details, refer to 2.20
DCC Transparent Transmission Through External Clock Interfaces.
6.2 HWECC
The equipment supports the HWECC protocol, which is a private protocol defined by
Huawei.
6.2.1 Features
The HWECC protocol is used to transmit OAM information among Huawei OptiX
equipment.
In hybrid networking with equipment from other vendors, the HWECC protocol is not
able to identify the OAM information from other vendors’ equipment, but can
transparently transmit such OAM information. By using the existing DCC resources,
the user is able to meet the requirements of a centralized management of equipment.
The HWECC protocol has the following features:
The protocol provides a flexible networking environment.
NEs can be connected through optical interfaces or Ethernet interfaces for
embedded control channel (ECC) communication.
The protocol provides transparent transmission for the OAM information from
other vendors' equipment.
In the OptiX OSN 1500, each slot supports a maximum of eight ECC channels.
6.2.2 Application
The HWECC protocol has three typical applications depending on the networking.
N
HUB1 GNE1 NE6 HUB2 NE7 NE12
PC E6
Figure 6-4 OAM information transparently transmitted by OptiX OSN equipment (ECC)
D4-D12
Transparent
transmission
D1-D3 D1-D3
6.3.1 Features
The OptiX OSN equipment can transmit network management information by using
the IP over DCC protocol.
The IP over DCC protocol has the following features:
The TCP/IP protocol realizes the compatibility with the equipment from other
vendors. In this case, the network management is simplified.
The Layer 3 functions of protocol stacks are adopted. In this case, additional
overheads or server trails are not required for the transmission of the OAM
information of other vendors’ equipment.
The protocol provides flexible networking modes.
Several application layer protocols are supported.
6.3.2 Application
The IP over DCC protocol has two typical applications depending on the networking.
Figure 6-6 OAM information transparently transmitted by the third-party equipment (IP)
Third party
equipment
Figure 6-7 OAM information transparently transmitted by the OptiX OSN equipment (IP)
IP over DCC
Third party
equipment
Third party
equipment
6.4.1 Features
The OSI over DCC protocol is used for hybrid networking between the OptiX OSN
equipment and other optical network equipment that supports OSI over DCC.
The OSI over DCC protocol has the following features:
In a transmission network that consists of equipment from different vendors, the
OSI over DCC protocol enables the transparent transmission of OAM information
at the network layer, and thus provides a more flexible networking.
The user does not need to set up additional DCN channels. The existing DCC
resources realize the centralized management of equipment from different
vendors.
6.4.2 Application
The OSI over DCC protocol has two typical applications depending on the networking.
by the equipment from other vendors. In this case, each subnet that consists of the
Huawei equipment must have a minimum of one gateway NE.
Figure 6-8 OAM information transparently transmitted by the third-party equipment (OSI)
OSI
protocol
stack
In actual application, a network cannot always be divided in this manner. A more common
hybrid networking is that the equipment from different vendors coexists at the core layer and the
peripheral layer.
Figure 6-9 OAM information transparently transmitted by the OptiX OSN equipment
(OSI)
OSI
protocol
OSI over DCC stack
Third party
equipment
7 ASON Features
ASON domain
When the fiber connection in the entire network is complete, ASON NEs automatically
discover the network-wide control topology and report the topology information to the
management system for real-time display. See Figure 7-2.
R1 R4
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
R1 R4
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
Compared with the service configuration of SDH networks, it fully utilizes the routing
and signaling functions of the ASON NEs and thus it is convenient to configure
services.
For example, consider the configuration of a 155 Mbit/s ASON service between A and
I in Figure 7-4. The network automatically finds the A-D-E-I route and configures
cross-connection at nodes A, D, E and I. Although there is more than one route from A
to I, the network calculates the best route according to the configured algorithm. It is
assumed that A-D-E-I is the best route.
The service is created as follows:
Choose the bandwidth granularity.
Choose the server level.
Choose the source node.
Choose the sink node.
Create the service.
R1 R4
E
I
D
F
C
A
B
H
G
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
R1 R4
E
I
D
F
C
A
B
H
G
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
BITS BITS
:ASON NE
: BITS
Interfacing Mode
By default, the ASON software automatically creates the clock tracing tree according
to the network topology. In this way, each ASON NE then can automatically trace an
available clock source. If necessary, set the interfacing mode of some optical
interfaces to the clock quality not detected mode to adjust the clock tracing tree. In this
way, these optical interfaces are excluded from the options of the clock tracing
sources for ASON NEs.
Regeneration Source
A regeneration source is a device used to regenerate clock signals. If an NE is
configured with such a device, the system tracing clock of the NE is strengthened and
the quality of the out-link clock is increased. During the computation for creating the
clock tracing tree, the clock signals strengthened by the regeneration source are
selected with priority.
For configuration of the regeneration source, 2M input and output interfaces are used.
An NE receives the upstream clock signals and outputs them to the regeneration
device. The regenerated clock signals then return to the NE through the 2M input
interface. The clock then works as the system tracing clock for the NE. In this way,
clock signals are strengthened and the line clock signals output from the NE are also
strengthened.
Hybrid Network of the ASON Clock Subnet and Traditional Clock Subnet
If the traditional clock subnet works in the SSM disabled mode, you should configure
the quality and priority of the primary reference clock source in the ASON clock
subnet.
If the traditional clock network works in the standard SSM mode, you should configure
only the quality of the primary reference clock source in the ASON clock subnet.
If the traditional clock subnet works in the extended SSM mode, you should only
modify the subnet to the standard SSM mode, and then form a hybrid network with the
ASON clock subnet.
If the ASON NE is working in the traditional clock tracing mode and in the standard
SSM mode, you should directly create the ASON clock subnet and configure the
priority of the primary reference clock source.
If the ASON NE is working in the traditional clock tracing mode and in the extended
SSM mode, you should modify the extended SSM mode to the standard SSM mode.
Then you should create the ASON clock subnet and configure the priority of the
primary reference clock source.
7.5 SLA
The ASON network can provide services of different QoS to different clients.
The service level agreement (SLA) is used to classify services according to the
service protection, as listed in Table 7-1.
Gold Service creation Used with the Not used Used when the
service priority resource is not enough
Service Used with the Used when the Used when the
rerouting priority resource is not enough resource is not enough
Service Used with the Not used Used when the
optimization priority resource is not enough
Silver Service creation Not used Not used Used
service
Service Not used Used when the Used with the priority
rerouting resource is not enough
Service Not used Not used Used
optimization
Copper Service creation Not used Not used Used
service
Service Not used Not used Used
optimization
Iron Service creation Not used Used with the priority Used when the
service resource is not enough
R1 R4
E I
D
F
C
A
B
H
G
R2
R3
: User equipment
R1 R4
E MSP
I
D
F
MSP
C
A
B MSP
H
G
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
R1 R4
E
I
D
F
C
A
B
H
G
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
7.11 Tunnels
Tunnels are mainly used to carry VC-12 or VC-3 services. Tunnels are also called as
ASON server trails.
When lower order services are to be created, first create a VC-4 tunnel. The
protection level for the tunnel can be gold, silver or copper. Then, use the
management system to complete the configuration of the lower order service. See
Figure 7-10.
R4
R1
R3
R2
: ASON NE
ASON domain
: User equipment
In addition, the end-to-end tunnel and lower order service can be created.
Cross-connection
VC12
R1 R4
E I
1+1protection D
F 1+1protection
C
A
B
H
G
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
Original Route
Generally, the route during ASON service creation is the original route of the ASON
service. If the original route recovers after rerouting of the ASON services, the
services can be adjusted to the original route manually or automatically. In addition,
the current route can be set to the original route after rerouting of the ASON services.
ASON services are classified into revertive services and non-revertive services. If the
original route recovers after rerouting, the revertive services can be manually or
automatically reverted to the original route. If the original route recovers after rerouting,
the non-revertive services can be only manually reverted to the original route. Before
the non-revertive services revert to the original route, the resources of the original
route may be used by other services.
Revertive Services
The ASON services supporting the service reverting are as follows:
Diamond services
Gold services
Silver services
Tunnels
Share MESH
restoration trail 1
G H
Share MESH
restoration trail 2
D E
F
Revertive silver service 2
R1 R4
E
I
D
F
C
A
B
H
G
R2
R3
: ASON NE
: User equipment
LCAS
LCAS is Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme. With LCAS enabled, the bandwidth of
VCTRUNK can be adjusted dynamically without affecting services. As shown in
Figure 7-15, VCTRUNK1 is bound with four VC4s, with two transmitted over path 1
and two over path 2. If the VC4 in path 1 fails, the two VC4s in path 2 will transmit all
Ethernet service without affecting the service of VCTRUNK1. You can add VC4 on
either path if necessary.
Path 1
VCTRUNK1
Router A Router B
NE1 NE2
Path 2
If these VC4s are transmitted over a path, adding/deleting VC4 will not affect the
service. As shown in Figure 7-16, VCTRUNK1 is bound with four VC4s. If the first VC4
fails, the Ethernet service remains unaffected.
VCTRUNK1
NE1 NE2
Router A Router B
8 Protection
Parameter Description
8.1.2 1+1 Hot Backup for the Cross-Connect, Timing and SCC
Units
With the 1+1 protection for the cross-connect, timing and SCC units, the equipment
can run in a safe manner.
For the OptiX OSN 1500, the cross-connect, timing and SCC units are integrated in
the CXL series boards. The CXL series boards adopt a 1+1 hot backup mechanism so
that the cross-connect and timing units are protected. Table 8-3 lists the 1+1 hot
backup parameters of the cross-connect, timing and SCC units.
Table 8-3 1+1 hot backup parameters of the cross-connect, timing and SCC units
Parameter Description
Slots for working and Slot 4 is for the working board and slot 5 is for the
protection boards protection board.
Switching condition Any of the following conditions triggers the switching:
The working board is offline.
The working board is cold reset.
The board is warm reset and the switching protocol is
triggered.
The hardware of the working board fails.
A switching command is issued.
Revertive mode Non-revertive. After successful switching, the original
protection board becomes the working board, and the
original working board becomes the protection board.
When a protection group needs to perform the BPS or PPS protection switching, the
following conditions must be met.
The equipment interconnected with the protection group must have the same
working mode as the protection group.
The transmit end and the receive end should be connected directly through
optical fibers or network cables. No intermediate equipment should be present
between the two ends.
The working mode should not be modified before the protection group is deleted.
Otherwise, the protection group becomes abnormal.
The equipment cannot detect the modification of the working mode at the receive end
of the protection group.
Table 8-8 Maximum number of MSP rings supported by the OptiX OSN 1500
Protection Scheme Maximum Number of MSP Rings
Supported
The MSP supported by the OptiX OSN 1500 has the following features.
Adjustable MS Bandwidth
The MS bandwidth refers to the number of VC-4s used by an MSP ring or chain.
In the case of the MSP, the OptiX OSN 1500 supports the bandwidth adjustment by
VC-4 without interrupting services. For an STM-16 bidirectional MSP ring, the MS
bandwidth ranges from one VC-4 to eight VC-4s. For an STM-16 four-fiber
bidirectional MSP ring, the MS bandwidth ranges from one VC-4 to 16 VC-4s.
Upgradeable MS Bandwidth
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports in-service upgrade of the MS bandwidth without
interrupting services. For example, an STM-4 MSP ring can be upgraded to an
STM-16 MSP ring without interrupting services.
MS Squelching
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the squelching of misconnected services at the VC-4
level.
In an MSP ring, each protection timeslot is shared by different spans or occupied by
extra traffic. When there is no extra traffic in the ring, and a multipoint failure causes a
node to be isolated from the ring, traffics that occupy the same timeslot may try to
preempt this timeslot. As a result, the misconnection of services occurs. When extra
traffic is transmitted in the protection path, the traffic on the working path may preempt
the protection timeslot that is being used by extra traffic, even if only one point fails in
the ring. As a result, the misconnection also occurs.
To prevent service misconnection, each OptiX OSN 1500 node sets up a detailed list
of connections. Each node knows the source and the sink of any AU-4. With the
automatic protection switching (APS) commands, each node can detect in advance
the possibility of misconnection. By inserting the AU-AIS alarm, each node then
discards these services that may be misconnected.
8.2.3 SNCP
The subnet connection protection schemes are SNCP, SNCMP and SNCTP.
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the subnetwork connection protection (SNCP), the
subnetwork connection multipath protection (SNCMP), and the subnetwork
connection tunnel protection (SNCTP), for subnetworks that meet the ITU-T G.841
requirements.
SNCP
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the end-to-end conversion between an unprotected
trail and an SNCP-protected trail. See Figure 8-1.
NE2 NE6
NE1 NE3 NE5 NE7
NE4 NE8
NE2 NE6
NE1 NE3 NE5 NE7
NE4 NE8
In the trail management window of the T2000, you can convert an exiting unprotected
trail to an SNCP-protected trail. In the opposite way, you can also convert an
SNCP-protected trail to an unprotected trail. In addition, the following trail-level
operations are supported:
Manual switching to protection path
Manual switching to working path
Forced switching to protection path
Forced switching to working path
Wait-to-restore (WTR) time setting
Revertive mode setting
SNCMP
The SNCMP is an N+1 (which means multiple protection paths protect a working path)
protection scheme. The SNCMP is different from the SNCP in that the SNCP is a 1+1
protection scheme.
The SNCMP provides multiple protection paths for a service. In this case, the service
protection is implemented by a mechanism of multiple fed at the source and selective
receiving at the sink. The SNCMP is supplementary to the SNCP.
Figure 8-2 illustrates the principle of multipath protection. The source broadcasts
services to multiple paths, and the sink determines which service to receive according
to the service priority and then the service quality. When services are correctly
received on both the working and protection paths, the sink selects the service from
the working path.
Working
Protection 1
Source Sink
Intermediate
Protection 2 subnetworks
Protection 3
In the SNCMP networking shown in Figure 8-3, two protection paths protect a working
path, and Protection 2 is a protection path that uses microwave as the transmission
media. Under normal conditions, NE3 receives the service from the working path.
NE 3
NE 4
NE 2
Microware
Protection 1 Working
NE 1 Radio
Protection 2
Microware
Radio
When the transmission between NE1 and NE2 becomes faulty, as shown in Figure
8-4, NE3 receives the service from the higher priority protection path Protection 1.
Figure 8-4 SNCMP service route in the case of single point failure
NE 3
NE 4
NE 2
Microware
Protection 1 Working
NE 1 Radio
Protection 2
Microware
Radio
When the transmissions between NE1 and NE2, and between NE1 and NE4, both
become faulty, as shown in Figure 8-5, NE3 receives the service from the second
protection path Protection 2.
NE 3
NE 4
NE 2
Microware
Protection 1 Working
NE 1 Radio
Protection 2
Microware
Radio
SNCTP
The SNCTP provides protection paths at the VC-4 level. When the working path is
faulty, all its services can be switched to the protection path.
The SNCTP is different from the SNCP in that the SNCTP checks the status of only
the entire VC-4 path, and such a check is irrelevant to the levels of services in the path.
When the working path is faulty, relevant higher order alarms are raised, and then all
services in the working path are switched to the protection path. If the fault is relevant
only to lower order services, lower order alarms are raised, and the switching does not
occur.
8.2.4 DNI
The DNI is a protection scheme used for the dual-node interconnection topology.
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the DNI protection, which is compliant with the ITU-T
G.842.
The DNI network topology protection scheme effectively enhances the reliability of
inter-ring services. The DNI realizes the protection of services between two rings,
which are networked by the equipment from different vendors and adopt different
protection schemes. The DNI provides protection in the case of fiber failure and node
failure.
The DNI provides protection for services between the following rings:
Two SNCP rings
An SNCP ring and an MSP ring
Two MSP rings
Figure 8-6 illustrates a DNI protection of two SNCP rings.
SNCP
Ring 1
NE C NE D
NE E NE F
SNCP
Ring 2
NE G
Selecting Point
Forward Working Routing
Reverse Working Routing
When any of the following faults occurs, the inter-ring services can be protected.
STM-16
STM-16
STM-4 STM-4
SNCP MSP
STM-4 STM-4
STM-4 Optical-path-
shared MSP ring
STM-16
STM-4
Optical-path-
shared MSP ring
STM-4 STM-4
For example, two lower-rate west line units share one higher-rate east line unit, as
shown in Figure 8-9.
MSP ring 2
X STM-16
STM-16
STM-4
The OptiX OSN 1500 also supports the line units of the same rate to form a shared
protection in two directions, as shown in Figure 8-10. In this case, the west STM-16
line units can only add part of their VC-4s into the MSP ring protection group.
Figure 8-10 One line shared by two lines of the same rate
MSP ring 2
X STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
The RPR has the following advantage: On the RPR, every node assumes that the
packets added to the ring will finally reach their destination, regardless of which path
is used. A node can only perform three types of operations on the packets, that is,
insertion (adding a new packet onto the ring), forwarding (forwarding the packet), and
stripping (dropping the packet locally). Compared with a mesh network, an Ethernet
ring considerably decreases the communication traffic among nodes. This is because
a mesh network determines the forwarding port on the basis of every single packet.
Outer ring
Inner ring
Node 3 Node 5
RPR
Node 1
Node 2
In the case of a fiber cut, the RPR provides the wrapping and steering functions for
packets.
The wrapping function connects the inner ring and the outer ring at the two nodes that
are adjacent to the fiber cut point. See Figure 8-12.
Outer ring
Inner ring
Node 3 Node 5
RPR
Node 2 Node 1
Wapping
The steering function reversely transmits packets from the transmit node in the case
of a fiber cut. See Figure 8-13.
Outer ring
Inner ring
Node 3 Node 5
RPR
Node 2 Node 1
Steering
In both protection schemes, the packets can reach their destination in a reverse
direction, and the service failure time is less than 50 ms. During the protection
switching, the wrapping function is usually performed first. After the new topology and
the new service trail are created, the steering function is then performed. Such a
mechanism ensures that packets are not lost during the protection switching, and that
the protection switching time is decreased.
NE4
The OptiX OSN 1500 provides protection for virtual paths (VPs) and virtual channels
(VCs), and protects ATM services through a dual fed and selective receiving
mechanism. Two connections (VP/VC), which represent the working path and the
protection path, are set up at the source node NE1 and the sink node NE3. In normal
conditions, the receive end selects the service from the working path. When the
primary ring becomes faulty, the receive end detects the failure and triggers the
protection. In this way, the receive end selects the service from the protection path,
and thus the ATM service is protected.
9 Clock
When tracing tributary clock sources, the NE can only trace the first port
(corresponding to any physical port) displayed on the T2000 for the SPQ4.
For tributary clock outputs, the OptiX OSN 1500 supports the tributary retiming function, which
helps improve the quality of the output tributary clock.
For external clock outputs, only two 75-ohm or two 120-ohm clocks can be used, but both the
clocks cannot be applied.
BITS Node 1
Priority 1: BITS
Priority 2: Internal
Slot 8 Slot 11
Slot 11 Node 4
Node 2 Slot 8
Priority 1: Slot 11 Priority 1: Slot 8
Priority 2: Slot 8 Priority 2: Slot 11
Priority 3: Internal Slot 8 Priority 3: Internal
Slot 11
Slot 11 Slot 8
Node 3
Clock Priority 1: Slot 11
tracing Priority 2: Slot 8
Priority 3: Internal
BITS
Node 1
Fiber
break
Slot 8 Slot 11
Slot 11
Slot 8
Node 2 Node 4
Slot 8 Slot 11
Slot 11 Slot 8
Node 3
Node 3, N ode 2 automatically select
Clock the clock source of the highest quality.
tracing
Figure 9-3 Clock lock ring formed when the standard SSM is enabled
BITS BITS
BITS
Node 1
failure Node 1
Node 2 Node 4
Node 2 Node 4
Clock mutual tracing
Node 3
caused by BITS failure Node 3
Clock
tracing
BITS
BITS failure
Node 1
Node 2 Node 4
Node 3
Node 1 finds that the ID sent from Node 4 is
1, which is originated from itself. Node 1 will
not trace it to avoid the clock mutual tracing.
Clock tracing
A clock source ID can be manually set. In the case of the configuration of clock
protection for an SDH ring network, the clock ID is always manually set, to effectively
avoid the occurrence of clock lock ring. The clock ID occurs only at key nodes rather
than all the nodes in an SDH network. To set the clock source ID, do as follows:
Allocate a clock ID for every external BITS.
Allocate a clock ID for the internal clock source of every node that has an external
BITS.
In case of signals that travel from a chain or a ring into another ring, allocate a
clock ID for the internal clock source of every junction node.
In case of signals that travel from a chain or a ring into another ring, allocate a
clock ID for the line clock source (if any line source is involved at a junction node)
in the direction that the signal travels at every junction node.
f0
Desynchronization Retiming buffer
f1 Output
Input tributary signal
tributary signal
PRC
f1 f0 f0
S D
f1 f1 Synchronous
Synchronous D
S SDH SDH service
service
S MUX MUX D equipment k
equipment i
S D
f 1: PDH signal frequency The tributary signal frequency
f 0 : Frequency that traces an SDH PRC cannot be used as a synchronization
S: Synchronization clock for equipment k.
D: Desynchronization
R: Retiming
PRC: SDH primary reference clock
PRC
f1 f0 f0
S D
Synchronous f1 Synchronous
service S SDH SDH D service
equipment S MUX MUX D equipment
i f0 k
S D R
f1: PDH signal frequency The tributary signal frequency can
f0: Frequency that traces an SDH PRC f0 be used as a synchronization clock
S: Synchronization for equipment k.
D: Desynchronization SEC
R: Retiming
PRC: SDH primary reference clock
SEC: SDH equipment clock
10 OAM
ALS Function
The OptiX OSN 1500 provides the automatic laser shutdown (ALS) function for the
SDH and Ethernet single-mode optical interfaces.
When a fiber that connects two optical interfaces is cut, an R-LOS alarm is
generated at the optical interface of the local end. If the R_LOS alarm lasts for
500 ms, the laser of the transmit optical interface at the local end is automatically
shut down. By default, the laser pulse is generated at the 60-second interval and
lasts for 2s every time.
After the fiber connection is restored, the optical interface at the opposite end
detects the laser pulse generated from the local end. The laser of the optical
interface at the opposite end then continuously launches laser beams. After
receiving the laser beams launched by the opposite end, the laser of the local
end then also continuously launches the laser beams. As a result, the two optical
interfaces can communicate with each other and the R-LOS alarm is cleared.
Metro and DWDM equipment in the entire network. In compliance with ITU-T
Recommendations, the T2000 adopts a standard management information model and
the object-oriented management technology. The T2000 exchanges information with
the NE software through the communication module, to implement monitoring and
management over the network equipment.
The OptiX OSN 1500 supports the simple network management protocol (SNMP),
which solves the uniform NMS problem for the networking of equipment from different
vendors.
11 Security Management
NMS NE A NE C
(client) (client)
ECC/ IP OVER DCC
TCP/IP
real time
Syslog Server B
security log
Syslog Server A
NE D
Normally, a system log server is a workstation or server that is dedicated to storing the system
logs of all NEs in a network.
A forwarding gateway NE receives the system logs of other NEs and forwards the logs to the
system log server. In Figure 11-1, NE A and NE C are forwarding gateway NEs.
12 Technical Specifications
Table 12-2 Specifications of the STM-1 optical interface of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
Table 12-3 lists the specifications for the STM-4 optical interface of the OptiX OSN
1500.
Table 12-3 Specifications of the STM-4 optical interface of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
Item Specification
Table 12-4 lists the specifications for the STM-16 optical interface of the OptiX OSN
1500.
Table 12-4 Specifications of the STM-16 optical interface of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
Item Specification
Table 12-5 lists the specifications for the STM-16 (FEC) optical interface of the OptiX
OSN 1500.
Table 12-5 Specifications of the STM-16 (FEC) optical interface of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
The STM-16 optical interfaces of the OptiX OSN 1500 can output wavelengths that
comply with ITU-T G.694.1. The output wavelengths can be directly added to the
WDM system. Table 12-6 lists the wavelengths and frequencies of the STM-16 optical
interfaces.
Table 12-7 lists the specifications of the colored optical interface of the OptiX OSN
1500.
Table 12-7 Specifications of the colored optical interface of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
Item Specification
Table 12-9 Performance of the STM-1 ATM optical interfaces of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
Table 12-10 Performance of the STM-4 ATM optical interfaces of the OptiX OSN 1500
Item Specification
Item Specification
RS-232 Interfaces
Table 12-14 lists the specifications of the RS-232 electrical interfaces.
The RS-232 interfaces are S1, S2, S3 and S4 interfaces on the EOW or S1 and
S2 interfaces on the AMU.
RS-422 Interfaces
Table 12-15 lists the specifications of the RS-422 electrical interfaces.
The RS-422 interfaces are S1, S2, S3 and S4 interfaces on the EOW or S1 and
S2 interfaces on the AMU.
Item Specification
TU-3 (3-1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
TU-3 (3-2) 22 23 24 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
TU-3 (3-3) 43 44 45 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6
6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
TU-3 (3-1) 1 22 43 4 25 46 7 2 4 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 4 6
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
TU-3 (3-2) 2 23 44 5 26 47 8 2 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 2 4 6
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
TU-3 (3-3) 3 24 45 6 27 48 9 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 6 2 4 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
Item Standard
Altitude ≤ 4000 m
Air pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Temperature 0℃ to 45℃
Relative humidity 10% to 90%
Anti-seismic performance ETS300-019-2-3-AMD
Climate
Table 12-27 lists the climate requirements for storage.
Altitude ≤ 4000 m
Air pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Temperature –40℃ to +70℃
Temperature change rate ≤ 1 ℃/min
Relative humidity 5% to 100%
Item Range
Waterproof Requirement
The requirement for storing the equipment on the customer site is that generally, the
equipment must be stored indoors.
There should be no water on the floor or water entering the equipment carton. The
equipment should be placed away from places where there are possibilities of water
leakage, such as near the auto fire-fighting facilities and heating facilities.
If the equipment is stored outdoors, ensure that following conditions are met.
The carton must be intact.
Take rainproof measures to prevent water from entering the carton.
There should be no water on the ground where the carton is placed.
The carton must be free from direct exposure to sunlight.
Biological Environment
Avoid the growth of microbes, such as eumycete and mycete.
Take anti-rodent measures.
Air Cleanness
The air must be free from explosive, electric-conductive, magnetic-conductive or
corrosive dust.
The density of the mechanical active substances complies with the requirements
defined by Table 12-28.
Table 12-28 Density requirements for mechanical active substances during storage
Mechanical Active Substance Content
The density of the chemical active substances complies with the requirements
defined by Table 12-29.
Table 12-29 Density requirements for chemical active substances during storage
Chemical Active Substance Content
Mechanical Stress
Table 12-30 lists the requirements for mechanical stress during storage.
Climate
Table 12-31 lists the climate requirements for transportation.
Altitude ≤ 4000 m
Air pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Temperature –40℃ to +70℃
Temperature change rate ≤ 1℃/min
Item Range
Waterproof Requirement
Ensure that the following conditions are met when transporting the equipment:
The carton must be intact.
Take rainproof measures to prevent water from entering the carton.
There should be no water in the transportation tool.
Biological Environment
Avoid the growth of microbes, such as eumycete and mycete.
Take anti-rodent measures.
Air Cleanness
The air must be free from explosive, electric-conductive, magnetic-conductive or
corrosive dust.
The density of the mechanical active substances complies with the requirements
defined by Table 12-32.
The density of the chemical active substances complies with the requirements
defined by Table 12-33.
Table 12-33 Density requirements for chemical active substances during transportation
Chemical Active Substance Content
Mechanical Stress
Table 12-34 lists the requirements for transporting the OptiX OSN 1500 equipment.
Climate
Table 12-35 and Table 12-36 list the climate requirements for operation of the OptiX
OSN 1500.
Altitude ≤ 4000 m
Air pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Temperature change rate ≤ 30℃/h
Solar radiation ≤ 700 W/s2
Heat radiation ≤ 600 W/s2
Air flowing speed ≤ 5 m/s
Biological Environment
Avoid the growth of microbes, such as eumycete and mycete.
Take anti-rodent measures.
Air Cleanness
The air must be free from explosive, electric-conductive, magnetic-conductive or
corrosive dust.
The density of the mechanical active substances complies with the requirements
defined by Table 12-37.
Table 12-37 Requirements for the density of the mechanical active substance
Mechanical Active Content
Substance
The density of the chemical active substances complies with the requirements
defined by Table 12-38.
Table 12-38 Density requirements for chemical active substances during operation
Chemical Active Substance Content
Mechanical Stress
Table 12-39 lists the requirements of mechanical stress for operation.
NOTE
Impact response spectrum is the maximum acceleration response curve generated by an
equipment that is spurred by a specified impact. Static load is the pressure from the top, which
the equipment with package can endure when the equipment is placed in a specific manner.
A Compliant Standards
This chapter lists the standards that OptiX OSN 1500 complies with.
Recommendation Description
Recommendation Description
IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring access method and physical layer specifications
IEEE 802.1ad Virtual bridged local area networks — Amendment 4: Provider bridges
IEEE 802.1ag Connectivity fault management
IEEE 802.1d Media access control (MAC) bridges
IEEE 802.1q Virtual bridged local area networks
IEEE 802.3 Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access
method and physical layer specification
IEEE 802.3ad Aggregation of multiple link segments
IEEE 802.3ah Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access
method and physical layer specifications
IEEE 802.3u Media access control (MAC) parameters, physical layer, medium attachment
units, and repeater for 100 Mb/s operation, type 100Base-T
IEEE 802.3x Standards for local and metropolitan area networks: specification for 802.3 full
duplex operation
IEEE 802.3z Media access control (MAC) parameters, physical Layer, repeater and
management parameters for 1000 Mb/s operation
Standard Description
Standard Description
Standard Description
B Basic Principle
The basic principle includes the SDH basic principle, Ethernet basic principle, and
ATM basic principle.
STM-1 155520
STM-4 622080
STM-16 2488320
STM-64 9953280
STM-64 (out-of-band FEC) 10664228
×4
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4
×3
×3 ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
Pointer ×7
justification AU-3 VC-3 C-3
TUG-2
Multiplexing ×3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
Aligning ×4
STM-1 SOH
Figure B-3 shows the structure of STM-1 SOH.
* *
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
RSOH
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3 Serial
1
Serial
2
AU-PTR
9
rows B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
Serial
D4 4
D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH
Serial
D10 D11 D12 3
S1 M1 E2
STM-4 SOH
Figure B-4 shows the structure of STM-4 SOH.
* Z0
* Z0
* * * * * * * * *
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0
B1 E1 F1 RSOH
D1 D2 D3
9 AU-PTR
rows
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
MSOH
D7 D8 D9
S1 M1 E2
STM-16 SOH
Figure B-5 shows the structure of STM-16 SOH.
A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 * * * * *
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 J0 Z0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
9 AU-PTR
rows
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 E2
STM-64 SOH
Figure B-6 shows the structure of STM-64 SOH.
* * * * *
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
9 AU-PTR
rows
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 E2
Note: All unmarded bytes are reserved for future international standardization
(for media dependent, additional national use and other purpose).
Byte Description
Byte Description
Definition of ATM
The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a cell-based technology, which consists of
the transmission, multiplexing, and switching technologies. The switching technology
of the ATM combines the advantages of packet switching and circuit switching. The
ATM adopts the statistical multiplexing mode to realize fast packet switching. In this
way, the ATM ensures the bandwidth utilization efficiency, and supports the real-time
services of high rates and low rates.
Advantages of ATM
Sharing and statistic multiplexing of line bandwidth
Capable of carrying multiple types of services and providing Quality of Service
(QoS) service
High-speed hardware switching because of fixed cell length
Mature in technology and high standardization
GFC: general flow control VPI : virtual path identification VCI : virtual channel identification
PT : payload type CLP : cell loss priority HEC : header error control
UNI : user network interface NNI : network node interface
The contents of the ATM cell header at the UNI are slightly different from the contents
of the ATM cell header at the NNI. The difference is that the ATM cell header at the
UNI contains GFC requirements.
Half-Duplex CSMA/CD
According to the initial design objective of Ethernet, the computers and other digital
equipment are connected through a shared physical line. The computers and digital
equipment connected in this way must enter the physical line in the half-duplex mode.
In addition, the design must provide a mechanism to detect and avoid conflict, and to
prevent equipment contending for the line at the same time. This is called CSMA/CD.
A piece of terminal equipment detects the status of the shared line continuously and
transmits data only in the idle status. Otherwise, it waits until the line is idle. At this
time, if another piece of equipment transmits data, the data sent by the two inevitably
conflicts, making the signal on the line unstable. After detecting the conflict, the
terminal equipment stops transmitting the data quickly and then sends a succession of
interfering pulse. After waiting for a period of time, it sends the data again.
The purpose of sending the interfering pulse is to notify the other equipment, that is,
the equipment that sends the data at the same time, that a conflict occurs on the line.
The waiting time after detection of conflict is random but gradually increases.
Auto Negotiation
In actual situations, Ethernet can transmit data in the full duplex mode or half duplex
mode at the rate of 10 Mbit/s, or 100 Mbit/s, through type 5 twisted pair cable or type 3
twisted pair. If each terminal equipment is configured manually, it will be difficult to
maintain the equipment. Auto negotiation provides a solution for addressing this
problem.
Through auto negotiation, the equipment at both ends of a physical link selects a
transmission mode automatically by exchanging information. Auto negotiation is
based on the Ethernet connected by using a twisted pair cable, which is only effective
for such an Ethernet. The contents of auto negotiation include the duplex mode, bit
rate, flow control. If the negotiation passes, the equipment at both ends of the link
works in the mode negotiated.
6 6 2 46-1500 4
Destination
MAC
Source MAC Protocol type Data FCS
Ethernet_II
6 6 2 1 1 1 43-1497 4
Destination Protocol
Source MAC length
DSAP SSAP CTL Data FCS
MAC
802.3
6 6 2 1 1 1 3 2 38-1492 4
Destination Protocol
MAC
Source MAC
length 0xAA 0xAA CTL OC Protocol type Data FCS
Ethernet_SNAP
B.4.1 Concepts
Link aggregation means bundling multiple physical links that are connected to one
piece of equipment. The aggregated links are considered as one link.
As shown in Figure B-9.
traffic
B.4.2 Characteristics
Link aggregation includes manual aggregation, static aggregation, and dynamic
aggregation.
Aggregation Types
There are three aggregation types: manual aggregation, static aggregation, and
dynamic aggregation.
Manual aggregation
The aggregation is manually configured, and the port does not run the link
aggregation control protocol (LACP).
Static aggregation
The aggregation is manually configured, and the port runs the LACP.
Dynamic aggregation
The LACP based on IEEE 802.3ad is used.
B.5.1 Overview
MPLS is short for multi-protocol label switching.
MPLS is a standard routing and switching technology platform that supports various
upper layer protocols and services
The MPLS architecture consists of the following:
Control plane, which is connectionless and implemented with the current IP
network.
Forwarding plane, also called data plane, is connection-oriented, and takes
advantage of the Layer 2 network such as ATM and frame relay.
MPLS uses a short label of fixed length to encapsulate packets, and implements fast
forwarding on the data plane. MPLS uses powerful, flexible routing functions of the IP
network on the control plane to address various new applications.
MPLS is originated from the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), and its core technology
can be extended to multiple network protocols, including the Internet Protocol version
6 (IPv6), Internet Packet Exchange (IPX), Appletalk, DECnet, Connectionless
Network Protocol (CLNP). "Multiprotocol" in the MPLS denotes supporting multiple
network protocols.
OSN product series support the use of MPLS on IPv4, IPv6 and IPX.
0x8847(0x8848
0x8847 (0x8848 broadcast)) Tunnel
Tunnel VC
VC Ethernet data
2 4 4 44 N
The meanings of the bytes in Figure B-10 are shown in Table B-5.
Table B-5 The meanings of the bytes in the MPLS encapsulation format
Name Meaning
DA Destination address
SA Source address
Tunnel Tunnel label
VC Virtual channel
0x8847 MPLS Martini encapsulation format
0x8848 Broadcast frame
Expands VLAN and alleviates VLAN resource insufficiency. For example, a VLAN
providing 4096 VLAN IDs can provide 4096×4096 VLANs after VLAN stacking.
Extends LAN service to WAN, connecting the client network to the carrier network
and supporting transparent transmission.
Destination Source
S-VLAN label C-VLAN label Length/type Data FCS
MAC MAC
The maximum length of the frame is determined by the port attribute settings of the
equipment.
C-VLAN tag (C-TAG) is used to identify the customer VLAN and is used on the VLAN
Bridge and PEB equipment.
S-VLAN tag (S-TAG) is used to identify the server VLAN and is used on the PB and
PEB equipment.
TCI
The TCI structure of S-TAG is basically the same as that of C-TAG, as shown in Figure
B-12 and Figure B-13. VLAN ID (VID) is still 12 bits, ranging from 0 to 4095. The
difference is that S-TAG introduces the concept of Drop Eligible (DE). Priority code
point (PCP), used with DE, indicates the priority of the S-TAG frame.
Octets: 1 2
PCP CFI VID
Bits: 8 6 5 4 1 8 1
Octets: 1 2
PCP DE VID
Bits: 8 6 5 4 1 8 1
C Glossary
1+1 protection A 1+1 protection architecture has one normal traffic signal, one working
SNC/trail, one protection SNC/trail and a permanent bridge.
1:N protection A 1:N protection architecture has N normal traffic signals, N working
SNCs/trails and one protection SNC/trail. It may have one extra traffic signal.
B
Bandwidth The value numerically equal to the lowest frequency at which the magnitude of
the baseband transfer function of an optical fiber decreases to a specified
fraction, generally to -3 dB optical (-6 dB electrical), of the zero frequency
value. The bandwidth is limited by several mechanisms: mainly modal
distortion and chromatic dispersion in multimode fibers.
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply. A building timing supply that minimizes the
number of synchronization links entering an office. It is sometimes referred to
as a synchronization supply unit.
Build-in WDM A function which integrates some simple WDM systems into the OSN product
series. That is, the OSN products can add and drop several wavelengths
directly.
C
Congestion The condition that exists in a network, if the capacity required for the
instantaneous traffic exceeds the bandwidth available in the network.
Control plane A set of communicating entities that are responsible for the establishment of
connections including set-up, release, supervision and maintenance. A control
plane is supported by a signaling network.
Convergence The process of developing a model of the echo path which will be used in the
echo estimator to produce the estimate of the circuit echo.
Conversion In the context of message handling, a transmittal event in which an MTA
transforms parts of a message content from one encoded information type to
another, or alters a probe so that it appears that the described messages were
modified.
D
Distributed A transaction, parts of which may be carried out in more than one open
transaction system.
DNI Dual Node Interconnection. Both ring networks have two nodes that are
interconnected with each other. DNI not only provides protection for ring-cross
services but also for the failed node of two interconnected nodes. Therefore, it
improves the network availability.
E
EPL Ethernet Private Line. An EPL service is a point-to-point interconnection
between two UNIs without SDH bandwidth sharing. Transport bandwidth is
never shared between different customers.
EPLn Ethernet Private LAN. An EPLn service is a LAN service and a private service.
Transport bandwidth is never shared between different customers.
EVPL Ethernet Virtual Private Line. An EVPL service is a service that is both a line
service and a virtual private service.
EVPLn Ethernet Virtual Private Local Area Network. An EVPLn service is a service
that is both a LAN service and a virtual private service.
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
F
Fairness algorithm A mechanism that enforces fairness among the nodes on the ring. It applies
only to LP and excess medium priority traffic coming from the MAC client.
Each node is assigned a weight, which allows the user to allocate more ring
bandwidth to certain nodes.
FEC Forward error correction. It is a technology used for enhancing the reliability of
digital transmission. It can increase the transmission distance and improve the
network performance.
I
IMA Inverse Multiplexing for ATM. The ATM inverse multiplexing technique
involves inverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells in a cyclical
fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose
rate is approximately the sum of the link rates. This is referred to as an IMA
group.
IMA frame The IMA frame is used as the unit of control in the IMA protocol. It is a logical
frame defined as M consecutive cells, numbered 0 to M-l, transmitted on each
of the N links in an IMA group.
IMA group Group of links at one end used to establish an IMA virtual link to other end.
IMA sublayer Sublayer part of the physical layer that is located between the interface
specific Transmission Convergence (TC) sublayer and the ATM layer.
IMA virtual link Virtual link established between two IMA units over a number of physical links
(IMA group).
ASON service Service that is configured directly by the T2000. The service within the
transmission network is requested by the T2000 and then created by the
control plane of the NE through signaling.
IP over DCC The IP Over DCC follows the TCP/IP telecommunications standards and
controls the remote NEs through the Internet. The IP Over DCC means that
the IP over DCC uses overhead DCC byte (the default is D1-D3) for
communication.
L
Loopback The fault of each path on the optical fiber can be located by setting the
loopback for each path of the line. There are three kinds of loopback modes:
No loopback, outloop, inloop.
M
MSP Multiplex Section Protection. The MSP function provides the capability for
switching a signal from a working section to a protection section.
Multiplexer An equipment which combines a number of tributary channels onto a fewer
number of aggregate bearer channels, where the relationship between the
tributary and aggregate channels are fixed.
O
Orderwire It establishes the voice communication among the operators and maintenance
engineers working in each working station.
Overhead Auxiliary Channel Overhead Information is information that may be transferred
information by an optical network layer, but which does not have to be associated with a
particular connection. An example of such an auxiliary channel is a data
communications channel used for the purposes of transferring management
data between management entities. These management entities are not trail
termination and adaptation functions.
P
Paired slot Two slots of which the overheads can be passed through by using the bus on
the backplane. When the SCC unit is faulty or offline, the overheads can be
passed through between the paired slots by using the directly connected
overhead bus. When two SDH boards form an MSP ring, the boards need to
be inserted in paired slots so that the K bytes can be passed through.
R
RPR Resilient Packet Ring. A metropolitan area network (MAN) technology
supporting data transfer among stations interconnected in a dual-ring
configuration.
Regeneration The process of receiving and reconstructing a digital signal so that the
amplitudes, waveforms and timing of its signal elements are constrained within
specified limits.
S
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. A hierarchical set of digital transport
structures, standardized for the transport of suitably adapted payloads over
physical transmission networks.
SNCP SubNetwork Connection Protection. A working subnetwork connection is
replaced by a protection subnetwork connection if the working subnetwork
connection fails, or if its performance falls below a required level.
SNCMP Subnetwork Connection Multi-protection. The source broadcasts services to
multiple paths, and the sink determines which service needs to be received
according to the service priority and the service quality.
SNCTP Subnetwork Connection Tunnel Protection. It provides protection paths at the
VC-4 level. When the working path is faulty, all the services in the working
path are switched to the protection path.
SLA Service Level Agreement. A negotiated agreement between an end user and
the service provider. Its significance varies according to the service offerings.
The SLA may include a number of attributes such as, but not limited to, traffic
contract, availability, performance, encryption, authentication, pricing and
billing mechanism .
Service plane The service plane comprises: a) service presentation functionality being
presented to the end user; b) service implementation aspects with which the
end user interacts. For example, service invocation, control service level
agreement function. The service presentation and service implementation
aspects use the totality of the transfer capabilities including control and
management functionalities.
T
TPS Tributary Protection Switching. A function provided by the equipment, which is
intended to protect N tributary processing boards through a standby tributary
processing board.
TCM Tandem Connection Monitor. In the SDH transport hierarchy, the TCM is
located between the AU/TU management layer and HP/LP layer. It uses the
N1/N2 byte of POH overhead to monitor the quality of the transport channels
on a transmission section (TCM section).
Timeslot Single timeslot on a E1 digital interface—that is, a 64-kbps, synchronous,
full-duplex data channel, typically used for a single voice connection.
This chapter lists the acronyms and abbreviations used in this manual.
A
ABR Available Bit Rate
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer
AMI Alternate Mark Inversion
APS Automatic Protection Switching
ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
B
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply System
BPA Optical Booster & Pre-amplifier Unit
C
CAR Committed Access Rate
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CC Continuity Check
CF Compact Flash
CMI Coded Mark Inversion
CR-LDP Constrained Route Label Distribution Protocol
CSPF Constrained Shortest Path First
D
DCC Data Communication Channels
E
ECC Embedded Control Channel
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EPL Ethernet Private Line
EPLAN Ethernet Private LAN
ESCON Enterprise Systems Connection
ETS European Telecommunication Standards
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EVPL Ethernet Virtual Private Line
EVPLAN Ethernet Virtual Private LAN
F
FC Fiber Channel
FE Fast Ethernet
FEC Forward Error Correction
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
G
GE Gigabit Ethernet
GFP Generic Framing Procedure
GMPLS General Multiprotocol Label Switching
H
HDB3 High Density Bipolar of order 3 code
HDLC High level Data Link Control
I
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
L
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LAN Local Area Network; Local Area Network
LAPS Link Access Procedure-SDH
LB Loopback
LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
LCT Local Craft Terminal
LPT Link State Path Through
LSP Label Switch Path
M
MAC Media Access Control
MADM Multi Add/Drop Multiplexer
MCF Message Communication Function
MLM Multi-Longitudinal Mode (laser)
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
MSP Multiplex Section Protection
N
NEBS Network Equipment-Building System
nrt-VBR Non-Real Time Variable Bite rate
NS Network Side
NSF Non-interrupted Service Forwarding
O
OADM Optical Add/drop Multiplexer
P
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PE Provider Edge
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
Q
QoS Quality of Service
R
RPR Resilient Packet Ring
RSTP Rapid Span Tree Protocol
rt-VBR Real Time Variable Bite rate
RSVP-TE Resource Reservation Setup Protocol with Traffic-Engineering Extensions
S
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SFP Small Form Pluggable
SLA Service Level Agreement
SLM Single-Longitudinal Mode (laser)
SNCP Subnetwork Connection Protection
SNCMP Subnetwork Connection Multi-protection
SNCTP Subnetwork Connection Tunnel Protection
STP Span Tree Protocol
T
TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring
TPS Tributary Protection Switching
U
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
V
VC Virtual Channel
VCC Virtual Channel Connection
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
VP Virtual Path
VPC Virtual Path Connection
VPN Virtual Private Network
W
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WTR Wait-to-Restore