ϾՅԨнԦփоПᕢ ӋԧֲզՅᕢ

ְՄᕢ

ֱлւԄέᕢ ֲըքџՆիօᕢ

мեӊϽᕢ ОՄԅԄӯɒᕢ
˓ᕢ

ԃȼᕢ ‫ޚ‬Ƚᕢ

йԗᕢ

ӈፒᕢ
 ӑӒᕢάᕢ ϻՂӇԇᕢ

վϺɑᕟᕢ
˓ᕢ

ԃȼᕢ ‫ޚ‬Ƚᕢ

йԗᕢ

ӈፒᕢ
 ӑӒᕢάᕢ ϻՂӇԇᕢ

վϺɑᕟᕢ
 շᕢ

֡ଆషᇀᕢ

ӈᕢ

፻थᕢ ъᕢ
 ፐ

υᕢ

ో ਲ਼჻श‫ڴ‬ፑᕢ
 ࿄ড়ᕢ

Ӳᕢ

࿆ᇌरऱᕢ

͇ ড় ᑓ͕ᕙᕚǐ‫̼¿܉‬Ɣ‫ڳޗ‬ᕛൿवࠢȻᎀ̽ᕢ Dᕖ।ත̻ϷЈᓈᕗᓶƓᕘᕢ ֨ଙᇐᕢƒ໯ऴፎᑗ౳Ⱥᕢ

C͔ᇐᕢ จᇚǏ Ᏸፍᇎͫ¾Ɛᕢ

֦ଌयᕢ ᇏॆ࿇໮ࠡۖᕢ ໭ळÑჹ౲Ƒᕢ

‫̺ێ‬ᕢ ፽मᕢ ֧लᇍൾ‫ڱ‬ᕢ

৞‫ޖڲ‬ፏ࿈ჺᓴᕕᓵᕢ ‫ۿ‬व᎒वॗᕢ ፌଖᕢ ՗թᕢ ջж϶½ᕢ

Ᏹ
 (2)

ྞᆨ‫ށ‬ᕢ

ো൳ྟᑉᕢ ྟৌᕢ ဤྠᑊईტᕢ ‫ڟ‬൴ྠ໘ਨᕢ ൵థ໘इȘᕢ ֙ૹईᕢ

ˍ̃ᕢ

Ľ˩ĸᕢ

Փᕢ

Ꮲྜྷ΂ᕢ
 �s�e � c � o � o � d �a�r�y�.� ү Ұэໂ ᇔጕ૰ᕢ
ᕢ
( +  ! # ,7 &  9 % ! () 1 ,& " / 2 3 # * 9
గ໎ਥᕢ  8 ���e�·� pźƖ
 Ż ĥ ŅƑ4Ŀ
ê ā S Ɩ X (q $. < >GH Y ���l�e�v � a � !.ed � �r�e s�p � e � e � t � i � . � e �l�y�,� /
,J@T q '+.4 �CA � u � s �e 7 $’ !
-*: ’ - 90 8 9
) J3A - B Y.HCq Ƌ Ì ō Ɩq .( , 4 " : ‫ྔݺ‬చᕢ 'ƍƖ + 6 7 4 ’.9 &Ŏż ĸìƖ
‹
d "ŶĦƖbiĂ !ŵ§Ɩ ŀIƖ ă.Ɩ _Ɩ  ¨ Í Ž   Ɩ
3Ɩ q ნࣻ‫ိݻ‬ఛ ‫ף‬ᓮగໍਦƁ‫ݼ‬Ӹმ‫ږݽ‬ఘጛᕢņÎ Ïú@íƎƖ
SKe/k 4p q 3
ħƖ Ē2Ŧ©Ɩ ŷƖ ·Aē ž
‘ Ɩ q
’Ɩ 5 l hq
Ĥſ(Ðr¸Ɩ –î£ ĽïƖ )IŃŨƖ IMqĝ) 7õŏÑ
ĄŇƖ ą7TƖ Y H"q #Ɩ *sġÒũJƖt,Ɩ  C ໆ Ɩ

ĨƖ ĢĩĜƖ '4 Ū —ƖW<q
cµ!Ć«OƖ
­Ɩ ŐŴQ Īu
FÓŰWƖ
‫ڑ‬໅ࠐᕢ -V/F0Y ƌŧ4Ɩ kÂƖ
ī P łÔƇÕ¹Ɩ
YƖ őķûðŒųvƖ 8 ? Yw“ "(ŸĬUƖ U [ q®
Bœ à Z Ɩ % D ’ 1 Y ¬ĭևƖ Áƀ,Ɩ ć/Ɩ
ū]ň×ŢţغƖ 89 : 6 % q %$ იॢး‫ݹ‬጗ఎᐇࣷ൤ᒤſᕢ 0 Y $CƓƖ
˜ŔĮx9™ Ɩ 
ü ĞBë »Ɩ / Y /+ 4 ŕĹ=ʼnKƖ yĈªƖ Ù  Ɩ ŊƁ ÄƖ C D N q Ŗ ŗƖŘŚ ñ0³zŲƖ űD^Ɩ
#JO=Pq m /G&q H¦”{@ƏƖ 
ĉ ¤ř›.Ɩ 0TqÆļ¶Ɩ ǜƖ L\ @]. 7q
8 niq ůį:%òƖ EI = W Y  (*4 5Ɩ ^ * q ) C S ( K Y ¯
ĴŤ[Ɩ
Ɩ jgmĵƒ9 Ɩ 
;ğD ÚF Ĕ  Ɩ ˆĕ8'|`Ś
ĊƖ q śİ%ċŋýÛŜŝ < ¼ Ɩ
Ŭ}°>ıþžVƖ „ƈóĖƖ Ġľ :~ńƖ ŌÜ ; Ý ù&CƐƖ *ŽçöƖ ',4 8/ 2L9 @Y ÀĶ>Ƃė/Ɩ Y

Č ¥ŞƖ TY Ɩ 9 o _!q / %8: D q Ÿ nƔ€NƖ 0,$ %!4 0GģťMƖ6 9 '4 M1 q
ÿ 6čÞ Ɩ A2¡ ô Ɖ 
½K
è ÷Ɩ † Ɩ GJ ƕ+È E߃¢-Ɩ à =X‰á  ƃ é ş Ɩ ÉaƊâ ?  Ɩ
±Ɩ ᐈఙ ۷ო‫ڗ‬፥చྒྷໍᕢ
ŠÊ$šƖ H$q14 fQEV ? . ZgM q ²
IJŭ \Ɩ M& NY ‘ + q 0$ #+) 65 % 1:
lË1 +
Ā…ã ehäĘę RŮ  oĺĎHå ď Š
6øƖ � s � i � m � i �l�A�r�l�y� ? #U3 Y $9
8  aHq " 8 : 6 Y 4Y #Ɩ * XR Y /,"  3 9 A 5 ! Y 0/9
ࣷ 2 : 3 & 9: b R> 2j :q Č૯‫ڐ‬თਣॐᕢ    
9
) ,
 4   5  9 + O B’ ,Y � o � c � \ � ' � e � l � . �) D�e f�] Ђఌ ᔫЃൣ‫ ע‬఍ ጖ ȇ ණᆡᕢJ PY &-1 9
ĐƖ Ļ1æ ´ 5 < ¾ Ɩ ĚƄ • ƅŒLěijƖ
#&
  ,"34 ;6 7 Q Y ¿ŁƆ đ-Ɩ ‚Ɩ
cq ) ! 4
; F ’ d(q 5(9 '$ 8 *%,2 .9
 7 Ꭲ  r Ꭲ nd�i ng the a ntenna � s � y � m � e t � r i � c a � l � y � .*D !'D sides, in � s � p � i � t � e � %+
u he ॷ،‫ܪ‬ሙᕢ that ቬઑࢌᕢ 4/=*D �i s� ಫ ‫ܪ‬aር ed
q~
Ĝ„Ɣ 9Ɣ ~Ă
Ɣ = ምም෰ᕢ QÊ the
antenna. This � i s � �c l e�a r l�y� ୃಫಭᎢᅡምၥ؏ሞࡘ߁ᕢ *D я WᏳ
Ɣ ʇ ʈ Ǫᕢ
/2 ୑าሮࡘW va i ื ሟ੬ࡘᕢ ಫ  +ࡘ�a l

ùƔ A
ĥ9NƔ �o�f �a �t�hr�e - �d i�m e�n�­
ᅠi�o naಮ ly radiating field � be t � w � ee n � �t�h e �r�adius� �o�f �t�h e� s� m a ಫ �l
Ɣ ᅠ #ၨ
Ɣ

and ኬ ષٖክᕢ ཕ ড ᕢኮ ષ ࢭ ᕢӔ ၟᔊࡑၠᕢ �phf're . ƒ_Ɣ can fi nd ሯ h ࡘᕢ !&*+ " +� :; � u � c � h � �a

৲тಧሕನ ̖ᕢ � w � h � e � r � E' h � y � � t � h � £- � l' � a � p � a �c i t�y� �i s� 2 ሰࡐ�r �i าd The lineal  + e�r gy

ߝх๒͝୿ቲᒉᕢ # $+ ሚ ੪ᕢ ѽ̕‫תו‬ᕢ ༔ॵᕢ + D ଻ሏᅝᕢ ଼ [ ሐࡍᔉಫᕢ ଽᅝᕢ ࿧ၨ༗࿨༗ၩሣ୆༗ศؒಯᕢ

9.D ‫ߍืؠ‬ᕢ �(" o�n :-;�C' q �u�p�n�t�i�y� š#ƒƔ Q™ĮTÈŢNƔ �o ţ+
Ɣ ò
G[Ɣ ᏻ؆ᄤॠᕢ

¤
Ɣ #¦Ƒ YæŸŤÞҖƔ ť#_vßé 
:Ɣ ሓ੨ࡐᕢ �capa�cit�y

� . � o�f� �a ᅠ࿫�h erࡘᕢ �from
�p r ༕ॶᕢቫઐܺzᕢ ᎆದᓒѾáʉᕢ ಮ ne Q‰ŀ›ĎĢöƔ Ŧ#àƔ Ŏį+ŭH`Ɣ
� o � rw � rt � i � (':': � �a <6,D
ᅠᎣၤॸؐಬh࡙ᕢ ༗ศರᑭǮᕢ
ҕ๞ᕢ d ݃d Ꭲ࢟୆๟Ӱᕢඅ ෍ହ੥ಟၦಠᑦᕢሎ଺ಡ፛ᕢ
2:AD d4–ŧ+
Ɣ †ďH
Ɣ �fr�o�m r� o � pe ၤም� i es �
" + › Z=Ê fiC'lll :ll one. ાᏁ‫¡פ‬ᕢ ቴ༾ᕢ start ƒăƔ the
)+7.*!"BD
Ⴞ‫்̫߹ٹ‬ഴ ዥ ௎ຓူᕢ ৳âᓓ಩ࡓ ѿᕢ ኰ ഝׁᕢ + ࡕฤࡖၣ਋ᑪᕢ density .D �w�h i�c h� .#1?8D J+
Ɣ

ಪ،ᐘᕢ ‫͋ٹ‬ᕢ ੫‫؍‬ลᕢ Ͳ‫ࡒܦ‬ಢಣǫᕢ £#áƔ +; (D .D ᅦᎥ  �h 5…[uFd\– ౜ᕢ d6–

ಮᎤုؑၦ୅ሡ੭ාୄ‫ܬ‬iᕢ + + � t � h � e � � (' a � p a � c i � t �y� eƔ Ũ`Ɣ Đ 
—Ɣ

Ⴊᕢ ᐱ஧,સᕢ ኯཕᕢ cal l C0>4D ؎ሚሚࡕฦማ ୂ༖วᕢ œÊ ኰ ੤ࡘᕢ �fact� �t�h a t� +D sphere
ᇕਐෟࢌ๑ᎎᕢ RÊ t he ᅞ؇෎ࡑᕢ �p ၲo ࢌ �c š �e d axial ě
øĄƔ ‫ޥ‬ษሤၪେ۞Ꭵ፯ᕢ ࡠ၁Ꭶؓಱಲᑮᕢ
ሠ ੬࡚ᕢ ‫ܧ‬؉࿣ย߀ሖᑧᕢ  ॷᕢ ሒ੧ࡏᕢ ᅧ࿣he�re 71@+D ଻มᕢ Figure  –
3– ยᕢ đ੩ร ၢවࡔᕢ ෮٫ߴऽᕢ ሣ༗ᕢ e +ር �r ŏ+

Ɣ ;-Ɣ ሤᄄᏼ࡟ᄂᕢ ሑ੦ࡎᕢ
73 $%5D �i yÊ � t � h � e � d i rec·t ion SÊ ،ᕢ diameter, ą
Ɣ 7 h ࡚ᄍᕢ ؓᕢ Æ6-[€ÇűĸƔ
") + �h c�h �a \ �'�e� + + “›Ž`W[ Ê piece .D Ɓđ
Ɣ �o�f �u�n�i f o�r�m &-D
‫ܫ‬،࿥‫ୂࡗ؍‬ሜᑩǭᕢ + ’(+ ৴ ၫᅤሥᕢ >-WyaÅOÊ šÊ ැᑮᕢ �k n o�w�l ed g�e , �b y�
 շᕢ

֡ଆషᇀᕢ

ӈᕢ

፻थᕢ ъᕢ
 ΍ᑐ඼ලᕢ
ӓᕢ ϰȧԾᕢ
১ӎ‫ތ‬ඪᕢ ΠρÇ κԁᕢ

ÓÒ‫ב‬οϲᕢ

ˀĬƉᕊᕢ ՙ?ᕈᕢ
նޫৗᕢ ᐔвᕢ
ΡӖՕƞ Խ০ᕢ
ѡᕉԟᕢ

ჰьᕢԂΟᕢ

Ɗᕢ ơᕢɏᕋϱ´˼ᕢ Kᕌ·΢‫׃@ލ‬ᕢ ဩɢͽΌ˰ᕢ

͒µჱ‫ގ‬բ¶NJ·ÄÅΣ֠ྵ໦ᕢ

̳ᕢ
 ՠȠᔿ‫ڣ‬ጴృਮᕢ ҷᕢ ‫ڹ‬ᕢ �o ᔽ ਮ

Ҷᕢ ౑ᕢ u �c ¶ )wfl¶ "u$P‹¶ u*|¶ Pe"D¶ Z*¶

Q_+¶ y,¶

Ήᔾᕢ ΊWᕢ

-Y¶ Ҹᔽᕢ ‫࠘ۊ‬ᕢ ¥ofl> *¶

ค‫ڦ‬ੀचጶమᒵమ໡ਯᕢ ‫ࠗۉ‬ᕢ W¶
fl¶

·›Q¶ �F o r F.¶ 7Ꮾ ൶ᕢ

'¢- E/¶ 087+P£*¶ o9¶ ጮ૾औᕢ Q¶ M1¶ u"*¶ Pi*C–¶

࿆ঢ়ᕢ G0¶ �c o ᆵ *¶ “⁄2¶ o:¶ ѭȟԔȟїȟᕢ *xR¤fl1f¶ o¶

Ud/¶ H2¶ io z‘ †¶ іྨქᕢ ጳଁబშ࠙ᕢ

o;¶ o<¶ F3¶

pvvq0¶ N1¶ |0a]?¶ �r e s�u���t�i n g ౒ᕢ o:¶ 1·;¶

u
�d n i t�c �n o i ’5v0kSg@¶ ‡¶ u
�d in t�c �e c an ྩ৐ᕢ ጯ૿कᕢ

ጴྫᕢ ღकᆳጰᕢ ྩ৑ᕢ "oPr¶ ַओᕢ ဦჩྪ‫ޅ‬गᆶᆷᕢ �progre [Q fi¶ :s{¶

ყखᆴጱᕢ t8¶ I4¶ J~sn"¶ ¶ -# ¶ ֶ఩ �r Ꮼ ¶ ౐ᕢ ᆸᏵਭगᕢ

-"F¶ OojX$¶ , ࠗᕢ o¶ %#*·¶ =o}¶ «¥,¶

v&Sh#*¶ !*Fƒ/¶ Pg¶ \{¶ (¶ b›¶

K+¶ §^A*¶ BQ¶ ¡0y¶ L0¶

#qlTSqg¶ y*|U$¶ ��pam t�acif n�oi

ጲ଀ఫᆵᕢ ცङᆹభࠚᏥ‫ڤ‬൶ᕢ ౓ࠛᏦ‫ކ‬ጵ‫ڥ‬໠‫ކ‬घᕢ ൶ *¶ ӾƇᕢ ‫ں‬ᕢ

LJˎᕢ ʵᕢ
E)¶ (Qc*gVoi¶ ʴᕢ ¶ fl¶ ౘ �u " $ ԓᕢ
 (2)

ྞᆨ‫ށ‬ᕢ

ো൳ྟᑉᕢ ྟৌᕢ ဤྠᑊईტᕢ ‫ڟ‬൴ྠ໘ਨᕢ ൵థ໘इȘᕢ ֙ૹईᕢ

ˍ̃ᕢ

Ľ˩ĸᕢ

Փᕢ

Ꮲྜྷ΂ᕢ
 �s�e � c � o � o � d �a�r�y�.� ү Ұэໂ ᇔጕ૰ᕢ
ᕢ
( +  ! # ,7 &  9 % ! () 1 ,& " / 2 3 # * 9
గ໎ਥᕢ  8 ���e�·� pźƖ
 Ż ĥ ŅƑ4Ŀ
ê ā S Ɩ X (q $. < >GH Y ���l�e�v � a � !.ed � �r�e s�p � e � e � t � i � . � e �l�y�,� /
,J@T q '+.4 �CA � u � s �e 7 $’ !
-*: ’ - 90 8 9
) J3A - B Y.HCq Ƌ Ì ō Ɩq .( , 4 " : ‫ྔݺ‬చᕢ 'ƍƖ + 6 7 4 ’.9 &Ŏż ĸìƖ
‹
d "ŶĦƖbiĂ !ŵ§Ɩ ŀIƖ ă.Ɩ _Ɩ  ¨ Í Ž   Ɩ
3Ɩ q ნࣻ‫ိݻ‬ఛ ‫ף‬ᓮగໍਦƁ‫ݼ‬Ӹმ‫ږݽ‬ఘጛᕢņÎ Ïú@íƎƖ
SKe/k 4p q 3
ħƖ Ē2Ŧ©Ɩ ŷƖ ·Aē ž
‘ Ɩ q
’Ɩ 5 l hq
Ĥſ(Ðr¸Ɩ –î£ ĽïƖ )IŃŨƖ IMqĝ) 7õŏÑ
ĄŇƖ ą7TƖ Y H"q #Ɩ *sġÒũJƖt,Ɩ  C ໆ Ɩ

ĨƖ ĢĩĜƖ '4 Ū —ƖW<q
cµ!Ć«OƖ
­Ɩ ŐŴQ Īu
FÓŰWƖ
‫ڑ‬໅ࠐᕢ -V/F0Y ƌŧ4Ɩ kÂƖ
ī P łÔƇÕ¹Ɩ
YƖ őķûðŒųvƖ 8 ? Yw“ "(ŸĬUƖ U [ q®
Bœ à Z Ɩ % D ’ 1 Y ¬ĭևƖ Áƀ,Ɩ ć/Ɩ
ū]ň×ŢţغƖ 89 : 6 % q %$ იॢး‫ݹ‬጗ఎᐇࣷ൤ᒤſᕢ 0 Y $CƓƖ
˜ŔĮx9™ Ɩ 
ü ĞBë »Ɩ / Y /+ 4 ŕĹ=ʼnKƖ yĈªƖ Ù  Ɩ ŊƁ ÄƖ C D N q Ŗ ŗƖŘŚ ñ0³zŲƖ űD^Ɩ
#JO=Pq m /G&q H¦”{@ƏƖ 
ĉ ¤ř›.Ɩ 0TqÆļ¶Ɩ ǜƖ L\ @]. 7q
8 niq ůį:%òƖ EI = W Y  (*4 5Ɩ ^ * q ) C S ( K Y ¯
ĴŤ[Ɩ
Ɩ jgmĵƒ9 Ɩ 
;ğD ÚF Ĕ  Ɩ ˆĕ8'|`Ś
ĊƖ q śİ%ċŋýÛŜŝ < ¼ Ɩ
Ŭ}°>ıþžVƖ „ƈóĖƖ Ġľ :~ńƖ ŌÜ ; Ý ù&CƐƖ *ŽçöƖ ',4 8/ 2L9 @Y ÀĶ>Ƃė/Ɩ Y

Č ¥ŞƖ TY Ɩ 9 o _!q / %8: D q Ÿ nƔ€NƖ 0,$ %!4 0GģťMƖ6 9 '4 M1 q
ÿ 6čÞ Ɩ A2¡ ô Ɖ 
½K
è ÷Ɩ † Ɩ GJ ƕ+È E߃¢-Ɩ à =X‰á  ƃ é ş Ɩ ÉaƊâ ?  Ɩ
±Ɩ ᐈఙ ۷ო‫ڗ‬፥చྒྷໍᕢ
ŠÊ$šƖ H$q14 fQEV ? . ZgM q ²
IJŭ \Ɩ M& NY ‘ + q 0$ #+) 65 % 1:
lË1 +
Ā…ã ehäĘę RŮ  oĺĎHå ď Š
6øƖ � s � i � m � i �l�A�r�l�y� ? #U3 Y $9
8  aHq " 8 : 6 Y 4Y #Ɩ * XR Y /,"  3 9 A 5 ! Y 0/9
ࣷ 2 : 3 & 9: b R> 2j :q Č૯‫ڐ‬თਣॐᕢ    
9
) ,
 4   5  9 + O B’ ,Y � o � c � \ � ' � e � l � . �) D�e f�] Ђఌ ᔫЃൣ‫ ע‬఍ ጖ ȇ ණᆡᕢJ PY &-1 9
ĐƖ Ļ1æ ´ 5 < ¾ Ɩ ĚƄ • ƅŒLěijƖ
#&
  ,"34 ;6 7 Q Y ¿ŁƆ đ-Ɩ ‚Ɩ
cq ) ! 4
; F ’ d(q 5(9 '$ 8 *%,2 .9
 7 Ꭲ  r Ꭲ nd�i ng the a ntenna � s � y � m � e t � r i � c a � l � y � .*D !'D sides, in � s � p � i � t � e � %+
u he ॷ،‫ܪ‬ሙᕢ that ቬઑࢌᕢ 4/=*D �i s� ಫ ‫ܪ‬aር ed
q~
Ĝ„Ɣ 9Ɣ ~Ă
Ɣ = ምም෰ᕢ QÊ the
antenna. This � i s � �c l e�a r l�y� ୃಫಭᎢᅡምၥ؏ሞࡘ߁ᕢ *D я WᏳ
Ɣ ʇ ʈ Ǫᕢ
/2 ୑าሮࡘW va i ื ሟ੬ࡘᕢ ಫ  +ࡘ�a l

ùƔ A
ĥ9NƔ �o�f �a �t�hr�e - �d i�m e�n�­
ᅠi�o naಮ ly radiating field � be t � w � ee n � �t�h e �r�adius� �o�f �t�h e� s� m a ಫ �l
Ɣ ᅠ #ၨ
Ɣ

and ኬ ષٖክᕢ ཕ ড ᕢኮ ષ ࢭ ᕢӔ ၟᔊࡑၠᕢ �phf're . ƒ_Ɣ can fi nd ሯ h ࡘᕢ !&*+ " +� :; � u � c � h � �a

৲тಧሕನ ̖ᕢ � w � h � e � r � E' h � y � � t � h � £- � l' � a � p � a �c i t�y� �i s� 2 ሰࡐ�r �i าd The lineal  + e�r gy

ߝх๒͝୿ቲᒉᕢ # $+ ሚ ੪ᕢ ѽ̕‫תו‬ᕢ ༔ॵᕢ + D ଻ሏᅝᕢ ଼ [ ሐࡍᔉಫᕢ ଽᅝᕢ ࿧ၨ༗࿨༗ၩሣ୆༗ศؒಯᕢ

9.D ‫ߍืؠ‬ᕢ �(" o�n :-;�C' q �u�p�n�t�i�y� š#ƒƔ Q™ĮTÈŢNƔ �o ţ+
Ɣ ò
G[Ɣ ᏻ؆ᄤॠᕢ

¤
Ɣ #¦Ƒ YæŸŤÞҖƔ ť#_vßé 
:Ɣ ሓ੨ࡐᕢ �capa�cit�y

� . � o�f� �a ᅠ࿫�h erࡘᕢ �from
�p r ༕ॶᕢቫઐܺzᕢ ᎆದᓒѾáʉᕢ ಮ ne Q‰ŀ›ĎĢöƔ Ŧ#àƔ Ŏį+ŭH`Ɣ
� o � rw � rt � i � (':': � �a <6,D
ᅠᎣၤॸؐಬh࡙ᕢ ༗ศರᑭǮᕢ
ҕ๞ᕢ d ݃d Ꭲ࢟୆๟Ӱᕢඅ ෍ହ੥ಟၦಠᑦᕢሎ଺ಡ፛ᕢ
2:AD d4–ŧ+
Ɣ †ďH
Ɣ �fr�o�m r� o � pe ၤም� i es �
" + › Z=Ê fiC'lll :ll one. ાᏁ‫¡פ‬ᕢ ቴ༾ᕢ start ƒăƔ the
)+7.*!"BD
Ⴞ‫்̫߹ٹ‬ഴ ዥ ௎ຓူᕢ ৳âᓓ಩ࡓ ѿᕢ ኰ ഝׁᕢ + ࡕฤࡖၣ਋ᑪᕢ density .D �w�h i�c h� .#1?8D J+
Ɣ

ಪ،ᐘᕢ ‫͋ٹ‬ᕢ ੫‫؍‬ลᕢ Ͳ‫ࡒܦ‬ಢಣǫᕢ £#áƔ +; (D .D ᅦᎥ  �h 5…[uFd\– ౜ᕢ d6–

ಮᎤုؑၦ୅ሡ੭ාୄ‫ܬ‬iᕢ + + � t � h � e � � (' a � p a � c i � t �y� eƔ Ũ`Ɣ Đ 
—Ɣ

Ⴊᕢ ᐱ஧,સᕢ ኯཕᕢ cal l C0>4D ؎ሚሚࡕฦማ ୂ༖วᕢ œÊ ኰ ੤ࡘᕢ �fact� �t�h a t� +D sphere
ᇕਐෟࢌ๑ᎎᕢ RÊ t he ᅞ؇෎ࡑᕢ �p ၲo ࢌ �c š �e d axial ě
øĄƔ ‫ޥ‬ษሤၪେ۞Ꭵ፯ᕢ ࡠ၁Ꭶؓಱಲᑮᕢ
ሠ ੬࡚ᕢ ‫ܧ‬؉࿣ย߀ሖᑧᕢ  ॷᕢ ሒ੧ࡏᕢ ᅧ࿣he�re 71@+D ଻มᕢ Figure  –
3– ยᕢ đ੩ร ၢවࡔᕢ ෮٫ߴऽᕢ ሣ༗ᕢ e +ር �r ŏ+

Ɣ ;-Ɣ ሤᄄᏼ࡟ᄂᕢ ሑ੦ࡎᕢ
73 $%5D �i yÊ � t � h � e � d i rec·t ion SÊ ،ᕢ diameter, ą
Ɣ 7 h ࡚ᄍᕢ ؓᕢ Æ6-[€ÇűĸƔ
") + �h c�h �a \ �'�e� + + “›Ž`W[ Ê piece .D Ɓđ
Ɣ �o�f �u�n�i f o�r�m &-D
‫ܫ‬،࿥‫ୂࡗ؍‬ሜᑩǭᕢ + ’(+ ৴ ၫᅤሥᕢ >-WyaÅOÊ šÊ ැᑮᕢ �k n o�w�l ed g�e , �b y�