Dinesh,

techie.dinesh@gmail.com

Symmetrical Components

 Fortescue’s Theorem
 3 unbalanced phasors of a 3-phase system can be
resolved into 3 balanced systems of phasors.
The balanced sets of components are:

 Positive-sequence components
3 balanced phasors
 equal in magnitude
 displaced from each other by 120°
 same phase sequence as the original phasors
(for example a-b-c)

 Negative-sequence components
3 balanced phasors
 equal in magnitude
 displaced from each other by 120°
 opposite phase sequence to the original
phasors (for example a-c-b)

 Zero-sequence components
3 equal phasors
 equal in magnitude
 zero phase displacement from each other

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
67 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Symmetrical Components

 Original voltages:
 Va Vb Vc

 Positive -sequence components:

 Va1 Vb1 Vc1
 or
 Va+ Vb+ Vc+

 Negative -sequence components:

 Va2 Vb2 Vc2
 or
 Va- Vb- Vc-

 Zero-sequence components:
 Va0 Vb0 Vc0

 ORIGINAL PHASORS ARE THE SUM OF

THEIR COMPONENTS:
 Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
 Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2
 Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
68 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example 1

NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Vb2
POSITIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Vc1 Va1
Vc2

Va2

ZERO-SEQUENCE
Vb1 COMPONENTS

Va0
Vb0
Vc0

Vc0
Vc
Vc2 Vc1 Va1
Va2

Va Va0
Vb
Vb0
Vb1

Vb2

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
69 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example 2

Vb2

Vb1
Va2

Vc2

Va1 Vc1
Va0
Vb0
Vc0

Vb

Va

Vc
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
70 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example 3

Vb2

Va2
Vb1

Vc2
Vc1

Va1
Va0=Vb0=Vc0=0

Vb

Va=Vc

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
71 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Operators

 Lets define a phasor:

a = 1 Ð 120° = -0.5 + j 0.8666

120

 The following relations are true:

a2 = (1Ð120°)(1Ð120°) = 1 Ð240°= 1 Ð -120° a3 =

1 Ð360°= 1 Ð 0°

 1 + a + a2 = 0
a=1 120

3
a =1

2
a = 1 -120
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
72 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Symmetrical Components Relations

Vb2
Vc1

Va0
Va1 Vb0
Vc2 Vc0

Vb1 Va2

The positive-sequence components can be written as:

=( =a V
Vb1 1 Va1 2 a1
=( =aV
Vc1 1 Va1 a1

For the negative-sequence, we have:

=( =aV
Vb2 1 Va2 a2
=( =a V
Vc2 1 Va2 2 a2

And for the zero-sequence:

=V =V
Va0 b0 c0

The totals are:

Va= Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb=Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2 = Va0 + a2 Va1 + a Va2
Vc=Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2 = Va0 + a Va1 + a2
Va2
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
73 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Symmetrical Components Relations

In m atrix form:

V a 1 1 1 V a 0
2
V b 1 a a V a1
2
V c 1 a a V a 2

This defines the transform ation m atrix:

1 1 1
2
A = 1 a a
2
1 a a

Its inverse is:

1 1 1
-1 1 2
A = 1 a a
3
2
1 a a
Therefore:
V a 0 1 1 1 V a
1 2
V a 1
3 1 a a V b
2
V a 2 1 a a V c

or:
1
V a 0 = V a V b V c
3
1
V a 1 = V a a V b a 2 V c
3
1
V a 2 = V a a 2 V b a V c
3

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
74 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example

Ia=10 A.

Ib=-Ia

Ic=0

Ia = 10 0 A. Ib = 10 180 A. Ic = 0 A.

Ia0 = 1 0 0 10 180 0 0
31
Ia1 = 1 0 0 ( 10 180 ) ( 1 ) 0 578 30
120
31
Ia2 = 1 0 0 ( 10 180 ) ( 120 ) 0 578 3 0
1
31

Ib0 = Ia0 = 0
Ib1 = 578 30 120 578 150
Ib2 = 578 30 120 578 150

Ic0 = Ia0 = 0
Ic1 = 578 30 120 578 90
Ic2 = 578 30 120 578 90

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
75 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Unloaded Generator

a
+
Ea
jXn -
n -Eb
- +
Ec b
+

Generator is grounded through a grounding reactor

Internal voltages are balanced.

Find the symmetrical components for the internal voltages.

Ea0 1 1 1 Ea 1 1 1 Ea
1 2 1 2 2
Ea1 3 1 a a Eb 1 a a a Ea
2
3
2
Ea2 1 a a Ec 1 a a a Ea
Ea0 0
Ea1 Ea
Ea2 0
Only positive-sequence voltage exists!!!
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
76 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Generator Equivalent

Positive-sequence Negative-sequence
jX1 jX2
+
Ea1
-

jX0
Zero-sequence
Xn=Impedance from
neutral to ground
j3Xn

The current in the neutral of the generator is:

In = Ia + Ib + Ic = ( Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1) + (Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 ) + Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0

The positive and negative sequence components add to zero: Ia1

+ Ib1 + Ic1 = 0
Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 = 0

This means that the neutral does not carry positive or negative sequence
components.

However, the zero-sequence components are in phase, and their sum is: In =
Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 = 3 Ia0

Therefore the zero sequence equivalent has a grounding impedance of

value: Zg = 3 j Xn

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
77 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Single-line to ground fault

Unloaded generator (with balanced internal voltages)

If
a
b
G
jXn c
Generator is Y-connected
grounded using a grounding reactor

Ia = If Va = 0
Ib = 0 Vb=?
Ic = 0 Vc=?

Ia 0 1 1 1 Ia 1 1 1 If
1 2 1 2
Ia 1 3 1 a a Ib 1 a a 0
2
3
2
Ia 2 1 a a Ic 1 a a 0
Ia If / 3
0
If / 3
Ia
1 If / 3
Ia 2
If
Ia 0 Ib 0 Ic 0
3

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
78 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Single-line to ground fault

We have Ia1=Ia2=Ia0 and Va=0.

This situation can be represented in the following way:
Ia1=Ia2=Ia0
jX1 +
+ +
Ea1 Va1
- -

Ia2
jX2
+ Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 0
Va2
-

Ia0
jX0 +
j3Xn Va0 -
-

From the c ircuit :

Ea 1
Ia 0 = Ia 1 = Ia 2 =
jX 1 + j X 2 + j X 0 + j 3 Xn

Va 1 = Ea 1 - (jX 1 ) (Ia 1 )
With this term
Va 2 = 0 - (jX 2 ) (Ia 2 ) we include the
Va 0 = 0 - j (X 0 + 3 Xn ) (Ia 0 ) value of the
grounding
reactor

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
79 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example: Line-to-ground fault in an unloaded generator

Assume :
X 1 = X 2 = 0 . 1 2 p . u . X 0 = 0 . 0 6 p . u. , Xn = 0 Ea 1 = 1 p . u .

1 0
Ia 0 = Ia 1 = Ia 2 = j 333 p . u .
j ( 01 2 012 00 6)
Ia = If = 3 Ia 1 = -j 1 0 p . u .
Ib = 0
Ic = 0

Va 0 = -jX 0 (Ia 0 ) = -j 0 . 0 6 ( -j 3 . 3 3 ) = - 0 . 2
Va 1 = Ea 1 - jX 1 (Ia 1 ) = 1 - j 0 . 1 2 ( -j 3 .3 3 ) = 1 - j 0 . 4 = 0 . 6 Va 2
= -jX 2 (Ia 2 ) = -j 0 . 1 2 ( -j 3 . 3 3 ) = - 0 . 4

Va 1 1 1 Va 0
2
Vb
1 a a Va 1
Vc
2
1 a a Va 2
Va = Va 0 + Va 1 + Va 2 = - 0 . 2 + 0 . 6 - 0 . 4 = 0

Vb Va 0 + a 2Va 1 + aVa 2
2
Vb = - 0 . 2 + 0 . 6
a -0.4 a = - 0 . 2 + 0 . 6 -120 -0.4 120
Vb 09 165 1091

Vc Va 0 + aVa 1 + a 2Va 2 = - 0 . 2 + 0 . 6 120 -0.4 -120

Vc 09 165 1091

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
80 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Line-to-line fault

Unloaded generator
a 0
b If
G
c
jXn
-If

Ia = 0 Va = ?
Ib = If Vb=Vc
Ic = -If

Ia 0 1 1 1 Ia 1 1 1 0
1 2 1
2
Ia 1 3 1 a a Ib 1 a a If
3
2
2
Ia 2 1 a a Ic 1 a a If
Ia 1 1
0 If 2
a a
Ia 3
1 2
Ia 2 a a

Ia 0 0
If
Ia 1
j
3
If
Ia 2 j
3

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
81 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Line-to-line fault

We have Ia1=-Ia2, Ia0=0.

This situation can be represented in the following way:

Ia1
jX1
+ +
Ea1 Va1
- -

Ia2=-Ia1
jX2
+
Va2
-
Ia0=0
jX0 +
j3Xn Va0
-

From the c ircuit :

Ea 1
Ia 1 = -Ia 2 =
jX 1 + j X 2

Va 1 = Ea 1 - (jX 1 ) (Ia 1 ) Va
2 = Va 1
Va 0 = 0

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
82 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example: Line-to-line fault in an unloaded generator

Assume:
X1= X2 = 0.12p.u. X0= 0.06p.u., Xn = 0 Ea1=1p.u.

1 0
j ( 01 2 01 2 ) j 417 p . u .
I a 1 = -Ia 2 =

Ia0= 0
P h a s e c u r rents durin g t h e f a u lt a r e :
Ia = 0
I b = If = -j 3 Ia 1 = - 7 . 2 2 p . u .
I c = -If = 7 . 2 2 p . u .

Va0 = -jX0(Ia0)= 0
V a 1 = E a 1 - j X 1 ( I a 1 ) = 1 - j 0 . 1 2 ( -j 4 . 1 7 ) = 1 - 0 . 5 = 0 . 5 V a 2
= - j X 2 ( I a 2 ) = -j 0 . 1 2 (j 4 . 1 7 ) = 0 . 5

P h a s e v o l t a g e s d u r i n g t h e f a u lt are : V a
= Va0+Va1+Va2
Va = 0+0.5+0.5=1.0p.u. Didnotchange!!!

Vb Va0 +a 2Va1+aVa2
Vb = 0+0.5a 2
+ 0 . 5 a = 0 .5 a
2
a) 05 ( 1 )
(
Vb 05 p.u.

Vc Va0+aVa1+a 2Va2
Vc= 0.5( a a 2 ) 05
Vc 05 p . u .

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
83 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Protection in Industrial Electric Networks

 Objective: Isolation of the problem with the

minimum service disruption
 Based on the protective device Time-Current
characteristics
time

current

 Information needed for a protection study:

 Protective device manufacturer and type 
Protective device ratings
 Trip settings and ratings
 Short circuit current at each bus 
Full load current of all loads 
Voltage level at each bus
 Power transformers data
 Instrumentation transformers ratios

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
84 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000