Antennas

from Theory
to Practice

A Short History of Antennas

 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Experiment
• The first well-known satisfactory antenna
experiment was conducted by the German
physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
 Antennas from Theory to Practice

• One of the main challenges for antennas is

how to make them broadband and small in
size for wireless mobile communications
systems
• WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for
microwave access) IEEE 802.16 specified 10 to 66 GHz as the
WiMAX band. IEEE 802.16a was updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004 and added 2 to
11 GHz as the additional frequency range
 Antennas from Theory to Practice

• UWB (ultra-wide band) wireless system

• 3.1 to 10.6 GHz ,power spectrum density is
limited to -41.3dBm/MHz
• Free of cost
• MIMO (multiple-in multiple-out) antenna
• an effective means to combat the multipath
effects in the radio propagation channel and
increase the channel capacity, where several co-
ordinated antennas are required.
 Antennas from Theory to Practice

• The antenna is an essential device of a radio

system, but not an isolated device
• An antenna, is defined as a device which can
radiate and receive electromagnetic energy in
an efficient and desired manner
 Antennas from Theory to Practice

• The antenna is actually a transformer that

transfers electrical signals (voltages and
currents from a transmission line) into
electromagnetic waves (electric and magnetic
fields), or vice versa
• An antenna system is defined as the
combination of the antenna and its feed line.
• To understand the antenna theory, one has to
understand transmission lines and radiowaves.
 Conclusion
• The antenna is a very special device; it deals
with electrical signals as well as EM waves
• The subject of Antennas is about how to
design a suitable device which will be well
matched with its feed line and radiate/receive
the radiowaves in an efficient and desired
manner