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PAIYANOOR, OMR, CHENNAI
Call For Research Projects Final
year students of B.E in EEE, ECE,
EI, M.E (Power Systems), M.E
(Applied Electronics), M.E (Power
Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Students can assemble their hardware in our
Research labs. Experts will be guiding the
projects.
1
EI1361-MEASUREMENT
AND INSTRUMENTATION
-C.KAMALA KANNAN
Lecturer/EEE
UNIT 5
LVDT (Linear
Variable
Differential
Transformer)
Active Transducer:
Also known as self generating type,
develop their own voltage or current from
the physical phenomenon being measured.
Velocity , temperature , light intensity and
force can be transduced with the help of
active transducer.
Conti..
Passive Transducer:
Also known as externally powered
transducers, i.e., derive the power required
for energy conversion from an external
power source.
e.g. POT (Potentiometer)-used for the
measurement of displacement .
Analog and Digital Transducer.
Analog Transducers : It converts the input
quantity into an analog output which is a
continuous function of time.
E.g. LVDT, Thermocouple or a thermistor
(gives output which is continuous function of
time)
Conti..
Digital Transducer: Converts input quantity
into an electrical output which is in the form
of pulse.
Transducers and Inverse Transducers
q0 f (qi )
Where q0 andqi are respectively output and input
of the transducer.
Conti..
Sensitivity,
dqo
S
dqi
Scale Factor, Inverse of sensitivity.
1 dqo
S dqi
Error
qo q 0
,
Three components of error
1. Scale error.
2. Dynamic error
3. Error on account of noise and drift.
Scale error.
Zero error.
Sensitivity error
Non conformity.
Hysteresis.
Zero error
Practical Curve.
Output
Theorectical Curve.
Input
Output
Theorectical Curve.
Input
Output
Theorectical Curve.
Input
Decreasing input
Output
Increasing input
Input
Response of transducer to
environmental influences.
It should not be subjected to any
disturbances like stray electromagnetic and
electrostatic fields, mechanical shocks and
vibrations temperature changes, pressure and
humidity changes, changes in supply voltage
and improper mechanical mountings.
Output Characteristics
Type of Electrical Output.
Output Impedance
Useful Range.
Type of Electrical Output.
i
e0 x e i
t
Strain Gauges
If a metal conductor is stretched or
compressed , its resistance changes on
account of the fact that both length and
diameter of conductor change.
Also there is a change in the value of
resistivity of the conductor when strained
and this property is called piezoresistive
effect.
Resistive strain gauges are also known as
piezoresistive gauges.
L
R (1)
A
Let a tensile stress s be applied to the
wire.
dR L L A L
2 - (2)
ds A s A s A s
L
Divide equation (2) by R
A
1 dR 1 L 1 A 1
- (3)
R ds L s A s s
From (3) , per unit change in resistance is
due to
Per unit change in length= L
L
A
Per unit change in Area =
A
Per unit change in resistivity =
2 A D
Area = D , 2. D. (4)
4 s 4 s
1 A (2 4) D D 2 D
(5)
A s ( 4) D s D s
2
Equation (3) can be written as
1 dR 1 L 2 D 1
- (6)
R ds L s D s s
Poisson’s ratio ,
lateral strain D D
v (7)
longitudinal strain L L
Or D D v L L (8)
1 dR 1 L 2 L 1
v - (9)
R ds L s L s s
R L L
2v - (10)
R L L
The gauge factor is defined as the
ratio of per unit change in resistance
to per unit change in length.
R R
Gf - (11)
L L
or R R G f L L
G f (12)
where strain L L (13)
R R
Gf 1 2v - (12)
L L L L
R R
Gf 1 2v - (13)
L L