Introduction to Biodeterioration

Biodeterioration - is the attack on man-made materials by

living organisms. As the ways in which such damage can be
controlled and prevented. A wide range of organisms are
covered (including bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, insects and
other invertebrates, birds, mammals and plants) and the types of
biodeterioration discussed include: natural materials such as
foodstuffs, wood, metal, stone, cellulose and leather synthetic
products such as paint, adhesives and plastics; structures and
systems such as buildings, monuments, transport systems and
vehicles. In this updated and expanded second edition, new
molecular and genetic techniques are included, and
regulatory, environmental and safety issues are
emphasised. This book is suitable not only for biologists,
but also for those in industry, commerce and local
government who are concerned with the preservation and
conservation of a wide range of materials of economic or
.cultural importance

BIODETERIORATION :
BIODETERIORATION PRESENTED BY ,
KANCHAN. III SEM.. MICROBIOLOGY
INDEX :
INDEX What is Biodeterioration ?
Biodeterioration of Paper… Biodeterioration
of wood… Biodeterioration of Leather… Mode
of deterioration… Organisms involved …
Mode of prevention….. Conclusion….. Thank
you .?
What is Biodeterioration? :
What is Biodeterioration? Definition :-
undesirable change in the properties of
materials caused by vital activities of
organisms. Types of Biodeterioration :- 1.
physical or mechanical 2.fouling or soiling
3.chemical assimilatory 4.chemical
dissimilatory
Natural material :
Natural material A.Types of material :
1.Cellulose 2.Food 3.Wood 4.Fabrics 5.Teeth
6.Metals B. Susceptibility depends on:-
1.accessibility 2.inoculum 3.environmental
condition
AGENTS :
AGENTS 1.Extracelluler enzyme 2.Bacteria
3.Fungi 4.Insects 5. Mollusks 6. Worms 7.
rodents
Cellulose :
Cellulose organic compound ,(C6H10O5)n,
primary cell wall of green plants , algae &
oomycetes Cotton 90% & wood 50%
Fungi plays imp. Role in
biodeterioration of cellulose material. :
Fungi plays imp. Role in biodeterioration of
cellulose material. cellulose micro fibril in
plant cell wall :- Mammals * But certain
ruminants :-cow &sheep contain symbiotic
bacteria in gut wall flora [Cellulomonas]
Flagellate protozoa, Fungi :Cellvibrio mixtus
Lignin :
Lignin Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical
compound most commonly derived from
wood and an integral part of the secondary
cell walls of plants 1819 by de Candolle and
is derived from the Latin word lignum
meaning wood one of the most abundant
organic polymers on Earth, superseded only
by cellulose, employing 30% of non-fossil
organic carbonand constituting from a
quarter to a third of the dry mass of wood.
compound has several unusual properties as
a biopolymer, not least its heterogeneity in
lacking a defined primary structure.
Lignin an amorphous polymer related to
cellulose that provides rigidity and
together with cellulose forms the woody
cell walls of plants and the cementing
material between them. :
Lignin an amorphous polymer related to
cellulose that provides rigidity and together
with cellulose forms the woody cell walls of
plants and the cementing material between
them.
Continued……. :
Continued……. Aerobic breakdown of lignin is
slow and may take many days. Lignin is
nature's cement along with hemicellulose to
exploit the strength of cellulose while
conferring flexibility.
Collagen :
Collagen Collagen is the protein of
connective tissue of animals & most
abundant protein in mammals. 25% of whole
body protein content. Tough bundle of
collagen is called as collagen fibers. By the
action of proteolytic enzyme produced by
fungi the collagen fibers get degradation. E.g
of an enzyme is metalloproteinases which
function in natural pH
BIODETERIORATION OF WOOD :
BIODETERIORATION OF WOOD Most valuable
resources…. Important product .. Xylem
conducting tissue ,fibers or vessels or
tracheids, parenchymatus Cell wall lignin &
cellulose polysaccharides :mannans xylems &
hemicelluloses
Types of wood :
Types of wood From Angiosperms :- hard
wood From Gymnosperms:-soft wood Cellular
material.
Type of wood decay …… :
Type of wood decay …… Two types :- 1}
destruction of lignin .e.g. trametes pini , red
ring rot of conifers ,ganoderma applanatum
white , mottled rot of hard wood. 2}
destruction of cellulose e.g. Phaeolus
schweinitzii for red brown rot , & Lentinus
lepideus for brown cubical rot
Fungi ……… :
Fungi ……… Fungi such as Ascomycetes :-
Ustulina , Xylaria Basidiomycetous :- Genera
are Agaricales & Aphyllophorales
,Armillariella ,Collybia ,Lentinus ,Pholiota
,Lenzites etc…..
Staining of wood {soiling} :
Staining of wood {soiling} Category of
damage . Presence of fungal mycelium
Staining in wood e.g. Alternaria
,Aspergillus ,Penicillum ,Mucor ,Rhizopus ,
Trichoderma ,Aureobasidium Phialophora
spp. Causes Blue stain in wood leads timber
loss severe loss
Slide 21:
Wood decay involves higher forms of micro-
organisms, such as basidiomycetes and
ascomycetes. However, bacteria and
actinomycetes are probably the most
common wood-inhabiting micro-organisms.
These micro-organisms can be classified in
several groups depending on their role in
wood decay: antagonistic inhibiters of wood,
(b) organisms that act synergistically with
fungal wood inhibiters, Study of role of
bacteria in biodeterioration of wood
Continued……. :
Continued……. (c) organisms that attack
wood structure, and (d) organisms that affect
wood permeability. Bacteria are the most
ubiquitous organisms and are capable of
colonizing wood under both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions. Although strict
anaerobes were thought to invade wood only
in aqueous environments, wood contains
zones of low oxygen levels that constitute
anaerobic microsites (Rogers and Baecker
1988).
Continued… & mode of prevention…… :
Continued… & mode of prevention…… Most
studies involving bacteria associated with
wood biodeterioration have been conducted
aerobically, and even studies on obligate
anaerobes have not traditionally been
conducted under strict anaerobiasis.
Protection Without Chemical Pesticides •
Systematic approach to screening of
biocontrol agents Only a limited number of
biocontrol agents have been studied for
wood-attacking fungi. A more system
approach to screening of biocontrol agents
will inevitably identify other isolates with
improved control qualities. • Study of in situ
modes of antagonism Knowledge of the
modes of antagonism will make it possible to
enhance the action of biocontrol agents
through the use of techniques such as
mutation, protoplast fusion, and genetic
engineering. Such techniques may enhance
antagonistic traits of the organism or
improve its growth and survival capabilities
in wood.
Mode of prevention…….. :
Mode of prevention…….. • Alteration of
physical conditions within wood to make it
less favorable to decay fungi One way to
alter wood physically would be to selectively
enhance resident antagonistic organisms.
This will require defining the ecological
regression of decay. • Development of
integrated biological and chemical control
systems Integrated systems will provide an
opportunity for replacing more toxic
chemicals by a combination of a biocontrol
agent and a less toxic c
Mode of prevention…… :
Mode of prevention……
Wood preservation………… :
Wood preservation………… Chemical
preservatives Borate preservatives Naturally
rot-resistant woods Microwaving Water-borne
preservatives Chromated copper arsenate
(CCA) Alkaline copper quaternary Micronized
copper technology
Deterioration of paper ……… :
Deterioration of paper ……… Raw material is
pulpwood (90% of raw material of paper)
Paper are vulnerable to fungus attack at
every stage of paper manufacture. Species of
Alternaria ,Cladosporium
,Penicillium,Aspergillus, Trichoderma , Mucor
& Basidiomycetous fungus Polyporus
Encountered in bulk storage vats &
responsible for loss of cellulose. In
association with bacteria & fungi form a
coloured slime in a watery suspension of pulp
which is foul smelling .
Effect on paper ……… :
Effect on paper ……… Slime effect the quality
of the quality of the paper & increases the
cost of maintenance of the machines . Once
the paper is finished ,it provides suitable
substratum for cellulolytic fungi that may
cause black ,browner yellow discoloration &
spotting through “mildewing”
Fungi for deterioration …… :
Fungi for deterioration …… Destruction of
paper mainly by members of
Deuteromycotina (Aspergilli & penicillia)
Chaetomium – Ascomycotina.
Deterioration of leather :
Deterioration of leather Leather is prepared
by the tanning process . It convert animal
hides & skins into leather . The term hide is
used for the skin of large animals (cow or
horses). Term skin is used for small animals
(sheep). The hide is consist of three layers
:epidermis 30 -35% protein.collagen dermis
subcutaneous.
Deterioration of leather :
Deterioration of leather Proteinaceous
material is prone to attack , Especially during
very early stage . decay is caused by Fungi &
may lead to damage ,mark of leather. This is
occur seriously where storage condition is
very poor .
Fungi responsible ………… :
Fungi responsible ………… The common
leather destroying fungi are species of
Aspergillus, & Penicillium. bacterial proteases
during processing fungi in later stage tanning
Prevention technique :
Prevention technique Drying Dry- salting Use
of various chemicals preparation of leather.
such as –DDT Zinc chloride Mercury chloride
Chlorophenols.
Conclusion :
Conclusion Over all study is that major role
plays by fungi i.e. fungi play an important
role in biodegradation . Where as
environmental condition are responsible for
deterioration. It causes major commercial
loss . Prevention method are important .
THANK YOU……..? :
THANK YOU……..?
 Biodeterioration of textiles
Jadwiga Szostak-Kotowa
Department of Microbiology, Cracow University of
Economics str. Rakowicka 27, Katedra
Mikrobiologii, Akademia Ekonomiczna w Krakowie,
31–510, Kraków, Poland

Available online 29 July 2003.

Abstract
Textiles, particularly those composed of natural
organic fibres such as cotton, linen, wool, etc., are
readily attacked by microorganisms. Most synthetic
fabrics are not readily subject to extensive
biodeterioration, but some processing and finishing
agents are susceptible to microbial spoilage.
Microorganisms can affect all stages of textile
processing and storage, with fungi being the most
important microorganisms in textile biodeterioration
processes. Microbial growth on a textile causes loss
of strength and elongation, discolouration and
changes in appearance. They follow changes in
oxidation state, degree of polymerization and
breakdown of molecular structure. There are two
main ways of textile protection—control of the
environmental physical conditions and treatments
with biocides.
 Temperature and water effects on the biodeterioration
for marine fuel oil

Abstract
The effects of operation practice on board ships on
microbial growth in marine fuel was examined. With
temperatures above 65°C, no microbe was observed after
3-days of incubation and the total counts ofPseudomonas
maltophilia and Escherichia coli decreased with time. The
viability of reference strains in oil samples with four
different water contents under four temperatures was also
determined. Under 25°C, the total number of viable fungi
with 20% distilled water and 10% seawater drop to zero
within 10 days. No viable fungi were observed in oil
samples with 0 or 5% water after 2-days incubation. Fungi
recovered to significant degree thereafter, in all samples
containing water.

Author Keywords: Temperature and water effects;

Biodeterioration; Marine fuel oil

Article Outline