CONCEPTS NORMALLY USED IN CONNECTION WITH BLASTING woxK Abutment height Acceleration Access tunnel Advance Advance per round Amplitude Arch eheight or rise Bench Bench blasting Bench cleaning Bench edge Blasting machines Blesting plan Blasting records Rottom bench Bottom charge Botton hole Breakemarking “Breaater" Burden Burn cut Careful blasting "cathole" Cautious blasting Chamber blasting Chest Close sean Column charge Concrete injection or grouting Concussion shot Contour holes Current leakege Cut Cut-off hole cutting Detonation velocity Dirt = height from bottom of tunnel along wall of tunnel to the point where the roof starts. > unit of ground vibration in g (1g = 981 H/sed}. @ tunnel from the surface to a main tunnel or chanber, the Length of tunnel penetrated per unit tine. advance made in relationf to drilled depth. unit of ground vibration (height of deflection), the height of the roof arch = height from the abutment to the apex of the tunnel. a horizontel shelf. blasting @ bench with at loast two free surfaces. = cleaning off earth and stones off a bench surface or renoving broken rock efter previous blasting. = the front upper limiting line of the bench, = spparatus used to fire electric detonatérs. = plm indicating planned drilling-loading-firing as well as Precautionary measures opolied during blasting. = notes kept vith details of blacing work carried out. = bench in'a rock cavity, usually combined with a top heading. = usually a concentrated charge in the bottom section of the hole. Drill hole in floor ‘of tunnel or chember. = 2 block with excessively large sige resulting from blasting. = provide a crack indication by striking emell slits in the longitudinal direction of a row of drill holes in quarries. = stoping hole above cut close to tunnel roof, also the first drill in a series (slsze)+ = Distance in front of the drill hole to the free surface. = type of parallel hole cut for tunnel blasting. = usually refers to blasting carried out with respect to the surrounding rock. = bur out (slang). = blasting with respect to surrounding buildings. older blasting method by widening drill hole using successively larger charges. = buildingain method in a raise. = Row of drill holes, usually with spacing of 10-30 cme = a charge in the colum section of the drill hole above the bottom charges = method used to reinforce rocks we = surface charge used to blast boulders. * drill holes at or close to the final contours = by-pass of electric current past detonator due to damaged detonater or wiring. = the section opening the rock in tunnel blasting. = section of rock including eurlier detonated drill holes (often results in undetonated explosive in rocks) = open bench blasting section up to tunnel entry, = the speed in metres/sec with which nn exfosive detonates. = loose rock remaining on blasted bottom after mucking.Drift Drifter Drill bit Drill dust pril2 hole Drill rod Drill throat Drilling machine derth feult Face of heading Fan cut Fault Faulty drilling Firing cable Floor Fraguentation Frequency Fulleface drilling Ground vibration Grouted bolt Half=second detonator Head Heavy gauge hole Hole inclenation Hole spacing Inclination Injection or grouting Loose rock Lockmout or lookein wALLisecond delay HiLLdescond firing Kdefire Hissed bole Mucking Norwegian cut ob (overburden drilling) blasting Open reise mining expression for tunnel. A drift is alge defined as starting and finiehing unergroudn as ppposed to @ tunnel which starts above cround and often finishes aboveground. miner vho has specielized in the blasting of drifts. the part of the drill holding the steel. stone power resulting from drilling, one unit in a drilling pattern. the part of the drill between the throat and the bit ory in the case of a sectional drill, between the thresded sections. the part of the drill on which the michine hanuers. mechanized drilling equipment. (cee "Current leakage"). the free face wien drifting. type of cut for tunnel blasting with eriil } oles spread in the form of a fan. = & natural crack surface in rock. ver on . Npeeneen the deviation of the drill fron ite calcubated path. cable used to comect connection viree of roud to blacting machines bottom surface of tunel or charber. Bire or size distribution of blasted rock. @ unit of ground vibration characteristics (periods/sec).. Grilling a tuner] without blasting by using special, Grilling equipment. the shock wave caused by blesting which ic transmit- ted through the surrounding ground. bolt cast in cement to reinforce rock. detonator with @ delay of about 0.5 seconds. ‘tunnel face/ crill hole with diaceter of more thet 40 ex. the angle between the drill hole and the vertical. the distance between the drill holes in w row. a loping drift or tunnels nethoud of injecting cenent or other material in rock crackse = rock which has been loosened by faults or cracks. = Angling of contour holes during tunnerl blasting ovt- ide the contour iz order to provide space to accom mocate the drill ten preparing for the next round. dotonator with a delay time of less then 100 ns {2 ms © 0.001 secs), firing methoud using millisecond delay detozatore, a round which has failed to explode partly or entirely. charge which rensins undetonsted or only partly detonzted after xx blasting. @ Canadian term for removing broken rock after blasting ( the South African term is lasting”). tunnel cut with drill holes angled in tuo dire¢tions. special method of blasting = generally used in con nection with undervater blasting. a wabhod used to drive a raisesOverbreak shove the theorétical section. aupended above the vertical levels overhang Parallel hole cut = tunnel cut with pardliel drili hole ir Pig compressed air operated shovel loader (slang). Pilot heeding = tumel or drift wade with @ limited area heading in the direction ® be taleh by a future tunnel. Plough cut or V-cut = tunnel cut vith drill holes angled in the form of a ploughs Presplitting = blesting of contour holes before the rest of the round to obtain a longitudinal crack along ite contour line. Propagation velocity= the speed of the ground shock weve in the material concerned. Raiwe = Drgft wbutch te vertionl or bas an encle of at east upwards. Rock bolt or roof eit 2 reinforcement bolt norselly more then 1 uetre lence Round = one stage of blasting. Scale = to break down Loowe rock after blasting. Secondary blasting «= blasting of boulders. slurry = a viscous explosive with high specific crevity con= tsiping such material as TaN, T. (trinitrotoluene). blasting with widely space holes and low charger for smoother final contours and less cracking. Specific charge = kilograms of charge per unit of volume. Splint charging colum charge of low concentration vith wooden sticks and 1/1 cartridge. Smooth blasting Starter = the application of drill holes or the comencenent of a bemel, Stemming = the uncharged part of the drill hole usually filled with steaming material such as sand, drillings, etc. and also clay, etc. above the charge. Stope hole = drill bole with burden against a free surface (usually underground). Stripping = removel of loose material over rock. stump = rock projecting above theoretice! blacting bottom. Gub=level caving = mining mathod utilizing refilling with rock waste. Gvelling = increase in volume of rock from firm to ldose con= ditions ‘Tempting rod = teuping wrtintvetintying stick or pole = tool used for tamping usually made of wood or plastic. Throw eundesirable spread of stones in counection with blastings Toe hole = horigontal or almost horizontal drill hokes ‘Top beading a tunnel along the roof of a rock chomber, « gallery. Undermdrilling = drilling below the theoretical blasting bottor. Upright bole = Vertical or inclined hole drilled fron eurface of rocks Vibration velocity = unit ef measuring ground vibration (m/secs)+ Widewspace hole = special method prinarity for bench blasting, the drill holes arranged according to a special pattern. Wood=fromed heading = tunnel or heading wth builtin wooden reinforcenent,