i


   

      

  i
 i

|




  
 i


  i

÷ All cellular phone networks worldwide utilize a portion of

the radio frequency spectrum designated as Ultra High
Frequency, or "UHF³(300MHz-2400MHz ), for the transmission
and reception of their signals. The UHF band is also shared
with Television, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth transmission. The cellular
frequencies are the sets of frequency ranges within the UHF band
that have been allocated for cellular phone use.

eg. AMPS - 800 MHz

GSM- 850/900/1800/1900 MHz
  

÷  F (
treme ow Frequency) 3Hz-30Hz (Sub Audible Range)

÷ S F (Super ow Frequency) 30Hz-300Hz ( ow Frequency Voice)
÷ U F (Ultra ow Frequency) 300Hz-3000Hz (Telephonic Voice Range)
÷ V F (Very ow Frequency) 3KHz-30KHz (Audible Range)
÷ F ( ow Frequency) 30KHz-300KHZ (Ultra Sounds)
÷ MF (Medium Frequency) 300KHz-3000KHz (AM Radio long range)
÷ HF (High Frequency) 3MHz-30MHZ
÷ VHF (Very High Frequency) 30MHz-300MHz (FM Transmissions short range)
÷ UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 300MHz-2400MHz (Mobile Communications GSM and
CDMA)
÷ SHF (Super High Frequency) 2.4GHz-30GHz (Wi-Fi and Wi-Ma
Broadband
wireless)
÷ HF (
tremely High Frequency) 30 GHz-300GHz (Point to Point Microwaves)
  i

÷ The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different

frequencies serve better for different uses. ow frequencies, such
as 450 MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage.
GSM 900 (900 MHz) is a suitable solution for light urban
coverage. GSM 1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural
walls. This is a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is
a decided advantage when it comes to capacity.

÷ Cell service area may also vary due to interference from

transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is
true especially in CDMA based systems.
 

 = 

 





=||
÷ P-GSM, Standard or
Primary GSM-900 Band
÷ -GSM, 
tended GSM-900
Band (includes Standard GSM-
900 band)
÷ R-GSM, Railways GSM-
900 Band (includes Standard
and 
tended GSM-900 band)
i 


_ !i "

#$$%$$$&'
  

÷ The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a

single transmitter, comes from the fact that the same radio frequency can be
reused in a different area for a completely different transmission.

÷ Cellular telephone systems rely on an intelligent allocation and reuse of

channels. ach base station is given a group of radio channels to be used
within a cell. Base stations in neighboring cells are assigned completely
different set of channel frequencies. By limiting the coverage areas, called
footprints, within cell boundaries, the same set of channels may be used to
cover different cells separated from one another by a distance large enough to
keep interference level within tolerable limits.
 



÷ The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used
in the network. It is 1/K where K is the number of cells which cannot use the
same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse
factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12 depending on
notation). In case of N sector antennas on the same base station site, each with
different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors. N is
typically 3. A reuse pattern of N/K denotes a further division in frequency
among N sector antennas per site.
÷ Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North American AMPS),
6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (GSM).
÷ If the total available bandwidth is B, each cell can only utilize a number of
frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of B/K, and each sector can
use a bandwidth of B/NK.
÷ Fraction of total available channels assigned to each cell within a cluster is
1/N.
(a) Cells showing reuse factor of ¼, (b) Cells showing reuse factor
of 1/7 .
÷ As the demand increases in a particular region, the number of stations can be
increased by replacing a cell with a cluster as shown in Fig. 2.2. Here cell C
has been replaced with a cluster. However, this will be possible only by
decreasing the transmitting power of the base stations to avoid interference.

 !

i(!) *+ , _"-.



÷ u

i i
*/0! *u

i
**
+
 _ 



 
÷ i
**
+
i
*i/ 



 
÷ Where o is the frequency
reuse pattern
÷  M 3Ô46 oM 4
÷ 4Ô6 oM 7
÷ 6 oM 12
÷ 7Ô55 oM 19








 (13o

 "#$%i
&

÷ &+/
  


÷ 
/

**
÷ ?
 *
'
+2
 u/

**
÷ &+/
 

÷ 3*





^ i
&
÷  
***  $4
÷  
*** $$ $$$
÷ |
***  $$


 %%%&

÷ _


/

÷ _

 
2
/
**
÷ _

 /*
5*+
 

÷ 3u
/u
 / *

*
÷ 3+
*4
0
÷ 
/

÷ 

/ /+
2 
0 

*/

÷ 


***
÷ *u
/*
5/
0 





÷ 
*/
/*
÷ 
*
5*
0
* +'+




 i


÷ _

*** 
6
**u***

i
*0


**u**
i'
*
+ u 
  
/
0

** 



2


**u
2
*

**/ 
**


^ %(
÷ i)%  




÷ #%  *





i
** /*+
i
*_




 



= i 

÷ i  


u



2





   0 /

 
*





 0 
5 /*
+

/

._
u 0









0






/ 


 



!*
6u
5 /*
0



i 
***

 0 





**u*2**


 2**




u

!i = 
6
u 4

*
 "


"

 +
÷ An area of 3500 Km2 radius of 3km has been taken as an
e
ample.
÷ Four cases as an optimization has been calculated : without
cluster, with clusters 7,9,13.

!% 

Frequency reuse is limited by the tolerable SIRmin

÷ SIRmin is determined by the modulation characteristics of the
radio system
÷ First generation analog systems (AMPS)
SIRminM 18dB
÷ Second generation digital AMPS
SIRminM 14dB
÷ uropean GSM
SIRminM 7-12dB
 




 / ..uuu
u.72. /

 / ..uuu+// +.82


 9$| 2+9$9$!i /
 / ..
u4/
 +.u4.i
*** :
u 4
 / ..uuu
*
 44. ./.$$$;$<;=/
; >
*!
*
i ? 2

|  @u