• Antibiotic

• Narrow spectrum vs. broad spectrum

• Bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic
Anti-microbial Drugs
• Antimycobacterials
– INH, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Dapsone
• Antivirals
– Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir
– Vidarabine, Rimantadine, Amantadine,
Ribavirin
– Interferon (Hepatitis)
– Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Stavudine,
Didanosine (HIV)
• Antiprotozoals
– Quinolones, Metronidazole
Antifungals
– Polyenes:
• Amphotericin B (systemic)
• Nystatin (topical)
– Imidazoles:
• Ketoconazole (systemic)
• Clotrimazole (systemic or topical, Mycelex®)
• Miconazole
• Itraconazole
• Fluconazole
– Griseofulvin
• Disrupts fungal mitotic spindle formation
• Used to treat dermatophytic infections
• Inhibit synthesis of cell wall
• Inhibit cell membrane function
• Inhibit protein synthesis
• Inhibit DNA/RNA replication
Staining characteristics
– gram positive or gram negative
• Morphology
– cocci or bacillus
• Oxygen requirements
– aerobic or anaerobic
 Disk diffusion method
 Serial dilution method

• Minimum inhibitory concentration

 Broad spectrum antibiotics:
active agains several types of
microorganisms, eg, tetracyclin : active
against many gram-negative rods,
chlamydia, mycoplasmas and rickettsiae.

 Narrow-spectrum antibiotics:
active against one or very few types, eg,
vancomycin: primarily used against certain
gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and
enterococci).
 A bactericidal drug kills bacteria.

 A bacteriostatic drug inhibits their growth but

does not kill them.
• Drug factors
• Host factors
• Pathogen factors
• Laboratory factors
• Destruction of the drug by the organism
• Development of altered drug receptor
• Decreased drug entry
• Development of alternate metabolic pathway
• Failure to metabolize a prodrug
• Widespread
• Appropriate antibiotic prescriptions
decrease the likelihood for resistant strains
to emerge.
Thank You