Confidential

EEFL-Backlight
EEFL-Backlight Technology
Technology
(End-Cap
(End-Cap Type
Type External
External Electrode
Electrode Fluorescent
Fluorescent Lamp)
Lamp)

KDT m&s Co.,Ltd., Korea

Basic Characteristics of CCFL & EEFL Confidential

I-V Characteristics 19″ Lamp(2.6 mm / 393 mm)

CCFL CCFL
20 EEFL EEFL
50000

EFL
E
CCFL
Current [mA] (RMS)

40000

Brightness [cd/m2]
15
Cathode
EEFL
fall Voltage
Operation 30000 Operation FL
10
CC
EEFL
20000

5
CCFL 10000
Operation Starting
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Power [W]
Voltage [V] (RMS)
Basic Characteristics Confidential

Multi-CCFLs Multi-EEFLs

Co

• Co : Ballast Capacitor • Good Uniformity

for the Uniformity
EEFLs for the High Brightness & High Efficiency Confidential

Key Issues ;

1st. Switching Inverter generating AC-Square Pulses

2nd. Driving Methods of Self-Discharge Synchronizing

3rd. New External Electrode Formation Scheme

: Metal-Glass Melt-Bonding Technology provides
High Capacitance
Lamp Operation Confidential

CCFL (LC-Resonance Inverter) EEFL (Switching Inverter)

V
V t
t
I
t
I t
- Self-Discharge Synchronized for high Efficiency
- V-I Phase Synchronized (Zero Crossing)
(i) Rising Voltage
Current

[+] [-]
Direct
Current
[+] [-]
(ii) Sustaining Voltage Wall Charge
Current

[+] [-]
v

Direct
Current (iii) Falling Voltage
[-] [+] Self-Discharge Current

[G] [G]

v
Switching Inverter Confidential

• Full-Bridge Circuit • Half - Bridge Circuit

Multi lamps
Multi lamps

Vcc Vcc
A C
A C

B D
B C

• Push-Pull Circuit • AStable Multi - Vibrator

Multi lamps
Multi lamps

Vcc

Vcc
A B
amp amp
 EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

- 19″Lamp - EEFL(Switching Inverter)

50000
EEFL(Switching DUty = 50%
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
Inverter)
40000
25µs
CCFL(LC-Resonance Vp 12.5µs
(40 kHz)
Brightness [cd/m2]

Inverter)
30000
EEFL(LC-Resonance
Inverter)
20000 Main & Self 5µs
ii) Current (100mA/Div.) Discharge
Overlapped

10000
iii) Optical Signal

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Power [W]
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

Duty = 24% Duty = 40%

i) Voltage (2kV/Div.) i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
25µs 25µs
(40 kHz)
Vp (40 kHz) Vp
6µs 10µs

12.5µs 10µs
Main
ii) Current (100mA/Div.) Main ii) Current (100mA/Div.) Discharge
Discharge Self
Self Discharge
iii) Optical Signal Discharge iii) Optical Signal
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

a) Rising Voltage Main-discharge Current Self-discharge Synchronizing Point

- +
(+) (-) VP
Voltage
Vp
tP
t
tr tf

Current
(Synchronize)
b) Sustaining Voltage
Wall charge Wall charge
Wall charge Vw t
- ++
--- Vw
+
(+) -- +++ (-)
Current
(Delayed)
t
Delayed

c) Falling Voltage Self-discharge Current Current

(Over Current) Over Current
- - + +
- +
- - + + t
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

Self-Dischage Synchronized Wave Formulas

a) Rounded Wave b) Over-Shot

Synchronizing Point
V V Synchronizing Point

t t

I I

t
t

C) Sloped d) Sawtooth
Synchronizing Point Synchronizing Point
V V
VP
t t

I
I

t
t
EEFL Electrode Structure Confidential

Electrode Length

L • Optimum Electrode Length

5
45000 ℓ = 1cm
ℓ = 1.5cm ℓ = 2.5cm
40000 ℓ = 2cm 4.0
4

Optimum Length [cm]

ℓ = 2.5cm
Brightness [cd/m2]

35000 ℓ = 3cm ℓ = 3cm

ℓ = 3.5cm
ℓ=3.5cm 3.0
30000 3
ℓ = 2cm
25000
ℓ = 1.5cm
20000 2 1.8
15000
ℓ = 1cm

10000 1
5000 Lamp length : 375mm
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 20 40 60 80 100
Power [w] Lamp Length [cm]
EEFL Electrode Structure Confidential

▶ Electrode Formation Methods

1) Metal Cap ( Copper Cap )
2) Metal Foil Taping
3) Metal Plating
4) Metal–Glass Melt-Bonding

Copper Cap Cu-Taping Al-Paste

Metal-Bonding Metal-Bonding
EEFL Electrode Structure Confidential

50000 60
45000 Ag melt-bonding
Al melt-bonding 45000
40000 Al-taping 50
Cu-taping 40000
35000

Brightness [cd/m2]
35000
Brightness [ cd/m2]

40
30000

Efficiency [lm/w]
Bonding 30000
25000
25000 30
20000
20000

15000 20
Taping 15000

10000 10000
10
EEFL (Ag melt-bonding)
5000 5000
conventional CCFL

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 4 6 8 10

Power [W] Power [W]

Metal–Glass Melt–Bonding Technology Confidential

• Metal–taping • Metal–glass melt–bonding

(Low Capacitance) (High Capacitance)

(+) (+)
Metal-tape

metal
Irregular space
(high field)
Glass
Glass polarization
polarization

Wall charge
Wall charge

Wall charge Wall charge

+
+
Various EEFL-Lamps Confidential

-Color EEFL Lamps

Various EEFL-Lamps Confidential
Various EEFL-Lamps Confidential

450 mm

393 mm

355 mm

314 mm

291 mm

1000 mm
EEFL–Edge Lighting Backlight Confidential

1) Elongated Bottom Electrode 2) Bended Electrode

Dead Zone(~0.8cm)

Lamp Lamp
LGP Reflector
LGP
Reflector
EEFL–Backlight ( Edge–Lighting ) Confidential

17″Panel 19″Panel

Reflector

Full-Bridge Switching Inverter Multi-Vibrator Switching Inverter

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm) ( 15 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)
EEFL–Direct Lighting Backlight Confidential

Type1 : Electrodeless Lamps Type2 : Elongated EEFLs Type3:Bended EEFLs

Electrodeless Lamp Elongated

Lamp Lamp Lamp
Hole Hole Hole

Lamp Connector Lamp Connector Lamp Connector

(Conductive Lubber Inside Hole) (Copper Inside Hole) (Copper Inside hole)

- Simple Connection - Narrow Dead Zone - Narrow Dead Zone

- Low Efficiency ~50 lm/W - High Efficiency ~ 60 lm/W - High Efficiency ~ 60 lm/W
EEFL–Backlight ( Direct–Lighting ) Confidential

20.1″ Panel Diffusion Plate Opened

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)
( 9.5 * 4.8 * 1 ) (cm)
EEFL–Backlight ( Direct–Lighting ) Confidential

Full bridge Switching Inverter Multi-Vibrator Switching Inverter

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm) ( 15 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)

12 - EEFLs 12 - EEFLs
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)

ii) Current (100mA/Div.) ii) Current (40mA/Div.)

iii) Optical Signal

iii) Optical Signal
EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

Cu-Taping Electrode
64

17 Inch panel 12000 20 Inch panel 8000

63
62
Efficiency
11000
60
Efficiency
60

10000

Brightness [ cd/ m ]
7500

Brightness [ cd/ m ]
Efficiency [ lm/W ]
Efficiency [lm/W]

Brightness
57 58

9000

56
54
8000 7000

2
54
51
Brightness 7000

52
48 6500
6000

50

45 5000
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Frequency [kHz] Frequency [kHz]

EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

20.1 Inch (Input : 12V) : Metal-Bonding Electrode

Frequency

82
11000 s
es
Maximum
80
t n
gh 78
Bri

Ef
10000 76

Efficiency [lm/W]
fic
Brightness [cd/m ]
74

ie
2
9000

nc
72

y
8000 70
68
12V
7000 66
6.5 64
6.0 6000 62
60
5.5
12V 5000 58
Input Current [A]

5.0 56
4.5 4000 54
4.0 52
3000
3.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
3.0 Power [w]
2.5
2.0
9 10 11 12 13 14
Input Voltage [V]
EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

20.1 Inch (Input : 24 V) : Metal-Bonding Electrode

Frequency

Maximum
84
10500
82

Ef
fi
10000

ci

Efficiency [lm/W]
en
Brightness [cd/m 2 ]
80

cy
9500
24V 78
9000

76
8500
2.6
24V 8000 s 74
es
2.5
n
2.4 ht 72
7500 ir g
Input Current [A]

2.3 B
7000 70
2.2
2.1 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

2.0 Power [W]

1.9
1.8
20 21 22 23 24 25
Input Voltage [V ]
EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

17 Inch (Input :12V) : Metal-Bonding Electrode

Frequency

14000 74
Maximum

12V s
72
E ff es
12000 ici t n
en gh

Efficiency [lm/W]
cy Bri
70

Brightness [cd/m ]
2
68
10000

66

8000
4.5 64

62
4.0 6000
12V
Input Current [A]

60
3.5
4000 58
20 30 40 50 60
3.0
Power [W]
2.5

2.0
9 10 11 12 13 14
Input Voltage [V]
EEFL–Backlight specification Confidential

- Metal Bonding External Electrode

Conventional
Direct Lighting
Edge-Lighting
17 inch 17 inch 20.1 inch
panel
38.4*28*2(cm) 38.4*28*2(cm) 44.5*31*2(cm)

Tubes 4- lamps 12 - lamps 14 - lamps

Inverter LC-Resonance Full Bridge Full Bridge

size 16*4.5*1 (cm) 12*2.8*1(cm) 9.5*4.8*1(cm)

Input 12V/ 1.7A 12V/ 3.61A 12V/ 4.68A 24V/ 2.48A

Input
20 W 43 W 56 W 59 W
Power
Frequency 50 KHz 56 KHz 53 KHz 59 KHz

Brightness 3,500 cd/m2 11,000 cd/m2 8,650 cd/m2 10,300 cd/m2

Efficiency 50 lm/W 70 lm/W 64 lm/W 73 lm/W

A large Area Backlight about 40 inch in diagonal Confidential

A Section

Phase Synchronized B Section

Gate Signal Generator

C Section
Multi-CCFLs Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

- Self Discharge Synchronizing provides a high Efficiency

a) Rising Voltage : Charging Capacitor
Vr-Vc
Vc
+ - + -
+ - + -
Co Q=CoVc Q=Cℓ(Vr-Vc)
Vp
Vr

b) Rising & Sustaining : Main discharge ( Vr – VC 〉Vf )

Q=CoVP Main-discharge Current
+ -- - -
+
+ -- + +
+
VP
Vp

c) Falling Voltage : Charging Lamp

+ + -- - - +
+
+ - - +
Q/Cℓ=Vℓ
VP→0

d) Falling Voltage ( Vℓ〉Vf ) : Self-discharge

Self-discharge current
+ - - -
• Co : Synchronizing Capacitor + +
VP→0
for the Uniformity
Multi-CCFLs Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

- Self-discharge in Multi-CCFLs
with an optimum Ballast Capacitor

(a) Co = 47 pF (Without Self-discharge) (b) Co = 18 pF (With Self-discharge)

i) Voltage (2kV/Div.) Duty = 24 % i) Voltage (2kV/Div.) Duty = 24 %

ii) Current (100mA/Div.) ii) Current (100mA/Div.)

Main
Discharge
iii) Optical Signal
Main Self
Discharge Discharge
iii) Optical Signal
CCFL Backlight ( Direct–Lighting ) Confidential

1) Full bridge Switching Inverter 2) Multi-Vibrator Switching Inverter

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm) ( 15 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)

• 12 – CCFLs : 17 inch Panel • 12 – CCFLs : 17inch Panel

i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)

ii) Current (100mA/Div.) ii) Current (40mA/Div.)

iii) Optical Signal iii) Optical Signal

Conclusions Confidential

1. High Brightness & High Efficiency EEFLs ;

- External Electrode Formulated by Metal-Glass Melt-Bonding
- A Self-Discharge Synchronizing Operation
- By a Switching Inverter

2. Edge-Lighting EEFLs-Backlight Panels ;

- A good Uniformity obtained with single Transformer
on a single Stage Inverter.

3. Direct-Light EEFLs-Backlight Panels of 17 & 20.1 inch in Diagonal

- High Luminance of 7,000 ~ 10,000 cd/m2
- High Efficiency of 70 ~ 80 lm/w
(With single Transformer on a single Stage Inverter.)
 Confidential

EEFL-Backlight & Switching Inverter promise

a new generation of LCD Backlight & Operation
- Low Power consumption
- Long Life Time
- High Brightness Backlight Up to ~ 10,000 cd/m2
- High Efficiency Up to ~ 70 lm/W
- Application to a Large Size Backlight Up to 1m×1m inch LCD
- Low Cost
- Simple Assembly

< Ref from Presentation at SID’02 Boston by KDT >